Turkmenistan Turkmenistan ( or ; tk, Türkmenistan / Түркменистан, ) is a country located in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the s ...

Flag of Turkmenistan The flag of Turkmenistan ( tk, Türkmenistanyň baýdagy) features a white crescent (symbol of Islam) and five stars representing the five regions of the country and the Five Pillars of Islam. Placed upon a green field is a symbolic representatio ...

National symbols of Turkmenistan The national symbols of Turkmenistan are defined in Article 14 of the Constitution of Turkmenistan. They consist of the Flag, the Coat of Arms, and the National Anthem. Online copies of them are available on the website of the Assembly of Turkmen ...

Outline of Turkmenistan The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Turkmenistan: Turkmenistan is a sovereign Turkic country located in Central Asia. The name Turkmenistan is derived from Persian, meaning "land of the Turkmen". ...

Turkmenistan Turkmenistan ( or ; tk, Türkmenistan / Түркменистан, ) is a country located in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the s ...

Akhal-Teke The Akhal-Teke ( or ; from Turkmen ''Ahalteke'', ) is a Turkmen horse breed. They have a reputation for speed and endurance, intelligence, and a distinctive metallic sheen. The shiny coat of the breed led to their nickname, "Golden Horses". ...

Ashgabat cinema The Ashgabat cinema ( tk, Aşgabat kinoteatry) is a movie theater in Ashgabat. The theater is on Magtymguly Avenue near the Kopetdag Stadium. Opened on June 29, 2011, it is the first 3D cinema in Turkmenistan. History The initiator of the f ...

Central Asian Shepherd Dog The Central Asian Shepherd Dog, also known as the Alabay, Alabai ( kz, Төбет , lang-tk, Alabaý ) and Volkodav, is a livestock guardian dog breed. Traditionally, the breed was used for guarding sheep and goat herds, as well as to protect a ...

Jigit ''Jigit'' (also spelled as ''Dzhigit'', ''yigit'', ''zhigit'' or ''igid'') is a word used in the North Caucasus and Central Asia to describe a skillful and brave equestrian, or a brave person in general. The word is of Turkic origin.Great Soviet ...

Public holidays in Turkmenistan Public Holidays in Turkmenistan are laid out in the Constitution of Turkmenistan, It acts as a list of nationally recognized public holidays in the country. Main public holidays * New Year's Day (January 1) * International Women's Day (March 8) ...

Ruhnama The Ruhnama, or Rukhnama, translated in English as Book of the Soul, is a two volume work written by Saparmurat Niyazov, the President of Turkmenistan from 1990 to 2006. It was intended to serve as a tool of state propaganda, emphasizing the bas ...

Turkmen carpet A Turkmen rug ( tk, Türkmen haly; or Turkmen carpet or Turkoman carpet) is a type of handmade floor-covering textile traditionally originating in Central Asia. It is useful to distinguish between the original Turkmen tribal rugs and the rugs p ...

Turkmen Carpet Museum The Turkmen Carpet Museum or the National Carpet Museum is a national museum, situated on 5 Gorogly Street in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. The museum opened on 24 October 1994. It has the largest collection of Turkmen carpets of any museum. It has a ...

Turkmen cuisine Turkmen cuisine, the cuisine of Turkmenistan, is similar to that of the rest of Central Asia. ''Plov'' (pilaf) is the staple, everyday food, which is also served at celebrations. It consists of chunks of mutton, carrots and rice fried in a larg ...

Turkmen language Turkmen (, , , or , , , ), sometimes referred to as "Turkmen Turkic" or "Turkmen Turkish", is a Turkic language spoken by the Turkmens of Central Asia, mainly of Turkmenistan, Iran, and Afghanistan. It has an estimated 5 million native speake ...

Turkmen National Theatre of Youth The Alp Arslan National Drama Theatre of Turkmenistan ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Alp Arslan adyndaky milli drama teatry), known as the Alp Arslan National Youth Theatre of Turkmenistan ( tk, Alp Arslan adyndaky milli Ýaşlar teatry) until 2015, is loc ...

Turkmen Puppet Theatre The Turkmen State Puppet Theatre ( tk, Türkmen Döwlet gurjak teatry) is located on Garashsyzlyk Avenue of Ashgabat. It was built in 2005 by Turkish company Polimeks Polimeks İnşaat ve Sanayi A.Ş. is a Turkish holding company based in Ista ...

Turkmen State Circus The Turkmen State Circus ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Döwlet Sirki/Түркменистаның Дөвлет Сирки) is the main arena circus of Ashgabat, capital of Turkmenistan. It has a seating capacity of 1,700 seats. Is administered by the Mini ...

Turkmenistan Cultural Centre The State Cultural Centre of Turkmenistan () is a multipurpose performance facility in the Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. Located at Archabil avenue, it was founded by the first President of Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov Saparmurat Atayevich Ni ...

Book of Dede Korkut The ''Book of Dede Korkut'' or ''Book of Korkut Ata'' ( az, Kitabi-Dədə Qorqud, ; tk, Kitaby Dädem Gorkut; tr, Dede Korkut Kitabı) is the most famous among the epic stories of the Oghuz Turks. The stories carry morals and values signifi ...

Turkmen alphabet The Turkmen alphabet ( tk, Türkmen elipbiýi / / ) refers to variants of the Latin alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet, or Arabic alphabet used for writing of the Turkmen language. The modified variant of the Latin alphabet currently has an officia ...

Neytralny Turkmenistan ''Neytralny Turkmenistan'' (russian: Нейтральный Туркменистан) is the daily official Russian-language newspaper in Turkmenistan. The daily newspaper serves as the official government gazette of the Cabinet of Ministers of ...

Türkmen Owazy Turkmen, Türkmen, Turkoman, or Turkman may refer to: Peoples Historical ethnonym * Turkoman (ethnonym), ethnonym used for the Oghuz Turks during the Middle Ages Ethnic groups * Turkmen in Anatolia and the Levant (Seljuk and Ottoman-Turkish desc ...

Turkmenistan State News Agency Turkmenistan State News Agency (in tk, Türkmenistanyň Döwlet habarlar agentligi), sometimes shortened to TDH (russian: ТДХ), is the state-owned news agency in Turkmenistan. TDH headquarters are in Bitarap Turkmenistan Avenue, Ashgabat. Th ...

Turkmenistan (TV channel) Turkmenistan ( or ; tk, Türkmenistan / Түркменистан, ) is a country located in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the sout ...

Turkmenportal The mass media in Turkmenistan are among the world's most tightly controlled. The press is controlled by the government, which funds nearly all newspapers. Criticism of the president is absolutely forbidden. State licensing policy effectively elim ...

Nury Halmammedov Nurmammet Halmammedovich Halmammedov ( tk, links=no, Nurmämmet Halmämmedowiç Halmämmedow; rus, links=no, Нурмаммед Халмамметович Халмамметов, Nurmammed Khalmammetovich Khalmammetov; 20 June 1938– 4 August 1 ...

Danatar Ovezov Dangatar Ovezov ( tk, Daňatar Öwezow; rus, links=no, Дангатар Овезов; 1 January 1911 – 5 May 1966), also known as Danatar Ovezov ( tk, Danatar Öwezow; rus, links=no, Данатар Овезов), was a Turkmen composer. Bio ...

Iraida Yusupova Iraida Yusupova (born February 20, 1962) is a Turkmenistani composer of half Russian half Tatar ethnicity who lives in Moscow, Russia. Iraida Yusupova was born in Ashgabat, Turkmen SSR, and graduated from Moscow Conservatory with a degree in comp ...

