List Of Anatomical Topics
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The following
outline Outline or outlining may refer to: * Outline (list), a document summary, in hierarchical list format * Code folding, a method of hiding or collapsing code or text to see content in outline form * Outline drawing, a sketch depicting the outer edge ...
is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human anatomy: Human anatomy – scientific study of the
morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines *Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts *Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies, ...
of the adult
human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, ...
. It is subdivided into
gross anatomy Gross anatomy is the study of anatomy at the visible or macroscopic level. The counterpart to gross anatomy is the field of histology, which studies microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy of the human body or other animals seeks to understand the rel ...
and
microscopic anatomy Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vis ...
. Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision. Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with
microscope A microscope () is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using a microscope. Microscopic means being invisibl ...
s, and includes
histology Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vis ...
(the study of the organization of tissues), and cytology (the study of cells).


Essence of human anatomy

*
Human body The human body is the structure of a Human, human being. It is composed of many different types of Cell (biology), cells that together create Tissue (biology), tissues and subsequently organ systems. They ensure homeostasis and the life, viabi ...
*
Anatomy Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its ...
] ]


Branches of human anatomy

* Gross anatomy- systemic or region-wise study of human body parts and organs. Gross anatomy encompasses cadaveric anatomy and osteology * Microscopic anatomy/histology * Cell biology (Cytology) & cytogenetics * Surface anatomy * Radiological anatomy * Developmental anatomy/embryology


Anatomy of the human body

The following list of human anatomical structures is based on the
Terminologia Anatomica ''Terminologia Anatomica'' is the international standard for human anatomical terminology. It is developed by the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminology, a program of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomis ...
, the international standard for anatomical nomenclature. While the order is standardized, the hierarchical relationships in the TA are somewhat vague, and thus are open to interpretation. ----


General anatomy

*Parts of human body **
Head A head is the part of an organism which usually includes the ears, brain, forehead, cheeks, chin, eyes, nose, and mouth, each of which aid in various sensory functions such as sight, hearing, smell, and taste. Some very simple animals may ...
*** Ear *** Face ***
Forehead In human anatomy, the forehead is an area of the head bounded by three features, two of the skull and one of the scalp. The top of the forehead is marked by the hairline, the edge of the area where hair on the scalp grows. The bottom of the fore ...
*** Cheek ***
Chin The chin is the forward pointed part of the anterior mandible (List_of_human_anatomical_regions#Regions, mental region) below the lower lip. A fully developed human skull has a chin of between 0.7 cm and 1.1 cm. Evolution The presence of a we ...
***
Eye Eyes are organs of the visual system. They provide living organisms with vision, the ability to receive and process visual detail, as well as enabling several photo response functions that are independent of vision. Eyes detect light and conv ...
***
Nose A nose is a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which receive and expel air for respiration alongside the mouth. Behind the nose are the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes th ...
*** Nostril ***
Mouth In animal anatomy, the mouth, also known as the oral cavity, or in Latin cavum oris, is the opening through which many animals take in food and issue vocal sounds. It is also the cavity lying at the upper end of the alimentary canal, bounded on ...
*** Lip ***
Tongue The tongue is a muscular organ (anatomy), organ in the mouth of a typical tetrapod. It manipulates food for mastication and swallowing as part of the digestive system, digestive process, and is the primary organ of taste. The tongue's upper surfa ...
***
Tooth A tooth ( : teeth) is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and used to break down food. Some animals, particularly carnivores and omnivores, also use teeth to help with capturing or wounding prey, tear ...
**
Neck The neck is the part of the body on many vertebrates that connects the head with the torso. The neck supports the weight of the head and protects the nerves that carry sensory and motor information from the brain down to the rest of the body. In ...
**
Trunk Trunk may refer to: Biology * Trunk (anatomy), synonym for torso * Trunk (botany), a tree's central superstructure * Trunk of corpus callosum, in neuroanatomy * Elephant trunk, the proboscis of an elephant Computing * Trunk (software), in rev ...
***
Thorax The thorax or chest is a part of the anatomy of humans, mammals, and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen. In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions of the cre ...
***
Abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the torso. ...
***
Pelvis The pelvis (plural pelves or pelvises) is the lower part of the trunk, between the abdomen and the thighs (sometimes also called pelvic region), together with its embedded skeleton (sometimes also called bony pelvis, or pelvic skeleton). The ...
*** Back **
Upper limb The upper limbs or upper extremities are the forelimbs of an upright-postured tetrapod vertebrate, extending from the scapulae and clavicles down to and including the digits, including all the musculatures and ligaments involved with the shoulde ...
*** Pectoral girdle *** Shoulder *** Arm *** Axilla *** Elbow ***
Forearm The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. The term forearm is used in anatomy to distinguish it from the arm, a word which is most often used to describe the entire appendage of the upper limb, but which in anat ...
***
Wrist In human anatomy, the wrist is variously defined as (1) the Carpal bones, carpus or carpal bones, the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the hand; "The wrist contains eight bones, roughly aligned in two rows, known ...
***
Hand A hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered appendage located at the end of the forearm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs. A few other vertebrates such as the koala (which has two opposable thumbs on each "h ...
***
Finger A finger is a limb of the body and a type of digit, an organ of manipulation and sensation found in the hands of most of the Tetrapods, so also with humans and other primates. Most land vertebrates have five fingers ( Pentadactyly). Chambers ...
***
Thumb The thumb is the first digit of the hand, next to the index finger. When a person is standing in the medical anatomical position (where the palm is facing to the front), the thumb is the outermost digit. The Medical Latin English noun for thumb ...
**
Lower limb The human leg, in the general word sense, is the entire lower limb of the human body, including the foot, thigh or sometimes even the hip or gluteal region. However, the definition in human anatomy refers only to the section of the lower limb ext ...
*** Pelvic girdle *** Leg *** Buttocks ***
Hip In vertebrate anatomy, hip (or "coxa"Latin ''coxa'' was used by Celsus in the sense "hip", but by Pliny the Elder in the sense "hip bone" (Diab, p 77) in medical terminology) refers to either an anatomical region or a joint. The hip region is ...
***
Thigh In human anatomy, the thigh is the area between the hip (pelvis) and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb. The single bone in the thigh is called the femur. This bone is very thick and strong (due to the high proportion of bone ...
***
Knee In humans and other primates, the knee joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two joints: one between the femur and tibia (tibiofemoral joint), and one between the femur and patella (patellofemoral joint). It is the largest joint in the hu ...
***
Calf Calf most often refers to: * Calf (animal), the young of domestic cattle. * Calf (leg), in humans (and other primates), the back portion of the lower leg Calf or calves may also refer to: Biology and animal byproducts * Veal, meat from calves * ...
***
Foot The foot ( : feet) is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates. It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion. In many animals with feet, the foot is a separate organ at the terminal part of the leg made ...
*** Ankle ***
Heel The heel is the prominence at the posterior end of the foot. It is based on the projection of one bone, the calcaneus or heel bone, behind the articulation of the bones of the lower Human leg, leg. Structure To distribute the compressive for ...
***
Toe Toes are the digits (fingers) of the foot of a tetrapod. Animal species such as cats that walk on their toes are described as being ''digitigrade''. Humans, and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet, are described as being ''plant ...
*** Sole **Cavities ***
Cranial cavity The cranial cavity, also known as intracranial space, is the space within the skull that accommodates the brain. The skull minus the mandible is called the ''cranium''. The cavity is formed by eight cranial bones known as the neurocranium that in ...
***
Spinal cavity The spinal canal (or vertebral canal or spinal cavity) is the canal that contains the spinal cord within the vertebral column. The spinal canal is formed by the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. It is a process of the dorsal body ca ...
*** Thoracic cavity ***Abdominopelvic cavity ****
Abdominal cavity The abdominal cavity is a large body cavity in humans and many other animals that contains many organs. It is a part of the abdominopelvic cavity. It is located below the thoracic cavity, and above the pelvic cavity. Its dome-shaped roof is the th ...
**** Pelvic cavity *
Planes Plane(s) most often refers to: * Aero- or airplane, a powered, fixed-wing aircraft * Plane (geometry), a flat, 2-dimensional surface Plane or planes may also refer to: Biology * Plane (tree) or ''Platanus'', wetland native plant * ''Planes' ...
, lines, and regions **Regions of head **Regions of neck **Anterior and lateral thoracic regions **Abdominal regions **Regions of back **Perineal regions **Regions of upper limb **Regions of lower limb ----


