APG III system
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The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). Published in 2009, it was superseded in 2016 by a further revision, the
APG IV system The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy for flowering plants (angiosperms) being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was publish ...
. Along with the publication outlining the new system, there were two accompanying publications in the same issue of the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society: * The first, by Chase & Reveal, was a formal phylogenetic classification of all
land plants The embryophytes () are a clade of plants, also known as Embryophyta (Plantae ''sensu strictissimo'') () or land plants. They are the most familiar group of photoautotrophs that make up the vegetation on Earth's dry lands and wetlands. Embryophy ...
(embryophytes), compatible with the APG III classification. As the APG have chosen to eschew ranks above order, this paper was meant to fit the system into the existing Linnaean hierarchy for those that prefer such a classification. The result was that all land plants were placed in the class Equisetopsida, which was then divided into 16 subclasses and a multitude of superorders. * The second, by Haston ''et al.'', was a linear sequence of families following the APG III system (LAPG III). This provided a numbered list to the 413 families of APG III. A linear sequence is of particular use to
herbarium A herbarium (plural: herbaria) is a collection of preserved plant biological specimen, specimens and associated data used for scientific study. The specimens may be whole plants or plant parts; these will usually be in dried form mounted on a sh ...
curators and those working on floristic works wishing to arrange their taxa according to APG III.


Organization

The APG III system recognized all of the 45 orders of the previous system, as well as 14 new ones. The order Ceratophyllales was erroneously marked as a new order, as it had been recognized in both of the previous
APG system The APG system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system) of plant classification is the first version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy. Published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, it was replaced by the improved ...
s. The newly recognized orders were: :
Amborellales ''Amborella'' is a monotypic genus of understory shrubs or small trees endemic to the main island, Grande Terre, of New Caledonia in the southwest Pacific Ocean. The genus is the only member of the family Amborellaceae and the order Amborella ...
,
Nymphaeales The Nymphaeales are an order of flowering plants, consisting of three families of aquatic plants, the Hydatellaceae, the Cabombaceae, and the Nymphaeaceae (water lilies). It is one of the three orders of basal angiosperms, an early-divergin ...
, Chloranthales, Petrosaviales, Trochodendrales, Buxales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Picramniales, Huerteales, Berberidopsidales, Escalloniales, Bruniales, and Paracryphiales. The designation of alternative "bracketed families" was abandoned in APG III, because its inclusion in the previous system had been unpopular. APG III recognized 413 families, 43 fewer than in the previous system. Forty-four of the 55 "bracketed families" were discontinued, and 20 other families were discontinued as well. The discontinued bracketed families were: : Illiciaceae, Alliaceae, Agapanthaceae, Agavaceae, Aphyllanthaceae, Hesperocallidaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Laxmanniaceae, Ruscaceae, Themidaceae, Asphodelaceae, Hemerocallidaceae, Kingdoniaceae, Fumariaceae, Pteridophyllaceae, Didymelaceae, Tetracentraceae, Pterostemonaceae, Hypseocharitaceae, Francoaceae, Memecylaceae, Lepuropetalaceae, Rhoipteleaceae, Medusagynaceae, Quiinaceae, Malesherbiaceae, Turneraceae, Bretschneideraceae, Diegodendraceae, Cochlospermaceae, Peganaceae, Tetradiclidaceae, Nyssaceae, Ternstroemiaceae, Pellicieraceae, Aucubaceae, Donatiaceae, Lobeliaceae, Desfontainiaceae, Diervillaceae, Dipsacaceae, Linnaeaceae, Morinaceae, and Valerianaceae. The other discontinued families were: : Limnocharitaceae, Luzuriagaceae, Sparganiaceae, Ixerbaceae, Ledocarpaceae, Heteropyxidaceae, Psiloxylaceae, Oliniaceae, Rhynchocalycaceae, Parnassiaceae, Maesaceae, Myrsinaceae, Theophrastaceae, Eremosynaceae, Polyosmaceae, Tribelaceae, Sphenostemonaceae, Aralidiaceae, Mackinlayaceae, and Melanophyllaceae. 21 families were accepted in the APG III system which had not been in the previous system, and a few families were moved to a different position. The newly recognized families are: : Cynomoriaceae, Haptanthaceae, Petermanniaceae, Schoepfiaceae, Limeaceae, Lophiocarpaceae,
Montiaceae Montiaceae are a family of flowering plants, comprising about 14 genera with about 230 known species, ranging from small herbaceous plants to shrubs. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution. The family Montiaceae was newly adopted in the APG ...
, Talinaceae, Anacampserotaceae, Centroplacaceae, Calophyllaceae, Guamatelaceae, Gerrardinaceae, Dipentodontaceae, Capparidaceae, Cleomaceae, Cytinaceae, Mitrastemonaceae, Metteniusaceae, Linderniaceae, and Thomandersiaceae. The number of families not placed in any order was reduced from 39 to 10. Apodanthaceae and Cynomoriaceae were placed among the
angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit. T ...
,
incertae sedis or is a term used for a taxonomy (biology), taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...
, that is, not in any group within the angiosperms. Eight other families were placed incertae sedis in various supra-ordinal groups within the angiosperms. The families not placed in any order were: : Apodanthaceae, Cynomoriaceae, Dasypogonaceae, Sabiaceae,
Dilleniaceae Dilleniaceae is a family of flowering plants with 11 genera and about 430 known species. It is known to gardeners for the genus '' Hibbertia'', which contains many commercially valuable garden species. Description and distribution The family is ...
, Icacinaceae, Metteniusaceae, Oncothecaceae, Vahliaceae, and
Boraginaceae Boraginaceae, the Borago, borage or forget-me-not family, includes about 2,000 species of shrubs, trees, and herbs in 146 to 154 genus, genera with a worldwide distribution. The APG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single famil ...
. The paragraph below shows the number of families in each order and the placement of those families that were not included in any order. These figures were produced by simply counting the families in the text of the paper that established APG III. ORDERS: Amborellales (1), Nymphaeales (3), Austrobaileyales (3), Chloranthales (1), Canellales (2), Piperales (5), Magnoliales (6), Laurales (7), Acorales (1), Alismatales (13), Petrosaviales (1), Dioscoreales (3), Pandanales (5), Liliales (10), Asparagales (14), Arecales (1), Poales (16), Commelinales (5), Zingiberales (8), Ceratophyllales (1), Ranunculales (7), Proteales (3), Trochodendrales (1), Buxales (2), Gunnerales (2), Saxifragales (14), Vitales (1), Zygophyllales (2), Celastrales (2), Oxalidales (7), Malpighiales (35), Fabales (4), Rosales (9), Fagales (7), Cucurbitales (7), Geraniales (3), Myrtales (9), Crossosomatales (7), Picramniales (1), Sapindales (9), Huerteales (3), Brassicales (17), Malvales (10), Berberidopsidales (2), Santalales (7), Caryophyllales (34), Cornales (6), Ericales (22), Garryales (2), Gentianales (5), Solanales (5), Lamiales (23), Aquifoliales (5), Asterales (11), Escalloniales (1), Bruniales (2), Apiales (7), Paracryphiales (1), Dipsacales (2). SUPRA-ORDINAL GROUPS: commelinids (1), basal eudicots (1), Pentapetalae (1), lamiids incertae sedis (3), core lamiids (2), angiosperms incertae sedis (2). The circumscription of the family Icacinaceae remains especially doubtful. '' Apodytes'' and its close relative, Rhaphiostylis, as well as '' Emmotum'', '' Cassinopsis'', and a few other
genera Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...
were provisionally retained within it until further studies can determine whether they properly belong there. Three genera ('' Gumillea'', '' Nicobariodendron'', and '' Petenaea'') were placed within the angiosperms incertae sedis. ''Gumillea'' had been unplaced in APG II. ''Nicobariodendron'' and ''Petenaea'' were newly added to the list. The latter was later placed into its own family Petenaeaceae in the order Huerteales The classification is shown below in two versions. The short version goes to the level of orders and of families unplaced in an order. The detailed version shows all the families. Orders at the same level in the classification are arranged alphabetically. Note that orders may not contain the same families as in earlier versions of the APG system (
APG system The APG system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system) of plant classification is the first version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy. Published in 1998 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, it was replaced by the improved ...
, APG II system). Further detail on relationships can be seen in the phylogenetic tree below.