Karakalpaks The Karakalpaks or Qaraqalpaqs (; kaa, Qaraqalpaqlar, Қарақалпақлар, قاراقلپقلر), are a Turkic ethnic group native to Karakalpakstan in Northwestern Uzbekistan. During the 18th century, they settled in the lower reach ...

Kazakhs The Kazakhs (also spelled Qazaqs; Kazakh: , , , , , ; the English name is transliterated from Russian; russian: казахи) are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group native to northern parts of Central Asia, chiefly Kazakhstan, but also part ...

Koryo-saram Koryo-saram ( ko, 고려사람; russian: Корё сарам; uk, Корьо-сарам) is the name which ethnic Koreans in the post-Soviet states use to refer to themselves. The term is composed of two Korean words: "", a historical name fo ...

Oghuz Turks The Oghuz or Ghuzz Turks (Middle Turkic: ٱغُز, ''Oγuz'', ota, اوغوز, Oġuz) were a western Turkic people that spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family. In the 8th century, they formed a tribal confederation conven ...

Russians in Turkmenistan Russians in Turkmenistan are a minority ethnic group, numbering 297,913 as of 2000 census representing 4% of the population. Most ethnic Russians migrated to Turkmenistan during the 20th century. Many settlements were founded in the north of the c ...

Turkic languages The Turkic languages are a language family of over 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia ( Siberia), and Western Asia. The Turki ...

Turkic peoples The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.. "Turkic peoples, any of various peoples whose members speak languages belonging to ...

Turkmen language Turkmen (, , , or , , , ), sometimes referred to as "Turkmen Turkic" or "Turkmen Turkish", is a Turkic language spoken by the Turkmens of Central Asia, mainly of Turkmenistan, Iran, and Afghanistan. It has an estimated 5 million native speake ...

Turkmens Turkmens ( tk, , , , ; historically "the Turkmen"), sometimes referred to as Turkmen Turks ( tk, , ), are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, living mainly in Turkmenistan, northern and northeastern regions of Iran and north-weste ...

Uzbeks The Uzbeks ( uz, , , , ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to the wider Central Asian region, being among the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, next to Kazakh and Karakalpak mino ...

Agriculture in Turkmenistan Agriculture in Turkmenistan is a significant sector of the economy, in 2019 contributing 11.7% of the GDP and employing 40% of the workforce. However, only 4% of total land area is cultivated. Because of the arid climate, irrigation is necessary fo ...

Altyn Asyr (mobile operator) Altyn Asyr Closed Joint Stock Company ( Turkmen: , means "Golden Age") is the state owned mobile operator in Turkmenistan. The company uses the TM CELL brand. In September 2013, it was the leader in the market with more than 3.5 million subscribe ...

Ashgabat City Telephone Network The Ashgabat City Telephone Network ( tk, Aşgabat şäher telefon ulgamy, AŞTU) is the telecommunications company in Turkmenistan which provides local telephone, CDMA and IPTV service to subscribers in the city of Ashgabat. It provides long-di ...

Awaza Convention Center The Awaza Congress Center ( tk, Kongresler merkezi ) is located in the Awaza Borough of the city of Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan. It is one of the largest conference centres in the world. It is used for conventions, exhibitions and concerts. It op ...

Central Bank of Turkmenistan The Central Bank of Turkmenistan ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Merkezi Banky) is the national bank of Turkmenistan. It is located in the centre of Ashgabat Ashgabat or Asgabat ( tk, Aşgabat, ; fa, عشق‌آباد, translit='Ešqābād, former ...

Communications in Turkmenistan Turkmenistan has a state-controlled press and monitored communication systems. Turkmenistan's telecommunications services are considered to be the least developed of all the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS) countries. Overall, the telecom ...

Gazprom PJSC Gazprom ( rus, Газпром, , ɡɐzˈprom) is a Russian majority state-owned multinational energy corporation headquartered in the Lakhta Center in Saint Petersburg. As of 2019, with sales over $120 billion, it was ranked as the large ...

Polimeks Polimeks İnşaat ve Sanayi A.Ş. is a Turkish holding company based in Istanbul. Polimeks, established in 1995 and grew to become one of the world’s leading construction companies, in recent years transformed into a global investment holding ...

Serdar Hotel Serdar may refer to * Serdar (given name) * Serdar (surname) * SERDAR, a stabilized remote-controlled Ukrainian weapon station * Serdar (city) in Turkmenistan, the capital of Serdar District * Serdar (Ottoman rank), a military and noble rank of th ...

Tourism in Turkmenistan Turkmenistan is a country with large potential for an expanded tourism industry. Many of its Central Asian cities were main points of trade on the Silk Road, linking Eastern and Western civilizations. Many neighboring countries (including Kaza ...

Türkmennebit Türkmennebit (also spelled Turkmennebit, also known by the translation of the name as Turkmenoil (in English) or Turkmenneft (in Russian)) is the national oil company of Turkmenistan. It has its headquarters in Ashgabat. The chairman of the c ...

Turkmentelecom {{Infobox company , name = Turkmentelecom , logo = , caption = , type = Public corporation , traded_as = , fate = , predecessor = , successor = , foundati ...

Tuyamuyun Hydro Complex The Tuyamuyun Hydro Complex (THC) is a system of four interconnected reservoirs and a series of canals on the lower Amu Darya River, bordering Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Its primary purpose is to provide water for irrigation in Xorazm, Karakalpak ...

Yacht Club Yelken Yelken Yacht Club ( tk, Ýelken Ýaht Kluby) is a yacht club in Awaza, Turkmenistan. The first yacht club in Turkmenistan. History Built by Turkish company Polimeks Polimeks İnşaat ve Sanayi A.Ş. is a Turkish holding company based in ...

Dauletabad gas field The Dauletabad Gas Field (also Döwletabat, Dauletabad-Donmez, and until 1991 known as Sovietabad) is a large natural gas field located in Mary, Mary province, Turkmenistan. It is located in the vicinity of the Turkmenistan–Iran border, and is ...

Galkynysh Gas Field The Galkynysh Gas Field, formerly known as Iolotan gas field or South Yolotan – Osman field, is a large natural gas field near Ýolöten in Mary Province of Turkmenistan. It is the world's second-largest Natural gas field, gas field. History ...

Central Asia–China gas pipeline The Central Asia–China gas pipeline (known also as Turkmenistan–China gas pipeline) is a natural gas pipeline system from Central Asia to Xinjiang in the People's Republic of China. By connecting Turkmenistan to China’s domestic grid, this ...

East–West pipeline The East–West pipeline is a natural gas pipeline in Turkmenistan. It was constructed to carry natural gas from gas fields in eastern Turkmenistan to the coast of Caspian Sea across the southern part of the country. History In 2007–2008, Russ ...

Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline The Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline ( az, Transxəzər boru xətti, tk, Transhazar turbaly geçiriji) is a proposed subsea pipeline between Türkmenbaşy in Turkmenistan, and Baku in Azerbaijan. According to some proposals it would also include a c ...

Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline The Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India (TAPI) Pipeline, also known as Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline, is a natural gas pipeline being developed by the Galkynysh – TAPI Pipeline Company Limited with participation of the Asian Development ...

Ashgabat International Airport Ashgabat International Airport ( tk, Aşgabat halkara howa menzili) , formerly known as Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy International Airport, is one of five international airports in Turkmenistan. It is located within the city limits of Ashgabat (Ashk ...

Atamyrat-Kerkichi Bridge The Atamyrat-Kerkichi Bridge is a bridge at Kerki, in Lebap Province of Turkmenistan, built over the river Amu Darya. Railway bridge The cost of the bridge was $123 million. It was developed by the Ukrainian Institute Dneprogiprotrans. The gen ...

Daşoguz Airport Dashoguz International Airport ( tk, Daşoguz halkara howa menzili) (also spelled Daşoguz) is a major airport in Daşoguz Region, Turkmenistan located 15 km southwest of Daşoguz. Airport it mostly serves scheduled domestic destinations. T ...