Bones

*General terms **Bony part *** Cortical bone *** Compact bone ***
Spongy bone A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. Bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and ...
**Cartilaginous part **Membranous part *** Periosteum ***
Perichondrium The perichondrium (from Greek el, περί, peri, around, label=none and el, χόνδρος, chondros, cartilage, label=none) is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone. It consists of two sep ...
** Axial skeleton **
Appendicular skeleton The appendicular skeleton is the portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones that support the appendages. There are 126 bones. The appendicular skeleton includes the skeletal elements within the limbs, as well as supporting shou ...
**
Long bone The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide. They are one of five types of bones: long, Short bone, short, Flat bone, flat, Irregular bone, irregular and Sesamoid bone, sesamoid. Long bones, especially the femur and tibia, are subj ...
**
Short bone Short bones are designated as those bones that are as wide as they are long. Their primary function is to provide support and stability with little to no movement. They are one of five types of bones: short, long, flat, irregular and sesamoid. ...
** Flat bone **
Irregular bone The irregular bones are bones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long, short, flat or sesamoid bones. Irregular bones serve various purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous tissue (such as the vertebrae protect the sp ...
** Pneumatized bone **
Sesamoid bone In anatomy, a sesamoid bone () is a bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle. Its name is derived from the Arabic word for ' sesame seed', indicating the small size of most sesamoids. Often, these bones form in response to strain, or can be pres ...
** Diaphysis ** Epiphysis ***
Epiphysial plate The epiphyseal plate (or epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate) is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. It is the part of a long bone where new bone growth takes place; that is, the whole bone is alive, with ...
(Growth plate) ** Metaphysis ** Apophysis **
Tuber Tubers are a type of enlarged structure used as storage organs for nutrients in some plants. They are used for the plant's perennation (survival of the winter or dry months), to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing ...
**
Tubercle In anatomy, a tubercle (literally 'small tuber', Latin for 'lump') is any round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on external or internal organs of a plant or an animal. In plants A tubercle is generally a wart-like projection ...
**
Tuberosity In the skeleton of humans and other animals, a tubercle, tuberosity or apophysis is a protrusion or eminence that serves as an attachment for skeletal muscles. The muscles attach by tendons, where the enthesis is the connective tissue between the ...
**
Eminence (anatomy) In anatomy, eminence implies a protuberance, and may refer to a variety of structures: * Collateral eminence, alongside the hippocampus in the brain *Cruciform eminence, in the occipital bone of the skull * Frontal eminence, on the frontal bone of ...
**
Process A process is a series or set of activities that interact to produce a result; it may occur once-only or be recurrent or periodic. Things called a process include: Business and management *Business process, activities that produce a specific se ...
** Condyle **
Epicondyle An epicondyle () is a rounded eminence on a bone that lies upon a condyle ('' epi-'', "upon" + ''condyle'', from a root meaning "knuckle" or "rounded articular area"). There are various epicondyles in the human skeleton, each named by its anatomic ...
**
Fossa Fossa may refer to: Animals * Fossa (animal), the common name of a carnivoran mammal of genus ''Cryptoprocta'' endemic to Madagascar * ''Fossa'', the Latin genus name of the Malagasy civet, a related but smaller mammal endemic to Madagascar Pla ...
** Medullary cavity **
Endosteum The endosteum (plural endostea) is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. This endosteal surface is usually resorbed during long periods of ma ...
** Yellow bone marrow **
Red bone marrow Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy (also known as cancellous) portions of bones. In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production (or haematopoiesis). It is composed of hematopoietic ce ...
**
Nutrient foramen All bones possess larger or smaller foramina (openings) for the entrance of blood-vessels; these are known as the nutrient foramina, and are particularly large in the shafts of the larger long bones, where they lead into a nutrient canal, which ext ...
**
Nutrient canal All bones possess larger or smaller foramina (openings) for the entrance of blood-vessels; these are known as the nutrient foramina, and are particularly large in the shafts of the larger long bones, where they lead into a nutrient canal, which ex ...
** Ossification center *
Cranium The skull is a bone protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of four types of bone i.e., cranial bones, facial bones, ear ossicles and hyoid bone. However two parts are more prominent: the cranium and the mandible. In humans, the ...
** Neurocranium ** Viscerocranium **
Cranial cavity The cranial cavity, also known as intracranial space, is the space within the skull that accommodates the brain. The skull minus the mandible is called the ''cranium''. The cavity is formed by eight cranial bones known as the neurocranium that in ...
**
Forehead In human anatomy, the forehead is an area of the head bounded by three features, two of the skull and one of the scalp. The top of the forehead is marked by the hairline, the edge of the area where hair on the scalp grows. The bottom of the fore ...
**
Occiput The occipital bone () is a cranial dermal bone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull). It is trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself like a shallow dish. The occipital bone overlies the occipital lobes of the cereb ...
** Nasion ** Bregma **
Lambda Lambda (}, ''lám(b)da'') is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiced alveolar lateral approximant . In the system of Greek numerals, lambda has a value of 30. Lambda is derived from the Phoenician Lamed . Lambda gave rise ...
** Inion ** Pterion ** Asterion ** Gonion ** Temporal fossa **
Zygomatic arch In anatomy, the zygomatic arch, or cheek bone, is a part of the skull formed by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone (a bone extending forward from the side of the skull, over the opening of the ear) and the temporal process of the zygomati ...
** Infratemporal fossa ** Pterygopalatine fossa ** Pterygomaxillary fissure **
Fontanelles A fontanelle (or fontanel) (colloquially, soft spot) is an anatomical feature of the infant human skull comprising soft membranous gaps ( sutures) between the cranial bones that make up the calvaria of a fetus or an infant. Fontanelles allow f ...
*** Anterior fontanelle *** Posterior fontanelle ***
Sphenoidal fontanelle The pterion is the region where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones join. It is located on the side of the skull, just behind the temple. Structure The pterion is located in the temporal fossa, approximately 2.6 cm beh ...
***
Mastoid fontanelle The asterion is a meeting point between three sutures between bones of the skull. It is an important surgical landmark. Structure In human anatomy, the asterion is a visible (craniometric) point on the exposed skull. It is just posterior to t ...
** Calvaria ***
Vertex Vertex, vertices or vertexes may refer to: Science and technology Mathematics and computer science *Vertex (geometry), a point where two or more curves, lines, or edges meet *Vertex (computer graphics), a data structure that describes the position ...
*** Diploe **Cranial base ***Internal surface of cranial base **** Petrosphenoidal fissure ****
Petro-occipital fissure This grooved surface of the foramen magnum is separated on either side from the petrous portion of the temporal bone by the petro-occipital fissure, which is occupied in the fresh state by a plate of cartilage; the fissure is continuous behind wit ...
**** Anterior cranial fossa **** Middle cranial fossa **** Posterior cranial fossa ***** Clivus ***External surface of cranial base **** Jugular foramen ****
Foramen lacerum The foramen lacerum ( la, lacerated piercing) is a triangular hole in the base of skull. It is located between the sphenoid bone, the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone, and the basilar part of the occipital bone. Structure The for ...
**** Bony palate ****
Greater palatine canal The greater palatine canal (or pterygopalatine canal) is a passage in the skull that transmits the descending palatine artery, vein, and greater and lesser palatine nerves between the pterygopalatine fossa and the oral cavity. Structure The grea ...
**** Greater palatine foramen **** Lesser palatine foramina **** Incisive fossa ****
Incisive canals The incisive canals (also: "''nasopalatine canals''") are two bony canals of the anterior hard palate connecting the nasal cavity and the oral cavity. An incisive canal courses through each maxilla. Below, the two incisive canals typically converg ...
**** Incisive foramina **Orbit ***
Orbital cavity In anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. "Orbit" can refer to the bony socket, or it can also be used to imply the contents. In the adult human, the volume of the orbit is , of ...
***Medial wall **** Anterior ethmoidal foramen ****
Posterior ethmoidal foramen Lateral to either olfactory groove are the internal openings of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina (or canals). The posterior ethmoidal foramen opens at the back part of this margin under cover of the projecting lamina of the sphenoid ...
***
Superior orbital fissure The superior orbital fissure is a foramen or cleft of the skull between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone. It gives passage to multiple structures, including the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic nerve, abducens ner ...
***
Inferior orbital fissure The inferior orbital fissure is formed by the sphenoid bone and the maxilla. It is located posteriorly along the boundary of the floor and lateral wall of the orbit. It transmits a number of structures, including: * the zygomatic branch of the m ...
** Nasolacrimal canal **Bony nasal cavity ***
Piriform aperture The piriform aperture, pyriform aperture, or anterior nasal aperture, is a pear-shaped opening in the human skull. Its long axis is vertical, and narrow end upward; in the recent state it is much contracted by the lateral nasal cartilage and the g ...
***
Superior nasal meatus In anatomy, the term nasal meatus can refer to any of the three meatuses (passages) through the skulls nasal cavity: the superior meatus (''meatus nasi superior''), middle meatus (''meatus nasi medius''), and inferior meatus (''meatus nasi inferio ...
***
Middle nasal meatus In anatomy, the term nasal meatus can refer to any of the three meatuses (passages) through the skulls nasal cavity: the superior meatus (''meatus nasi superior''), middle meatus (''meatus nasi medius''), and inferior meatus (''meatus nasi inferio ...
*** Inferior nasal meatus *** Spheno-ethmoidal recess ***
Choana The choanae (singular choana), posterior nasal apertures or internal nostrils are two openings found at the back of the nasal passage between the nasal cavity and the throat in tetrapods, including humans and other mammals (as well as crocodilia ...
*** Sphenopalatine foramen **Bones of cranium ***
Parietal bone The parietal bones () are two bones in the Human skull, skull which, when joined at a fibrous joint, form the sides and roof of the Human skull, cranium. In humans, each bone is roughly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, an ...
***
Frontal bone The frontal bone is a bone in the human skull. The bone consists of two portions.''Gray's Anatomy'' (1918) These are the vertically oriented squamous part, and the horizontally oriented orbital part, making up the bony part of the forehead, par ...
****Squamous part *****External surface ******
Glabella The glabella, in humans, is the area of skin between the eyebrows and above the nose. The term also refers to the underlying bone that is slightly depressed, and joins the two brow ridges. It is a cephalometric landmark that is just superior to ...
****** Frontal suture ******Supra-orbital margin *******
Supra-orbital notch The supraorbital foramen, is a bony elongated opening located above the orbit (eye socket) and under the forehead. It is part of the frontal bone of the skull. The supraorbital foramen lies directly under the eyebrow. In some people this foramen i ...
(Supra-orbital foramen) *****Internal surface ****** Foramen cecum **** Frontal sinus ***
Occipital bone The occipital bone () is a neurocranium, cranial dermal bone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull). It is trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself like a shallow dish. The occipital bone overlies the occipital lobe ...
****
Foramen magnum The foramen magnum ( la, great hole) is a large, oval-shaped opening in the occipital bone of the skull. It is one of the several oval or circular openings (foramina) in the base of the skull. The spinal cord, an extension of the medulla oblon ...
**** Occipital condyle ****
Condylar canal The condylar canal (or condyloid canal) is a canal in the condyloid fossa of the lateral parts of occipital bone behind the occipital condyle. Resection of the rectus capitis posterior major and minor muscles reveals the bony recess leading to t ...
****
Hypoglossal canal The hypoglossal canal is a foramen in the occipital bone of the skull. It is hidden medially and superiorly to each occipital condyle. It transmits the hypoglossal nerve. Structure The hypoglossal canal lies in the epiphyseal junction between ...
**** Condylar fossa ****
Jugular tubercle The jugular tubercle is an oval eminence on the superior surface of the lateral parts of occipital bone. It overlies the hypoglossal canal and is sometimes crossed by an oblique groove for the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerve The a ...
**** Jugular notch **** Jugular process ****
External occipital protuberance Near the middle of the squamous part of occipital bone is the external occipital protuberance, the highest point of which is referred to as the inion. The inion is the most prominent projection of the protuberance which is located at the posterioin ...
****
Superior nuchal line The nuchal lines are four curved lines on the external surface of the occipital bone: * The upper, often faintly marked, is named the highest nuchal line, but is sometimes referred to as the Mempin line or linea suprema, and it attaches to the epi ...
****
Inferior nuchal line Inferior may refer to: * Inferiority complex * An anatomical term of location * Inferior angle of the scapula, in the human skeleton * ''Inferior'' (book), by Angela Saini * ''The Inferior'', a 2007 novel by Peadar Ó Guilín See also *Junior (di ...
**** Internal occipital protuberance *** Sphenoid ****Body *****
Sella turcica The sella turcica (Latin for 'Turkish saddle') is a saddle-shaped depression in the body of the sphenoid bone of the human skull and of the skulls of other hominids including chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans. It serves as a cephalometric la ...
******
Tuberculum sellae The tuberculum sellae (or the tubercle of the sella turcica) is a part of the sphenoid bone that is an elevation behind the chiasmatic groove The superior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone is bounded behind by a ridge, which forms the ante ...
