APG III System

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The APG III system of flowering plant classification is the third version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). Published in 2009, it was superseded in 2016 by a further revision, the APG IV system.[1][2][3] Along with the publication outlining the new system, there were two accompanying publications in the same issue of the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The first, by Chase & Reveal, was a formal phylogenetic classification of all land plants (embryophytes), compatible with the APG III classification. As the APG have chosen to eschew ranks above order, this paper was meant to fit the system into the existing Linnaean hierarchy for those that prefer such a classification. The result was that all land plants were placed in the class Equisetopsida, which was then divided into 16 subclasses and a multitude of superorders.[4] The second, by Haston et al., was a linear sequence of families following the APG III system (LAPG III). This provided a numbered list to the 413 families of APG III. A linear sequence is of particular use to herbarium curators and those working on floristic works wishing to arrange their taxa according to APG III.[5]

Contents

1 Organization 2 Short version 3 Detailed version

3.1 Angiosperms 3.2 Magnoliids 3.3 Monocots 3.4 Commelinids 3.5 Probable sister of eudicots 3.6 Eudicots 3.7 Core eudicots 3.8 Rosids 3.9 fabids (eurosids I) 3.10 malvids (eurosids II) 3.11 Asterids 3.12 lamiids (euasterids I) 3.13 campanulids (euasterids II) 3.14 Taxa of uncertain position

4 Phylogeny 5 Subfamilies replacing discontinued families 6 References 7 External links

Organization[edit] The APG III system recognized all of the 45 orders of the previous system, as well as 14 new ones. The order Ceratophyllales
Ceratophyllales was erroneously marked as a new order, as it had been recognized in both of the previous APG systems. The newly recognized orders were:

Amborellales, Nymphaeales, Chloranthales, Petrosaviales, Trochodendrales, Buxales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Picramniales, Huerteales, Berberidopsidales, Escalloniales, Bruniales, and Paracryphiales.

The designation of alternative "bracketed families" was abandoned in APG III, because its inclusion in the previous system had been unpopular. APG III recognized 413 families, 43 fewer than in the previous system. Forty-four of the 55 "bracketed families" were discontinued, and 20 other families were discontinued as well. The discontinued bracketed families were:

Illiciaceae, Alliaceae, Agapanthaceae, Agavaceae, Aphyllanthaceae, Hesperocallidaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Laxmanniaceae, Ruscaceae, Themidaceae, Asphodelaceae, Hemerocallidaceae, Kingdoniaceae, Fumariaceae, Pteridophyllaceae, Didymelaceae, Tetracentraceae, Pterostemonaceae, Hypseocharitaceae, Francoaceae, Memecylaceae, Lepuropetalaceae, Rhoipteleaceae, Medusagynaceae, Quiinaceae, Malesherbiaceae, Turneraceae, Bretschneideraceae, Diegodendraceae, Cochlospermaceae, Peganaceae, Tetradiclidaceae, Nyssaceae, Ternstroemiaceae, Pellicieraceae, Aucubaceae, Donatiaceae, Lobeliaceae, Desfontainiaceae, Diervillaceae, Dipsacaceae, Linnaeaceae, Morinaceae, and Valerianaceae.

The other discontinued families were:

Limnocharitaceae, Luzuriagaceae, Sparganiaceae, Ixerbaceae, Ledocarpaceae, Heteropyxidaceae, Psiloxylaceae, Oliniaceae, Rhynchocalycaceae, Parnassiaceae, Maesaceae, Myrsinaceae, Theophrastaceae, Eremosynaceae, Polyosmaceae, Tribelaceae, Sphenostemonaceae, Aralidiaceae, Mackinlayaceae, and Melanophyllaceae.

21 families were accepted in the APG III system which had not been in the previous system, and a few families were moved to a different position. The newly recognized families are:

Cynomoriaceae, Haptanthaceae, Petermanniaceae, Schoepfiaceae, Limeaceae, Lophiocarpaceae, Montiaceae, Talinaceae, Anacampserotaceae, Centroplacaceae, Calophyllaceae, Guamatelaceae, Gerrardinaceae, Dipentodontaceae, Capparidaceae, Cleomaceae, Cytinaceae, Mitrastemonaceae, Metteniusaceae, Linderniaceae, and Thomandersiaceae.

The number of families not placed in any order was reduced from 39 to 10. Apodanthaceae
Apodanthaceae and Cynomoriaceae
Cynomoriaceae were placed among the angiosperms, incertae sedis, that is, not in any group within the angiosperms. Eight other families were placed incertae sedis in various supra-ordinal groups within the angiosperms. The families not placed in any order were:

Apodanthaceae, Cynomoriaceae, Dasypogonaceae, Sabiaceae, Dilleniaceae, Icacinaceae, Metteniusaceae, Oncothecaceae, Vahliaceae, and Boraginaceae.