List of airports in Turkmenistan This is a list of airports in Turkmenistan, sorted by location. Airports There was also previously a Soviet Air Force base at Mary-2.List of railway stations in Turkmenistan * List of Turkmenistan Airlines destinations *

Mary International Airport Mary International Airport is the third largest international airport in Turkmenistan. In March 2009, the airport was expanded with a new terminal and opened a US$5 million, two-story, 3,500-square-meter terminal and upgraded its status from prov ...

*

M37 highway (Turkmenistan) The M37 highway is a highway in Turkmenistan. It is the Turkmenistan section of the European route E60 and Asian Highway AH5, which connects Brest, France to Irkeshtam, Kyrgyzstan on the border with the People's Republic of China. It connects ...

* North-South Transnational Railway Corridor * Ports and harbours in Turkmenistan *

Rail transport in Turkmenistan Turkmenistan has of railways ( 37th largest in the world). The railway operator is the state owned company Türkmendemirýollary (Turkmen Railways). The company belongs to the Ministry of Railways of Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan is currently exp ...

* The State Service of Maritime and River Transportation of Turkmenistan *

Trans-Caspian Railway The Trans-Caspian Railway (also called the Central Asian Railway, russian: Среднеазиатская железная дорога) is a railway that follows the path of the Silk Road through much of western Central Asia. It was built by ...

*

Trans-Karakum Railway The Trans-Karakum Railway is a long railway in the central Asian republic of Turkmenistan. The railway was officially completed on 19 February 2006. The railway took over 1,500 workers more than five years to build, with 800 contractors working i ...

* Trolleybuses in Ashgabat * Turkmenabat International Airport *

Turkmenbashi International Airport Turkmenbashi International Airport ( tk, Türkmenbaşy halkara howa menzili) is an international airport located in the city of Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan. It accepts both passenger and cargo flights. It opened in 1959 and is one of the five m ...

*

Turkmenbashi International Seaport The Türkmenbaşy International Seaport is the main passenger harbour and cargo port in Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan. It is located in the eastern part of the Caspian Sea. Regular lines serve routes to Baku (Azerbaijan), Aktau (Kazakhstan) and A ...

*

Turkmenistan Airlines OJSC Turkmenistan Airlines ( tk, «Türkmenistan» awiakompaniýasy açyk görnüşli paýdarlar jemgyýeti, commonly known as Türkmenhowaýollary) is the flag carrier and only airline of Turkmenistan, headquartered in Ashgabat. It operates d ...

* Türkmendemirýollary * Türkmenderýaýollary

Education and science

* Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan *

TürkmenÄlem 52°E / MonacoSAT TürkmenÄlem 52°E / MonacoSAT is a communications satellite operated by Turkmenistan National Space Agency, built by Thales Alenia Space in the Cannes Mandelieu Space Center in France. Launched from Cape Canaveral on 27 April 2015 aboard a Fal ...

* Turkmenistan Memorial Capsule * Turkmenistan National Space Agency

Archeological sites

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Abiward Abiward or Abi-ward, was an ancient Sassanid city in modern-day Turkmenistan. Archaeological Archaeology or archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological ...

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Altyndepe (, sometimes Altyn Tepe, Turkmen "Golden Hill"), is a Bronze Age ( BMAC) archaeological site in Turkmenistan, near Aşgabat, inhabited first from c. 3200 to 2400 BCE in the Late Regionalization Era, and from c. 2400 to 2000 BCE in the Integrati ...

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Anau culture The Anau culture was an ancient agricultural civilization of Central Asia centred in southern Turkmenistan. It started during the Chalcolithic period around 4000 BC, following the Neolithic Jeitun culture. It is named after its main site of Anau ...

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Anau, Turkmenistan Anau (also spelled Annau, tk, Änew) is a city in Turkmenistan. Until 20 December 2022 it was the capital of Ahal Province. It is situated 8 km southeast of Ashgabat, to which it is connected via the M37 highway. Etymology The name Anau ...

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Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (short BMAC) or Oxus Civilization, recently dated to c. 2250–1700 BC,Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020b)"Questioning the Oxus Civilization or Bactria- Margiana Archaeological Cultu ...

*

Cave of Dzhebel The Cave of Dzhebel is an archeological site near the Krasnovodsk Gulf of the Caspian Sea in Turkmenistan. First explored by Alexey Okladnikov in 1949 and 1950, the site revealed Mesolithic, Neolithic and early Bronze Age artefacts. According ...

* Dayahatyn *

Dehistan/Mishrian The former city of Dehistan/Mashhad-i Misrian, now in the Balkan Region of western Turkmenistan, was a major economic center from the 10th to the 14th centuries CE. The city lay on an important trade route of the states comprising Greater Iran ...

* Dev-Kesken *

Gonur Depe Gonur Depe ( tk, Goňur depe) is an archaeological site, dated from 2400 to 1600 BCE,Frenez, Dennys, (2018)"Manufacturing and trade of Asian elephant ivory in Bronze Age Middle Asia: Evidence from Gonur Depe (Margiana, Turkmenistan)"in Archaeolog ...

* Jeitun *

Konye-Urgench Konye-Urgench ( tk, Köneürgenç / Көнеүргенч; fa, کهنه گرگانج, ''Kuhna Gurgānj'', literally "Old Gurgānj"), also known as Old Urgench or Urganj, is a city of about 30,000 inhabitants in north Turkmenistan, just south fro ...

*

Kutlug Timur Minaret Kutlug Timur minaret is a minaret in Konye-Urgench in north Turkmenistan, Central Asia. It was built in 1011 during the Khwarazmian dynasty. The height of the minaret is 60 meters with a diameter of 12 metres at the base and 2 metres at the top. ...

*

Margiana Margiana ( el, ''Margianḗ'', Old Persian: ''Marguš'', Middle Persian: ''Marv'') is a historical region centred on the oasis of Merv and was a minor satrapy within the Achaemenid satrapy of Bactria, and a province within its successors, the Se ...

*

Merv Merv ( tk, Merw, ', مرو; fa, مرو, ''Marv''), also known as the Merve Oasis, formerly known as Alexandria ( grc-gre, Ἀλεξάνδρεια), Antiochia in Margiana ( grc-gre, Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐν τῇ Μαργιανῇ) and ...

*

Monjukli Depe Monjukli Depe is an ancient settlement in south Turkmenistan, at the northern edge of the Kopet Dag mountains. Excavations reveal occupation from the late Neolithic period, starting about 6200 BC, to the early Chalcolithic period. The earliest lay ...

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Namazga-Tepe Namazga-Tepe or ''Namazga-depe'', is a Bronze Age ( BMAC) archaeological site in Turkmenistan, some 100 km east of Aşgabat, near the border to Iran. Excavated by Vadim Mikhailovich Masson, Viktor Sarianidi, and I. N. Khlopin from the 1950s ...

*

Nisa, Turkmenistan Nisa ( grc, Νῖσος and Νίσα and Νίσαιον; also Parthaunisa, tk, Nusaý) was an ancient settlement of the Parthians, located near thBagyr neighborhoodof Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, 18 km west of the city center. Nisa is describe ...

* Togolok *

Ulug Depe Ulug Depe is an ancient Bronze Age site in the foothills of the Kopet Dag Mountains in the Karakum Desert of Kaka District (Kaahka) in the Ahal Province of south-eastern Turkmenistan. It covers around 13 hectares and lies on a mound at a height o ...

Libraries

Mary Library - State Library of Turkmenistan

Schools

Ashgabat International School -

Berdimuhamed Annayev 1st Specialized Military School The Berdimuhamed Annayev 1st Specialized Military School () is a boarding school of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan. It is part of the Ministry of Defence and is located at the Military Institute, next to the university buildings. It is one of t ...