Short version

* clade
angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit. T ...
*:: order
Amborellales ''Amborella'' is a monotypic genus of understory shrubs or small trees endemic to the main island, Grande Terre, of New Caledonia in the southwest Pacific Ocean. The genus is the only member of the family Amborellaceae and the order Amborella ...
*:: order
Nymphaeales The Nymphaeales are an order of flowering plants, consisting of three families of aquatic plants, the Hydatellaceae, the Cabombaceae, and the Nymphaeaceae (water lilies). It is one of the three orders of basal angiosperms, an early-divergin ...
*:: order
Austrobaileyales Austrobaileyales is an order of flowering plants consisting of about 100 species of woody plants growing as trees, shrubs and lianas. A well known example is '' Illicium verum'', commonly known as star anise. The order belongs to the group of b ...
*:: order Chloranthales *: clade magnoliids *::: order Canellales *::: order Laurales *::: order
Magnoliales The Magnoliales are an order of flowering plants. Well-known members of Magnoliales include: magnolias, Liriodendron, tulip trees, Annona squamosa, custard apples, Asimina triloba, American pawpaw, cherimoyas, Cananga odorata, ylang-ylang, Sours ...
*::: order Piperales *: clade
monocots Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, ( Lilianae '' sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are flowering plants whose seeds contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. A monocot taxon has been in use for several decades, but with various ranks a ...
*::: order Acorales *::: order Alismatales *::: order
Asparagales Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) are a diverse order of flowering plants in the monocots. Under the APG IV system of flowering plant classification, Asparagales are the largest order of monocots with 14 families, 1,122 genera, and about 36,00 ...
*::: order Dioscoreales *::: order
Liliales Liliales is an order (biology), order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web List of systems of plant classification, system, within the lilioid monocots. This order of necessity includ ...
*::: order Pandanales *::: order Petrosaviales *::clade commelinids *::::: family Dasypogonaceae—unplaced in an order *:::: order Arecales *:::: order Commelinales *:::: order
Poales The Poales are a large order (biology), order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants such as the Poaceae, grasses, bromeliads, Juncaceae, rushes and Cyperaceae, sedges. 14 plant families are currently recogniz ...
*:::: order
Zingiberales The Zingiberales are flowering plants forming one of four orders in the commelinids clade of monocots, together with its sister order, Commelinales. The order includes 68 genera and 2,600 species. Zingiberales are a unique though morpholog ...
*: probable sister of eudicots *::: order Ceratophyllales *: clade
eudicots The eudicots or eudicotyledons are flowering plants that have two seed leaves (cotyledons) upon germination. The term derives from ''dicotyledon'' (etymologically, ''eu'' = true; ''di'' = two; ''cotyledon'' = seed leaf). Historically, authors h ...
*:::: family Sabiaceae—unplaced in an order *::: order Buxales *::: order Proteales *::: order
Ranunculales Ranunculales is an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the buttercup family, because the name of the order is based on the name of a genus in that family. Ranunculales belongs to a paraphyletic group k ...
*::: order Trochodendrales *:: clade core eudicots *::::: family
Dilleniaceae Dilleniaceae is a family of flowering plants with 11 genera and about 430 known species. It is known to gardeners for the genus '' Hibbertia'', which contains many commercially valuable garden species. Description and distribution The family is ...
—unplaced in an order *:::: order Gunnerales *:::: order
Saxifragales Saxifragales is an order (biology), order of flowering plants in the Superrosids, superrosid clade of the eudicots. It contains 15 Families (biology), families and around 100 genera, with nearly 2,500 species. Well-known and economically import ...
*::: clade rosids *::::: order Vitales *:::: clade fabids ( eurosids I) *:::::: order Celastrales *:::::: order
Cucurbitales The Cucurbitales are an order of flowering plants, included in the rosid group of dicotyledons. This order mostly belongs to tropical areas, with limited presence in subtropical and temperate regions. The order includes shrubs and trees, togeth ...
*:::::: order Fabales *:::::: order Fagales *:::::: order Malpighiales *:::::: order Oxalidales *:::::: order Rosales *:::::: order Zygophyllales *:::: clade malvids ( eurosids II) *:::::: order
Brassicales The Brassicales (or Cruciales) are an order (biology), order of flowering plants, belonging to the malvid group of eudicotyledons under the APG IV system. Well-known members of Brassicales include cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprout, broccoli, ...
*:::::: order Crossosomatales *:::::: order
Geraniales Geraniales is a small order (biology), order of flowering plants, included within the rosid subclade of eudicots. The largest family (biology), family in the order is Geraniaceae with over 800 species. In addition, the order includes the smaller ...
*:::::: order Huerteales *:::::: order
Malvales The Malvales are an Order (biology), order of flowering plants. As circumscribed by Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, APG II-system, the order includes about 6000 species within nine Family (biology), families. The order is placed in the eurosids II, w ...
*:::::: order Myrtales *:::::: order Picramniales *:::::: order Sapindales *:: (back to core eudicots) *:::: order Berberidopsidales *:::: order
Caryophyllales Caryophyllales ( ) is a diverse and heterogeneous order of flowering plants with well-known members including cacti, carnations, beets, quinoa, spinach, amaranths, pigfaces and ice plants, oraches and saltbushes, goosefoots, sundews, Venu ...
*:::: order Santalales *::: clade
asterids Asterids are a large clade (monophyly, monophyletic group) of flowering plants, composed of 17 Order_(biology), orders and more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species. The asterids are divided into the unranked cl ...
*:::::: order Cornales *:::::: order
Ericales The Ericales are a large and diverse order of flowering plants in the asterid group of the eudicots. Well-known and economically important members of this order include tea and ornamental camellias, persimmon, ebony, blueberry, cranberry, l ...
*:::: clade lamiids ( euasterids I) *:::::::: family
Boraginaceae Boraginaceae, the Borago, borage or forget-me-not family, includes about 2,000 species of shrubs, trees, and herbs in 146 to 154 genus, genera with a worldwide distribution. The APG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single famil ...
—unplaced in an order *:::::::: family Vahliaceae—unplaced in an order *:::::::: family Icacinaceae—unplaced in an order *:::::::: family Metteniusaceae—unplaced in an order *:::::::: family Oncothecaceae—unplaced in an order *::::::: order Garryales *::::::: order Gentianales *::::::: order Lamiales *::::::: order Solanales *:::: clade
campanulids Asterids are a large clade (monophyly, monophyletic group) of flowering plants, composed of 17 Order_(biology), orders and more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species. The asterids are divided into the unranked cl ...
( euasterids II) *::::::: order Apiales *::::::: order Aquifoliales *::::::: order
Asterales Asterales ( ) is an Order (biology), order of dicotyledonous flowering plants that includes the large Family (biology), family Asteraceae (or Compositae) known for composite flowers made of Floret#floret, florets, and ten families related to th ...
*::::::: order Bruniales *::::::: order Dipsacales *::::::: order Escalloniales *::::::: order Paracryphiales


Detailed version

Legend: * = new family placement;
† = newly recognized order for the APG system;
§ = new family circumscription described in the text;
$ = families that represent the broader circumscription of options available in APG II and favoured here;
$$ = families that were in square brackets in APG II, the narrower circumscriptions favoured here.


Angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; 'seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit. T ...