****** Hypophysial fossa ******
Dorsum sellae The dorsum sellae is part of the sphenoid bone in the skull. Together with the basilar part of the occipital bone it forms the clivus. In the sphenoid bone, the anterior boundary of the sella turcica is completed by two small eminences, one on e ...
****** Posterior clinoid process ***** Sphenoidal sinus ****Lesser wing *****
Optic canal The ''optic foramen'' is the opening to the optic canal. The canal is located in the sphenoid bone; it is bounded medially by the body of the sphenoid and laterally by the lesser wing of the sphenoid. The superior surface of the sphenoid bone is b ...
*****
Anterior clinoid process In the sphenoid bone, the posterior border, smooth and rounded, is received into the lateral fissure of the brain; the medial end of this border forms the anterior clinoid process, which gives attachment to the tentorium cerebelli; it is sometimes ...
*****
Superior orbital fissure The superior orbital fissure is a foramen or cleft of the skull between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone. It gives passage to multiple structures, including the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic nerve, abducens ner ...
****Greater wing *****
Foramen rotundum The foramen rotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid bone of the skull. It connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa. It allows for the passage of the maxillary nerve (V2), a branch of the trigeminal nerve. Structure T ...
*****
Foramen ovale There are multiple structures in the human body with the name foramen ovale (plural: ''foramina ovalia''; Latin for "oval hole"): * Foramen ovale (heart), in the fetal heart, a shunt from the right atrium to left atrium * Foramen ovale (skull), at ...
***** Sphenoidal emissary foramen ***** Foramen spinosum *****
Foramen petrosum The lesser petrosal nerve (also known as the small superficial petrosal nerve) is the general visceral efferent (GVE) component of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), carrying parasympathetic preganglionic fibers from the tympanic plexus to the pa ...
***** Pterygoid process *****
Pterygoid notch Pterygoid notch (incisura pterygoidea) is a notch on the inferior portion of the pterygoid processes The pterygoid processes of the sphenoid (from Greek ''pteryx'', ''pterygos'', "wing"), one on either side, descend perpendicularly from the re ...
*****
Pterygoid fossa The pterygoid fossa is an anatomical term for the fossa formed by the divergence of the lateral pterygoid plate and the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone. Structure The lateral and medial pterygoid plates (of the pterygoid process of ...
*****
Scaphoid fossa In the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid, above the pterygoid fossa is a small, oval, shallow depression, the scaphoid fossa, which gives origin to the Tensor veli palatini The tensor veli palatini muscle (tensor palati or tensor muscle of the ...
*****
Pterygoid hamulus The pterygoid hamulus is a hook-like process at the lower extremity of the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone of the skull. It is the superior origin of the pterygomandibular raphe, and the levator veli palatini muscle. Structure The p ...
***** Pterygoid canal ***
Temporal bone The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temples, and house the structures of the ears. Th ...
****Petrous part *****
Mastoid process The mastoid part of the temporal bone is the posterior (back) part of the temporal bone, one of the bones of the skull. Its rough surface gives attachment to various muscles (via tendons) and it has openings for blood vessels. From its borders, t ...
***** Occipital groove ***** Mastoid foramen ***** Facial canal *****Inferior surface of petrous part ****** Styloid process ******
Stylomastoid foramen The stylomastoid foramen is a foramen between the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal bone of the skull. It is the termination of the facial canal, and transmits the facial nerve, and stylomastoid artery. Facial nerve inflammation in th ...
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Tympanic cavity The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Within it sit the ossicles, three small bones that transmit vibrations used in the detection of sound. Structure On its lateral surface, it abuts the external auditory ...
**** Mandibular fossa **** Articular tubercle *****
Petrotympanic fissure The petrotympanic fissure (also known as the squamotympanic fissure or the glaserian fissure) is a fissure in the temporal bone that runs from the temporomandibular joint to the tympanic cavity. The mandibular fossa is bounded, in front, by the a ...
***** Petrosquamous fissure *** Ethmoid **** Cribriform plate **** Cribriform foramina **** Crista galli **** Ethmoidal labyrinth ***** Ethmoidal bulla *** Inferior nasal concha *** Lacrimal bone ***
Nasal bone The nasal bones are two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face and by their junction, form the bridge of the upper one third of the nose. Eac ...
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Vomer The vomer (; lat, vomer, lit=ploughshare) is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right maxill ...
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Maxilla The maxilla (plural: ''maxillae'' ) in vertebrates is the upper fixed (not fixed in Neopterygii) bone of the jaw formed from the fusion of two maxillary bones. In humans, the upper jaw includes the hard palate in the front of the mouth. The t ...
****Body of maxilla *****Orbital surface ****** Infra-orbital canal ****** Infra-orbital groove *****Anterior surface ******
Infra-orbital foramen In human anatomy, the infraorbital foramen is one of two small holes in the skull's upper jawbone ( maxillary bone), located below the eye socket and to the left and right of the nose. Both holes are used for blood vessels and nerves. In anatomic ...
***** Maxillary sinus ****Palatine process *****
Incisive canals The incisive canals (also: "''nasopalatine canals''") are two bony canals of the anterior hard palate connecting the nasal cavity and the oral cavity. An incisive canal courses through each maxilla. Below, the two incisive canals typically converg ...
****Alveolar process *****
Dental alveoli Dental alveoli (singular ''alveolus'') are sockets in the jaws in which the roots of teeth are held in the alveolar process with the periodontal ligament. The lay term for dental alveoli is tooth sockets. A joint that connects the roots of the t ...
***** Incisive foramina ***
Palatine bone In anatomy, the palatine bones () are two irregular bones of the facial skeleton in many animal species, located above the uvula in the throat. Together with the maxillae, they comprise the hard palate. (''Palate'' is derived from the Latin ''pa ...
*** Zygomatic bone **** Zygomatico-orbital foramen ****
Zygomaticofacial foramen The zygomaticofacial foramen is a small aperture. It perforates the malar surface of the convex zygomatic bone near its center, for the passage of the zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels. Below this foramen In anatomy and osteology, a foramen ...
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Zygomaticotemporal foramen In the human skull, the zygomatic bone (from grc, ζῠγόν, zugón, yoke), also called cheekbone or malar bone, is a paired irregular bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. It is s ...
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Mandible In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower tooth, teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movabl ...
****Body of mandible ***** Mental protuberance *****
Mental tubercle The mandibular symphysis divides below and encloses a triangular eminence, the mental protuberance The symphysis of the external surface of the mandible divides below and encloses a triangular eminence, the mental protuberance, the base of which ...
***** Mental foramen *****
Oblique line The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the ''laryngeal skeleton'', the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx. It does not completely encircle the larynx (only the cricoid cartilage ...
***** Superior mental spine ***** Inferior mental spine *****
Mylohyoid line The mylohyoid line is a bony ridge on the internal surface of the mandible. It runs posterosuperiorly. It is the site of origin of the mylohyoid muscle, the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, and the pterygomandibular raphe. Structure The m ...
***** Sublingual fossa ***** Submandibular fossa *****Alveolar part ******
Dental alveoli Dental alveoli (singular ''alveolus'') are sockets in the jaws in which the roots of teeth are held in the alveolar process with the periodontal ligament. The lay term for dental alveoli is tooth sockets. A joint that connects the roots of the t ...
**** Ramus of mandible *****
Angle of mandible In Euclidean geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the '' sides'' of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the ''vertex'' of the angle. Angles formed by two rays lie in the plane that contains the rays. Angles are ...
***** Mandibular foramen ******
Mandibular canal In human anatomy, the mandibular canal is a canal within the mandible that contains the inferior alveolar nerve, inferior alveolar artery, and inferior alveolar vein. It runs obliquely downward and forward in the ramus, and then horizontally f ...
***** Mylohyoid groove *****
Coronoid process The Coronoid process (from Greek , "like a crown") can refer to: * The coronoid process of the mandible, part of the ramus mandibulae of the mandible * The coronoid process of the ulna The coronoid process of the ulna is a triangular process proj ...
*****
Mandibular notch The mandibular notch, also known as the sigmoid notch, is a groove in the ramus of the mandible. It is the gap between the coronoid process anteriorly and the condyloid process posteriorly. Structure The mandibular notch is a concave groove at ...
***** Condylar process ******
Pterygoid fovea The pterygoid fovea (occasionally called the pterygoid pit or the pterygoid depression) is located on the mandible. It is a concave surface on the medial side of the neck of the condyloid process of the mandible. It is located posterior to the m ...
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Hyoid bone The hyoid bone (lingual bone or tongue-bone) () is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies between the base of the mandible and the third cervical vertebr ...
***(Auditory ossicles - see sense organs) *
Vertebral column The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is part of the axial skeleton. The vertebral column is the defining characteristic of a vertebrate in which the notochord (a flexible rod of uniform composition) found in all chordata, ...
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Vertebral canal The spinal canal (or vertebral canal or spinal cavity) is the canal that contains the spinal cord within the vertebral column. The spinal canal is formed by the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. It is a process of the dorsal body ca ...
**
Vertebra The spinal column, a defining synapomorphy shared by nearly all vertebrates,Hagfish are believed to have secondarily lost their spinal column is a moderately flexible series of vertebrae (singular vertebra), each constituting a characteristic ...
(this category contains parts of a vertebra) *** Vertebral body ***
Vertebral arch The spinal column, a defining synapomorphy shared by nearly all vertebrates,Hagfish are believed to have secondarily lost their spinal column is a moderately flexible series of vertebrae (singular vertebra), each constituting a characteristic i ...
**** Pedicle **** Lamina *** Intervertebral foramen *** Superior vertebral notch *** Inferior vertebral notch *** Vertebral foramen *** Spinous process ***
Transverse process The spinal column, a defining synapomorphy shared by nearly all vertebrates,Hagfish are believed to have secondarily lost their spinal column is a moderately flexible series of vertebrae (singular vertebra), each constituting a characteristic i ...
**Cervical vertebrae *** Uncus of body ***
Foramen transversarium In tetrapods, cervical vertebrae (singular: vertebra) are the vertebrae of the neck, immediately below the skull. Truncal vertebrae (divided into thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in mammals) lie caudal (toward the tail) of cervical vertebrae. In sau ...
*** Carotid tubercle *** Atlas (anatomy) *** Axis (anatomy) **** Dens *** Vertebra prominens (C7) **Thoracic vertebrae **Lumbar vertebrae **
Sacrum The sacrum (plural: ''sacra'' or ''sacrums''), in human anatomy, is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of the sacral vertebrae (S1S5) between ages 18 and 30. The sacrum situates at the upper, back part ...
***Dorsal surface **** Sacral cornu ****
Sacral canal The sacrum (plural: ''sacra'' or ''sacrums''), in human anatomy, is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of the sacral vertebrae (S1S5) between ages 18 and 30. The sacrum situates at the upper, back part o ...
***** Sacral hiatus ** Coccyx *Thoracic skeleton ** Ribs *** True ribs *** False ribs ****
Floating ribs The rib cage, as an enclosure that comprises the ribs, vertebral column and sternum in the thorax of most vertebrates, protects vital organs such as the heart, lungs and great vessels. The sternum, together known as the thoracic cage, is a semi ...
*** Costal cartilage **
Rib In vertebrate anatomy, ribs ( la, costae) are the long curved bones which form the rib cage, part of the axial skeleton. In most tetrapods, ribs surround the chest, enabling the lungs to expand and thus facilitate breathing by expanding the ches ...
***Body **** Costal groove ***
Cervical rib A cervical rib in humans is an extra rib which arises from the seventh cervical vertebra. Their presence is a congenital abnormality located above the normal first rib. A cervical rib is estimated to occur in 0.2% to 0.5% (1 in 200 to 500) of the ...
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First rib The rib cage, as an enclosure that comprises the ribs, vertebral column and sternum in the thorax of most vertebrates, protects vital organs such as the heart, lungs and great vessels. The sternum, together known as the thoracic cage, is a semi-r ...
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Scalene tubercle The scalene tubercle is a small projection that runs along the medial border of the first rib between two grooves, which travel anteriorly for the subclavian artery and posteriorly for the subclavian vein. It projects outward medially, and is the s ...
*** Lumbar rib ** Sternum *** Manubrium of sternum ****
Clavicular notch The clavicle, or collarbone, is a slender, S-shaped long bone approximately 6 inches (15 cm) long that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum (breastbone). There are two clavicles, one on the left and one on the rig ...
**** Jugular notch ***
Sternal angle The sternal angle (also known as the angle of Louis, angle of Ludovic or manubriosternal junction) is the synarthrotic joint formed by the articulation of the manubrium and the body of the sternum. The sternal angle is a palpable clinical landma ...
*** Xiphoid process **Thoracic cage *** Thoracic cavity *** Superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet) ***
Inferior thoracic aperture The superior thoracic aperture, also known as the thoracic outlet, or thoracic inlet refers to the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity. It is also clinically referred to as the thoracic outlet, in the case of thoracic outlet syndrome. A low ...