- Diller Dunyasi language center - Gujurly Nesil

Paleontology

Danata Formation The Danata Formation (or Danatinskaya, Danatinsk, Russian: Danata Svita) is an Upper Paleocene to Middle Eocene sedimentary succession located in Turkmenistan. It is mostly famous for its fish-bearing horizons (Ichthyofauna). The formation for ex ...

- Kugitang Svita - Kurek Formation -

Turkmenidae Turkmenidae is an extinct family of lamprids from the Paleogene of Turkmenistan.
The first foss ...

Universities

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Institute of International Relations (Turkmenistan) The Institute of International Relations (Turkmen: Halkara Gatnaşyklary Instituty; Russian: Институт международных отношений) is the diplomatic academy of Turkmenistan, which is considered the country's "national sch ...

* International Oil and Gas University * International University of Humanities and Development *

List of universities in Turkmenistan This is a list of colleges and universities in Turkmenistan. Major public institutions Unless noted otherwise, institutions in this table are located in the city of Ashgabat. Specialized Institutions These institutions require applicants to h ...

* State Academy of Arts of Turkmenistan * Turkmen Agricultural University Named after S.A. Niyazov *

Turkmen military academies The Armed Forces of Turkmenistan currently funds 2 high ranking educational institutions: The Military Academy of Turkmenistan and the Military Institute of the Ministry of Defense of Turkmenistan. Aside from those two schools, there are several ...

*

Turkmen National Conservatory Turkmen National Conservatory (; russian: Туркменская национальная консерватория имени Маи Кулиевой) is a music conservatory in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. Based on the decree № 1403 of the Presi ...

*

Turkmen State Border Service Institute Turkmen State Border Service Institute () is an educational institution that specializes in the training of personnel of the State Border Service of Turkmenistan and the Turkmen Border Troops. The institute is one of many Turkmen military academie ...

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Turkmen State Institute of Architecture and Construction The Turkmen State Institute of Architecture and Construction (formerly named as Turkmen Polytechnic Institute) is one of the major universities in Turkmenistan. It is generally the leading institute in the country in engineering and energy. A numbe ...

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Turkmen State Institute of Economics and Management The Turkmen State Institute of Economics and Management ( tk, Türkmen döwlet ykdysadyýet we dolandyryş instituty) is one of the major universities of Turkmenistan, located in Ashgabat. Formerly named Turkmen Institute of National Economy (198 ...

*

Turkmen State Medical University Turkmen State Medical University named after Myrat Garryev ( tk, Myrat Garryýew adyndaky Türkmenistanyň Döwlet lukmançylyk uniwersiteti) is a Turkmen medical university. Founded in 1931, it is the only medical university in Turkmenistan with ...

Environment

Ecoregions

* List of ecoregions in Turkmenistan * Alai–Western Tian Shan steppe *

Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert The Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert ecoregion (WWF ID: PA1306) covers the hills north of the central mountain ranges of Afghanistan, southeast Turkmenistan, and portions of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. The landscape has been described as "savannah-l ...

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Caspian lowland desert The Caspian lowland desert ecoregion (WWF ID: PA1308) covers the north and southeast coasts of the Caspian Sea, including the deltas of the Volga River and Ural River in the northern region. While the region gets relatively low amounts of precip ...

*

Central Asian riparian woodlands The Central Asian riparian woodlands ecoregion (WWF ID: PA1311) is spread out across the deserts and plains of central Asia between the Aral Sea and the mountains to the east. The long narrow components of the ecoregion follow the large rivers fed ...

*

Central Asian southern desert The Central Asian southern desert ecoregion (WWF ID: PA1312) is an arid but ecologically active region between the east coast of the Caspian Sea and steppes at the base of the mountains of central Asia. Most of Turkmenistan and eastern Uzbekistan ...

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Kopet Dag semi-desert The Kopet Dag semi-desert ecoregion (WWF ID: PA1319) is a small ecoregion that crosses the border of southwestern Turkmenistan into northeastern Iran. It covers a transition zone between the deserts to the north and west, and the foothill steppes ...

*

Kopet Dag woodlands and forest steppe The Kopet Dag woodlands and forest steppe ecoregion (WWF ID: PA1008) coincides with the Kopet Dag mountains, straddling the southern border of Turkmenistan and the northeastern border of Iran. The region is one of high biodiversity, as it includes ...

Fauna

''Wildlife''

* Acalyptris brevis * Acalyptris egidijui * Acalyptris turcomanicus * Acalyptris vannieukerkeni * Acalyptris vittatus * Alburnoides varentsovi * Bufotes oblongus * Coleophora acompha * Coleophora agasta * Coleophora agathella * Coleophora azyma * Coleophora stylosa * Coleophora sublata * Elachista puplesisi * Micropterix turkmeniella * Ornativalva plutelliformis * Phrynocephalus mystaceus * Plecotus turkmenicus * Scopula kuhitangica * Stigmella ficulnea * Stigmella polymorpha *

Strongylognathus minutus ''Strongylognathus minutus'' is a species of ant in the genus ''Strongylognathus''. It is endemic to Turkmenistan Turkmenistan ( or ; tk, Türkmenistan / Түркменистан, ) is a country located in Central Asia, bordered by Kazak ...

* Temnothorax zabelini *

Turkmenistan eyelid gecko The Turkmenistan eyelid gecko or Turkmenian eyelid gecko (''Eublepharis turcmenicus'') is a ground-dwelling lizard native to Turkmenistan and northern Iran. It inhabits rocky and stony foothills and slopes at elevations up to above sea level. ...

''Canines''

*

Central Asian Shepherd Dog The Central Asian Shepherd Dog, also known as the Alabay, Alabai ( kz, Төбет , lang-tk, Alabaý ) and Volkodav, is a livestock guardian dog breed. Traditionally, the breed was used for guarding sheep and goat herds, as well as to protect a ...

''Equines''

* List of Central Asian horse breeds *

Akhal-Teke The Akhal-Teke ( or ; from Turkmen ''Ahalteke'', ) is a Turkmen horse breed. They have a reputation for speed and endurance, intelligence, and a distinctive metallic sheen. The shiny coat of the breed led to their nickname, "Golden Horses". ...

*

Iomud The Iomud is a breed of light horse from Turkmenistan. Like other breeds of Turkmen horse, it is named for the Turkmen tribe that raised it, the Iomud. Both the name of the horse and the name of the Turkmen clan may be spelt in many ways, inclu ...

- *

Turkmenian kulan The Turkmenian kulan (''Equus hemionus kulan''), also called Transcaspian wild ass, Turkmenistani onager or simply the ', is a subspecies of onager (Asiatic wild ass) native to Central Asia. It was declared Endangered in 2016. The species's p ...

*

Turkoman horse The Turkoman horse, or Turkmene, was an Oriental horse breed from the steppes of Turkoman desert. Its closest modern descendant is thought to be the Akhal-Teke. It influenced many modern horse breeds, including the Thoroughbred horse. Some h ...

Flora

* Aegilops crassa * Allium borszczowii * Anacamptis collina *

Bromus sterilis ''Bromus sterilis'' is an annual or biennial species of bromegrass known as barren brome, poverty brome, and sterile brome. Description This is an annual or biennial grass ranging from about 20 to 90 centimeters in maximum height. Leaf blades ...

* Callipeltis * Convolvulus erinaceus * Erysimum siliculosum * Euphorbia kopetdaghii *

Fritillaria gibbosa ''Fritillaria gibbosa'' is a species of herbaceous perennial plant in the lily family Liliaceae. It is native to Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Transcaucasia The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transca ...