* †
Amborellales ''Amborella'' is a monotypic genus of understory shrubs or small trees endemic to the main island, Grande Terre, of New Caledonia in the southwest Pacific Ocean. The genus is the only member of the family Amborellaceae and the order Amborella ...
Melikyan, A.V.Bobrov & Zaytzeva ** Amborellaceae Pichon * †
Nymphaeales The Nymphaeales are an order of flowering plants, consisting of three families of aquatic plants, the Hydatellaceae, the Cabombaceae, and the Nymphaeaceae (water lilies). It is one of the three orders of basal angiosperms, an early-divergin ...
Salisb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** $$ Cabombaceae Rich. ex A.Rich. ** * Hydatellaceae U.Hamann ** $$
Nymphaeaceae Nymphaeaceae () is a family of flowering plants, commonly called water lilies. They live as rhizomatous aquatic herbs in temperate climate, temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains five genera with about 70 know ...
Salisb. *
Austrobaileyales Austrobaileyales is an order of flowering plants consisting of about 100 species of woody plants growing as trees, shrubs and lianas. A well known example is '' Illicium verum'', commonly known as star anise. The order belongs to the group of b ...
Takht. ex Reveal **
Austrobaileyaceae ''Austrobaileya'' is the sole genus in the plant family Austrobaileyaceae – the family is thus 'monotypic' as it includes a single child taxon. It is one of the basal angiosperm families, the most ancient group of flowering plants. The genu ...
Croizat ** $ Schisandraceae Blume (including Illiciaceae A.C.Sm.) ** Trimeniaceae L.S.Gibbs * † Chloranthales R.Br. ** Chloranthaceae R.Br. ex Sims


Magnoliids

* Canellales Cronquist ** Canellaceae Mart. ** Winteraceae R.Br. ex Lindl. * Piperales Bercht. & J.Presl ** Aristolochiaceae Juss. **
Hydnoraceae Hydnoroideae is a subfamily of holoparasitism, parasitic flowering plants in the order Piperales. Traditionally, and as recently as the APG III system it given family rank under the name Hydnoraceae. It is now submerged in the Aristolochiaceae. I ...
C.Agardh ** Lactoridaceae Engl. **
Piperaceae The Piperaceae (), also known as the pepper family, are a large family (biology), family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in five genera. The vast majority of species can be found within the two mai ...
Giseke ** Saururaceae F.Voigt * Laurales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Atherospermataceae R.Br. ** Calycanthaceae Lindl. ** Gomortegaceae Reiche ** Hernandiaceae Blume **
Lauraceae Lauraceae, or the laurels, is a plant Family (biology), family that includes the bay laurel, true laurel and its closest relatives. This family comprises about 2850 known species in about 45 genus (biology), genera worldwide. They are dicotyled ...
Juss. ** Monimiaceae Juss. ** Siparunaceae Schodde *
Magnoliales The Magnoliales are an order of flowering plants. Well-known members of Magnoliales include: magnolias, Liriodendron, tulip trees, Annona squamosa, custard apples, Asimina triloba, American pawpaw, cherimoyas, Cananga odorata, ylang-ylang, Sours ...
Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **
Annonaceae The Annonaceae are a Family (biology), family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas commonly known as the custard apple family or soursop family. With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species, it is the largest ...
Juss. ** Degeneriaceae I.W.Bailey & A.C.Sm. ** Eupomatiaceae Orb. ** Himantandraceae Diels **
Magnoliaceae The Magnoliaceae () are a flowering plant family, the magnolia family, in the order Magnoliales. It consists of two genera: '' Magnolia'' and ''Liriodendron'' (tulip trees). Unlike most angiosperms, whose flower parts are in whorls (rings), ...
Juss. ** Myristicaceae R.Br.


Monocots Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, ( Lilianae '' sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are flowering plants whose seeds contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. A monocot taxon has been in use for several decades, but with various ranks a ...

* Acorales Link ** Acoraceae Martinov * Alismatales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** §
Alismataceae The water-plantains (Alismataceae) are a family of flowering plants, comprising 20 genera (17 extant and 3 fossil) and 119 species. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest number of species in temperate regions of the Northe ...
Vent. (including Limnocharitaceae Takht. ex Cronquist) ** Aponogetonaceae Planch. **
Araceae The Araceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in which flowers are borne on a type of inflorescence called a spadix. The spadix is usually accompanied by, and sometimes partially enclosed in, a spathe (or leaf-like bract). Also ...
Juss. ** Butomaceae Mirb. **
Cymodoceaceae Cymodoceaceae is a family of flowering plants, sometimes known as the "manatee-grass family", which includes only marine species. The 2016 APG IV does recognize Cymodoceaceae and places it in the order Alismatales, in the clade monocots. The ...
Vines ** Hydrocharitaceae Juss. ** Juncaginaceae Rich. ** Posidoniaceae Vines ** Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J.Presl ** Ruppiaceae Horan. ** Scheuchzeriaceae F.Rudolphi ** Tofieldiaceae Takht. ** Zosteraceae Dumort. * † Petrosaviales Takht. ** Petrosaviaceae Hutch. * Dioscoreales R.Br. ** Burmanniaceae Blume ** Dioscoreaceae R.Br. ** Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon * Pandanales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Cyclanthaceae Poit. ex A.Rich. ** Pandanaceae R.Br. ** Stemonaceae Caruel ** Triuridaceae Gardner ** Velloziaceae J.Agardh *
Liliales Liliales is an order (biology), order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web List of systems of plant classification, system, within the lilioid monocots. This order of necessity includ ...
Perleb ** § Alstroemeriaceae Dumort. (including Luzuriagaceae Lotsy) ** Campynemataceae Dumort. **
Colchicaceae Colchicaceae is a family of flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek words (; 'container, vessel') and (; ...
DC. ** Corsiaceae Becc. ** Liliaceae Juss. **
Melanthiaceae Melanthiaceae, also called the bunchflower family, is a family (biology), family of flowering plant, flowering herbaceous perennial plants native to the Northern Hemisphere. Along with many other lilioid monocots, early authors considered member ...
Batsch ex Borkh. ** * Petermanniaceae Hutch. ** Philesiaceae Dumort. ** Ripogonaceae Conran & Clifford ** Smilacaceae Vent. *
Asparagales Asparagales (asparagoid lilies) are a diverse order of flowering plants in the monocots. Under the APG IV system of flowering plant classification, Asparagales are the largest order of monocots with 14 families, 1,122 genera, and about 36,00 ...
Link ** $
Amaryllidaceae The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus '' Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryl ...
J.St.-Hil. (including Agapanthaceae F.Voigt, Alliaceae Borkh.) ** $
Asparagaceae Asparagaceae (), known as the asparagus family, is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus, '' Asparagus officinalis''. This family includes both ...
Juss. (including Agavaceae Dumort., Aphyllanthaceae Burnett, Hesperocallidaceae Traub, Hyacinthaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Laxmanniaceae Bubani, Ruscaceae M.Roem., Themidaceae Salisb.) ** Asteliaceae Dumort. ** Blandfordiaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford ** Boryaceae M.W.Chase, Rudall & Conran **
Doryanthaceae ''Doryanthes'' is the sole genus in the flowering plant Family (biology), family Doryanthaceae. The genus consists of two species, ''Doryanthes excelsa, D. excelsa'' (gymea lily) and ''Doryanthes palmeri, D. palmeri'' (giant spear lily), both en ...
R.Dahlgren & Clifford ** Hypoxidaceae R.Br. **
Iridaceae Iridaceae () is a family of plants in order Asparagales, taking its name from the Iris (plant), irises. It has a nearly global distribution, with 69 accepted genera with a total of about 2500 species. It includes a number of economically importan ...
Juss. ** Ixioliriaceae Nakai ** Lanariaceae R.Dahlgren & A.E.van Wyk **
Orchidaceae Orchids are plants that belong to the family (biology), family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Orchids are cosmopolitan distribution, cosmopolitan plants that ...
Juss. **
Tecophilaeaceae Tecophilaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. It consists of nine genera with a total of 27 species. The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG IV system of 2016 (u ...
Leyb. ** $ Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort. (including Asphodelaceae Juss. and Hemerocallidaceae R.Br.) ** Xeronemataceae M.W.Chase, Rudall & M.F.Fay