*** Intercostal space *** Infrasternal angle *Bones of upper limb ** Pectoral girdle ***
Scapula The scapula (plural scapulae or scapulas), also known as the shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). Like their connected bones, the scapulae are paired, with each scapula on eithe ...
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Acromion In human anatomy, the acromion (from Greek: ''akros'', "highest", ''ōmos'', "shoulder", plural: acromia) is a bony process on the scapula (shoulder blade). Together with the coracoid process it extends laterally over the shoulder joint. The acro ...
****Superior border *****
Suprascapular notch The suprascapular notch (or ''scapular notch'') is a notch in the superior border of the scapula, just medial to the base of the coracoid process. It forms the entrance site into the suprascapular canal. Structure This notch is converted into ...
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Glenoid cavity The glenoid fossa of the scapula or the glenoid cavity is a bone part of the shoulder. The word ''glenoid'' is pronounced or (both are common) and is from el, gléne, "socket", reflecting the shoulder joint's ball-and-socket form. It is a sha ...
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Supraglenoid tubercle The supraglenoid tubercle is a region of the scapula from which the long head of the biceps brachii muscle originates. It is a small, rough projection superior to the glenoid cavity near the base of the coracoid process. The term supraglenoid is ...
**** Infraglenoid tubercle ****
Coracoid process The coracoid process (from Greek κόραξ, raven) is a small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior portion of the scapula (hence: coracoid, or "like a raven's beak"). Pointing laterally forward, it, together with the ...
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Clavicle The clavicle, or collarbone, is a slender, S-shaped long bone approximately 6 inches (15 cm) long that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum (breastbone). There are two clavicles, one on the left and one on the rig ...
****Acromial end *****Tuberosity for coracoclavicular ligament ******
Conoid tubercle The clavicle, or collarbone, is a slender, S-shaped long bone approximately 6 inches (15 cm) long that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum (breastbone). There are two clavicles, one on the left and one on the righ ...
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Trapezoid line From the conoid tubercle an oblique ridge, the trapezoid line (or trapezoid ridge, or oblique), runs forward and lateralward, and affords attachment to the trapezoid ligament The trapezoid ligament is a ligament connecting the coracoid process ...
**Free part of upper limb ***
Humerus The humerus (; ) is a long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. It connects the scapula and the two bones of the lower arm, the radius and ulna, and consists of three sections. The humeral upper extremity consists of a roun ...
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Greater tubercle The greater tubercle of the humerus is the outward part the upper end of that bone, adjacent to the large rounded prominence of the humerus head. It provides attachment points for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles, thre ...
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Lesser tubercle The lesser tubercle of the humerus, although smaller, is more prominent than the greater tubercle: it is situated in front, and is directed medially and anteriorly. The projection of the lesser tubercle is anterior from the junction that is found ...
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Intertubercular sulcus The bicipital groove (intertubercular groove, sulcus intertubercularis) is a deep groove on the humerus that separates the greater tubercle from the lesser tubercle. It allows for the long tendon of the biceps brachii muscle to pass. Structure ...
****Shaft of humerus *****Posterior surface ******
Radial groove The radial groove (also known as the musculospiral groove, radial sulcus, or spiral groove) is a broad but shallow oblique depression for the radial nerve and deep brachial artery. It is located on the center of the lateral border of the humerus b ...
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Deltoid tuberosity In human anatomy, the deltoid tuberosity is a rough, triangular area on the anterolateral (front-side) surface of the middle of the humerus. It is a site of attachment of deltoid muscle. Structure Variation The deltoid tuberosity has been re ...
**** Condyle of humerus *****
Capitulum capitulum (plural capitula) may refer to: *the Latin word for chapter ** an index or list of chapters at the head of a gospel manuscript ** a short reading in the Liturgy of the Hours *** derived from which, it is the Latin for the assembly known ...
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Trochlea Trochlea (Latin for pulley) is a term in anatomy. It refers to a grooved structure reminiscent of a pulley's wheel. Related to joints Most commonly, trochleae bear the articular surface of saddle joint, saddle and other joints: * Trochlea of hume ...
***** Olecranon fossa *****
Coronoid fossa Superior to the anterior portion of the Trochlea of humerus, trochlea is a small depression, the coronoid fossa, which receives the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion of the forearm. It is directly adjacent to the radial fossa of the hume ...
***** Radial fossa **** Medial epicondyle **** Lateral epicondyle ***
Radius In classical geometry, a radius ( : radii) of a circle or sphere is any of the line segments from its center to its perimeter, and in more modern usage, it is also their length. The name comes from the latin ''radius'', meaning ray but also the ...
**** Radial styloid process ***
Ulna The ulna (''pl''. ulnae or ulnas) is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm. That is, the ulna is on the same side of t ...
**** Olecranon ****
Coronoid process The Coronoid process (from Greek , "like a crown") can refer to: * The coronoid process of the mandible, part of the ramus mandibulae of the mandible * The coronoid process of the ulna The coronoid process of the ulna is a triangular process proj ...
****Head ***** Ulnar styloid process **Bones of hand ***
Carpal bones The carpal bones are the eight small bones that make up the wrist (or carpus) that connects the hand to the forearm. The term "carpus" is derived from the Latin carpus and the Greek καρπός (karpós), meaning "wrist". In human anatomy, th ...
**** Scaphoid ****
Lunate Lunate is a crescent or moon-shaped microlith. In the specialized terminology of lithic reduction, a lunate flake is a small, crescent-shaped flake removed from a stone tool during the process of pressure flaking. In the Natufian period, a lunat ...
**** Triquetrum ****
Pisiform The pisiform bone ( or ), also spelled pisiforme (from the Latin ''pisifomis'', pea-shaped), is a small knobbly, sesamoid bone that is found in the wrist. It forms the ulnar border of the carpal tunnel. Structure The pisiform is a sesamoid bone, ...
**** Trapezium ****
Trapezoid A quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides is called a trapezoid () in American and Canadian English. In British and other forms of English, it is called a trapezium (). A trapezoid is necessarily a Convex polygon, convex quadri ...
**** Capitate **** Hamate *** Metacarpals ***Phalanges (hand) *** Sesamoid bones (hand) *Bones of lower limb ** Pelvic girdle *** acrum - see vertebrae section*** Hip bone ****
Acetabulum The acetabulum (), also called the cotyloid cavity, is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint. Structure There are three bones of the ''os coxae'' (hip bone) that c ...
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Obturator foramen The obturator foramen (Latin foramen obturatum) is the large opening created by the ischium and pubis (bone), pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and blood vessels pass. Structure It is bounded by a thin, uneven margin, to which a str ...
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Greater sciatic notch The greater sciatic notch is a notch in the ilium (bone), ilium, one of the bones that make up the human pelvis. It lies between the posterior inferior iliac spine (above), and the ischial spine (below). The sacrospinous ligament changes this notch ...
**** Ilium ***** Arcuate line ***** Iliac crest ******
Anterior superior iliac spine The anterior superior iliac spine (abbreviated: ASIS) is a bony projection of the iliac bone, and an important landmark of surface anatomy. It refers to the anterior extremity of the iliac crest of the pelvis. It provides attachment for the ingui ...
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Anterior inferior iliac spine Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position prov ...
****** Posterior superior iliac spine ****** Posterior inferior iliac spine ****
Ischium The ischium () form ...
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Lesser sciatic notch Below the ischial spine is a small notch, the lesser sciatic notch; it is smooth, coated in the recent state with cartilage, the surface of which presents two or three ridges corresponding to the subdivisions of the tendon of the Obturator internus ...
MN **** Pubis *****Body ****** Pubic tubercle *****Superior pubic ramus ******
Pecten pubis The pectineal line of the pubis (also pecten pubis) is a ridge on the superior ramus of the pubic bone. It forms part of the pelvic brim. Lying across from the pectineal line are fibers of the pectineal ligament, and the proximal origin of th ...
***Pelvis (category contains general terms) **** Pelvic cavity **** Pubic arch ****
Subpubic angle The pubic arch, also referred to as the ''ischiopubic arch'', is part of the pelvis. It is formed by the convergence of the inferior rami of the ischium and pubis on either side, below the pubic symphysis. The angle at which they converge is kno ...
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Greater pelvis The pelvic cavity is a body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis. Its oblique roof is the pelvic inlet (the superior opening of the pelvis). Its lower boundary is the pelvic floor. The pelvic cavity primarily contains the reproducti ...
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Lesser pelvis The pelvic cavity is a body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis. Its oblique roof is the pelvic inlet (the superior opening of the pelvis). Its lower boundary is the pelvic floor. The pelvic cavity primarily contains the reproducti ...
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Linea terminalis The linea terminalis or innominate line consists of the pubic crest, pectineal line (pecten pubis), the arcuate line, the sacral ala, and the sacral promontory. It is the pelvic brim, which is the edge of the pelvic inlet. The pelvic inlet is ty ...
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Pelvic inlet The pelvic inlet or superior aperture of the pelvis is a planar surface which defines the boundary between the pelvic cavity and the abdominal cavity (or, according to some authors, between two parts of the pelvic cavity, called lesser pelvis and ...
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Pelvic outlet The lower circumference of the lesser pelvis is very irregular; the space enclosed by it is named the inferior aperture or pelvic outlet. It is an important component of pelvimetry. Boundaries It has the following boundaries: * anteriorly: the pub ...
**Free part of lower limb ***
Femur The femur (; ), or thigh bone, is the proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrates. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with ...
**** Greater trochanter **** Lesser trochanter **** Intertrochanteric line **** Intertrochanteric crest ****Shaft of femur ***** Linea aspera ***** Pectineal line **** Intercondylar fossa ***
Patella The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a flat, rounded triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint. The patella is found in many tetrapods, such as m ...
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Tibia The tibia (; ), also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula, behind and to the outside of the tibia); it connects ...
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Medial malleolus A malleolus is the bony prominence on each side of the human ankle. Each leg is supported by two bones, the tibia on the inner side (medial) of the leg and the fibula on the outer side (lateral) of the leg. The medial malleolus is the promine ...
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Fibula The fibula or calf bone is a leg bone on the lateral side of the tibia, to which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is ...
**** Lateral malleolus **Bones of foot ***
Tarsal bones In the human body, the tarsus is a cluster of seven articulating bones in each foot situated between the lower end of the tibia and the fibula of the lower leg and the metatarsus. It is made up of the midfoot ( cuboid, medial, intermediate, and ...
**** Talus ****
Calcaneus In humans and many other primates, the calcaneus (; from the Latin ''calcaneus'' or ''calcaneum'', meaning heel) or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitutes the heel. In some other animals, it is the point of the hock. S ...
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Sustentaculum tali In humans and many other primates, the calcaneus (; from the Latin ''calcaneus'' or ''calcaneum'', meaning heel) or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitutes the heel. In some other animals, it is the point of the hock. ...
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Navicular The navicular bone is a small bone found in the feet of most mammals. Human anatomy The navicular bone in humans is one of the tarsal bones, found in the foot. Its name derives from the human bone's resemblance to a small boat, caused by th ...
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Medial cuneiform There are three cuneiform ("wedge-shaped") bones in the human foot: * the first or medial cuneiform * the second or intermediate cuneiform, also known as the middle cuneiform * the third or lateral cuneiform They are located between the navicu ...
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Intermediate cuneiform There are three cuneiform ("wedge-shaped") bones in the human foot: * the first or medial cuneiform * the second or intermediate cuneiform, also known as the middle cuneiform * the third or lateral cuneiform They are located between the navicu ...
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Lateral cuneiform There are three cuneiform ("wedge-shaped") bones in the human foot: * the first or medial cuneiform * the second or intermediate cuneiform, also known as the middle cuneiform * the third or lateral cuneiform They are located between the navicu ...
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Cuboid In geometry, a cuboid is a hexahedron, a six-faced solid. Its faces are quadrilaterals. Cuboid means "like a cube", in the sense that by adjusting the length of the edges or the angles between edges and faces a cuboid can be transformed into a cub ...
*** Metatarsals ***
Phalanges The phalanges (singular: ''phalanx'' ) are digital bones in the hands and feet of most vertebrates. In primates, the thumbs and big toes have two phalanges while the other digits have three phalanges. The phalanges are classed as long bones. ...
(foot) *** Sesamoid bones (foot) ----