* Galium palustre * Haloxylon persicum *

Iris acutiloba ''Iris acutiloba'' is a species in the genus ''Iris'', it is also in the subgenus of ''Iris'' and section ''Oncocyclus''. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of the Caucasus and found in Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, D ...

* Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata *

Iris fosteriana ''Iris fosteriana'' is a species in the genus ''Iris'', subgenus '' Scorpiris''. It was named after Michael Foster (a known British Iris expert) by Dr Aitchison, and found in Pendjeh, Turkmenistan. First described in transactions of the L ...

* Iris halophila var. sogdiana * Iris longiscapa * Iris songarica * Iris vicaria *

Juniperus polycarpos ''Juniperus polycarpos'', commonly known as Persian juniper, is species of juniper native to western Asia. Some authorities classify it as a subspecies or variety of ''Juniperus excelsa''."''Juniperus polycarpos''". ''The Plant List''. Accessed ...

*

Juniperus seravschanica ''Juniperus seravschanica'' is a species of juniper. Common names include Pashtun juniper ( ps, اوبښته ''ōbəx̌ta'', " specieswhich sucks water"; Pashto: پښتني صنوبر). It ranges from southernmost Kazakhstan through Kyrgyzstan, ...

*

Lagochilus inebrians ''Lagochilus inebrians'', commonly known as inebriating mint, intoxicating mint, or Turkistan mint, is a member of the mint family, Lamiaceae. The name ''Lagochilus inebrians'' is derived from the Greek words ''lagos'' and ''cheilos'', literally ...

*

Ophrys The genus ''Ophrys'' is a large group of orchids from the alliance Orchis in the subtribe Orchidinae. They are widespread across much of Europe, North Africa, Caucasus, the Canary Islands, and the Middle East as far east as Turkmenistan. T ...

* Polygonum heterophyllum * Prunus fenzliana *

Prunus scoparia ''Prunus scoparia'' is a wild almond found in Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. It is a xerophytic shrub and it has been used as a grafting stock for domesticated almonds to provide drought resistance Drought tolerance is the ability t ...

* Prunus turcomanica * Pyrus boissieriana *

Sternbergia lutea ''Sternbergia lutea'', the winter daffodil, autumn daffodil, fall daffodil, lily-of-the-field, or yellow autumn crocus, is a bulbous flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae, in the Narcisseae tribe, which is used ...

*

Sternbergia vernalis ''Sternbergia vernalis'' is a bulbous flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae,Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards"Asparagales: Amaryllidoideae" ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website'', retrieved 2014-12-27 which is sometimes used ...

*

Typha elephantina ''Typha elephantina '' is a plant species widespread across northern Africa and southern Asia. It is considered native in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Senegal, Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, State of Palestin ...

* Typha turcomanica

Geography

* Afghanistan–Turkmenistan border * Alaja * Ashgabat Fountain *

Bitarap Turkmenistan Avenue Bitarap Turkmenistan Avenue ( tk, Bitarap Türkmenistan şaýoly, lit=Neutral Turkmenistan Avenue) is the main avenue and one of the largest roads of Ashgabat. Bitarap Turkmenistan is historically called Podvoiskogo Street. In 2011, it was reconst ...

* Climate of Turkmenistan *

Darvaza gas crater The Darvaza gas crater ( tk, Garagum ýalkymy), also known as the Door to Hell or Gates of Hell, is a burning natural gas field collapsed into a cavern near Darvaza, Turkmenistan. How the crater formed and ignited remains unknown. Geography The ...

*

Districts of Turkmenistan The districts of Turkmenistan ( tk, etraplar, sing. ''etrap'') are territorial entities below the provinces of Turkmenistan ( tk, welaýatlar, sing. '' welaýat''). They may be counties, cities, or boroughs of cities. The heads of the districts ...

*

Galkynysh Square, Ashgabat Galkynysh Square (Square of Revival) is a square in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. It sits at the intersection of Turkmenbashi and Galkynysh Avenues. Landmarks on or near the square include: * Palace of Congresses * Oguzkhan Presidential Palace * Nus ...

*

Iran–Turkmenistan border The Iran–Turkmenistan border is 1,148 km (713 miles) in length and runs from the Caspian Sea to the tripoint with Afghanistan. The Turkmen capital Ashgabat is only 15 miles north of this boundary, and Mashhad (Iran's second largest city) ...

*

Khwarazm Khwarazm (; Old Persian: ''Hwârazmiya''; fa, خوارزم, ''Xwârazm'' or ''Xârazm'') or Chorasmia () is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the ea ...

*

Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan border The Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan border is in length and runs from the Caspian Sea to the tripoint with Uzbekistan. It is the shortest international boundary of both states. Description The land border starts at the eastern shore of the Caspian Se ...

*

Saparmurat Turkmenbashi Avenue Saparmurat Turkmenbashi the Great Avenue ( tk, Beýik Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy şaýoly) is the main avenue and one of the largest arteries of Ashgabat. Characteristics Saparmurat Turkmenbashi the Great Avenue starts from the Ashgabat railwa ...

*

Time in Turkmenistan Time in Turkmenistan is given by Turkmenistan Time (TMT) ( UTC+05:00). Turkmenistan does not currently observe daylight saving time. References {{Turkmenistan-stub ...

*

Trans-Caspia {{Unreferenced, date=June 2019, bot=noref (GreenC bot) Trans-Caspia is an old name for the region lying to the east of the Caspian Sea in Central Asia. It can mean either Turkmenistan in particular, or the Central Asia region in general. Hist ...

*

Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan border The Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan border is the border between the countries of the Republic of Turkmenistan and the Republic of Uzbekistan. At 1,793 km (1,114m), it is Turkmenistan's longest border and Uzbekistan's second longest (behind ...

Natural features

*

Cheleken Peninsula The Cheleken Peninsula (russian: Челекен полуостров) is a peninsula located in western Turkmenistan, in the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea. The city of Hazar, former Cheleken, is located in the peninsula, which belongs admini ...

*

Karakum Desert The Karakum Desert, also spelled Kara-Kum and Gara-Gum ( tk, Garagum, ; rus, Караку́мы, Karakumy, kərɐˈkumɨ), is a desert in Central Asia. Its name in Turkic languages means "black sand": "" means sand; "" is a contraction of : " ...

*

Kyzylkum Desert The Kyzylkum Desert ( uz, Qizilqum, Қизилқум, قىزىلقۇم; kk, Қызылқұм, Qyzylqūm, قىزىلقۇم) is the 15th largest desert in the world. Its name means ''Red Sand'' in Turkic languages. It is located in Central Asia, i ...

*

Ogurja Ada , image_name = Ogurchinsky_caspian.jpg , image_caption = 19th-century Russian map of Ogurchinskiy Island , image_size = , map_image = Caspian5OGU.png , map_caption = Location of Ogurja Ada in the Caspian Sea , location = Ca ...

*

Turan Depression The Turan Depression, Turan Lowland or Turanian Basin is a low-lying desert basin region stretching from southern Turkmenistan through Uzbekistan to Kazakhstan. Geography The lowland region lies to the east of the Caspian Sea and southeast o ...

''Mountains''

* Aýrybaba *

Balkan Daglary The Uly Balkan, also known as the ''Great Balkan Range'' is a mountain range in Turkmenistan. The highest summit is Mount Arlan Mount Arlan (''Uly Balkan Gerşi'') is an peak in the western plains of Turkmenistan in Balkan Province. Mount A ...

*

Gora Arlan Mount Arlan (''Uly Balkan Gerşi'') is an peak in the western plains of Turkmenistan in Balkan Province. Mount Arlan stands about 2,000 metres above the shore of the below- sea level Caspian Sea. It is the highest point of the Balkan Dagla ...