Commelinids

* Dasypogonaceae Dumort. * Arecales Bromhead **
Arecaceae The Arecaceae () is a family (biology), family of perennial plant, perennial, flowering plants in the Monocotyledon, monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbing palm, climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly k ...
Bercht. & J.Presl * Commelinales Mirb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Commelinaceae Mirb. ** Haemodoraceae R.Br. ** Hanguanaceae Airy Shaw ** Philydraceae Link ** Pontederiaceae Kunth *
Poales The Poales are a large order (biology), order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons, and includes families of plants such as the Poaceae, grasses, bromeliads, Juncaceae, rushes and Cyperaceae, sedges. 14 plant families are currently recogniz ...
Small ** Anarthriaceae D.F.Cutler & Airy Shaw ** Bromeliaceae Juss. ** Centrolepidaceae Endl. **
Cyperaceae The Cyperaceae () are a family of graminoid (grass-like), monocotyledonous flowering plants known as wikt:sedge, sedges. The family (biology), family is large; botanists have species description, described some 5,500 known species in about 90 ...
Juss. ** Ecdeiocoleaceae D.F.Cutler & Airy Shaw **
Eriocaulaceae The Eriocaulaceae are a family (biology), family of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the order Poales, commonly known as the pipewort family. The family is large, with about 1207 known species described in seven genera. They are widely distri ...
Martinov ** Flagellariaceae Dumort. ** Joinvilleaceae Toml. & A.C.Sm. **
Juncaceae Juncaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the rush family. It consists of 8 genera and about 464 known species of slow-growing, rhizomatous, herbaceous monocotyledonous plants that may superficially resemble grasses and ...
Juss. ** Mayacaceae Kunth **
Poaceae Poaceae ( ), also called Gramineae ( ), is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos, the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivate ...
Barnhart ** Rapateaceae Dumort. ** Restionaceae R.Br. ** Thurniaceae Engl. ** § Typhaceae Juss. (including Sparganiaceae Hanin) ** Xyridaceae C.Agardh *
Zingiberales The Zingiberales are flowering plants forming one of four orders in the commelinids clade of monocots, together with its sister order, Commelinales. The order includes 68 genera and 2,600 species. Zingiberales are a unique though morpholog ...
Griseb. ** Cannaceae Juss. ** Costaceae Nakai ** Heliconiaceae Vines ** Lowiaceae Ridl. ** Marantaceae R.Br. ** Musaceae Juss. ** Strelitziaceae Hutch. **
Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae () or the ginger family is a family of flowering plants made up of about 50 genera with a total of about 1600 known species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes distributed throughout tropical ...
Martinov


Probable sister of

eudicots The eudicots or eudicotyledons are flowering plants that have two seed leaves (cotyledons) upon germination. The term derives from ''dicotyledon'' (etymologically, ''eu'' = true; ''di'' = two; ''cotyledon'' = seed leaf). Historically, authors h ...

* Ceratophyllales Link ** Ceratophyllaceae Gray


Eudicots The eudicots or eudicotyledons are flowering plants that have two seed leaves (cotyledons) upon germination. The term derives from ''dicotyledon'' (etymologically, ''eu'' = true; ''di'' = two; ''cotyledon'' = seed leaf). Historically, authors h ...

*
Ranunculales Ranunculales is an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the buttercup family, because the name of the order is based on the name of a genus in that family. Ranunculales belongs to a paraphyletic group k ...
Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **
Berberidaceae The Berberidaceae are a family (biology), family of 18 genera of flowering plants commonly called the barberry family. This family is in the order (biology), order Ranunculales. The family contains about 700 known species, of which the majority ...
Juss. ** $ Circaeasteraceae Hutch. (including Kingdoniaceae Airy Shaw) ** Eupteleaceae K.Wilh. **
Lardizabalaceae Lardizabalaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants. The family has been universally recognized by taxonomists, including the APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998), which places it in the order Ranunculales, ...
R.Br. **
Menispermaceae Menispermaceae (botanical Latin: 'moonseed family' from Greek ''mene'' 'crescent moon' and ''sperma'' 'seed') is a family (biology), family of flowering plants. The alkaloid tubocurarine, a neuromuscular blocker and the active ingredient in the ...
Juss. ** $
Papaveraceae The Papaveraceae, informally known as the poppy family, are an economically important family (biology), family of about 42 genera and approximately 775 known species of flowering plants in the order Ranunculales. The family is cosmopolitan dis ...
Juss. (including Fumariaceae Marquis, Pteridophyllaceae Nakai ex Reveal & Hoogland) **
Ranunculaceae Ranunculaceae (, buttercup or crowfoot family; Latin "little frog", from "frog") is a family (biology), family of over 2,000 known species of flowering plants in 43 genera, distributed worldwide. The largest genera are ''Ranunculus'' (600 spec ...
Juss. * Sabiaceae Blume * Proteales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Nelumbonaceae A.Rich. ** $$ Platanaceae T.Lestib. ** $$
Proteaceae The Proteaceae form a family (biology), family of flowering plants predominantly distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The family comprises 83 genus, genera with about 1,660 known species. Australia and South Africa have the greatest concentr ...
Juss. * † Trochodendrales Takht. ex Cronquist ** $ Trochodendraceae Eichler (including Tetracentraceae A.C.Sm.) * † Buxales Takht. ex Reveal ** $ Buxaceae Dumort. (including Didymelaceae Leandri) ** * Haptanthaceae C.Nelson