The paragraph below shows the number of families in each order and the placement of those families that were not included in any order. These figures were produced by simply counting the families in the text of the paper that established APG III.[1] ORDERS: Amborellales
Amborellales (1), Nymphaeales
Nymphaeales (3), Austrobaileyales
Austrobaileyales (3), Chloranthales
Chloranthales (1), Canellales
Canellales (2), Piperales
Piperales (5), Magnoliales
Magnoliales (6), Laurales
Laurales (7), Acorales
Acorales (1), Alismatales
Alismatales (13), Petrosaviales
Petrosaviales (1), Dioscoreales
Dioscoreales (3), Pandanales
Pandanales (5), Liliales
Liliales (10), Asparagales
Asparagales (14), Arecales
Arecales (1), Poales
Poales (16), Commelinales
Commelinales (5), Zingiberales
Zingiberales (8), Ceratophyllales
Ceratophyllales (1), Ranunculales
Ranunculales (7), Proteales
Proteales (3), Trochodendrales (1), Buxales
Buxales (2), Gunnerales
Gunnerales (2), Saxifragales
Saxifragales (14), Vitales
Vitales (1), Zygophyllales
Zygophyllales (2), Celastrales
Celastrales (2), Oxalidales
Oxalidales (7), Malpighiales
Malpighiales (35), Fabales
Fabales (4), Rosales
Rosales (9), Fagales
Fagales (7), Cucurbitales
Cucurbitales (7), Geraniales (3), Myrtales
Myrtales (9), Crossosomatales
Crossosomatales (7), Picramniales
Picramniales (1), Sapindales (9), Huerteales
Huerteales (3), Brassicales
Brassicales (17), Malvales
Malvales (10), Berberidopsidales
Berberidopsidales (2), Santalales
Santalales (7), Caryophyllales
Caryophyllales (34), Cornales (6), Ericales
Ericales (22), Garryales
Garryales (2), Gentianales
Gentianales (5), Solanales
Solanales (5), Lamiales
Lamiales (23), Aquifoliales
Aquifoliales (5), Asterales
Asterales (11), Escalloniales
Escalloniales (1), Bruniales
Bruniales (2), Apiales
Apiales (7), Paracryphiales
Paracryphiales (1), Dipsacales
Dipsacales (2). SUPRA-ORDINAL GROUPS: commelinids (1), basal eudicots (1), Pentapetalae (1), lamiids incertae sedis (3), core lamiids (2), angiosperms incertae sedis (2). The circumscription of the family Icacinaceae
Icacinaceae remains especially doubtful. Apodytes
Apodytes and its close relative, Rhaphiostylis, as well as Emmotum, Cassinopsis, and a few other genera were provisionally retained within it until further studies can determine whether they properly belong there. Three genera (Gumillea, Nicobariodendron, and Petenaea) were placed within the angiosperms incertae sedis. Gumillea had been unplaced in APG II. Nicobariodendron and Petenaea were newly added to the list. The latter was later placed into its own family Petenaeaceae in the order Huerteales[6][7] The classification is shown below in two versions. The short version goes to the level of orders and of families unplaced in an order. The detailed version shows all the families. Orders at the same level in the classification are arranged alphabetically. Note that orders may not contain the same families as in earlier versions of the APG system (APG system, APG II system). Further detail on relationships can be seen in the phylogenetic tree below. Short version[edit]

clade angiosperms

order Amborellales order Nymphaeales order Austrobaileyales order Chloranthales

clade magnoliids

order Canellales order Laurales order Magnoliales order Piperales

clade monocots

order Acorales order Alismatales order Asparagales order Dioscoreales order Liliales order Pandanales order Petrosaviales

clade commelinids

family Dasypogonaceae—unplaced in an order

order Arecales order Commelinales order Poales order Zingiberales

probable sister of eudicots

order Ceratophyllales

clade eudicots

family Sabiaceae—unplaced in an order

order Buxales order Proteales order Ranunculales order Trochodendrales

clade core eudicots

family Dilleniaceae—unplaced in an order

order Gunnerales order Saxifragales

clade rosids

order Vitales

clade fabids (eurosids I)

order Celastrales order Cucurbitales order Fabales order Fagales order Malpighiales order Oxalidales order Rosales order Zygophyllales

clade malvids (eurosids II)

order Brassicales order Crossosomatales order Geraniales order Huerteales order Malvales order Myrtales order Picramniales order Sapindales

(back to core eudicots)

order Berberidopsidales order Caryophyllales order Santalales

clade asterids

order Cornales order Ericales

clade lamiids (euasterids I)

family Boraginaceae—unplaced in an order family Vahliaceae—unplaced in an order family Icacinaceae—unplaced in an order family Metteniusaceae—unplaced in an order family Oncothecaceae—unplaced in an order

order Garryales order Gentianales order Lamiales order Solanales

clade campanulids (euasterids II)

order Apiales order Aquifoliales order Asterales order Bruniales order Dipsacales order Escalloniales order Paracryphiales

Detailed version[edit] Legend: * = new family placement; † = newly recognized order for the APG system; § = new family circumscription described in the text; $ = families that represent the broader circumscription of options available in APG II and favoured here; $$ = families that were in square brackets in APG II, the narrower circumscriptions favoured here. Angiosperms[edit]

† Amborellales
Amborellales Melikyan, A.V.Bobrov & Zaytzeva

Amborellaceae
Amborellaceae Pichon

† Nymphaeales
Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

$$ Cabombaceae
Cabombaceae Rich. ex A.Rich. * Hydatellaceae
Hydatellaceae U.Hamann $$ Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaeaceae Salisb.

Austrobaileyales
Austrobaileyales Takht. ex Reveal

Austrobaileyaceae Croizat $ Schisandraceae
Schisandraceae Blume (including Illiciaceae
Illiciaceae A.C.Sm.) Trimeniaceae
Trimeniaceae L.S.Gibbs

† Chloranthales
Chloranthales R.Br.

Chloranthaceae
Chloranthaceae R.Br. ex Sims

Magnoliids[edit]

Canellales
Canellales Cronquist

Canellaceae
Canellaceae Mart. Winteraceae
Winteraceae R.Br. ex Lindl.