Joints

*General terms ** Joint **Bony joints ***
Synarthrosis A synarthrosis is a type of joint which allows no movement under normal conditions. Sutures and gomphoses are both synarthroses. Joints which allow more movement are called amphiarthroses or diarthroses. Syndesmoses joints are considered to be a ...
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Fibrous joint In anatomy, fibrous joints are joints connected by fibrous tissue, consisting mainly of collagen. These are fixed joints where bones are united by a layer of white fibrous tissue of varying thickness. In the skull the joints between the bones ar ...
***** Syndesmosis ****** Gomphosis *****
Interosseous membrane An interosseous membrane is a thick dense fibrous sheet of connective tissue that spans the space between two bones, forming a type of syndesmosis joint. Interosseous membranes in the human body: * Interosseous membrane of forearm * Interosseous ...
***** Suture **** Cartilaginous joint *****
Synchondrosis A synchondrosis (or primary cartilaginous joint) is a type of cartilaginous joint where hyaline cartilage completely joins together two bones. Synchondroses are different than symphyses (secondary cartilaginous joints) which are formed of fibroc ...
***** Symphysis *****
Epiphysial cartilage The epiphyseal plate (or epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate) is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. It is the part of a long bone where new bone growth takes place; that is, the whole bone is alive, wi ...
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Synovial joint A synovial joint, also known as diarthrosis, joins bones or cartilage with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones, constitutes the outer boundary of a synovial cavity, and surrounds the bones' articulat ...
**** Articular disc ****
Meniscus Meniscus may refer to: *Meniscus (anatomy), crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure that partly divides a joint cavity *Meniscus (liquid) The meniscus (plural: ''menisci'', from the Greek for "crescent") is the curve in the upper surface ...
**** Synovial bursa ****
Synovial sheath A synovial sheath is one of the two membranes of a tendon sheath which covers a tendon. The other membrane is the outer fibrous tendon sheath. The tendon invaginates the synovial sheath from one side so that the tendon is suspended from the membran ...
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Plane joint A plane joint (arthrodial joint, gliding joint, plane articulation) is a synovial joint which, under physiological conditions, allows only gliding movement. Plane joints permit sliding movements in the plane of articular surfaces. The opposed sur ...
****Cylindrical joint *****
Pivot joint In animal anatomy, a pivot joint (trochoid joint, rotary joint or lateral ginglymus) is a type of synovial joint whose movement axis is parallel to the long axis of the proximal bone, which typically has a convex articular surface. According to o ...
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Hinge joint A hinge joint (ginglymus or ginglymoid) is a bone joint in which the articular surfaces are molded to each other in such a manner as to permit motion only in one plane. According to one classification system they are said to be uniaxial (having ...
**** Bicondylar joint **** Saddle joint ****
Condylar joint A condyloid joint (also called condylar, ellipsoidal, or bicondylar) is an ovoid articular surface, or condyle that is received into an elliptical cavity. This permits movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, ...
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Ball and socket joint The ball-and-socket joint (or spheroid joint) is a type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone. The distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number o ...
** Abduction ** Adduction ** External rotation or Lateral rotation ** Internal rotation or
Medial rotation Motion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relative ...
** Circumduction ** Flexion **
Extension Extension, extend or extended may refer to: Mathematics Logic or set theory * Axiom of extensionality * Extensible cardinal * Extension (model theory) * Extension (predicate logic), the set of tuples of values that satisfy the predicate * E ...
**
Pronation Motion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relative ...
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Supination Motion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relative ...
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Opposition Opposition may refer to: Arts and media * ''Opposition'' (Altars EP), 2011 EP by Christian metalcore band Altars * The Opposition (band), a London post-punk band * ''The Opposition with Jordan Klepper'', a late-night television series on Comed ...
** Reposition *Joints of the skull **Cranial fibrous joints ***Cranial syndesmoses *** Cranial sutures ****
Coronal suture The coronal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint that separates the two parietal bones from the frontal bone of the skull. Structure The coronal suture lies between the paired parietal bones and the frontal bone of the skull. It r ...
**** Sagittal suture **** Lambdoid suture *** Dento-alveolar syndesmosis (gomphosis) **Cranial cartilaginous joints ***Cranial synchondroses **Cranial synovial joints *** Temporomandibular joint ****
Sphenomandibular ligament The sphenomandibular ligament (internal lateral ligament) is one of the three ligaments of the temporomandibular joint. It is situated medially to - and generally separate from - the articular capsule of the joint. Superiorly, it is attached to the ...
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Stylomandibular ligament The stylomandibular ligament is the thickened posterior portion of the investing cervical fascia around the neck. It extends from near the apex of the styloid process of the temporal bone to the angle and posterior border of the angle of the man ...
*** Atlanto-occipital joint *Vertebral joints **Syndesmoses of vertebral column ***
Interspinous ligaments The interspinous ligaments (interspinal ligaments) are thin and membranous ligaments, that connect adjoining spinous processes of the vertebra in the spine. They extend from the root to the apex of each spinous process. They meet the ligamenta fl ...
*** Ligamenta flava ***
Intertransverse ligaments The intertransverse ligaments are ligaments that are placed between the transverse processes of the spine. In the cervical region they consist of a few irregular, scattered fibers that are often replaced by muscles. In the thoracic region they are ...
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Supraspinous ligament The supraspinous ligament, also known as the supraspinal ligament, is a ligament found along the vertebral column. Structure The supraspinous ligament connects the tips of the spinous processes from the seventh cervical vertebra to the sacrum. Abo ...
*** Ligamentum nuchae ***
Anterior longitudinal ligament The anterior longitudinal ligament is a ligament that runs down the anterior surface of the spine. It traverses all of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs on their ventral side. It may be partially cut to treat certain abnormal curvatur ...
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Posterior longitudinal ligament The posterior longitudinal ligament is a ligament connecting the posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies of all of the vertebrae. It weakly prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column. It also prevents posterior spinal disc herniation, althou ...
*** Transverse ligaments **Synchondroses of vertebral column *** Intervertebral joint ****
Intervertebral disc An intervertebral disc (or intervertebral fibrocartilage) lies between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column. Each disc forms a fibrocartilaginous joint (a symphysis), to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, to act as a ligament to hold t ...
***** Anulus fibrosus ***** Nucleus pulposus **Vertebral synovial joints *** Median atlanto-axial joint ****
Alar ligaments In anatomy, the alar ligaments are ligaments which connect the dens (a bony protrusion on the second cervical vertebra) to tubercles on the medial side of the occipital condyle. They are short, tough, fibrous cords that attach on the skull an ...
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Apical ligament of dens The ligament of apex dentis (or apical odontoid ligament) is a ligament that spans between the second cervical vertebra in the neck and the skull. It lies as a fibrous cord in the triangular interval between the alar ligaments, which extends fro ...
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Cruciate ligament of dens Cruciate, and similar words, can mean: *The cruciate ligament Cruciate ligaments (also cruciform ligaments) are pairs of ligaments arranged like a letter X. They occur in several joints of the body, such as the knee joint and the atlanto-axial ...
*** Lateral atlanto-axial joint *** Zygapophysial joints ***
Lumbosacral joint The lumbosacral joint is a joint of the body, between the last lumbar vertebra and the first sacral segment of the vertebral column. In some ways, calling it a "joint" (singular) is a misnomer, since the lumbosacral junction includes a disc between ...
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Sacrococcygeal joint The sacrococcygeal symphysis (sacrococcygeal articulation, articulation of the sacrum and coccyx) is an amphiarthrodial joint, formed between the oval surface at the apex of the sacrum, and the base of the coccyx. It is a slightly moveable jointM ...
*Thoracic joints **Syndesmoses of thorax *** External intercostal membrane ***
Internal intercostal membrane Internal may refer to: *Internality as a concept in behavioural economics *Neijia, internal styles of Chinese martial arts *Neigong or "internal skills", a type of exercise in meditation associated with Daoism *''Internal (album)'' by Safia (band), ...
**Synchondroses of thorax ***
Costosternal joint The sternocostal joints, also known as sternochondral joints or costosternal articulations, are synovial joint, synovial plane joints of the costal cartilages of the rib, true ribs with the sternum. The only exception is the first rib, which has a ...
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Synchondrosis of first rib A synchondrosis (or primary cartilaginous joint) is a type of cartilaginous joint where hyaline cartilage completely joins together two bones. Synchondroses are different than symphyses (secondary cartilaginous joints) which are formed of fibroc ...
***Sternal synchondroses **** Xiphisternal joint **** Manubriosternal joint **Synovial joints of thorax ***
Costovertebral joints The costovertebral joints are the joints that connect the ribs to the vertebral column. The articulation of the head of the rib connects the head of the rib to the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae. Structure The costotransverse joint connects th ...
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Sternocostal joints The sternocostal joints, also known as sternochondral joints or costosternal articulations, are synovial plane joints of the costal cartilages of the true ribs with the sternum. The only exception is the first rib, which has a synchondrosis joint ...
*** Costochondral joints *** Interchondral joints *Joints of upper limb **Joints of pectoral girdle ***Syndesmoses of pectoral girdle **** Coraco-acromial ligament **** Superior transverse scapular ligament ***Synovial joints of pectoral girdle **** Acromioclavicular joint *****
Acromioclavicular ligament The acromioclavicular ligament is part of the acromioclavicular joint. It is divided into two parts: superior and inferior. Superior acromioclavicular ligament This ligament is a quadrilateral band, covering the superior part of the articulation, ...
***** Coracoclavicular ligament ******
Trapezoid ligament The trapezoid ligament is a ligament connecting the coracoid process of the scapula (the shoulder blade) to the trapezoid line of the clavicle (collarbone). It is an anterior and lateral fasciculus, and is broad, thin, and quadrilateral. Its ant ...
****** Conoid ligament **** Sternoclavicular joint **Joints of free upper limb *** Radio-ulnar syndesmosis ****
Interosseous membrane of forearm The interosseous membrane of the forearm (rarely middle or intermediate radioulnar joint) is a fibrous sheet that connects the interosseous margins of the radius and the ulna. It is the main part of the radio-ulnar syndesmosis, a fibrous joint be ...
***Synovial joints of free upper limb ****
Glenohumeral joint The shoulder joint (or glenohumeral joint from Greek ''glene'', eyeball, + -''oid'', 'form of', + Latin ''humerus'', shoulder) is structurally classified as a synovial ball-and-socket joint and functionally as a diarthrosis and multiaxial joint. ...
**** Elbow joint (since merged with elbow article) *****
Humeroulnar joint The humeroulnar joint (ulnohumeral or trochlear joint) is part of the elbow-joint. It is composed of two bones, the humerus and ulna, and is the junction between the trochlear notch of ulna and the trochlea of humerus. It is classified as a simple ...
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Humeroradial joint The humeroradial joint is the joint between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus, is a limited ball-and-socket joint, hinge type of synovial joint. Structure The annular ligament binds the head of the radius to the radial not ...
***** Proximal radio-ulnar joint ***** Ulnar collateral ligament ***** Radial collateral ligament ***** Anular ligament of radius *****
Quadrate ligament In human anatomy, the quadrate ligament or ligament of Denucé is one of the ligaments of the proximal radioulnar joint in the upper forearm. Structure The quadrate ligament is a fibrous band attached to the inferior border of the radial notch on ...
**** Distal radio-ulnar joint ****Joints of hand ***** Wrist joint ***** Carpal joints ****** Midcarpal joint ******
Radiate carpal ligament The radiate carpal ligament is a group of about seven fibrous bands which diverge in all directions on the palmar surface of the carpal bones. The majority of the bands radiate from the capitate to the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bone The ...
****** Pisiform joint ******* Pisohamate ligament ******* Pisometacarpal ligament *****
Carpal tunnel In the human body, the carpal tunnel or carpal canal is the passageway on the palmar side of the wrist that connects the forearm to the hand. The tunnel is bounded by the bones of the wrist and flexor retinaculum from connective tissue. Normall ...
***** Ulnar canal *****
Carpometacarpal joints The carpometacarpal (CMC) joints are five joints in the wrist that articulate the distal row of carpal bones and the proximal bases of the five metacarpal bones. The CMC joint of the thumb or the first CMC joint, also known as the trapeziometacar ...
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Carpometacarpal joint of thumb The carpometacarpal (CMC) joints are five joints in the wrist that articulate the distal row of carpal bones and the proximal bases of the five metacarpal bones. The CMC joint of the thumb or the first CMC joint, also known as the trapeziometac ...
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Intermetacarpal joints The intermetacarpal joints are in the hand formed between the metacarpal bones. The bases of the second, third, fourth and fifth metacarpal bones articulate with one another by small surfaces covered with cartilage. The metacarpal bones are ...
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Metacarpophalangeal joints The metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) are situated between the metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanges of the fingers. These joints are of the condyloid kind, formed by the reception of the rounded heads of the metacarpal bones into shallow cavi ...
****** Deep transverse metacarpal ligament *****
Interphalangeal joints of hand The interphalangeal joints of the hand are the hinge joints between the phalanges of the fingers that provide flexion towards the palm of the hand. There are two sets in each finger (except in the thumb, which has only one joint): * "proximal int ...
*Joints of lower limb **Joints of pelvic girdle ***Syndesmoses of pelvic girdle **** Obturator canal **** Pubic symphysis ****
Sacro-iliac joint The sacroiliac joint or SI joint (SIJ) is the joint between the sacrum and the ilium bones of the pelvis, which are connected by strong ligaments. In humans, the sacrum supports the spine and is supported in turn by an ilium on each side. Th ...
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Sacrotuberous ligament The sacrotuberous ligament (great or posterior sacrosciatic ligament) is situated at the lower and back part of the pelvis. It is flat, and triangular in form; narrower in the middle than at the ends. Structure It runs from the sacrum (the lower ...
***** Sacrospinous ligament ***** Greater sciatic foramen ***** Lesser sciatic foramen **Joints of free lower limb *** Tibiofibular syndesmosis **** Interosseous membrane of leg ***Synovial joints of free lower limb **** Hip joint ***** Iliofemoral ligament *****
Ischiofemoral ligament The ischiofemoral ligament (ischiocapsular ligament, ischiocapsular band) consists of a triangular band of strong fibers on the posterior side of the hip joint. Its fibers span from the ischium at a point below and behind the acetabulum to blend wi ...
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Pubofemoral ligament The pubofemoral ligament (pubocapsular ligament) is a ligament on the inferior side of the hip joint. This ligament is attached, above, to the obturator crest and the superior ramus of the pubis; below, it blends with the capsule and with the d ...
***** Transverse acetabular ligament *****
Ligament of head of femur In human anatomy, the ligament of the head of the femur (round ligament of the femur, ligamentum teres femoris, the foveal ligament, or Fillmore’s ligament) is a ligament located in the hip. It is triangular in shape and somewhat flattened. The l ...
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Knee joint In humans and other primates, the knee joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two joints: one between the femur and tibia (tibiofemoral joint), and one between the femur and patella (patellofemoral joint). It is the largest joint in the hu ...
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Lateral meniscus The lateral meniscus (external semilunar fibrocartilage) is a fibrocartilaginous band that spans the lateral side of the interior of the knee joint. It is one of two meniscus (anatomy), menisci of the knee, the other being the medial meniscus. It ...
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Medial meniscus The medial meniscus is a fibrocartilage semicircular band that spans the knee joint medially, located between the medial condyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia.Platzer (2004), p 208 It is also referred to as the internal semilun ...
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Transverse ligament of knee The transverse or nteriormeniscomeniscal ligament is a ligament in the knee joint that connects the anterior convex margin of the lateral meniscus to the anterior end of the medial meniscus. It is divided into several strips in ten percent of s ...
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Anterior cruciate ligament The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of a pair of cruciate ligaments (the other being the posterior cruciate ligament) in the human knee. The two ligaments are also called "cruciform" ligaments, as they are arranged in a crossed formation ...
***** Posterior cruciate ligament *****
Fibular collateral ligament The lateral collateral ligament (LCL, long external lateral ligament or fibular collateral ligament) is a ligament located on the lateral (outer) side of the knee, and thus belongs to the extrinsic knee ligaments and posterolateral corner of the k ...
***** Tibial collateral ligament *****
Oblique popliteal ligament The oblique popliteal ligament (posterior ligament) is a broad, flat, fibrous band on the posterior knee representing an expansion of the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle. It attaches onto the intercondylar fossa and lateral condyle of the fe ...
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Arcuate popliteal ligament The arcuate popliteal ligament is an Y-shaped extracapsular ligament of the knee. It is formed as a thickening of the posterior fibres of the joint capsule of the knee. It has its origin at the posterior aspect of the head of the fibula. It has t ...
***** Patellar ligament **** Tibiofibular joint ****Joints of foot ***** Ankle joint ****** Medial ligament (deltoid ligament) ****** Lateral ligaments *******
Anterior talofibular ligament The anterior talofibular ligament is a ligament in the ankle. It passes from the anterior margin of the fibular malleolus, anteriorly and laterally, to the talus bone, in front of its lateral articular facet. It is one of the lateral ligaments ...
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Posterior talofibular ligament The posterior talofibular ligament is a ligament that connects the fibula to the talus bone. It runs almost horizontally from the malleolar fossa of the lateral malleolus of the fibula to the lateral tubercle on the posterior surface of the talus ...
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Calcaneofibular ligament The calcaneofibular ligament is a narrow, rounded cord, running from the tip of the lateral malleolus of the fibula downward and slightly backward to a tubercle on the lateral surface of the calcaneus. It is part of the lateral collateral ligament ...
. ***** Subtalar joint *****
Transverse tarsal joint The transverse tarsal joint or midtarsal joint or Chopart's joint is formed by the articulation of the calcaneus with the cuboid (the calcaneocuboid joint), and the articulation of the talus with the navicular (the talocalcaneonavicular joint). ...
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Cuneonavicular joint The cuneonavicular joint is a joint (articulation) in the human foot. It is formed between the navicular bone and the three cuneiform bones. The navicular and cuneiform bones are connected by dorsal and plantar ligaments. Dorsal ligaments The do ...
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Intercuneiform joints The intercuneiform joints are the joints (articulations among) the cuneiform bones. The term "cuneocuboid joint" is sometimes used to describe the joint between the cuboid and lateral cuneiform, but this term is not recognized by Terminologia Ana ...
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Tarsal ligaments Tarsal may refer to: * Tarsal artery (disambiguation) * Tarsal bone * Tarsal glands Meibomian glands (also called tarsal glands, palpebral glands, and tarsoconjunctival glands) are sebaceous glands along the rims of the eyelid inside the tarsa ...
****** Tarsal interosseous ligaments ****** Dorsal tarsal ligaments ****** Dorsal cuneonavicular ligament ****** Plantar tarsal ligaments *******
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament The plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (also known as the spring ligament or spring ligament complex) is a complex of three ligaments on the underside of the foot that connect the calcaneus with the navicular bone. Structure The plantar calcane ...
(Spring ligament) *****
Tarsometatarsal joints The tarsometatarsal joints (Lisfranc joints) are arthrodial joints in the foot. The tarsometatarsal joints involve the first, second and third cuneiform bones, the cuboid bone and the metatarsal bones. The eponym of Lisfranc joint is 18th-19th cent ...
***** Intermetatarsal joints ***** Metatarsophalangeal joints *****
Interphalangeal joints of foot The interphalangeal joints of the foot are between the phalanx bones of the toes in the foot, feet. Since the Toe#Hallux, great toe only has two phalanx bones (proximal and distal phalanges), it only has one interphalangeal joint, which is often ...