Core eudicots

* Gunnerales Takht. ex Reveal ** $$ Gunneraceae Meisn. ** $$ Myrothamnaceae Nied. *
Dilleniaceae Dilleniaceae is a family of flowering plants with 11 genera and about 430 known species. It is known to gardeners for the genus '' Hibbertia'', which contains many commercially valuable garden species. Description and distribution The family is ...
Salisb. *
Saxifragales Saxifragales is an order (biology), order of flowering plants in the Superrosids, superrosid clade of the eudicots. It contains 15 Families (biology), families and around 100 genera, with nearly 2,500 species. Well-known and economically import ...
Bercht. & J.Presl **
Altingiaceae Altingiaceae is a small Family (biology), family of flowering plants in the Order (biology), order Saxifragales,Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Altingiaceae". At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''Exter ...
Horan. ** Aphanopetalaceae Doweld ** Cercidiphyllaceae Engl. **
Crassulaceae The Crassulaceae (, from Latin ''crassus'', thick), also known as the crassulas, the stonecrops or the orpine family, are a diverse Family (biology), family of dicotyledon angiosperms primarily characterized by succulent leaves and a form of phot ...
J.St.-Hil. ** Daphniphyllaceae Müll.-Arg. ** Grossulariaceae DC. ** $$
Haloragaceae Haloragaceae (the watermilfoil family) is a eudicot flowering plant family in the order Saxifragales, based on the phylogenetic APG system. In the Cronquist system, it was included in the order Haloragales. Description The Haloragaceae ...
R.Br. **
Hamamelidaceae Hamamelidaceae, commonly referred to as the witch-hazel family, is a family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales. The clade consists of shrubs and small trees positioned within the woody clade of the core Saxifragales. An earlier system ...
R.Br. ** $ Iteaceae J.Agardh (including Pterostemonaceae Small) ** Paeoniaceae Raf. ** $$ Penthoraceae Rydb. ex Britt. ** *§
Peridiscaceae Peridiscaceae is a Family (biology), family of flowering plants in the Order (biology), order Saxifragales.Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. "Peridiscaceae". At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External li ...
Kuhlm. (including Medusandraceae Brenan, Soyauxia Oliver) ** Saxifragaceae Juss. ** $$ Tetracarpaeaceae Nakai * † Berberidopsidales Doweld ** Aextoxicaceae Engl. & Gilg ** Berberidopsidaceae Takht. * Santalales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** *
Balanophoraceae The Balanophoraceae are a subtropical to tropical family of obligate parasitic flowering plants, notable for their unusual development and formerly obscure affinities. In the broadest circumscription, the family consists of 16 genera. Alterna ...
Rich. **
Loranthaceae Loranthaceae, commonly known as the showy mistletoes, is a family of flowering plants. It consists of about 75 genera and 1,000 species of woody plants, many of them hemiparasites. The three terrestrial species are '' Nuytsia floribunda'' (the ...
Juss. ** Misodendraceae J.Agardh ** Santalaceae R.Br. **
Olacaceae Olacaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Santalales. They are woody plants, native throughout the tropical regions of the world. , the circumscription of the family varies; some sources maintain a broad family, others split it int ...
R.Br. ** Opiliaceae Valeton ** * Schoepfiaceae Blume *
Caryophyllales Caryophyllales ( ) is a diverse and heterogeneous order of flowering plants with well-known members including cacti, carnations, beets, quinoa, spinach, amaranths, pigfaces and ice plants, oraches and saltbushes, goosefoots, sundews, Venu ...
Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Achatocarpaceae Heimerl **
Aizoaceae The Aizoaceae (), or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1,800 species. Several genera are commonly known as 'ice plants' or 'carpet weeds'. The Aizoaceae are also referred to a ...
Martinov **
Amaranthaceae Amaranthaceae ( ) is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus '' Amaranthus''. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, maki ...
Juss. ** * Anacampserotaceae Eggli & Nyffeler **
Ancistrocladaceae ''Ancistrocladus'' is a genus of woody lianas in the Monotypic taxon, monotypic family ''Ancistrocladaceae''. The branches climb by twining other stems or by scrambling with hooked tips. They are found in the tropics of the Old World. Classific ...
Planch. ex Walp. ** Asteropeiaceae Takht. ex Reveal & Hoogland ** Barbeuiaceae Nakai **
Basellaceae Basellaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants in the order Caryophyllales, in the clade core eudicots, according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. The family comprises 19 known species of herbaceous plants in four genera: * ''An ...
Raf. **
Cactaceae A cactus (: cacti, cactuses, or less commonly, cactus) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae (), a family of the order Caryophyllales comprising about 127 genera with some 1,750 known species. The word ''cactus'' derives, through Latin, ...
Juss. **
Caryophyllaceae Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family (biology), family of flowering plants. It is included in the dicotyledon order Caryophyllales in the APG III system, alongside 33 other families, including Amaranth ...
Juss. ** § Didiereaceae Radlk. ** Dioncophyllaceae Airy Shaw **
Droseraceae Droseraceae is a family of carnivorous flowering plants, also known as the sundew family. It consists of approximately 180 species in three extant genera, the vast majority being in the sundew genus '' Drosera''. The family also contains the wel ...
Salisb. ** Drosophyllaceae Chrtek, Slavíková & Studnicka ** Frankeniaceae Desv. ** Gisekiaceae Nakai ** Halophytaceae A.Soriano ** * Limeaceae Shipunov ex Reveal ** * Lophiocarpaceae Doweld & Reveal ** § Molluginaceae Bartl. ** *
Montiaceae Montiaceae are a family of flowering plants, comprising about 14 genera with about 230 known species, ranging from small herbaceous plants to shrubs. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution. The family Montiaceae was newly adopted in the APG ...
Raf. ** Nepenthaceae Dumort. ** Nyctaginaceae Juss. ** Physenaceae Takht. ** Phytolaccaceae R.Br. **
Plumbaginaceae Plumbaginaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants, with a cosmopolitan distribution. The family is sometimes referred to as the leadwort family or the plumbago family. Most species in this family are perennial plant, perennial h ...
Juss. **
Polygonaceae The Polygonaceae are a Family (biology), family of flowering plants known Common name, informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The Botanical name, name is Basionym, based on the genus ''Polygonum'', ...
Juss. ** § Portulacaceae Juss. **
Rhabdodendraceae ''Rhabdodendron'' is a genus of flowering plant in the family Rhabdodendraceae. It comprises three species of Tropics, tropical South American trees. It is placed in its own family (biology), family, Rhabdodendraceae, which has only been recogni ...
Prance ** Sarcobataceae Behnke ** Simmondsiaceae Tiegh. ** Stegnospermataceae Nakai ** * Talinaceae Doweld ** Tamaricaceae Link


Rosids

* † Vitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **
Vitaceae The Vitaceae are a family of flowering plants, with 14 genera and around 910 known species, including common plants such as Vitis, grapevines (''Vitis'' spp.) and Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Virginia creeper (''Parthenocissus quinquefolia''). Th ...
Juss.


Fabids ( eurosids I)