Piperales
Piperales Bercht. & J.Presl

Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochiaceae Juss. Hydnoraceae
Hydnoraceae C.Agardh Lactoridaceae
Lactoridaceae Engl. Piperaceae
Piperaceae Giseke Saururaceae
Saururaceae F.Voigt

Laurales
Laurales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

Atherospermataceae
Atherospermataceae R.Br. Calycanthaceae
Calycanthaceae Lindl. Gomortegaceae
Gomortegaceae Reiche Hernandiaceae
Hernandiaceae Blume Lauraceae
Lauraceae Juss. Monimiaceae
Monimiaceae Juss. Siparunaceae
Siparunaceae Schodde

Magnoliales
Magnoliales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

Annonaceae
Annonaceae Juss. Degeneriaceae I.W.Bailey & A.C.Sm. Eupomatiaceae
Eupomatiaceae Orb. Himantandraceae
Himantandraceae Diels Magnoliaceae
Magnoliaceae Juss. Myristicaceae
Myristicaceae R.Br.

Monocots[edit]

Acorales
Acorales Link

Acoraceae
Acoraceae Martinov

Alismatales
Alismatales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

§ Alismataceae
Alismataceae Vent. (including Limnocharitaceae Takht. ex Cronquist) Aponogetonaceae
Aponogetonaceae Planch. Araceae
Araceae Juss. Butomaceae
Butomaceae Mirb. Cymodoceaceae
Cymodoceaceae Vines Hydrocharitaceae
Hydrocharitaceae Juss. Juncaginaceae
Juncaginaceae Rich. Posidoniaceae
Posidoniaceae Vines Potamogetonaceae
Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J.Presl Ruppiaceae
Ruppiaceae Horan. Scheuchzeriaceae
Scheuchzeriaceae F.Rudolphi Tofieldiaceae
Tofieldiaceae Takht. Zosteraceae
Zosteraceae Dumort.

† Petrosaviales
Petrosaviales Takht.

Petrosaviaceae
Petrosaviaceae Hutch.

Dioscoreales
Dioscoreales R.Br.

Burmanniaceae
Burmanniaceae Blume Dioscoreaceae
Dioscoreaceae R.Br. Nartheciaceae
Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon

Pandanales
Pandanales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

Cyclanthaceae
Cyclanthaceae Poit. ex A.Rich. Pandanaceae
Pandanaceae R.Br. Stemonaceae
Stemonaceae Caruel Triuridaceae
Triuridaceae Gardner Velloziaceae
Velloziaceae J.Agardh

Liliales
Liliales Perleb

§ Alstroemeriaceae
Alstroemeriaceae Dumort. (including Luzuriagaceae
Luzuriagaceae Lotsy) Campynemataceae
Campynemataceae Dumort. Colchicaceae
Colchicaceae DC. Corsiaceae
Corsiaceae Becc. Liliaceae
Liliaceae Juss. Melanthiaceae
Melanthiaceae Batsch
Batsch ex Borkh. * Petermanniaceae Hutch. Philesiaceae
Philesiaceae Dumort. Ripogonaceae
Ripogonaceae Conran & Clifford Smilacaceae
Smilacaceae Vent.

Asparagales
Asparagales Link

$ Amaryllidaceae
Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil. (including Agapanthaceae
Agapanthaceae F.Voigt, Alliaceae Borkh.) $ Asparagaceae
Asparagaceae Juss. (including Agavaceae
Agavaceae Dumort., Aphyllanthaceae Burnett, Hesperocallidaceae
Hesperocallidaceae Traub, Hyacinthaceae
Hyacinthaceae Batsch
Batsch ex Borkh., Laxmanniaceae
Laxmanniaceae Bubani, Ruscaceae
Ruscaceae M.Roem., Themidaceae
Themidaceae Salisb.) Asteliaceae
Asteliaceae Dumort. Blandfordiaceae
Blandfordiaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford Boryaceae
Boryaceae M.W.Chase, Rudall & Conran Doryanthaceae
Doryanthaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford Hypoxidaceae
Hypoxidaceae R.Br. Iridaceae
Iridaceae Juss. Ixioliriaceae
Ixioliriaceae Nakai Lanariaceae
Lanariaceae R.Dahlgren & A.E.van Wyk Orchidaceae
Orchidaceae Juss. Tecophilaeaceae
Tecophilaeaceae Leyb. $ Xanthorrhoeaceae
Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort. (including Asphodelaceae
Asphodelaceae Juss. and Hemerocallidaceae
Hemerocallidaceae R.Br.) Xeronemataceae
Xeronemataceae M.W.Chase, Rudall & M.F.Fay

Commelinids[edit]

Dasypogonaceae
Dasypogonaceae Dumort. Arecales
Arecales Bromhead

Arecaceae
Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl

Commelinales
Commelinales Mirb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

Commelinaceae
Commelinaceae Mirb. Haemodoraceae
Haemodoraceae R.Br. Hanguanaceae
Hanguanaceae Airy Shaw Philydraceae
Philydraceae Link Pontederiaceae
Pontederiaceae Kunth

Poales
Poales Small

Anarthriaceae D.F.Cutler & Airy Shaw Bromeliaceae
Bromeliaceae Juss. Centrolepidaceae
Centrolepidaceae Endl. Cyperaceae
Cyperaceae Juss. Ecdeiocoleaceae D.F.Cutler & Airy Shaw Eriocaulaceae
Eriocaulaceae Martinov Flagellariaceae
Flagellariaceae Dumort. Joinvilleaceae
Joinvilleaceae Toml. & A.C.Sm. Juncaceae
Juncaceae Juss. Mayacaceae
Mayacaceae Kunth Poaceae
Poaceae Barnhart Rapateaceae
Rapateaceae Dumort. Restionaceae
Restionaceae R.Br. Thurniaceae
Thurniaceae Engl. § Typhaceae
Typhaceae Juss. (including Sparganiaceae
Sparganiaceae Hanin) Xyridaceae
Xyridaceae C.Agardh

Zingiberales
Zingiberales Griseb.