*

Kopet Dag The Köpet Dag, Kopet Dagh, or Koppeh Dagh ( tk, Köpetdag; fa, کپه‌داغ), also known as the Turkmen-Khorasan Mountain Range, is a mountain range on the border between Turkmenistan and Iran that extends about along the border southeast o ...

*

Köýtendag Range Köýtendag Range (also Koytendag Range or Kugitangtau Range, tk, Köýtendag) is a spur of the Pamir-Alay mountains in the south-east of Turkmenistan, extending along the border with Uzbekistan's Surxondaryo Region Surxondaryo Region ( uz, Su ...

*

Mount Arlan Mount Arlan (''Uly Balkan Gerşi'') is an peak in the western plains of Turkmenistan in Balkan Province. Mount Arlan stands about 2,000 metres above the shore of the below-sea level Caspian Sea. It is the highest point of the Balkan Daglary ...

*

Uly Balkan The Uly Balkan, also known as the ''Great Balkan Range'' is a mountain range in Turkmenistan Turkmenistan ( or ; tk, Türkmenistan / Түркменистан, ) is a country located in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the north ...

''Nature reserves''

* Amudarya State Nature Reserve *

Badhyz State Nature Reserve The Badhyz State Nature Reserve is a protected area (zapovednik) in south-western Turkmenistan that was established in 1941 and extends over in the Mary and Akhal Provinces. It is located south of the Karakum Desert, and the Tejen River forms i ...

* Bereketli Garagum Nature Reserve *

Gaplaňgyr Nature Reserve Gaplaňgyr or Kaplankyr is a mountain plateau and nature reserve (''zapovednik'') of northern Turkmenistan. It was established in 1979. It is a place for the protection and restoration of indigenous flora and fauna, it is located on the Gaplaňgy ...

*

Hazar State Nature Reserve Hazar Nature Reserve is a nature reserve (''zapovednik'') of Turkmenistan. It is located on the south-east coast of the Caspian Sea, in Balkan Province Balkan Region ( tk, Balkan welaýaty, Балкан велаяты) is the westernmost of ...

*

Köpetdag Nature Reserve Köpetdag Nature Reserve is a nature reserve (''zapovednik'') of Turkmenistan. Established in 1976 for the protection of indigenous flora and fauna ( juniper, wild fruit trees, reptiles, birds, and mammals) it is located in the central part of ...

*

Köýtendag Nature Reserve Köýtendag Nature Reserve, formerly Kugitang Nature Reserve, is a nature reserve (''zapovednik'') in the extreme east of Turkmenistan. Geography Established in 1986, it is located in the Köýtendag Range of Lebap Province Lebap Region ( ...

*

Repetek Biosphere State Reserve Repetek Biosphere State Reserve, often referred to as Repetek Nature or Desert Reserve, ( tk, Repetek goraghanasy, ''Репетек горагханасы'') is a desert nature reserve (''zapovednik'') of Turkmenistan, located in Lebap Province, E ...

*

Sünt-Hasardag Nature Reserve Sünt-Hasardag Nature Reserve is a nature reserve (''zapovednik'') of Turkmenistan. Established in 1977 for the protection of indigenous flora and fauna, it is located in south-western part of the Kopetdag Range in Balkan Province Balkan ...

''Sanctuaries''

* Çemenebit Sanctuary * Garlyk Sanctuary * Guryhowdan Sanctuary * Gyzyljar Sanctuary * Hojaburjybelent Sanctuary * Hojagarawul Sanctuary * Hojapil Sanctuary * Kelif Sanctuary * Mäne-Çäçe Sanctuary *

Ogurjaly Sanctuary Ogurjaly Sanctuary is a sanctuary (''zakaznik'') of Turkmenistan. It is located on the Ogurchinskiy Island Ogurja Ada (sometimes also spelt "Ogurga") is the largest island in both Turkmenistan and the Caspian Sea by area. Ogurja Island is also ...

* Pulhatyn Sanctuary * Sarygamyş Sanctuary * Şasenem Sanctuary * Sünt-Hasardag Sanctuary

''Waterways''

*

Amu Darya The Amu Darya, tk, Amyderýa/ uz, Amudaryo// tg, Амударё, Amudaryo ps, , tr, Ceyhun / Amu Derya grc, Ὦξος, Ôxos (also called the Amu, Amo River and historically known by its Latin name or Greek ) is a major river in Central Asi ...

* Atrek (Etrek) River *

Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia; east of the Caucasus, west of the broad steppe of Central A ...

*

Chandyr River The Chandyr River is a tributary of the Atrek River in Turkmenistan. Tokgaev, T. (1994). Fauna, zoogeography, and ecology of Orthoptera in Turkmenistan. In: Biogeography and Ecology of Turkmenistan. Dordrecht: Springer. Pp. 451−466. See also * ...

*

Garabogazköl The Garabogazköl (also spelt Kara-Bogaz-Gol; "Black Strait Lake"), or Garabogazköl Aylagy ("Black Strait Lake Bay"), is a shallow, highly-saline water-filled depression in the northwestern corner of Turkmenistan. It forms a lagoon of the Caspian ...

* Golden Age Lake *

Hanhowuz Reservoir Hanhowuz, also known as Khauz-Khan, is a reservoir in Ahal Province of southeastern Turkmenistan. The M37 highway passes nearby and the village of Hanhowuz stands on the northwestern shore, with the city of Tejen not too far away in that directi ...

*

Karakum Canal The Karakum Canal (Qaraqum Canal, Kara Kum Canal, Garagum Canal; russian: Каракумский канал, ''Karakumskiy Kanal'', tk, Garagum kanaly, , ) in Turkmenistan is one of the largest irrigation and water supply canals in the world. St ...

* Kushk River *

Main Turkmen Canal The Main Turkmen Canal () was a large-scale irrigation project in the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic. The canal was intended to transport water from the Amu Darya river to Krasnovodsk (now Türkmenbaşy), a city in Turkmenistan on the coast of ...

* Murghab River *

Sarygamysh Lake The Sarygamysh Lake, also Sarykamysh or Sary-Kamysh (, , ), is a lake in Central Asia. It is about midway between the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea. It is the largest lake in Turkmenistan, in which three quarters of the entire lake's area is loca ...

* Sumbar River *

Tejen River The Hari River ( or prs, هری رود, translit=Harī Rōd; ps, د هري سیند) or Herat River is a river flowing from the mountains of central Afghanistan to Turkmenistan, where it forms the Tejend oasis and disappears in the Karakum D ...

*

Türkmenbaşy Gulf The Türkmenbaşy Gulf or Türkmenbaşy Aýlagy or Türkmenbaşy Bay ( tk, Türkmenbaşy aýlagy, russian: залив Туркменбашы) is a bay of the Caspian Sea in the coast of Turkmenistan. With the Türkmenbaşy Peninsula to the north ...

*

Uzboy The Uzboy (sometimes rendered Uzboj) was a distributary of the Amu Darya which flowed through the northwestern part of the Karakum Desert of Turkmenistan until the 17th century, when it abruptly dried up, eliminating the agricultural population t ...

River (extinct)

Municipalities

''Cities''

Former names, where names have been changed in recent times, are provided in parentheses. * Altyn Asyr * Änew (Anau) * Andalyp (Gurbansoltan eje adyndaky, Ýylanly) * Akdepe * Arkadag * Aşgabat (Ashkhabad) **

Bagtyýarlyk District Bagtyyarlyk District is a borough of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. As a borough, it is headed by a presidentially appointed mayor ( tk, häkim).