* † Zygophyllales Link ** $$
Krameriaceae ''Krameria'' is the only genus in the Krameriaceae family, of which any of the approximately 18 species are commonly known as rhatany, ratany or rattany. Rhatany is also the name given to krameria root, a botanical remedy consisting of the dried ...
Dumort. ** $$
Zygophyllaceae Zygophyllaceae is a family of flowering plants that contains the bean-caper and caltrop. The family includes around 285 species in 22 genera. Plants in the family Zygophyllaceae may be trees, shrubs, or herbs. They are often found in dry habit ...
R.Br. * Celastrales Link ** $
Celastraceae The Celastraceae (staff-vine or bittersweet) are a family of 98 genera and 1,350 species of herbs, vines, shrubs and small trees, belonging to the order Celastrales. The great majority of the genera are tropical, with only ''Celastrus'' (the staf ...
R.Br. (including Lepuropetalaceae Nakai, Parnassiaceae Martinov, Pottingeriaceae Takht.) ** Lepidobotryaceae J.Léonard * Oxalidales Bercht. & J.Presl ** Brunelliaceae Engl. ** Cephalotaceae Dumort. ** Connaraceae R.Br. ** Cunoniaceae R.Br. ** Elaeocarpaceae Juss. ex DC. ** * Huaceae A.Chev. **
Oxalidaceae The Oxalidaceae, or wood sorrel family, are a small family of five genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs and small trees, with the great majority of the 570 species in the genus ''Oxalis'' (wood sorrels). Members of this family typically have divid ...
R.Br. * Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **
Achariaceae Achariaceae is a family of flowering plants consisting of 31 genera and about 155 species of tropical herbs, shrubs, and trees. The APG IV system has greatly expanded the scope of the family by including many genera previously classified in Flac ...
Harms ** Balanopaceae Benth. & Hook.f. ** Bonnetiaceae L.Beauvis. ex Nakai ** * Calophyllaceae J.Agardh ** Caryocaraceae Voigt ** * Centroplacaceae Doweld & Reveal ** $$ Chrysobalanaceae R.Br. ** §
Clusiaceae The Clusiaceae or Guttiferae Juss. (1789) (''nom. alt. et cons.'' = alternative and valid name) are a family (biology), family of plants including 13 genera and ca 750 species. Several former members of Clusiacae are now placed in Calophyllaceae ...
Lindl. ** Ctenolophonaceae Exell & Mendonça ** $$ Dichapetalaceae Baill. ** Elatinaceae Dumort. ** $$§ Erythroxylaceae Kunth (including '' Aneulophus'' Benth.) **
Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae (), the spurge family, is a large family of flowering plants. In English, they are also commonly called euphorbias, which is also the name of Euphorbia, the type genus of the family. Most spurges, such as ''Euphorbia paralias'', ar ...
Juss. ** $$ Euphroniaceae Marc.-Berti ** Goupiaceae Miers ** Humiriaceae A.Juss. **
Hypericaceae Hypericaceae is a plant family in the order Malpighiales, comprising six to nine genera and up to 700 species, and commonly known as the St. John's wort family. Members are found throughout the world apart from extremely cold or dry habitats. ...
Juss. ** Irvingiaceae Exell & Mendonça ** Ixonanthaceae Planch. ex Miq. ** Lacistemataceae Mart. **
Linaceae Linaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family is cosmopolitan, and includes about 250 species in 14 genera, classified into two subfamilies: the Linoideae and Hugonioideae. Description The leaves of the Linaceae are always simple; arran ...
DC. ex Perleb ** Lophopyxidaceae H.Pfeiff. ** Malpighiaceae Juss. ** $ Ochnaceae DC. (including Medusagynaceae Engl. & Gilg, Quiinaceae Choisy) ** Pandaceae Engl. & Gilg ** $ Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel (including Malesherbiaceae D.Don, Turneraceae Kunth ex DC.) ** Phyllanthaceae Martinov ** Picrodendraceae Small **
Podostemaceae Podostemaceae (riverweed family), a family in the order Malpighiales, comprise about 50 genera and species of more or less thalloid aquatic herbs. Distribution and habitat They are found mostly in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide ...
Rich. ex Kunth ** Putranjivaceae Meisn. ** *
Rafflesiaceae The Rafflesiaceae are a family of rare parasitic plants comprising 36 species in 3 genera found in the tropical forests of east and southeast Asia, including ''Rafflesia arnoldii'', which has the largest flowers of all plants. The plants are e ...
Dumort. ** $$
Rhizophoraceae The Rhizophoraceae is a family of tropical or subtropical flowering plants. It includes around 147 species distributed in 15 genera.Setoguchi, H., Kosuge, K., & Tobe, H. (1999). Molecular Phylogeny of Rhizophoraceae Based on rbcL Gene Sequences. ...
Pers. **
Salicaceae The Salicaceae are the willow family of flowering plants. The traditional family (Salicaceae ''sensu stricto'') includes the willows, poplars. Genetic studies summarized by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) have greatly expanded the circumsc ...
Mirb. ** $$ Trigoniaceae A.Juss. **
Violaceae Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus '' Viola'', the violets and pansies. Older classifications such as the Cronquist system plac ...
Batsch *
Cucurbitales The Cucurbitales are an order of flowering plants, included in the rosid group of dicotyledons. This order mostly belongs to tropical areas, with limited presence in subtropical and temperate regions. The order includes shrubs and trees, togeth ...
Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Anisophylleaceae Ridl. ** Begoniaceae C.Agardh ** Coriariaceae DC. ** Corynocarpaceae Engl. **
Cucurbitaceae The Cucurbitaceae (), also called cucurbits or the gourd family, are a plant family (biology), family consisting of about 965 species in 101 genera.
Juss. ** Datiscaceae Dumort. **
Tetramelaceae The Tetramelaceae are a family of plants in the order Cucurbitales, containing two genera of mostly Asian, large trees, ''Octomeles'' and ''Tetrameles'', each with a single species. These genera were formerly placed in the Datiscaceae,van Steeni ...
Airy Shaw * Fabales Bromhead **
Fabaceae Fabaceae () or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomen ...
Lindl. ** Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link ** Quillajaceae D.Don ** Surianaceae Arn. * Fagales Engl. ** Betulaceae Gray **
Casuarinaceae The Casuarinaceae are a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants placed in the order Fagales, consisting of four genera and 91 species of trees and shrubs native to eastern Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia, Malesia, Papuasia, and the Pacific ...
R.Br. **
Fagaceae The Fagaceae (; ) are a family of flowering plants that includes beeches, chestnuts and oaks, and comprises eight genera with around 1,000 or more species. Fagaceae in temperate regions are mostly deciduous, whereas in the tropics, many species ...
Dumort. ** §
Juglandaceae The Juglandaceae are a plant family known as the walnut family. They are trees, or sometimes shrubs, in the order Fagales. Members of this family are native to the Americas, Eurasia, and Southeast Asia. The nine or ten genera in the family have ...
DC. ex Perleb (including Rhoipteleaceae Hand.-Mazz.) ** Myricaceae A.Rich. ex Kunth ** Nothofagaceae Kuprian ** Ticodendraceae Gómez-Laur. & L.D.Gómez * Rosales Bercht. & J.Presl ** Barbeyaceae Rendle **
Cannabaceae Cannabaceae is a small family of flowering plants, known as the hemp family. As now circumscribed, the family includes about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera, including '' Cannabis'' (hemp), '' Humulus'' (hops) and '' Celtis'' (hackberri ...
Martinov ** Dirachmaceae Hutch. ** Elaeagnaceae Juss. **
Moraceae Moraceae is a family of flowering plants comprising about 48 genera and over 1100 species, and is commonly known as the mulberry or fig family. Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates; however, their ...
Gaudich. **
Rhamnaceae The Rhamnaceae are a large Family (biology), family of flowering plants, mostly trees, shrubs, and some vines, commonly called the buckthorn family. Rhamnaceae is included in the order Rosales. The family contains about 55 genera and 950 specie ...
Juss. **
Rosaceae Rosaceae (), the rose family, is a family of flowering plants that includes 4,828 known species in 91 genera. The name is derived from the type genus '' Rosa''. The family includes herbs, shrubs, and trees. Most species are deciduous, but som ...
Juss. **
Ulmaceae The Ulmaceae () are a family (biology), family of flowering plants that includes the elms (genus ''Ulmus''), and the zelkovas (genus ''Zelkova''). Members of the family are widely distributed throughout the Temperate, north temperate zone, and ha ...
Mirb. ** Urticaceae Juss.


malvids ( eurosids II)

*
Geraniales Geraniales is a small order (biology), order of flowering plants, included within the rosid subclade of eudicots. The largest family (biology), family in the order is Geraniaceae with over 800 species. In addition, the order includes the smaller ...
Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** $
Geraniaceae Geraniaceae is a family of flowering plants placed in the order Geraniales. The family name is derived from the genus '' Geranium''. The family includes both the genus '' Geranium'' (the cranesbills, or true geraniums) and the garden plants call ...
Juss. (including Hypseocharitaceae Wedd.) ** $ Melianthaceae Horan. (including Francoaceae A.Juss.) ** § Vivianiaceae Klotzsch (including Ledocarpaceae Meyen) * Myrtales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Alzateaceae S.A.Graham **
Combretaceae The Combretaceae, often called the white mangrove family, are a family of flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (). The term angiosperm is derived from the Ancient Greek, G ...
R.Br. ** Crypteroniaceae A.DC. **
Lythraceae Lythraceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants, including 32 genus, genera, with about 620 species of Herbaceous plant, herbs, shrubs, and trees. The larger genera include ''Cuphea'' (275 spp.), ''Lagerstroemia'' (56), ''Nesaea (pl ...
J.St.-Hil. ** $
Melastomataceae Melastomataceae () is a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants found mostly in the tropics (two-thirds of the genera are from the New World tropics) comprising c. 175 genera and c. 5115 known species. Melastomes are annual or perennial herbs ...
Juss. (including Memecylaceae DC.) ** §
Myrtaceae Myrtaceae (), the myrtle family, is a family of dicotyledonous plants placed within the order Myrtales. Myrtle, pōhutukawa, bay rum tree, clove, guava, acca (feijoa), allspice, and eucalyptus are some notable members of this group. All ...
Juss. (including Heteropyxidaceae Engl. & Gilg, Psiloxylaceae Croizat) ** Onagraceae Juss. ** § Penaeaceae Sweet ex Guill. (including Oliniaceae Arn., Rhynchocalycaceae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs) ** Vochysiaceae A.St.-Hil. * Crossosomatales Takht. ex Reveal ** * Aphloiaceae Takht. ** Crossosomataceae Engl. ** * Geissolomataceae A.DC. ** * Guamatelaceae S.Oh & D.Potter ** Stachyuraceae J.Agardh **
Staphyleaceae Staphyleaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Crossosomatales, native to Europe, temperate and tropical Asia and the Americas. The largest genus ''Staphylea'', which gives the family its name, contains the "bladdernut" trees. ...
Martinov ** *§ Strasburgeriaceae Soler. (including Ixerbaceae Griseb. ex Doweld & Reveal) * † Picramniales Doweld ** * Picramniaceae Fernando & Quinn * † Huerteales Doweld ** * Dipentodontaceae Merr. ** * Gerrardinaceae Alford ** Tapisciaceae Takht. *
Brassicales The Brassicales (or Cruciales) are an order (biology), order of flowering plants, belonging to the malvid group of eudicotyledons under the APG IV system. Well-known members of Brassicales include cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprout, broccoli, ...
Bromhead ** $ Akaniaceae Stapf (including Bretschneideraceae Engl. & Gilg) ** Bataceae Mart. ex Perleb ** §
Brassicaceae Brassicaceae () or (the older but equally valid) Cruciferae () is a medium-sized and economically important Family (biology), family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous pla ...
Burnett ** *
Capparaceae The Capparaceae (or Capparidaceae), commonly known as the caper family, are a family of plants in the order Brassicales. As currently circumscribed, the family contains 15 genera and about 430 species. The largest genera are ''Capparis'' (about 1 ...
Juss. ** Caricaceae Dumort. ** * Cleomaceae Bercht. & J.Presl ** Emblingiaceae J.Agardh ** Gyrostemonaceae A.Juss. ** Koeberliniaceae Engl. ** Limnanthaceae R.Br. ** Moringaceae Martinov ** Pentadiplandraceae Hutch. & Dalziel ** Resedaceae Martinov ** Salvadoraceae Lindl. ** Setchellanthaceae Iltis **
Tovariaceae ''Tovaria'' is a genus of herbs native to Jamaica and South America. There are two species, ''Tovaria pendula'' and ''Tovaria diffusa''. The genus is the only one in the family Tovariaceae. References