Muscles

*General terms **
Muscle Skeletal muscles (commonly referred to as muscles) are organs of the vertebrate muscular system and typically are attached by tendons to bones of a skeleton. The muscle cells of skeletal muscles are much longer than in the other types of muscl ...
*Muscles of head **Extra-ocular muscles (see sense organs) **Muscles of auditory ossicles (see sense organs) **Facial muscles *** Epicranius *** Procerus *** Nasalis *** Depressor septi nasi *** Orbicularis oculi *** Corrugator supercilii *** Depressor supercilii *** Auricularis anterior ***
Auricularis superior The superior auricular muscle is a muscle above the auricle of the outer ear. It originates from the epicranial aponeurosis, and inserts into the upper part of the medial surface of the auricle. It draws the auricle upwards. Structure The su ...
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Auricularis posterior The posterior auricular muscle is a muscle behind the auricle of the outer ear. It arises from the mastoid part of the temporal bone, and inserts into the lower part of the cranial surface of the auricle of the outer ear. It draws the auricle b ...
*** Orbicularis oris *** Depressor anguli oris *** Transversus menti *** Risorius ***
Zygomaticus major The zygomaticus major muscle is a muscle of the human body. It extends from each zygomatic arch (cheekbone) to the corners of the mouth. It is a muscle of facial expression which draws the angle of the mouth superiorly and posteriorly to allow one ...
*** Zygomaticus minor *** Levator labii superioris *** Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi ***
Depressor labii inferioris The depressor labii inferioris (or quadratus labii inferioris) is a facial muscle. It helps to lower the bottom lip. Structure The depressor labii inferioris muscle arises from the lateral surface of the mandible. This is below the mental foram ...
*** Levator anguli oris *** Modiolus *** Buccinator ***
Mentalis The mentalis muscle is a paired central muscle of the lower lip, situated at the tip of the chin. It originates from the mentum of the mandible, and inserts into the soft tissue of the chin. It is sometimes referred to as the "pouting muscle" due ...
***Masticatory muscles **** Masseter **** Temporalis **** Lateral pterygoid **** Medial pterygoid **Muscles of tongue - see alimentary system **Muscles of soft palate and fauces - see alimentary system *Muscles of neck ** Platysma ** Longus colli ** Longus capitis **
Scalenus anterior The scalene muscles are a group of three pairs of muscles in the lateral neck, namely the anterior scalene, middle scalene, and posterior scalene. They are innervated by the third to the eight cervical spinal nerves (C3-C8). The anterior and m ...
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Scalenus medius The scalene muscles are a group of three pairs of muscles in the lateral neck, namely the anterior scalene, middle scalene, and posterior scalene. They are innervated by the third to the eight cervical spinal nerves (C3-C8). The anterior and ...
** Scalenus posterior **
Sternocleidomastoid The sternocleidomastoid muscle is one of the largest and most superficial cervical muscles. The primary actions of the muscle are rotation of the head to the opposite side and flexion of the neck. The sternocleidomastoid is innervated by the access ...
**Suboccipital muscles ***
Rectus capitis anterior The rectus capitis anterior (rectus capitis anticus minor) is a short, flat muscle, situated immediately behind the upper part of the Longus capitis. It arises from the anterior surface of the Lateral mass of atlas, lateral mass of the Atlas (anat ...
*** Rectus capitis lateralis *** Rectus capitis posterior major ***
Rectus capitis posterior minor The rectus capitis posterior minor (or rectus capitis posticus minor, both being Latin for ''lesser posterior straight muscle of the head'') arises by a narrow pointed tendon from the tubercle on the posterior arch of the atlas, and, widening as i ...
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Obliquus capitis superior The obliquus capitis superior muscle () is a small muscle in the upper back part of the neck and is one of the suboccipital muscles and part of the suboccipital triangle. It arises from the lateral mass of the atlas bone. It passes superiorly a ...
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Obliquus capitis inferior The obliquus capitis inferior muscle () is the larger of the two oblique muscles of the neck. It arises from the apex of the spinous process of the axis and passes laterally and slightly upward, to be inserted into the lower and back part of the t ...
**Suprahyoid muscles ***
Digastric The digastric muscle (also digastricus) (named ''digastric'' as it has two 'bellies') is a small muscle located under the jaw. The term "digastric muscle" refers to this specific muscle. However, other muscles that have two separate muscle bellie ...
*** Stylohyoid *** Mylohyoid ***
Geniohyoid The geniohyoid muscle is a narrow muscle situated superior to the medial border of the mylohyoid muscle. It is named for its passage from the chin ("genio-" is a standard prefix for "chin") to the hyoid bone. Structure It arises from the infe ...
**Infrahyoid muscles ***
Sternohyoid The sternohyoid muscle is a thin, narrow muscle attaching the hyoid bone to the sternum. It is one of the paired strap muscles of the infrahyoid muscles. It is supplied by the ansa cervicalis. It depresses the hyoid bone. Structure The sternohy ...
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Omohyoid The omohyoid muscle is a muscle that depresses the hyoid. It is located in the front of the neck, and consists of two bellies separated by an intermediate tendon. The omohyoid muscle is proximally attached to the scapula and distally attached to th ...
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Sternothyroid The sternothyroid muscle, or sternothyroideus, is an infrahyoid muscle in the neck. It acts to depress the hyoid bone. It is below the sternohyoid muscle. It is shorter and wider than the sternohyoid. Structure The sternothyroid arises from the ...
*** Thyrohyoid **Cervical fascia *Muscles of back **
Trapezius The trapezius is a large paired trapezoid-shaped surface muscle that extends longitudinally from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae of the spine and laterally to the spine of the scapula. It moves the scapula and supports the ...
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Latissimus dorsi The latissimus dorsi () is a large, flat muscle on the back that stretches to the sides, behind the arm, and is partly covered by the trapezius on the back near the midline. The word latissimus dorsi (plural: ''latissimi dorsorum'') comes from L ...
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Rhomboid major The rhomboid major is a skeletal muscle on the back that connects the scapula with the vertebrae of the spinal column. In human anatomy, it acts together with the rhomboid minor to keep the scapula pressed against thoracic wall and to retract the ...
** Rhomboid minor ** Levator scapulae **
Serratus posterior inferior The serratus posterior inferior muscle, also known as the posterior serratus muscle, is a muscle of the human body. Structure The muscle is situated at the junction of the thoracic and lumbar regions. It has an irregularly quadrilateral form, b ...
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Serratus posterior superior The serratus posterior superior muscle is a thin, quadrilateral muscle. It is situated at the upper back part of the thorax, deep to the rhomboid muscles. Structure The serratus posterior superior muscle arises by an aponeurosis from the l ...
**Anterior cervical intertransversarii **Lateral posterior cervical intertransversarii **Intertransversarii laterales lumborum **Muscles of back proper ***
Erector spinae The erector spinae ( ) or spinal erectors is a set of muscles that straighten and rotate the back. The spinal erectors work together with the glutes (gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus) to maintain stable posture standing or sittin ...
****Erector spinae aponeurosis **** Iliocostalis **** Longissimus ****
Spinalis The spinalis is a portion of the erector spinae, a bundle of muscles and tendons, located nearest to the spine. It is divided into three parts: Spinalis dorsi, spinalis cervicis, and spinalis capitis. Spinalis dorsi Spinalis dorsi, the medial co ...
***Spinotransversales **** Splenius ***Transversospinales **** Multifidus **** Semispinalis **** Rotatores ***
Interspinales The interspinales are short muscle fascicles, found in pairs between the spinous processes of the contiguous vertebrae, one on either side of the interspinal ligament. * In the cervical region the ''cervical interspinales'' are most distinct, ...
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Intertransversarii The intertransversarii are small muscles placed between the transverse processes of the vertebrae. Structure Cervical In the cervical region they are best developed, consisting of rounded muscular and tendinous fasciculi, and are placed in pairs, ...
***Thoracolumbar fascia *Muscles of thorax **
Pectoralis major The pectoralis major () is a thick, fan-shaped or triangular convergent muscle, situated at the chest of the human body. It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles and lies under the breast. Beneath the pectoralis major is the pectoralis minor, a ...
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Pectoralis minor Pectoralis minor muscle () is a thin, triangular muscle, situated at the upper part of the chest, beneath the pectoralis major in the human body. Structure Attachments Pectoralis minor muscle arises from the upper margins and outer surfaces ...
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Subclavius The subclavius is a small triangular muscle, placed between the clavicle and the first rib. Along with the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles, the subclavius muscle makes up the anterior axioappendicular muscles, also known as anterior ...
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Serratus anterior The serratus anterior is a muscle that originates on the surface of the 1st to 8th ribs at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula. The serratus anterior acts to pull the scapula fo ...
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Levatores costarum The ''Levatores costarum'' (), twelve in number on either side, are small tendinous and fleshy bundles, which arise from the ends of the transverse processes of the seventh cervical and upper eleven thoracic vertebrae They pass obliquely downward ...
** External intercostal muscle ** Internal intercostal muscle **
Innermost intercostal muscle The innermost intercostal muscle is a layer of intercostal muscles. It may also be called the intima of the internal intercostal muscles. It is the deepest muscular layer of the thorax, with muscle fibres running vertically (in parallel with the ...
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Subcostales The Subcostales (singular: subcostalis) (Infracostales) consist of muscular and aponeurotic fasciculi, which are usually well-developed only in the lower part of the thorax; each originates from the inner surface of one rib, and is inserted into t ...
**
Transversus thoracis The transversus thoracis muscle (), also known as triangularis sterni, lies internal to the thoracic cage, anteriorly. It is usually a thin plane of muscular and tendinous fibers, however on athletic individuals it can be a thick 'slab of meat', ...
**Pectoral fascia **
Clavipectoral fascia The clavipectoral fascia (costocoracoid membrane; coracoclavicular fascia) is a strong fascia situated under cover of the clavicular portion of the pectoralis major. It occupies the interval between the pectoralis minor and subclavius, and protec ...
**Thoracic fascia **Endothoracic fascia **
Thoracic diaphragm The thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm ( grc, διάφραγμα, diáphragma, partition), is a sheet of internal Skeletal striated muscle, skeletal muscle in humans and other mammals that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavit ...
***Lumbar part ****
Right crus of diaphragm The crus of diaphragm (pl. crura), refers to one of two tendinous structures that extends below the diaphragm to the vertebral column. There is a right crus and a left crus, which together form a tether for muscular contraction. They take their n ...
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Left crus of diaphragm The crus of diaphragm (pl. crura), refers to one of two tendinous structures that extends below the diaphragm to the vertebral column. There is a right crus and a left crus, which together form a tether for muscular contraction. They take their na ...
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Median arcuate ligament The median arcuate ligament is a ligament under the diaphragm that connects the right and left crura of diaphragm. Structure The median arcuate ligament is formed by the right and left crura of the diaphragm. The crura connect to form an ar ...
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Medial arcuate ligament The medial arcuate ligament (also medial lumbocostal arch and internal arcuate ligament) is a tendinous fascia that arches over the psoas major muscle as it passes posterior the diaphragm. Structure The medial arcuate ligament is an arch in the f ...
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Lateral arcuate ligament The lateral arcuate ligament (also lateral lumbocostal arch and external arcuate ligament) is a ligament under the diaphragm that arches across the upper part of the quadratus lumborum muscle. It is traversed by the subcostal nerve, artery and vein ...
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Aortic hiatus The aortic hiatus is a hole in the diaphragm. It is the lowest and most posterior of the large apertures. It is located approximately at the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra (T12). Structure Strictly speaking, it is not an aperture in th ...
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Esophageal hiatus In human anatomy, the esophageal hiatus is an opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus and the vagus nerve pass. Structure It is located in the right crus, one of the two tendinous structures that connect the diaphragm to the s ...
***
Caval opening The thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm ( grc, διάφραγμα, diáphragma, partition), is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle in humans and other mammals that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm is the mo ...
*Muscles of abdomen ** Rectus abdominis ** Pyramidalis **External oblique ***Inguinal ligament **Superficial inguinal ring **Internal oblique ***Cremaster muscle, Cremaster **Transversus abdominis ***Inguinal falx ***Deep inguinal ring **Linea alba (abdomen), Linea alba **Linea semilunaris **Inguinal canal **Quadratus lumborum **Abdominal fascia **Pelvic fascia **Pelvic diaphragm ***Levator ani ***Ischiococcygeus ***External anal sphincter **Perineal muscles - see genital systems *Muscles of upper limb **Compartments **Muscles ***Deltoid muscle, Deltoid ***Supraspinatus ***Infraspinatus ***Teres minor ***Teres major ***Subscapularis ***Biceps brachii ***Coracobrachialis ***Brachialis ***Triceps brachii ***Anconeus ***Pronator teres ***Flexor carpi radialis ***Palmaris longus ***Flexor digitorum superficialis ***Flexor digitorum profundus ***Flexor pollicis longus ***Pronator quadratus ***Brachioradialis ***Extensor carpi radialis longus ***Extensor carpi radialis brevis ***Extensor digitorum ***Extensor digiti minimi ***Extensor carpi ulnaris ***Supinator ***Abductor pollicis longus ***Extensor pollicis brevis ***Extensor pollicis longus ***Extensor indicis ***Palmaris brevis ***Abductor pollicis brevis ***Flexor pollicis brevis ***Opponens pollicis ***Adductor pollicis ***Abductor digiti minimi muscle of hand, Abductor digiti minimi ***Flexor digiti minimi brevis (hand), Flexor digiti minimi brevis ***Opponens digiti minimi ***Lumbrical muscle (hand), Lumbricals of hand ***Dorsal interossei muscles (hand), Dorsal interossei (of hand) ***Palmar interossei (of hand) ***Fascia ****Flexor retinaculum of the hand, Flexor retinaculum *Muscles of lower limb **Compartments **Muscles ***Iliopsoas ****Iliacus ****Psoas major ***Gluteus maximus ***Gluteus medius ***Gluteus minimus ***Tensor fasciae latae ***Piriformis ***Obturator internus ***Gemellus superior ***Gemellus inferior ***Quadriceps femoris ****Rectus femoris ****Vastus lateralis ****Vastus intermedius ****Vastus medialis ***Articularis genus ***Pectineus ***Adductor longus ***Adductor brevis ***Adductor magnus ***Gracilis muscle, Gracilis ***Obturator externus ***Biceps femoris ***Semitendinosus ***Semimembranosus ***Tibialis anterior ***Extensor digitorum longus ***Fibularis tertius ***Extensor hallucis longus ***Fibularis longus ***Fibularis brevis ***Triceps surae ****Gastrocnemius ****Soleus ****Calcaneal tendon ***Plantaris ***Popliteus ***Tibialis posterior ***Flexor digitorum longus ***Flexor hallucis longus ***Extensor hallucis brevis ***Extensor digitorum brevis ***Abductor hallucis ***Flexor hallucis brevis ***Adductor hallucis ***Abductor digiti minimi muscle of foot, Abductor digiti minimi ***Flexor digiti minimi brevis muscle (foot), Flexor digiti minimi brevis ***Flexor digitorum brevis ***Quadratus plantae ***Lumbrical muscle (foot), Lumbricals ***Dorsal interossei muscles (foot), Dorsal interossei ***Plantar interossei ***Fascia ****Fascia lata *****Iliotibial tract ****Adductor canal ****Femoral canal ****Femoral triangle ****Femoral ring ****Femoral septum *Tendon sheaths and bursae **Bursae of neck **Bursae of upper limb **Tendinous sheaths of upper limb **Bursae of lower limb **Tendinous sheaths of lower limb ----