**

Berkararlyk District Berkararlyk District is a borough of Aşgabat in Turkmenistan. As a borough, it is headed by a presidentially appointed mayor ( tk, häkim).Bitarap Turkmenistan Avenue Bitarap Turkmenistan Avenue ( tk, Bitarap Türkmenistan şaýoly, lit=Neutral Turkmenistan Avenue) is the main avenue and one of the largest roads of Ashgabat. Bitarap Turkmenistan is historically called Podvoiskogo Street. In 2011, it was reconst ...

** Büzmeýin (Abadan) ** Büzmeýin District **

Galkynysh Square, Ashgabat Galkynysh Square (Square of Revival) is a square in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. It sits at the intersection of Turkmenbashi and Galkynysh Avenues. Landmarks on or near the square include: * Palace of Congresses * Oguzkhan Presidential Palace * Nus ...

**

Gypjak Gypjak (also known as Kipchak) is a former village that was annexed into the Turkmen capital of Ashgabat in 2013. It is now a neighborhood in Bagtyýarlyk Borough of Ashgabat. Overview The neighborhood is known as having been the home village o ...

** Independence Square, Ashgabat ** Kopetdag District **

Magtymguly Avenue Magtymguly Avenue ( tk, Magtymguly şaýoly, russian: Проспект Махтумкули), transliterated from Russian as Makhtumkuli, is an avenue in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. It is considered to be the longest and most prominent avenue in the c ...

** Saparmurat Turkmenbashy Avenue * Babadaýhan (Kirovsk) * Balkanabat (Nebit-dag) *

Baýramaly Baýramaly (formerly Bayram-Ali, tk, Baýramaly, earlier Bahrām Ali ) is a city in and the seat of Baýramaly District, Mary Province, Turkmenistan. It lies about 27 km east of the provincial capital Mary, along the main railway line from ...

* Bäherden (Baharly) * Bereket (Gazanjyk) * Boldumsaz (Kalinin) * Dänew (Galkynyş) * Darganata (Birata) * Daşoguz (Tashauz, Dashhowuz) * Dostluk (Yuzhnyy) *

Esenguly Esenguly (formerly Hasan-Kuly, Gasan-Kuli) is a city in and administrative center of Esenguly District, Balkan Province, Turkmenistan. In 1989 its population was 5,823. Etymology The name is of obscure origin. A clan of that name, part of the Y ...

* Etrek (Gyzyletrek) *

Farap Farap, also known as Farab, or Firabr, is a city in Çärjew District, Lebap Province, Turkmenistan. Etymology The name is of obscure origin and meaning. Vambery considered it a corruption of a Persian phrase meaning "pure water". Overview ...

*

Garabekewül Garabekewül is a city in Saýat District, Lebap Province, Turkmenistan. Etymology The terms ''Gara'' ("black") and ''Bekewül'' refer to two of the clans that make up the Ersari tribe, and Atanyyazow asserts that this is the origin of the topo ...

* Garabogaz (Bekdaş) * Gazojak *

Gökdepe Gökdepe, also Geok Tepe, is a city in and the administrative center of Gökdepe District, Ahal Region, Turkmenistan, north-west of Ashgabat. The city is built around a former fortress of the Turkmens which bore the same name. The city lies alon ...

* Görogly (Tagta) * Gubadag * Gyzylarbat (Serdar) * Halaç * Hojambaz *

Kaka Kaka may refer to: People Nickname or given name Sports * Carlos Augusto dos Santos da Silva (born 1987), Brazil-born Italy international futsal player * Kaká (born 1982), Brazilian footballer Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite * Kaká (footballe ...

* Kerki (Atamyrat) * Köneurgenç * Köýtendag (Çarşaňňy) * Magdanly (Gowurdak) * Magtymguly (Garrygala) *

Mary Mary may refer to: People * Mary (name), a feminine given name (includes a list of people with the name) Religious contexts * New Testament people named Mary, overview article linking to many of those below * Mary, mother of Jesus, also calle ...

* Murgap * Sakar *

Sakarçäge Sakarçäge is a city and capital of Sakarçäge District, Mary Region, Turkmenistan Turkmenistan ( or ; tk, Türkmenistan / Түркменистан, ) is a country located in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbe ...

* Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy adyndaky (Oktyabrsk) * Sarahs * Şatlyk (Şehitli) *

Saýat Saýat is a city and capital of Saýat District in the Lebap Region of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan ( or ; tk, Türkmenistan / Түркменистан, ) is a country located in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzb ...

* Serhetabat (Guşgy) * Seýdi (Neftezavodsk) * Shabat (Nyýazow, Täzebazar) * Tejen * Turkmenabat (Çärjew) * Türkmenbaşy (Krasnovodsk) **

Awaza Awaza (or Avaza) refers to both a tourist zone in and a borough (district headed by a presidentially appointed mayor) of the city of Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan. It is located on the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea, 12 km west of downtown ...

* Türkmengala *

Ýolöten Ýolöten (russian: Ёлoтен, tk, یوْلؤتن Ёлөтен) is a city and capital of Ýolöten District, Mary Province, Turkmenistan. The city is located in the delta of the Murghab River, 55 kilometers southeast of Mary. It was granted ...

''Districts''

''Provinces''

Ahal Ahal may refer to: * Ahal Province, in Turkmenistan * Ahel, a city in Fars Province, Iran * FC Ahal Ahal Änew Football Club ( tk, Ahal Änew Futbol Kluby), or simply Ahal FC, is a Turkmen professional association football club based in the ...

-

Balkan The Balkans ( ), also known as the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch throughout the who ...

-

Daşoguz Daşoguz (also Dashoguz, Dasoguz; roughly "stone spring" in Turkmen), formerly known as Tashauz (until 1992; russian: Ташау́з) and Dashkhovuz (1992–1999; russian: Дашхову́з), is a city in northern Turkmenistan and the capital o ...

- Lebap -

Mary Mary may refer to: People * Mary (name), a feminine given name (includes a list of people with the name) Religious contexts * New Testament people named Mary, overview article linking to many of those below * Mary, mother of Jesus, also calle ...

''Towns''

*

Amu Dar'ya (town) Amu Dar'ya ( tk, Amyderýa) is a town in Köýtendag District, Lebap Province, Turkmenistan, on the river of the same name opposite the town of Kerki. As of 1989, it had a population of 5,018. Geography Amu Dar'ya is located at an elevation of ...

*

Archman Archman is a village in Baherden District of Turkmenistan, famed for the eponymous hot springs located about 11 km away. Etymology Legend has it that the hot springs (and the village) were named after a shepherd who had discovered its healing ...

* Bagtyýarlyk şäherçesi (formerly Üçajy) * Döwletli *

Dushak Dushak ( tk, Duşak) is a small town in the Karakum Desert on the rim of the Kopet Dag mountains of Ahal Province, Turkmenistan. See also * Railway stations in Turkmenistan Railway stations in Turkmenistan include: Maps UN MapUNHCR Map ...

* Gumdag * Gyzylgaya * Hazar (Çeleken) *

Jebel Jabal, Jabel, Jebel or Jibal may refer to: People * Jabal (name), a male Arabic given name * Jabal (Bible), mentioned in the Hebrew Bible Places In Arabic, ''jabal'' or ''jebel'' (spelling variants of the same word) means 'mountain'. * Dzhebel, ...

*

Mollanepes , russian: imeni Poltoratskogo (1975-1993) , native_name = , settlement_type = Town , image_skyline = , imagesize = , image_caption = , image_flag = , flag_size = , im ...

*

Mukry Mukry is a town in Köýtendag District, Lebap Province, Turkmenistan. It is located near Kerki and Amu Dar'ya. Etymology Mukry is the name of a Turkmen tribe. The town was named Akgumdänajy ( Акгумдәнаҗы) at some point but the name ...