* http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/A ...
Pax ** Tropaeolaceae Juss. ex DC. *
Malvales The Malvales are an Order (biology), order of flowering plants. As circumscribed by Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, APG II-system, the order includes about 6000 species within nine Family (biology), families. The order is placed in the eurosids II, w ...
Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** $ Bixaceae Kunth (including Cochlospermaceae Planch., Diegodendraceae Capuron) ** Cistaceae Juss. ** * Cytinaceae A.Rich. **
Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpaceae is a family (biology), family of flowering plants with 22 genera and about 695 known species of mainly lowland tropical forest trees. Their distribution is pantropical, from northern South America to Africa, the Seychelles, India ...
Blume **
Malvaceae Malvaceae (), or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include Theobroma cacao, cacao, Cola (plant), cola, cotton, okra, Hibiscus sabdariffa, ...
Juss. ** Muntingiaceae C.Bayer, M.W.Chase & M.F.Fay ** Neuradaceae Kostel. ** Sarcolaenaceae Caruel ** Sphaerosepalaceae Tiegh. ex Bullock **
Thymelaeaceae The Thymelaeaceae are a cosmopolitan family (biology), family of flowering plants composed of 50 genera (listed below) and 898 species.Zachary S. Rogers (2009 onwards)A World Checklist of Thymelaeaceae (version 1) Missouri Botanical Garden Webs ...
Juss. * Sapindales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl ** Anacardiaceae R.Br. ** Biebersteiniaceae Schnizl. **
Burseraceae The Burseraceae are a moderate-sized family of 17-19 genera and about 540 species of woody flowering plants. The actual numbers given in taxonomic sources differ according to taxonomic revision at the time of writing. The Burseraceae are also ...
Kunth ** Kirkiaceae Takht. ** Meliaceae Juss. ** $ Nitrariaceae Lindl. (including Peganaceae Tiegh. ex Takht., Tetradiclidaceae Takht.) **
Rutaceae The Rutaceae () is a family (biology), family, commonly known as the rueRUTACEAE
in Bo ...
Juss. **
Sapindaceae The Sapindaceae are a family (biology), family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales known as the soapberry family. It contains 138 genera and 1,858 accepted species. Examples include Aesculus, horse chestnut, maples, ackee and lychee. The ...
Juss. **
Simaroubaceae The Simaroubaceae, also known as the quassia family, are a small, mostly tropical, family in the order Sapindales. In recent decades, it has been subject to much taxonomic debate, with several small families being split off. A molecular phyloge ...
DC.


Asterids Asterids are a large clade (monophyly, monophyletic group) of flowering plants, composed of 17 Order_(biology), orders and more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species. The asterids are divided into the unranked cl ...

* Cornales Link. **
Cornaceae The Cornaceae are a cosmopolitan family of flowering plants in the order Cornales. The family contains approximately 85 species in two genera, '' Alangium'' and '' Cornus''. They are mostly trees and shrubs, which may be deciduous or evergreen, ...
Bercht. & J.Presl (including Nyssaceae Juss. ex Dumort.) ** Curtisiaceae Takht. ** Grubbiaceae Endl. ex Meisn. ** Hydrangeaceae Dumort. ** Hydrostachyaceae Engl. ** Loasaceae Juss. *
Ericales The Ericales are a large and diverse order of flowering plants in the asterid group of the eudicots. Well-known and economically important members of this order include tea and ornamental camellias, persimmon, ebony, blueberry, cranberry, l ...
Bercht. & J.Presl **
Actinidiaceae The Actinidiaceae are a small family (biology), family of flowering plants. The family has three genus, genera and about 360 species and is a member of the order Ericales. Distribution They are temperate and subtropical woody plant, woody vines, ...
Engl. & Gilg. ** Balsaminaceae A.Rich. ** Clethraceae Klotzsch ** Cyrillaceae Lindl. ** Diapensiaceae Lindl. ** Ebenaceae Gürke **
Ericaceae The Ericaceae () are a Family (biology), family of flowering plants, commonly known as the heath or heather family, found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. The family is large, with about 4,250 known species spread acros ...
Juss. ** Fouquieriaceae DC. ** Lecythidaceae A.Rich. **
Marcgraviaceae The Marcgraviaceae are a neotropical angiosperm family in the order Ericales. The members of the family are shrubs, woody epiphytes, and lianas, with alternate, pinnately nerved leaves. The flowers are arranged in racemes. The flowers are accom ...
Bercht. & J.Presl ** * Mitrastemonaceae Makino ** $ Pentaphylacaceae Engl. (including Ternstroemiaceae Mirb. ex DC.) ** Polemoniaceae Juss. ** §
Primulaceae The Primulaceae ( ), commonly known as the primrose family (but not related to the Onagraceae, evening primrose family), are a family (biology), family of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous and woody flowering plants including some favourite garden pla ...
Batsch ex Borkh. (including Maesaceae Anderb., B.Ståhl & Källersjö, Myrsinaceae R.Br., Theophrastaceae G.Don) ** Roridulaceae Martinov **
Sapotaceae 240px, '' Madhuca longifolia'' var. ''latifolia'' in Narsapur, Medak district, India The Sapotaceae are a family of flowering plants belonging to the order (biology)">order Ericales">family (biology)">family of flowering plants belonging to th ...
Juss. ** Sarraceniaceae Dumort. ** $$ Sladeniaceae Airy Shaw **
Styracaceae The Styracaceae are a small family of flowering plants in the order Ericales, containing 12 genera and about 160 species of trees and shrubs. The family occurs in warm temperate and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The family is ...
DC. & Spreng. ** Symplocaceae Desf. ** $ Tetrameristaceae Hutch. (including Pellicieraceae L.Beauvis.) ** Theaceae Mirb. ex Ker Gawl.


lamiids ( euasterids I)