Cannaceae
Cannaceae Juss. Costaceae
Costaceae Nakai Heliconiaceae
Heliconiaceae Vines Lowiaceae
Lowiaceae Ridl. Marantaceae
Marantaceae R.Br. Musaceae
Musaceae Juss. Strelitziaceae
Strelitziaceae Hutch. Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae Martinov

Probable sister of eudicots[edit]

Ceratophyllales
Ceratophyllales Link

Ceratophyllaceae
Ceratophyllaceae Gray

Eudicots[edit]

Ranunculales
Ranunculales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

Berberidaceae
Berberidaceae Juss. $ Circaeasteraceae Hutch. (including Kingdoniaceae Airy Shaw) Eupteleaceae
Eupteleaceae K.Wilh. Lardizabalaceae
Lardizabalaceae R.Br. Menispermaceae
Menispermaceae Juss. $ Papaveraceae
Papaveraceae Juss. (including Fumariaceae
Fumariaceae Marquis, Pteridophyllaceae Nakai ex Reveal & Hoogland) Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae Juss.

Sabiaceae
Sabiaceae Blume Proteales
Proteales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

Nelumbonaceae
Nelumbonaceae A.Rich. $$ Platanaceae
Platanaceae T.Lestib. $$ Proteaceae
Proteaceae Juss.

† Trochodendrales
Trochodendrales Takht. ex Cronquist

$ Trochodendraceae
Trochodendraceae Eichler (including Tetracentraceae
Tetracentraceae A.C.Sm.)

† Buxales
Buxales Takht. ex Reveal

$ Buxaceae
Buxaceae Dumort. (including Didymelaceae
Didymelaceae Leandri) * Haptanthaceae
Haptanthaceae C.Nelson

Core eudicots[edit]

Gunnerales
Gunnerales Takht. ex Reveal

$$ Gunneraceae
Gunneraceae Meisn. $$ Myrothamnaceae
Myrothamnaceae Nied.

Dilleniaceae
Dilleniaceae Salisb. Saxifragales
Saxifragales Bercht. & J.Presl

Altingiaceae
Altingiaceae Horan. Aphanopetalaceae
Aphanopetalaceae Doweld Cercidiphyllaceae
Cercidiphyllaceae Engl. Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae J.St.-Hil. Daphniphyllaceae
Daphniphyllaceae Müll.-Arg. Grossulariaceae
Grossulariaceae DC. $$ Haloragaceae
Haloragaceae R.Br. Hamamelidaceae
Hamamelidaceae R.Br. $ Iteaceae
Iteaceae J.Agardh (including Pterostemonaceae Small) Paeoniaceae
Paeoniaceae Raf. $$ Penthoraceae
Penthoraceae Rydb. ex Britt. *§ Peridiscaceae Kuhlm. (including Medusandraceae Brenan, Soyauxia Oliver) Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae Juss. $$ Tetracarpaeaceae Nakai

† Berberidopsidales
Berberidopsidales Doweld

Aextoxicaceae
Aextoxicaceae Engl. & Gilg Berberidopsidaceae
Berberidopsidaceae Takht.

Santalales
Santalales R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

* Balanophoraceae
Balanophoraceae Rich. Loranthaceae
Loranthaceae Juss. Misodendraceae
Misodendraceae J.Agardh Santalaceae
Santalaceae R.Br. Olacaceae
Olacaceae R.Br. Opiliaceae
Opiliaceae Valeton * Schoepfiaceae
Schoepfiaceae Blume

Caryophyllales
Caryophyllales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

Achatocarpaceae
Achatocarpaceae Heimerl Aizoaceae
Aizoaceae Martinov Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae Juss. * Anacampserotaceae
Anacampserotaceae Eggli & Nyffeler Ancistrocladaceae
Ancistrocladaceae Planch. ex Walp. Asteropeiaceae Takht. ex Reveal & Hoogland Barbeuiaceae
Barbeuiaceae Nakai Basellaceae
Basellaceae Raf. Cactaceae
Cactaceae Juss. Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae Juss. § Didiereaceae
Didiereaceae Radlk. Dioncophyllaceae
Dioncophyllaceae Airy Shaw Droseraceae
Droseraceae Salisb. Drosophyllaceae
Drosophyllaceae Chrtek, Slavíková & Studnicka Frankeniaceae
Frankeniaceae Desv. Gisekiaceae
Gisekiaceae Nakai Halophytaceae
Halophytaceae A.Soriano * Limeaceae
Limeaceae Shipunov ex Reveal * Lophiocarpaceae Doweld & Reveal § Molluginaceae
Molluginaceae Bartl. * Montiaceae
Montiaceae Raf. Nepenthaceae
Nepenthaceae Dumort. Nyctaginaceae
Nyctaginaceae Juss. Physenaceae Takht. Phytolaccaceae
Phytolaccaceae R.Br. Plumbaginaceae
Plumbaginaceae Juss. Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae Juss. § Portulacaceae
Portulacaceae Juss. Rhabdodendraceae Prance Sarcobataceae
Sarcobataceae Behnke Simmondsiaceae
Simmondsiaceae Tiegh. Stegnospermataceae
Stegnospermataceae Nakai * Talinaceae
Talinaceae Doweld Tamaricaceae
Tamaricaceae Link

Rosids[edit]

† Vitales
Vitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

Vitaceae
Vitaceae Juss.

fabids (eurosids I)[edit]

† Zygophyllales
Zygophyllales Link

$$ Krameriaceae
Krameriaceae Dumort. $$ Zygophyllaceae
Zygophyllaceae R.Br.