Alimentary system

Human gastrointestinal tract *Mouth **Oral cavity ***Oral vestibule ***Oral cavity proper **Glands of mouth ***Major salivary glands ****Parotid gland ****Sublingual gland ****Submandibular gland ***Minor salivary glands **Teeth ***Incisor tooth **
Tongue The tongue is a muscular organ (anatomy), organ in the mouth of a typical tetrapod. It manipulates food for mastication and swallowing as part of the digestive system, digestive process, and is the primary organ of taste. The tongue's upper surfa ...
***Muscles of tongue ****Genioglossus ****Hyoglossus ****Styloglossus ****Superior longitudinal muscle ****Inferior longitudinal muscle ****Transverse muscle of tongue, Transverse muscle ****Vertical muscle ****Palatoglossus *Fauces (anatomy), Fauces **Muscles of soft palate and fauces ***Levator veli palatini ***Tensor veli palatini ***Musculus uvulae ***Palatoglossus ***Palatopharyngeus *human pharynx, Pharynx **Nasopharynx **Oropharynx **Laryngopharynx **Pharyngeal muscles ***Superior pharyngeal constrictor ***Middle pharyngeal constrictor ***Inferior pharyngeal constrictor ***Stylopharyngeus ***Salpingopharyngeus ***Palatopharyngeus - see 'Muscles of soft palate and fauces' *Esophagus *Stomach **Pylorus *Small intestine **Duodenum **Jejunum **Ileum *Large intestine **Cecum ***Vermiform appendix, Appendix **Colon (anatomy), Colon ***Ascending colon ***Transverse colon ***Descending colon ***Sigmoid colon **Rectum **Anal canal ***Pectinate line *Liver **Common hepatic duct *Gall bladder **Cystic duct **Bile duct *Pancreas **Pancreatic islets ----


Respiratory system

*Nose **Nasal cavity ***Nasal septum *** Spheno-ethmoidal recess ***
Superior nasal meatus In anatomy, the term nasal meatus can refer to any of the three meatuses (passages) through the skulls nasal cavity: the superior meatus (''meatus nasi superior''), middle meatus (''meatus nasi medius''), and inferior meatus (''meatus nasi inferio ...
***
Middle nasal meatus In anatomy, the term nasal meatus can refer to any of the three meatuses (passages) through the skulls nasal cavity: the superior meatus (''meatus nasi superior''), middle meatus (''meatus nasi medius''), and inferior meatus (''meatus nasi inferio ...
*** Inferior nasal meatus **Paranasal sinuses *** Maxillary sinus *Larynx **Laryngeal cartilages and joints ***Thyroid cartilage ***Cricoid cartilage ***Cricothyroid joint ***Arytenoid cartilage ***Crico-arytenoid joint ***Corniculate cartilage ***Cuneiform cartilage ***Epiglottis ***Laryngeal muscles ****Cricothyroid muscle, Cricothyroid ***Laryngeal cavity ****Glottis *Vertebrate trachea, Trachea **Carina of trachea *Bronchi *Lungs **Bronchopulmonary segments ***Bronchioles ----


Thoracic cavity

Thoracic cavity The thoracic cavity is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall. The central compartment of the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum.


Urinary system

Urinary system *Kidney **Nephrons **Renal artery, Renal arteries **Renal veins **Renal pelvis *Ureter *Urinary bladder *Urethra#Female, Female urethra *Urethra#Male, Male urethra ----


Genital systems

Reproductive system * Female reproductive system (human), Female reproductive system **Female internal genitalia ***Ovary ****Ligament of ovary ****Suspensory ligament of ovary ***Uterine tube ***Uterus ****Cervix of uterus ****Round ligament of uterus ****Pubocervical ligament ****Cardinal ligament ****Uterosacral ligament ***Vagina ****Hymen ****Epoophoron ****Paroophoron **Female external genitalia ***Pudendum (vulva) ****Mons pubis ****Labium majus *****Pudendal cleft ****Labium minus ****Vestibule of vagina ****Bulb of vestibule ****Greater vestibular gland ****Clitoris ****Female urethra * Male reproductive system (human), Male reproductive system **Male internal genitalia ***Testis ****Tunica vaginalis ****Tunica albuginea (testicles), Tunica albuginea ****Seminiferous tubules ****Straight tubules ****Rete testis ***Epididymis ***Paradidymis ***Spermatic cord ****Cremaster muscle, Cremaster ***Ductus deferens ***Seminal gland ****Ejaculatory duct ***Prostate ***Bulbo-urethral gland **Male external genitalia ***Human penis, Penis ****Glans penis ****Foreskin, Prepuce ****Corpus cavernosum penis ****Corpus spongiosum penis ****Helicine arteries of penis, Helicine arteries ****Fascia of penis *****Suspensory ligament of penis ***Male urethra ****Spongy urethra *****Navicular fossa of male urethra, Navicular fossa ***Scrotum ****Dartos fascia *****Dartos muscle **Perineum ***Perineal body ***Subcutaneous perineal pouch ***Superficial perineal pouch ***Deep perineal pouch ***Ischio-anal fossa ----


Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity *Extraperitoneal space *Peritoneum **Mesentery **Mesocolon ***Transverse mesocolon ***Sigmoid mesocolon ***Meso-appendix **Lesser omentum ***Hepatophrenic ligament ***Hepato-esophageal ligament ***Hepatogastric ligament ***Hepatoduodenal ligament **Greater omentum ***Gastrophrenic ligament ***Gastrosplenic ligament ***Phrenicosplenic ligament ***Splenorenal ligament ***Pancreaticosplenic ligament ***Pancreaticocolic ligament ***Splenocolic ligament ***Phrenicocolic ligament **Peritoneal attachments of liver ***Coronary ligament ****Falciform ligament ****Right triangular ligament ****Left triangular ligament **Recesses, fossae, and folds ***Omental bursa ***Paracolic gutters ***Median umbilical fold ***Medial umbilical fold ***Inguinal triangle ***Lateral umbilical fold **Urogenital peritoneum ***Vesico-uterine pouch ***Broad ligament of uterus ****Mesometrium ****Mesosalpinx ****Mesovarium ****Suspensory ligament of ovary - see genital systems ----


Endocrine glands

Endocrine system *Pituitary gland *Pineal gland *Thyroid gland *Suprarenal gland *Pancreatic islets - see alimentary system ----


Cardiovascular system

Cardiovascular system *General terms **Artery *Heart **Chordae tendinae **Right atrium **Right ventricle ***Tricuspid valve **Left atrium **Left ventricle ***Mitral valve **Endocardium **Myocardium **Pericardial cavity ***Transverse pericardial sinus **Pericardium *Arteries **Pulmonary trunk ***Right pulmonary artery ***Left pulmonary artery **Aorta ***Ascending aorta ****Right coronary artery ****Left coronary artery ***Aortic arch ***Brachiocephalic trunk ****Thyroid ima artery ***Common carotid artery ****Carotid sinus ***External carotid artery ****Superior thyroid artery ****Ascending pharyngeal artery ****Lingual artery ****Facial artery *****Ascending palatine artery *****Submental artery *****Angular artery ****Occipital artery ****Posterior auricular artery ****Superficial temporal artery *****Transverse facial artery *****Zygomatico-orbital artery *****Middle temporal artery ****Maxillary artery *****Deep auricular artery *****Anterior tympanic artery *****Inferior alveolar artery *****Middle meningeal artery ******Superior tympanic artery *****Pterygomandibular artery *****Masseteric artery *****Anterior deep temporal artery *****Posterior deep temporal artery *****Buccal artery *****Posterior superior alveolar artery *****Infra-orbital artery ******Anterior superior alveolar arteries *****Artery of pterygoid canal *****Descending palatine artery ******Greater palatine artery ******Lesser palatine arteries *****Sphenopalatine artery ***Internal carotid artery ****Ophthalmic artery *****Central retinal artery *****Lacrimal artery *****Short posterior ciliary arteries *****Long posterior ciliary arteries *****Supra-orbital artery *****Anterior ethmoidal artery *****Posterior ethmoidal artery *****Supratrochlear artery *****Dorsal nasal artery ***Arteries of brain ****Anterior choroidal artery ****Anterior cerebral artery *****Anterior communicating artery ****Middle cerebral artery ****Posterior communicating artery ****Cerebral arterial circle (Willis) ****Posterior cerebral artery ***Subclavian artery ****Vertebral artery *****Basilar artery ****Internal thoracic artery *****Pericardiophrenic artery *****Musculophrenic artery *****Superior epigastric artery ****Thyrocervical trunk *****Inferior thyroid artery *****Ascending cervical artery *****Suprascapular artery *****Transverse cervical artery ****Dorsal scapular artery ****Costocervical trunk *****Deep cervical artery *****Supreme intercostal artery ***Arteries of upper limb ****Axillary artery *****Superior thoracic artery *****Thoraco-acromial artery *****Lateral thoracic artery *****Subscapular artery ******Thoracodorsal artery ******Circumflex scapular artery *****Anterior circumflex humeral artery *****Posterior circumflex humeral artery ****Brachial artery *****Profunda brachii artery ****Radial artery *****Princeps pollicis artery *****Radialis indicis artery *****Deep palmar arch ****Ulnar artery *****Superficial palmar arch ***Thoracic aorta ****Posterior intercostal arteries ****Subcostal artery ***Abdominal aorta ****Inferior phrenic artery ****Lumbar arteries ****Median sacral artery ****Celiac trunk *****Left gastric artery *****Common hepatic artery ******Gastroduodenal artery *******Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery *******Right gastro-omental artery *******Anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery *****Right gastric artery *****Hepatic artery proper ******Right branch *******Cystic artery *****Splenic artery *****Left gastro-omental artery *****Short gastric arteries ****Superior mesenteric artery *****Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery *****Ileocolic artery *****Right colic artery *****Middle colic artery ****Inferior mesenteric artery *****Left colic artery *****Sigmoid arteries *****Superior rectal artery ****Middle suprarenal artery ****Renal artery ****Ovarian artery ****Testicular artery ***Common iliac artery ***Internal iliac artery ****Iliolumbar artery ****Lateral sacral arteries ****Obturator artery ****Superior gluteal artery ****Inferior gluteal artery ****Umbilical artery *****Superior vesical arteries ****Inferior vesical artery ****Uterine artery ****Vaginal artery ****Middle rectal artery ****Internal pudendal artery *****Inferior rectal artery *****Perineal artery ***Arteries of lower limb ****External iliac artery *****Inferior epigastric artery ******Cremasteric artery ******Artery of round ligament of uterus ****Femoral artery ****Deep artery of thigh ****Popliteal artery ****Anterior tibial artery ****Dorsalis pedis artery ****Posterior tibial artery ****Medial plantar artery ****Lateral plantar artery ****Fibular artery *Veins **Veins of heart ***Coronary sinus ****Great cardiac vein ****Oblique vein of left atrium ****Middle cardiac vein ****Small cardiac vein **Pulmonary veins **Superior vena cava ***Brachiocephalic vein ****Inferior thyroid vein ****Inferior laryngeal vein ****Pericardial veins ****Pericardiophrenic veins ****Bronchial veins ****Vertebral vein *****Occipital vein *****Anterior vertebral vein ****Deep cervical vein ****Internal thoracic veins *****Superior epigastric veins *****Musculophrenic veins *****Anterior intercostal veins ****Supreme intercostal vein ***Internal jugular vein ****Lingual vein *****Dorsal lingual veins *****Sublingual vein *****Deep lingual vein ****Superior thyroid vein ****Middle thyroid veins ****Sternocleidomastoid vein ****Superior laryngeal vein ****Facial vein *****Angular vein *****Supratrochlear veins *****Supra-orbital vein *****External nasal veins *****Deep facial vein *****External palatine vein *****Submental vein ****Retromandibular vein *****Superficial temporal veins *****Middle temporal vein *****Transverse facial vein *****Maxillary veins *****Pterygoid plexus ****External jugular vein *****Posterior auricular vein *****Anterior jugular vein *****Suprascapular vein *****Transverse cervical veins ****Dural venous sinuses *****Transverse sinus *****Confluence of sinuses *****Marginal sinus *****Occipital sinus *****Petrosquamous sinus *****Sigmoid sinus *****Superior sagittal sinus *****Inferior sagittal sinus *****Straight sinus *****Inferior petrosal sinus *****Superior petrosal sinus *****Cavernous sinus *****Sphenoparietal sinus ****Diploic veins ****Emissary veins ***Cerebral veins ****Superficial cerebral veins ****Deep cerebral veins *****Basal vein *****Great cerebral vein ****Veins of brainstem ****Cerebellar veins ***Orbital veins ****Superior ophthalmic vein *****Nasofrontal vein *****Ethmoidal veins *****Lacrimal vein *****Vorticose veins *****Ciliary veins *****Central retinal vein *****Episcleral vein ****Inferior ophthalmic vein ***Azygos vein ****Posterior intercostal veins *****Intervertebral vein ****Veins of vertebral column *****Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus ******Basivertebral veins ******Anterior spinal veins ******Posterior spinal veins ***Veins of upper limb ****Subclavian vein ****Axillary vein *****Subscapular vein *****Circumflex scapular vein ******Thoracodorsal vein ******Posterior circumflex humeral vein ******Anterior circumflex humeral vein *****Lateral thoracic vein ****Superficial veins of upper limb *****Cephalic vein *****Basilic vein *****Median cubital vein *****Dorsal venous network of hand ****Deep veins of upper limb *****Brachial veins *****Ulnar veins *****Radial veins **Inferior vena cava ***Inferior phrenic veins ***Lumbar veins ***Ascending lumbar vein ***Hepatic veins ***Renal veins ****Left suprarenal vein ****Left ovarian vein ****Left testicular vein ***Right suprarenal vein ***Right ovarian vein ***Right testicular vein ****Pampiniform plexus ***Common iliac vein ****Median sacral vein ****Iliolumbar vein ***Internal iliac vein ****Superior gluteal veins ****Inferior gluteal veins ****Obturator veins ****Lateral sacral veins ****Vesical veins ****Middle rectal veins ****Internal pudendal vein *****Deep veins of clitoris *****Deep veins of penis *****Inferior rectal veins ****Posterior labial veins ****Posterior scrotal veins ***External iliac vein ****Inferior epigastric vein ****Deep circumflex iliac vein ***Veins of lower limb ****Superficial veins of lower limb *****Great saphenous vein ******External pudendal veins *****Small saphenous vein ****Deep veins of lower limb *****Femoral vein *****Profunda femoris vein *****Popliteal vein ******Sural veins ******Anterior tibial veins ******Posterior tibial veins *******Fibular veins **Hepatic portal vein ***Cystic vein ***Para-umbilical veins ***Left gastric vein ***Right gastric vein ***Superior mesenteric vein ****Right gastro-omental vein ****Ileocolic vein *****Appendicular vein ****Right colic vein ****Middle colic vein ***Splenic vein ****Left gastro-omental vein ****Inferior mesenteric vein *****Left colic vein *****Sigmoid veins *****Superior rectal vein *Lymphatic trunks and ducts **Thoracic duct **Cisterna chyli ----