* §*
Boraginaceae Boraginaceae, the Borago, borage or forget-me-not family, includes about 2,000 species of shrubs, trees, and herbs in 146 to 154 genus, genera with a worldwide distribution. The APG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single famil ...
Juss. (including Hoplestigmataceae Gilg) * Vahliaceae Dandy * Icacinaceae Miers * Metteniusaceae H.Karst. ex Schnizl. * Oncothecaceae Kobuski ex Airy Shaw * Garryales Lindl. ** Eucommiaceae Engl. ** $ Garryaceae Lindl. (including Aucubaceae Bercht. & J.Presl) * Gentianales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **
Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (, from '' Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because some taxa were used as dog poison. Notable mem ...
Juss. ** Gelsemiaceae Struwe & V.A.Albert ** Gentianaceae Juss. ** Loganiaceae R.Br. ex Mart. **
Rubiaceae Rubiaceae () is a family (biology), family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with Petiole ( ...
Juss. * Lamiales Bromhead ** §
Acanthaceae Acanthaceae () is a Family (biology), family (the acanthus family) of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are Tropics, tropical Herbaceous plant, herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epip ...
Juss. ** Bignoniaceae Juss. ** Byblidaceae Domin ** Calceolariaceae Olmstead ** Carlemanniaceae Airy Shaw **
Gesneriaceae Gesneriaceae, the gesneriad family, is a family (biology), family of flowering plants consisting of about 152 genera and ca. 3,540 species in the tropics and subtropics of the Old World (almost all Didymocarpoideae) and the New World (most Ges ...
Rich. & Juss. **
Lamiaceae The Lamiaceae ( ) or Labiatae are a family (biology), family of flowering plants commonly known as the mint, deadnettle, or sage family. Many of the plants are aromatic in all parts and include widely used culinary herbs like basil (herb), ba ...
Martinov ** * Linderniaceae Borsch, K.Müll., & Eb.Fisch. ** Lentibulariaceae Rich. ** Martyniaceae Horan. **
Oleaceae Oleaceae, also known as the olive family or sometimes the lilac family, is a taxonomic family of flowering shrubs, trees, and a few lianas in the order Lamiales. It presently comprises 28 genera, one of which is recently extinct.Peter S. Gree ...
Hoffmanns. & Link **
Orobanchaceae Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family (biology), family of mostly parasitic plants of the order (biology), order Lamiales, with about 90 genus, genera and more than 2000 species. Many of these genera (e.g., ''Pedicularis'', ''Rhinanthus'', ...
Vent. ** Paulowniaceae Nakai **
Pedaliaceae Pedaliaceae, the pedalium family or sesame family, is a flowering plant family classified in the order (biology), order Lamiales. The family includes sesame (''Sesamum indicum''), the source of sesame seeds. It comprises 13 genera and approx ...
R.Br. ** Phrymaceae Schauer ** §
Plantaginaceae Plantaginaceae, the plantain family or veronica family, is a large, diverse family (biology), family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales that includes common flowers such as Antirrhinum, snapdragon and Digitalis, foxglove. It is unrelated ...
Juss. ** Plocospermataceae Hutch. ** Schlegeliaceae Reveal ** Scrophulariaceae Juss. ** Stilbaceae Kunth ** Tetrachondraceae Wettst. ** * Thomandersiaceae Sreem. **
Verbenaceae The Verbenaceae ( ), the verbena family or vervain family, is a family of mainly tropical flowering plants. It contains trees, shrubs, and herbs notable for heads, spikes, or clusters of small flowers, many of which have an aromatic smell. T ...
J.St.-Hil. * Solanales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **
Convolvulaceae Convolvulaceae (), commonly called the bindweed, bindweeds or morning glory, morning glories, is a Family (biology), family of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species. These species are primarily herbaceous vines, but also include trees, sh ...
Juss. ** Hydroleaceae R.Br. ex Edwards ** Montiniaceae Nakai **
Solanaceae Solanaceae (), commonly known as the nightshades, is a family of flowering plants in the order Solanales. It contains approximately 2,700 species, several of which are used as agricultural crops, medicinal plants, and ornamental plants. Many me ...
Juss. ** Sphenocleaceae T.Baskerv.


campanulids Asterids are a large clade (monophyly, monophyletic group) of flowering plants, composed of 17 Order_(biology), orders and more than 80,000 species, about a third of the total flowering plant species. The asterids are divided into the unranked cl ...
( euasterids II)

* Aquifoliales Senft ** Aquifoliaceae Bercht. & J.Presl ** § Cardiopteridaceae Blume (including Leptaulaceae Tiegh.) ** Helwingiaceae Decne. ** Phyllonomaceae Small ** Stemonuraceae Kårehed *
Asterales Asterales ( ) is an Order (biology), order of dicotyledonous flowering plants that includes the large Family (biology), family Asteraceae (or Compositae) known for composite flowers made of Floret#floret, florets, and ten families related to th ...
Link ** Alseuosmiaceae Airy Shaw ** Argophyllaceae Takht. **
Asteraceae Asteraceae () is a large family (biology), family of flowering plants that consists of over 32,000 known species in over 1,900 genera within the Order (biology), order Asterales. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the Orchi ...
Bercht. & J.Presl ** Calyceraceae R.Br. ex Rich. ** $
Campanulaceae The family Campanulaceae (also bellflower family), of the order Asterales, contains nearly 2400 species in 84 genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, often with milky sap. Among them are several familiar garden plants bel ...
Juss. (including Lobeliaceae Juss.) ** Goodeniaceae R.Br. ** Menyanthaceae Dumort. ** Pentaphragmataceae J.Agardh ** Phellinaceae Takht. ** Rousseaceae DC. ** $ Stylidiaceae R.Br. (including Donatiaceae B.Chandler) * † Escalloniales R.Br. ** §
Escalloniaceae Escalloniaceae is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 130 species in eight genera. In the APG II system it is one of eight families in the euasterids II clade (campanulids) that are unplaced as to order. More recent research has pro ...
R.Br. ex Dumort. (including Eremosynaceae Dandy, Polyosmaceae Blume, Tribelaceae Airy Shaw) * † Bruniales Dumort. ** Bruniaceae R.Br. ex DC. ** § Columelliaceae D.Don (including Desfontainiaceae Endl.) * † Paracryphiales Takht. ex Reveal ** § Paracryphiaceae Airy Shaw (including * Quintiniaceae Doweld, Sphenostemonaceae P.Royen & Airy Shaw) * Dipsacales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl **
Adoxaceae Adoxaceae, commonly known as moschatel family, is a small family of flowering plants in the order Dipsacales, now consisting of five genera and about 150–200 species. They are characterised by opposite toothed leaves, small five- or, more rar ...
E.Mey. ** §
Caprifoliaceae The Caprifoliaceae or honeysuckle family is a clade of dicotyledonous flowering plants consisting of about 860 species in 33 to 42 genera, with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. Centres of diversity are found in eastern North America and easte ...
Juss. (including Diervillaceae Pyck, Dipsacaceae Juss., Linnaeaceae Backlund, Morinaceae Raf., Valerianaceae Batsch) * Apiales Nakai **
Apiaceae Apiaceae () or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus ''Apium,'' and commonly known as the celery, carrot, or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering p ...
Lindl. (including Mackinlayaceae) **
Araliaceae The Araliaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of about 43 genera and around 1500 species consisting of primarily woody plants and some herbaceous plants commonly called the ginseng family. The morphology of Araliaceae varies widely ...
Juss. ** Griseliniaceae J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. ex A.Cunn. ** Myodocarpaceae Doweld ** Pennantiaceae J.Agardh **
Pittosporaceae Pittosporaceae is a family of flowering plants that consists of 200–240 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas in 9 genera. Habitats range from tropical to temperate climates of the Afrotropical, Indomalayan, Oceanian, and Australasian r ...
R.Br. ** § Torricelliaceae Hu (including Aralidiaceae Philipson & B.C.Stone, Melanophyllaceae Takht. ex Airy Shaw)


Taxa of uncertain position

* Apodanthaceae Takht. (three genera, now in
Cucurbitales The Cucurbitales are an order of flowering plants, included in the rosid group of dicotyledons. This order mostly belongs to tropical areas, with limited presence in subtropical and temperate regions. The order includes shrubs and trees, togeth ...
) * Cynomoriaceae Endl. ex Lindl. * '' Gumillea'' Ruiz & Pav. * '' Petenaea'' Lundell (now in Huerteales) * '' Nicobariodendron'' (see Simmons, 2004; probably in
Celastraceae The Celastraceae (staff-vine or bittersweet) are a family of 98 genera and 1,350 species of herbs, vines, shrubs and small trees, belonging to the order Celastrales. The great majority of the genera are tropical, with only ''Celastrus'' (the staf ...
).


Phylogeny

The APG III system was based on a
phylogenetic tree A phylogenetic tree or phylogeny is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time.Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA. In ...
for the angiosperms which included all of the 59 orders and 4 of the unplaced families. The systematic positions of the other 6 unplaced families was so uncertain that they could not be placed in any of the polytomies in the tree. They are shown in the classification table entitled "Detailed version" above, 4 in Euasterids I and 2 in Taxa of uncertain position. The phylogenetic tree shown below was published with the APG III system, but without some of the labels that are added here.


Subfamilies replacing discontinued families

A number of subfamilies have been proposed to replace some of the families which were optional (i.e. bracketed) in APG II, but have been discontinued in APG III. These are shown in the table below.


References


External links

* The APG III paper
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III
* The LAPG III paper
The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III
* The phylogenetic classification of land plants paper
A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III

Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
at th
''Missouri Botanical Garden''
website {{List of systems of plant taxonomy APG 03 2009 in science 2009 introductions Angiosperm Phylogeny Group