Celastrales
Celastrales Link

$ Celastraceae
Celastraceae R.Br. (including Lepuropetalaceae Nakai, Parnassiaceae Martinov, Pottingeriaceae Takht.) Lepidobotryaceae
Lepidobotryaceae J.Léonard

Oxalidales
Oxalidales Bercht. & J.Presl

Brunelliaceae
Brunelliaceae Engl. Cephalotaceae
Cephalotaceae Dumort. Connaraceae
Connaraceae R.Br. Cunoniaceae
Cunoniaceae R.Br. Elaeocarpaceae
Elaeocarpaceae Juss. ex DC. * Huaceae
Huaceae A.Chev. Oxalidaceae
Oxalidaceae R.Br.

Malpighiales
Malpighiales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

Achariaceae
Achariaceae Harms Balanopaceae
Balanopaceae Benth. & Hook.f. Bonnetiaceae
Bonnetiaceae L.Beauvis. ex Nakai * Calophyllaceae
Calophyllaceae J.Agardh Caryocaraceae
Caryocaraceae Voigt * Centroplacaceae Doweld & Reveal $$ Chrysobalanaceae
Chrysobalanaceae R.Br. § Clusiaceae
Clusiaceae Lindl. Ctenolophonaceae Exell & Mendonça $$ Dichapetalaceae
Dichapetalaceae Baill. Elatinaceae
Elatinaceae Dumort. $$§ Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylaceae Kunth (including Aneulophus Benth.) Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae Juss. $$ Euphroniaceae Marc.-Berti Goupiaceae
Goupiaceae Miers Humiriaceae
Humiriaceae A.Juss. Hypericaceae
Hypericaceae Juss. Irvingiaceae
Irvingiaceae Exell & Mendonça Ixonanthaceae
Ixonanthaceae Planch. ex Miq. Lacistemataceae
Lacistemataceae Mart. Linaceae
Linaceae DC. ex Perleb Lophopyxidaceae H.Pfeiff. Malpighiaceae
Malpighiaceae Juss. $ Ochnaceae
Ochnaceae DC. (including Medusagynaceae
Medusagynaceae Engl. & Gilg, Quiinaceae Choisy) Pandaceae
Pandaceae Engl. & Gilg $ Passifloraceae
Passifloraceae Juss. ex Roussel (including Malesherbiaceae
Malesherbiaceae D.Don, Turneraceae
Turneraceae Kunth ex DC.) Phyllanthaceae
Phyllanthaceae Martinov Picrodendraceae
Picrodendraceae Small Podostemaceae
Podostemaceae Rich. ex Kunth Putranjivaceae
Putranjivaceae Meisn. * Rafflesiaceae
Rafflesiaceae Dumort. $$ Rhizophoraceae
Rhizophoraceae Pers. Salicaceae
Salicaceae Mirb. $$ Trigoniaceae A.Juss. Violaceae
Violaceae Batsch

Cucurbitales
Cucurbitales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

Anisophylleaceae Ridl. Begoniaceae
Begoniaceae C.Agardh Coriariaceae
Coriariaceae DC. Corynocarpaceae
Corynocarpaceae Engl. Cucurbitaceae
Cucurbitaceae Juss. Datiscaceae
Datiscaceae Dumort. Tetramelaceae
Tetramelaceae Airy Shaw

Fabales
Fabales Bromhead

Fabaceae
Fabaceae Lindl. Polygalaceae
Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Quillajaceae
Quillajaceae D.Don Surianaceae
Surianaceae Arn.

Fagales
Fagales Engl.

Betulaceae
Betulaceae Gray Casuarinaceae
Casuarinaceae R.Br. Fagaceae
Fagaceae Dumort. § Juglandaceae
Juglandaceae DC. ex Perleb (including Rhoipteleaceae
Rhoipteleaceae Hand.-Mazz.) Myricaceae
Myricaceae A.Rich. ex Kunth Nothofagaceae
Nothofagaceae Kuprian Ticodendraceae
Ticodendraceae Gómez-Laur. & L.D.Gómez

Rosales
Rosales Bercht. & J.Presl

Barbeyaceae Rendle Cannabaceae
Cannabaceae Martinov Dirachmaceae Hutch. Elaeagnaceae
Elaeagnaceae Juss. Moraceae
Moraceae Gaudich. Rhamnaceae
Rhamnaceae Juss. Rosaceae
Rosaceae Juss. Ulmaceae
Ulmaceae Mirb. Urticaceae
Urticaceae Juss.

malvids (eurosids II)[edit]

Geraniales
Geraniales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

$ Geraniaceae
Geraniaceae Juss. (including Hypseocharitaceae Wedd.) $ Melianthaceae
Melianthaceae Horan. (including Francoaceae
Francoaceae A.Juss.) § Vivianiaceae
Vivianiaceae Klotzsch (including Ledocarpaceae
Ledocarpaceae Meyen)

Myrtales
Myrtales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

Alzateaceae S.A.Graham Combretaceae
Combretaceae R.Br. Crypteroniaceae A.DC. Lythraceae
Lythraceae J.St.-Hil. $ Melastomataceae
Melastomataceae Juss. (including Memecylaceae
Memecylaceae DC.) § Myrtaceae
Myrtaceae Juss. (including Heteropyxidaceae
Heteropyxidaceae Engl. & Gilg, Psiloxylaceae
Psiloxylaceae Croizat) Onagraceae
Onagraceae Juss. § Penaeaceae
Penaeaceae Sweet ex Guill. (including Oliniaceae
Oliniaceae Arn., Rhynchocalycaceae
Rhynchocalycaceae L.A.S.Johnson & B.G.Briggs) Vochysiaceae
Vochysiaceae A.St.-Hil.