Lymphoid system

Lymphatic system *Primary lymphoid organs **Bone marrow **Thymus *Secondary lymphoid organs **Spleen **Waldeyer's tonsillar ring, Pharyngeal lymphoid ring **Lymph node *Regional lymph nodes **Lymph nodes of head and neck **Lymph nodes of upper limb **Thoracic lymph nodes **Abdominal lymph nodes **Pelvic lymph nodes **Lymph nodes of lower limb ----


Nervous system

Outline of the human nervous system, Human nervous system *Central nervous system **Meninges **Spinal cord ***Gray columns ***White substance **Brain ***Brainstem ***Cerebellum ***Diencephalon ***Telencephalon ****Cerebral hemisphere *Peripheral nervous system **Cranial nerves ***Olfactory nerve ***Optic nerve ***Oculomotor nerve ***Trochlear nerve ***Trigeminal nerve ****Sensory root *****Trigeminal ganglion ****Ophthalmic nerve *****Lacrimal nerve *****Frontal nerve ******Supra-orbital nerve ******Supratrochlear nerve *****Nasociliary nerve *****Posterior ethmoidal nerve *****Anterior ethmoidal nerve ******External nasal nerve *****Infratrochlear nerve ****Maxillary nerve *****Nasopalatine nerve *****Pharyngeal nerve *****Greater palatine nerve *****Lesser palatine nerves *****Superior alveolar nerves *****Zygomatic nerve *****Infra-orbital nerve ****Mandibular nerve *****Masseteric nerve *****Deep temporal nerves *****Buccal nerve *****Auriculotemporal nerve *****Lingual nerve ******Chorda tympani ******Sublingual nerve ******Inferior alveolar nerve *******Nerve to mylohyoid ******Mental nerve ***Abducent nerve ***Facial nerve ****Posterior auricular nerve ****Intermediate nerve *****Greater petrosal nerve *****Chorda tympani (also in trigeminal? redundancy?) ***Vestibulocochlear nerve ****Vestibular nerve ****Cochlear nerve ***Glossopharyngeal nerve ****Tympanic nerve *****Tympanic plexus ****Lesser petrosal nerve ***Vagus nerve ****Superior laryngeal nerve ****Recurrent laryngeal nerve ***Accessory nerve ***Hypoglossal nerve **Spinal nerves ***Cervical nerves ****Suboccipital nerve ****Greater occipital nerve ****Third occipital nerve ****Cervical plexus *****Ansa cervicalis *****Lesser occipital nerve *****Great auricular nerve *****Transverse cervical nerve *****Supraclavicular nerves *****Phrenic nerve ****Brachial plexus *****Supraclavicular part ******Dorsal scapular nerve ******Long thoracic nerve ******Subclavian nerve ******Suprascapular nerve ******Subscapular nerves *******Lower subscapular nerve *******Upper subscapular nerve ******Thoracodorsal nerve ******Medial pectoral nerve ******Lateral pectoral nerve *****Infraclavicular part ******Musculocutaneous nerve ******Medial cutaneous nerve of arm ******Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm ******Median nerve ******Ulnar nerve ******Radial nerve ******Axillary nerve ***Thoracic nerves ***Lumbar nerves ****Medial clunial nerves ***Sacral nerves and coccygeal nerve ****Lumbar plexus *****Iliohypogastric nerve *****Ilio-inguinal nerve ******Anterior labial nerves ******Anterior scrotal nerves *****Genitofemoral nerve *****Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh *****Obturator nerve *****Accessory obturator nerve *****Femoral nerve ******Saphenous nerve *******Medial cutaneous nerve of leg *****Lumbosacral trunk ****Sacral plexus *****Nerve to obturator internus *****Nerve to piriformis *****Nerve to quadratus femoris *****Superior gluteal nerve *****Inferior gluteal nerve *****Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh ******Inferior clunial nerves *****Perforating cutaneous nerve *****Pudendal nerve ******Inferior anal nerves ******Perineal nerves *******Posterior labial nerves *******Posterior scrotal nerves *******Dorsal nerve of clitoris *******Dorsal nerve of penis *****Coccygeal nerve ******Anococcygeal nerve ****Sciatic nerve *****Common fibular nerve ******Lateral sural cutaneous nerve ******Superficial fibular nerve ******Deep fibular nerve *****Tibial nerve ******Interosseous nerve of leg ******Medial sural cutaneous nerve ******Sural nerve ******Medial plantar nerve ******Lateral plantar nerve **Autonomic division (Autonomic nervous system) ***Sympathetic part ****Sympathetic trunk *****Rami communicantes ****Superior cervical ganglion ****Middle cervical ganglion ****Cervicothoracic ganglion (Stellate - should prob. include inferior cerv. ganglion) ****Thoracic ganglia *****Greater splanchnic nerve *****Lesser splanchnic nerve *****Least splanchnic nerve ****Lumbar ganglia *****Lumbar splanchnic nerves ****Sacral ganglia *****Sacral splanchnic nerves *****Ganglion impar ***Parasympathetic part ****Cranial part *****Ciliary ganglion ******Short ciliary nerves *****Pterygopalatine ganglion ******Nerve of pterygoid canal *****Submandibular ganglion *****Sublingual ganglion *****Otic ganglion ****Pelvic part *****Pelvic ganglia ******Parasympathetic root of pelvic ganglia = Pelvic splanchnic nerves ***Peripheral autonomic plexuses and ganglia ****Craniocervical part *****Internal carotid plexus ****Thoracic part *****Cardiac plexus *****Esophageal plexus *****Pulmonary plexus ****Abdominal part *****Celiac plexus *****Aorticorenal ganglia *****Superior mesenteric plexus *****Inferior mesenteric plexus ****Pelvic part *****Superior hypogastric plexus *****Inferior hypogastric plexus ----


Sense organs

*Olfactory organ *Eye and related structures **Eyeball ***Fibrous layer of eyeball ****Sclera ****Cornea ***Vascular layer of eyeball ****Choroid ****Ciliary body *****Ciliary processes *****Ciliary muscle ****Iris (anatomy), Iris *****Pupil ***Inner layer of eyeball ****Retina *****Ora serrata *****Optic disc *****Macula ******Fovea centralis ****Optic nerve (see nervous system) ****Retinal blood vessels (see cardiovascular system) ***lens (anatomy), Lens ***Chambers of eyeball ****Aqueous humor ****Vitreous humor **Accessory visual structures ***Extra-ocular muscles ****Orbitalis ****Superior rectus ****Inferior rectus ****Medial rectus ****Lateral rectus ****Common tendinous ring ****Superior oblique ****Inferior oblique ****Levator palpebrae superioris ***Eyebrow ***Eyelids ****Palpebral fissure ****Eyelash ****Superior tarsus ****Inferior tarsus ****Tarsal glands ****Ciliary glands ***Conjunctiva ****Lacrimal caruncle ***Lacrimal apparatus ****Lacrimal gland ****Lacus lacrimalis ****Lacrimal papilla ****Lacrimal punctum ****Lacrimal canaliculus ****Lacrimal sac ****Nasolacrimal duct * Ear **External ear ***Pinna (anatomy), Auricle ****Antitragus ****Tragus ***Ligaments of auricle ***Auricular muscles ****Helicis major ****Helicis minor ****Tragicus ****Pyramidal muscle of auricle ****Antitragicus ****Transverse muscle of auricle ****Oblique muscle of auricle ***External acoustic meatus ***Tympanic membrane ****Umbo of tympanic membrane **Middle ear ***
Tympanic cavity The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Within it sit the ossicles, three small bones that transmit vibrations used in the detection of sound. Structure On its lateral surface, it abuts the external auditory ...
****Labyrinthine wall (medial wall) *****Oval window *****Sinus tympani *****Round window ****Mastoid wall (posterior wall) *****Aditus to mastoid antrum *****Pyramidal eminence ****Mastoid antrum ***Auditory ossicles ****Stapes ****Incus ****Malleus ***Articulations of auditory ossicles ****Ligaments of auditory ossicles ***Muscles of auditory ossicles ****Tensor tympani ****Stapedius ***Pharyngotympanic tube **Inner ear ***Bony labyrinth ****Semicircular canals ****Cochlea ***** Modiolus *****Scala vestibuli *****Helicotrema *****Scala tympani ****Internal acoustic meatus - see bones ****Perilymphatic space ***Membranous labyrinth ****Endolymphatic space ***Vestibular labyrinth ****Utricle (ear), Utricle ****Saccule ****Semicircular ducts ****Utriculosaccular duct ****Endolymphatic duct ***Cochlear labyrinth ****Cochlear duct *****Spiral organ *****Spiral ganglion ***Vessels of inner ear * Taste, Gustatory organ **Taste bud ----


The integument

Integumentary system *Skin **Epidermis (skin), Epidermis **Dermis ***Hairs ***Downy hair (Lanugo) ***Skin glands ****Sweat gland ****Sebaceous gland **Nail (anatomy), Nail ***Lunule **Breast ***Nipple ***Mammary gland ****Lactiferous duct ****Lactiferous duct#Structure, Lactiferous sinus ****Areola ***Suspensory ligaments of breast *Subcutaneous tissue


History of human anatomy

* History of anatomy * Edwin Smith Papyrus - earliest known treatise on anatomy, from ancient Egypt circa 1600 BCE.


Organizations

* American Association of Anatomists * American Association of Clinical Anatomists * British Association of Clinical Anatomists * International Federation of Associations of Anatomists * Anatomical Society of India * Society of Clinical Anatomists, India * Australia and New Zealand Association of Clinical Anatomists


Anatomists

* Benjamin Alcock * Jean Astruc * Patricia Bergquist * Vincent Bochdalek * James Dixon Boyd * Philipp Bozzini * Geoffrey Bourne (anatomist), Geoffrey Bourne * John Browne (anatomist), John Browne * Charaka * Johann Conrad Brunner * William Cheselden * William Cowper (anatomist), William Cowper * Max Fürbringer * Antoni de Gimbernat * Friedrich Goll * Leonardo da Vinci * Edwin Stephen Goodrich * Gaspard Goyrand * George Gulliver * Gunther von Hagens * Arthur Ham * Hippocrates * Wilhelm His Sr. * John Hunter (surgeon), John Hunter * William Hunter (anatomist), William Hunter * Jean Baptiste Paulin Trolard * Juan Valverde de Amusco * Jeffrey Laitman * Eber Landau * Joseph Lieutaud * Amato Lusitano * Niko Miljanić * Keith L. Moore * Leo Testut * Henri Rouvière * Lennart Olsson * Bronislaw Onuf-Onufrowicz * William Charles Osman Hill * Johann Conrad Peyer * Prosector * Santiago Ramón y Cajal * Anders Retzius * Luigi Rolando * Olaus Rudbeck * William Shippen Sr., William Shippen * Adriaan van den Spiegel * Edward Charles Spitzka * Ludwik Teichmann * Andreas Vesalius * Johann Gottlieb Walter * Thomas Wharton (anatomist), Thomas Wharton * Johann Winter von Andernach * Henry Gray * Madhusudan Gupta


See also

* Outline of biology ** Outline of medicine * Outline of health * Outline of health science * Physiology *
Human body The human body is the structure of a Human, human being. It is composed of many different types of Cell (biology), cells that together create Tissue (biology), tissues and subsequently organ systems. They ensure homeostasis and the life, viabi ...
*
Anatomy Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its ...


External links

*
"Anatomy of the Human Body". 20th edition. 1918. Henry Gray.
In public domain.
Terminologia Anatomica on FIPAT site
{{Authority control Outlines of natural sciences, Anatomy Human anatomy, Outlines of health and fitness, Human anatomy Wikipedia outlines, Human anatomy