Crossosomatales
Crossosomatales Takht. ex Reveal

* Aphloiaceae
Aphloiaceae Takht. Crossosomataceae
Crossosomataceae Engl. * Geissolomataceae A.DC. * Guamatelaceae S.Oh & D.Potter Stachyuraceae
Stachyuraceae J.Agardh Staphyleaceae
Staphyleaceae Martinov *§ Strasburgeriaceae
Strasburgeriaceae Soler. (including Ixerbaceae
Ixerbaceae Griseb. ex Doweld & Reveal)

† Picramniales
Picramniales Doweld

* Picramniaceae
Picramniaceae Fernando & Quinn

† Huerteales
Huerteales Doweld

* Dipentodontaceae Merr. * Gerrardinaceae Alford Tapisciaceae Takht.

Brassicales
Brassicales Bromhead

$ Akaniaceae
Akaniaceae Stapf (including Bretschneideraceae
Bretschneideraceae Engl. & Gilg) Bataceae
Bataceae Mart. ex Perleb § Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae Burnett * Capparaceae
Capparaceae Juss. Caricaceae
Caricaceae Dumort. * Cleomaceae
Cleomaceae Bercht. & J.Presl Emblingiaceae
Emblingiaceae J.Agardh Gyrostemonaceae
Gyrostemonaceae A.Juss. Koeberliniaceae
Koeberliniaceae Engl. Limnanthaceae
Limnanthaceae R.Br. Moringaceae
Moringaceae Martinov Pentadiplandraceae
Pentadiplandraceae Hutch. & Dalziel Resedaceae
Resedaceae Martinov Salvadoraceae
Salvadoraceae Lindl. Setchellanthaceae Iltis Tovariaceae
Tovariaceae Pax Tropaeolaceae
Tropaeolaceae Juss. ex DC.

Malvales
Malvales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

$ Bixaceae
Bixaceae Kunth (including Cochlospermaceae
Cochlospermaceae Planch., Diegodendraceae Capuron) Cistaceae
Cistaceae Juss. * Cytinaceae
Cytinaceae A.Rich. Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpaceae Blume Malvaceae
Malvaceae Juss. Muntingiaceae
Muntingiaceae C.Bayer, M.W.Chase & M.F.Fay Neuradaceae
Neuradaceae Kostel. Sarcolaenaceae
Sarcolaenaceae Caruel Sphaerosepalaceae Tiegh. ex Bullock Thymelaeaceae
Thymelaeaceae Juss.

Sapindales
Sapindales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae R.Br. Biebersteiniaceae
Biebersteiniaceae Schnizl. Burseraceae
Burseraceae Kunth Kirkiaceae Takht. Meliaceae
Meliaceae Juss. $ Nitrariaceae
Nitrariaceae Lindl. (including Peganaceae Tiegh. ex Takht., Tetradiclidaceae Takht.) Rutaceae
Rutaceae Juss. Sapindaceae
Sapindaceae Juss. Simaroubaceae
Simaroubaceae DC.

Asterids[edit]

Cornales
Cornales Link.

Cornaceae
Cornaceae Bercht. & J.Presl (including Nyssaceae
Nyssaceae Juss. ex Dumort.) Curtisiaceae
Curtisiaceae Takht. Grubbiaceae Endl. ex Meisn. Hydrangeaceae
Hydrangeaceae Dumort. Hydrostachyaceae
Hydrostachyaceae Engl. Loasaceae
Loasaceae Juss.

Ericales
Ericales Bercht. & J.Presl

Actinidiaceae
Actinidiaceae Engl. & Gilg. Balsaminaceae
Balsaminaceae A.Rich. Clethraceae
Clethraceae Klotzsch Cyrillaceae
Cyrillaceae Lindl. Diapensiaceae
Diapensiaceae Lindl. Ebenaceae
Ebenaceae Gürke Ericaceae
Ericaceae Juss. Fouquieriaceae
Fouquieriaceae DC. Lecythidaceae
Lecythidaceae A.Rich. Marcgraviaceae
Marcgraviaceae Bercht. & J.Presl * Mitrastemonaceae Makino $ Pentaphylacaceae
Pentaphylacaceae Engl. (including Ternstroemiaceae
Ternstroemiaceae Mirb. ex DC.) Polemoniaceae
Polemoniaceae Juss. § Primulaceae
Primulaceae Batsch
Batsch ex Borkh. (including Maesaceae Anderb., B.Ståhl & Källersjö, Myrsinaceae
Myrsinaceae R.Br., Theophrastaceae
Theophrastaceae G.Don) Roridulaceae
Roridulaceae Martinov Sapotaceae
Sapotaceae Juss. Sarraceniaceae
Sarraceniaceae Dumort. $$ Sladeniaceae Airy Shaw Styracaceae
Styracaceae DC. & Spreng. Symplocaceae
Symplocaceae Desf. $ Tetrameristaceae Hutch. (including Pellicieraceae L.Beauvis.) Theaceae
Theaceae Mirb. ex Ker Gawl.

lamiids (euasterids I)[edit]

§* Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae Juss. (including Hoplestigmataceae Gilg) Vahliaceae Dandy Icacinaceae
Icacinaceae Miers Metteniusaceae
Metteniusaceae H.Karst. ex Schnizl. Oncothecaceae Kobuski ex Airy Shaw Garryales
Garryales Lindl.

Eucommiaceae
Eucommiaceae Engl. $ Garryaceae
Garryaceae Lindl. (including Aucubaceae Bercht. & J.Presl)

Gentianales
Gentianales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae Juss. Gelsemiaceae
Gelsemiaceae Struwe & V.A.Albert Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae Juss. Loganiaceae
Loganiaceae R.Br. ex Mart. Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae Juss.

Lamiales
Lamiales Bromhead

§ Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae Juss. Bignoniaceae
Bignoniaceae Juss. Byblidaceae
Byblidaceae Domin Calceolariaceae
Calceolariaceae Olmstead Carlemanniaceae
Carlemanniaceae Airy Shaw Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae Rich. & Juss. Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae Martinov * Linderniaceae
Linderniaceae Borsch, K.Müll., & Eb.Fisch. Lentibulariaceae
Lentibulariaceae Rich. Martyniaceae
Martyniaceae Horan. Oleaceae
Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae Vent. Paulowniaceae
Paulowniaceae Nakai Pedaliaceae
Pedaliaceae R.Br. Phrymaceae
Phrymaceae Schauer § Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae Juss. Plocospermataceae Hutch. Schlegeliaceae Reveal Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae Juss. Stilbaceae
Stilbaceae Kunth Tetrachondraceae
Tetrachondraceae Wettst. * Thomandersiaceae Sreem. Verbenaceae
Verbenaceae J.St.-Hil.

Solanales
Solanales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae Juss. Hydroleaceae R.Br. ex Edwards Montiniaceae
Montiniaceae Nakai Solanaceae
Solanaceae Juss. Sphenocleaceae
Sphenocleaceae T.Baskerv.

campanulids (euasterids II)[edit]

Aquifoliales
Aquifoliales Senft

Aquifoliaceae
Aquifoliaceae Bercht. & J.Presl § Cardiopteridaceae
Cardiopteridaceae Blume (including Leptaulaceae Tiegh.) Helwingiaceae
Helwingiaceae Decne. Phyllonomaceae
Phyllonomaceae Small Stemonuraceae
Stemonuraceae Kårehed

Asterales
Asterales Link

Alseuosmiaceae
Alseuosmiaceae Airy Shaw Argophyllaceae
Argophyllaceae Takht. Asteraceae
Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl Calyceraceae
Calyceraceae R.Br. ex Rich. $ Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae Juss. (including Lobeliaceae
Lobeliaceae Juss.) Goodeniaceae
Goodeniaceae R.Br. Menyanthaceae
Menyanthaceae Dumort. Pentaphragmataceae
Pentaphragmataceae J.Agardh Phellinaceae Takht. Rousseaceae
Rousseaceae DC. $ Stylidiaceae
Stylidiaceae R.Br. (including Donatiaceae
Donatiaceae B.Chandler)

† Escalloniales
Escalloniales R.Br.

§ Escalloniaceae
Escalloniaceae R.Br. ex Dumort. (including Eremosynaceae Dandy, Polyosmaceae
Polyosmaceae Blume, Tribelaceae Airy Shaw)

† Bruniales
Bruniales Dumort.

Bruniaceae
Bruniaceae R.Br. ex DC. § Columelliaceae
Columelliaceae D.Don (including Desfontainiaceae
Desfontainiaceae Endl.)

† Paracryphiales
Paracryphiales Takht. ex Reveal

§ Paracryphiaceae
Paracryphiaceae Airy Shaw (including *Quintiniaceae Doweld, Sphenostemonaceae
Sphenostemonaceae P.Royen & Airy Shaw)

Dipsacales
Dipsacales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl

Adoxaceae
Adoxaceae E.Mey. § Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae Juss. (including Diervillaceae
Diervillaceae Pyck, Dipsacaceae Juss., Linnaeaceae
Linnaeaceae Backlund, Morinaceae
Morinaceae Raf., Valerianaceae Batsch)

Apiales
Apiales Nakai

Apiaceae
Apiaceae Lindl. (including Mackinlayaceae) Araliaceae
Araliaceae Juss. Griseliniaceae
Griseliniaceae J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. ex A.Cunn. Myodocarpaceae
Myodocarpaceae Doweld Pennantiaceae
Pennantiaceae J.Agardh Pittosporaceae
Pittosporaceae R.Br. § Torricelliaceae
Torricelliaceae Hu (including Aralidiaceae Philipson & B.C.Stone, Melanophyllaceae Takht. ex Airy Shaw)

Taxa of uncertain position[edit]

Apodanthaceae
Apodanthaceae Takht. (three genera, now in Cucurbitales) Cynomoriaceae
Cynomoriaceae Endl. ex Lindl. Gumillea Ruiz & Pav. Petenaea Lundell (now in Huerteales) Nicobariodendron (see Simmons, 2004; probably in Celastraceae).

Phylogeny[edit] The APG III system was based on a phylogenetic tree for the angiosperms which included all of the 59 orders and 4 of the unplaced families. The systematic positions of the other 6 unplaced families was so uncertain that they could not be placed in any of the polytomies in the tree. They are shown in the classification table entitled "Detailed version" above, 4 in Euasterids I
Euasterids I and 2 in Taxa of uncertain position. The phylogenetic tree shown below was published with the APG III system,[1] but without some of the labels that are added here.

angiosperms

Amborellales

Nymphaeales

Austrobaileyales

Chloranthales

magnoliids

Canellales

Piperales

Magnoliales

Laurales

monocots

Acorales

Alismatales

Petrosaviales

Dioscoreales

Pandanales

Liliales

Asparagales

commelinids

Dasypogonaceae

Arecales

Poales

Commelinales

Zingiberales

Ceratophyllales

eudicots

Ranunculales

Sabiaceae

Proteales

Trochodendrales

Buxales

core eudicots

Gunnerales

Dilleniaceae

Saxifragales

rosids

Vitales

eurosids

fabids

Zygophyllales

Celastrales

Oxalidales

Malpighiales

Fabales

Rosales

Fagales

Cucurbitales

malvids

Geraniales

Myrtales

Crossosomatales

Picramniales

Sapindales

Huerteales

Brassicales

Malvales

Berberidopsidales

Santalales

Caryophyllales

asterids

Cornales

Ericales

euasterids

lamiids

Garryales

Boraginaceae

Gentianales

Solanales

Lamiales

campanulids

Aquifoliales

Asterales

Escalloniales

Bruniales

Apiales

Paracryphiales

Dipsacales

Subfamilies replacing discontinued families[edit] A number of subfamilies have been proposed to replace some of the families which were optional (i.e. bracketed) in APG II, but have been discontinued in APG III.[8] These are shown in the table below.

Subfamilies replacing APG II bracketed families

APG II bracketed family APG III family: subfamily

Agapanthaceae Amaryllidaceae: Agapanthoideae

Agavaceae Asparagaceae: Agavoideae

Alliaceae Amaryllidaceae: Allioideae

Amaryllidaceae Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllidoideae

Aphyllanthaceae Asparagaceae: Aphyllanthoideae

Asparagaceae Asparagaceae: Asparagoideae

Asphodelaceae Xanthorrhoeaceae: Asphodeloideae

Hemerocallidaceae Xanthorrhoeaceae: Hemerocallidoideae

Hesperocallidaceae Asparagaceae: Agavoideae

Hyacinthaceae Asparagaceae: Scilloideae

Laxmanniaceae Asparagaceae: Lomandroideae

Ruscaceae Asparagaceae: Nolinoideae

Themidaceae Asparagaceae: Brodiaeoideae

Xanthorrhoeaceae Xanthorrhoeaceae: Xanthorrhoeoideae

References[edit]

^ a b c Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105–121, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x, retrieved 2010-12-10 ^ As easy as APG III - Scientists revise the system of classifying flowering plants, The Linnean Society of London, 2009-10-08, retrieved 2009-10-29 ^ APG III tidies up plant family tree, Horticulture Week, 2009-10-08, retrieved 2009-10-29 ^ Chase, Mark W. & Reveal, James L. (2009), "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 122–127, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x ^ Haston, E., Richardson, J.E., Stevens, P.F., Chase, M.W., Harris, D.J. (2009) The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161, 128–131. ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M., M. F. Fay, J. J. Clarkson, P. Gasson, J. Morales Can, J. B. Jimenez Barrios & M. W. Chase (2010). Petenaeaceae, a new angiosperm family in Huerteales
Huerteales with a distant relationship to Gerrardina (Gerrardinaceae), Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 164: 16-25. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01074.x/abstract ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M., M. W. Chase, & M.F.Fay (2011). Preface to "Linear sequence, classification, synonymy, and bibliography of vascular plants: Lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms", Phytotaxa 19: 4–6. http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p006.pdf ^ Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae
Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 132–136, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x

External links[edit]

The APG III paper: An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III The LAPG III paper: The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III The phylogenetic classification of land plants paper: A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III Angiosperm Phylogeny Website at the Missouri Botanical Garden website

v t e

List of systems of plant taxonomy

Pre-Linnaean

John Ray
John Ray system (1686–1704)

A discourse on the seeds of plants Methodus plantarum nova De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta

Pre-Darwinian

Linnaean system (1735–51)

Systema Naturae Species Plantarum Genera
Genera Plantarum Philosophia Botanica

Adanson system (1763)

Familles naturelles des plantes

De Jussieu system (1789)

Genera
Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam

De Candolle system (1819–24)

Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta

Berchtold and Presl system (1820–1823)

O Prirozenosti Rostlin

Agardh system (1825)

Classes Plantarum

Gray system (1821)

The Natural Arrangement of British Plants

Dumortier
Dumortier system (1829)

Analyse des familles des plantes

Lindley system (1830–45)

An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany The Vegetable Kingdom

Don system (1834)

General History of Dichlamydious Plants.

Bentham & Hooker system (1862–83)

Genera
Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita.

Baillon system (1867–94)

Histoire des plantes

Post- Darwinian
Darwinian (Phyletic)

Nineteenth century

Eichler system (1875–1886)

Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde

Engler system
Engler system (1886–1924)

Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien Das Pflanzenreich

van Tieghem system (1891)

Traité de botanique

Twentieth century

Dalla Torre & Harms system (1900–07)

Genera
Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta

Warming system (1912)

Haandbog i den systematiske botanik

Hallier system (1912)

L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes

Bessey system (1915)

The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants

Wettstein system (1901–35)

Handbuch der systematischen Botanik

Lotsy system (1907–11)

Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik.

Hutchinson system (1926–73)

The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny

Calestani system (1933)

Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme

Kimura system (1956)

Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones

Emberger system (1960)

Traité de Botanique systématique

Melchior system (1964)

Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien

Takhtajan system (1966–97)

A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants Flowering plants: origin and dispersal Diversity and classification of flowering plants

Cronquist system
Cronquist system (1968–81)

The evolution and classification of flowering plants An integrated system of classification of flowering plants

Goldberg system (1986–89

Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons

Dahlgren system (1975–85)

The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy

Thorne system (1968–2000)

An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants

Kubitzki system (1990–)

The Families and Genera
Genera of Vascular Plants

Reveal system (1999)

Reveal System of Angiosperm Classification

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group System (1998–2009)

An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants (APG I) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV Angiosperm Phylogeny Website