* Oguzhan (formerly Gulanly) * Ruhubelent * Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy şäherçesi * Tagtabazar *

Türkmenbaşy şäherçesi Türkmenbaşy şäherçesi is a town and the administrative center of Türkmenbaşy District, Balkan Province, Turkmenistan. It is east of the city of Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan, with which it should not be confused. Türkmenbaşy şäher� ...

(formerly Janga)

''Villages''

*

Agar Agar ( or ), or agar-agar, is a jelly-like substance consisting of polysaccharides obtained from the cell walls of some species of red algae, primarily from ogonori (''Gracilaria'') and "tengusa" (''Gelidiaceae''). As found in nature, agar i ...

* Ajyguýy * Ajyýap * Ak altyn (disambiguation page) * Artyk * Aydere * Burguçy geňeşligi * Çäçe * Çagagüzer (old name) * Çemenabat * Darvaza (Derweze geňeşligi) * Daýhan * Gämi * Gäwers *

Galaýmor Galaýmor, called in Russian Kala-I-Mor, is a village and rural council in Tagtabazar District, Mary Province, Turkmenistan. Prior to 9 November 2022 it was under the jurisdiction of Serhetabat District, which was abolished on that date by parli ...

* Gyzylbaýyr (formerly Şarlawuk) * Hojagala * Jeňellihatap * Nohur * Olamsurhy *

Sandykgaçy Sandykgaçy is a village in and the seat of Sandykgaçy geňeşligi (rural council), Tagtabazar District, in Mary Province, Turkmenistan. It is located on the Murghab River. In the Soviet period the name was applied to a fruit and vegetable sov ...

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Ymamnazar Ymamnazar (also Ymam Nazar, Imamnazar) is a remote settlement in Turkmenistan's Lebap province. It is situated immediately adjacent to Turkmenistan's southern border with Afghanistan, opposite to Aqina. The nearest city in Turkmenistan is Kerki. ...

Government

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Assembly of Turkmenistan The Assembly ( tk, Mejlis) is since March 2021 the lower house of the National Council of Turkmenistan. It has 125 members, elected for five-year terms in single-seat constituencies. Structure In addition to the chairperson and deputy chairp ...

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Cabinet of Ministers (Turkmenistan) The Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Ministrler Kabineti) is the chief executive body in Turkmenistan. The Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan is appointed by the President of Turkmenistan who is both the chief of s ...

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Central Bank of Turkmenistan The Central Bank of Turkmenistan ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Merkezi Banky) is the national bank of Turkmenistan. It is located in the centre of Ashgabat Ashgabat or Asgabat ( tk, Aşgabat, ; fa, عشق‌آباد, translit='Ešqābād, former ...

* List of leaders of Turkmenistan * List of Turkmenistan foreign ministers *

Ministry of Communications (Turkmenistan) The Ministry of Communications ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Aragatnaşyk ministrligi) was a governmental agency in Turkmenistan responsible for telecommunications, post, Internet, television, and radio. The ministry was founded in 1991 and was abolish ...

* Ministry of Culture (Turkmenistan) *

Ministry of Energy (Turkmenistan) The Ministry of Energy of Turkmenistan ( tk, Türkmenistan energetika ministrligi) is a Cabinet Ministry in the Turkmenistan. Since 2015, the portfolio has been headed by Minister Charymurad Purchekov. History According to the Decree of the Pr ...

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Ministry of Finance (Turkmenistan) The Ministry of Finance and Economy of Turkmenistan (Türkmenistanyň Maliýe we Ykdysadyýet Ministirligi) is the central government institution charged with leading the financial policy of Turkmenistan. It was established in 1991, and reformed i ...

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkmenistan) The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan (Türkmenistanyň Daşary Işler Ministirligi, DIM) is the central government institution charged with leading the foreign policy of Turkmenistan. It was established in 1991. The current Foreign Min ...

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Ministry of Health (Turkmenistan) The Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Saglygy goraýyş we derman senagaty ministrligi), is an agency of the Turkmenistan's government, headquartered in Ashgabat. As of 2013, Nurmuhammet Amannepeso ...

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Ministry of Justice (Turkmenistan) Ministry may refer to: Government * Ministry (collective executive), the complete body of government ministers under the leadership of a prime minister * Ministry (government department), a department of a government Religion * Christian mi ...

* Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources (Turkmenistan) (abolished) *

National Council of Turkmenistan The National Council of Turkmenistan ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Milli Geňeşi) was Turkmenistan's bicameral national legislative body or parliament from March 2021 until January 2023. The upper chamber was the People's Council () and the lower ...

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Oguzhan Presidential Palace Oguzhan Palace ( tm, Oguz han köşgi, Огуз хан көшги) is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of Turkmenistan, located on Independence Square in the capital city of Ashgabat in Turkmenistan. It has been the ...

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People's Council of Turkmenistan The People's Council of Turkmenistan ( tk, Halk Maslahaty, ɑlq mɑθlɑxɑt̪ɯ "People's Council") is the upper chamber of Turkmenistan's Parliament, the " National Council" ( tk, Milli Geňeş). It consists of 56 members, 48 elected from th ...

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President of Turkmenistan The president of Turkmenistan ( tk, Türkmenistanyň prezidenti), officially the president and chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan, is the head of state and head of government of Turkmenistan. The president is also the supreme c ...

* Prosecutor General of Turkmenistan * Railways Agency of Turkmenistan * Ruhyýet Palace *

Supreme Court of Turkmenistan The Supreme Court of Turkmenistan () is a constitutional institution in Turkmenistan. It is one of three Turkmen institutions to exercise governmental power and is the highest ranking court in the country. Established in 1992 after the adoption o ...

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Vice President of Turkmenistan The vice president of Turkmenistan, formally referred to as the Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers, and erroneously (based on the official title, and despite the abolition of the Prime Minister of Turkmenistan's office) as the Deputy Pri ...

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Visa policy of Turkmenistan In accordance with the law, citizens of all countries require a visa to visit Turkmenistan, unless they have special passports. From 2003-2013, people from certain parts of Kazakhstan or Uzbekistan also enjoyed visa exemptions. To obtain a tour ...

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Wedding Palace (Ashgabat) The Wedding Palace ( tk, Bagt köşgi; Багт көшги) is a civil registry building in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. It was constructed by Turkish company Polimeks Polimeks İnşaat ve Sanayi A.Ş. is a Turkish holding company based in Istanbul. ...

Military and Security

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Armed Forces of Turkmenistan The Armed Forces of Turkmenistan ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Ýaragly Güýçleri), known informally as the Turkmen National Army () is the national military of Turkmenistan. It consists of the Ground Forces, the Air Force and Air Defense Forces, ...

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Chief of the General Staff (Turkmenistan) The Chief of the General Staff of Turkmen Armed Forces ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Ýaragly Güýçleriniň Baş ştabynyň başlygy, italic=yes) is the highest-ranking military officer in the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan, who is responsible for maint ...

* Law enforcement in Turkmenistan * Military ranks of Turkmenistan * Ministry of Defense (Turkmenistan) * Ministry of Internal Affairs (Turkmenistan) * Ministry of National Security (Turkmenistan) * Owadan-depe Prison *

State Border Service of Turkmenistan The State Border Service (SBS) ( tk, Döwlet Serhet Gullugy, DSG; russian: Государственная пограничная служба, ГПС) also commonly known by its paramilitary force as the Turkmen Border Troops ( tk, Türkmenistan S ...

* State Customs Service of Turkmenistan *

State Migration Service of Turkmenistan The State Migration Service of Turkmenistan is the state governing body that regulates the migration system of Turkmenistan, implements the state policy in the field of migration and fulfills Turkmenistan's international obligations in the field o ...

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State Security Council of Turkmenistan The State Security Council of Turkmenistan ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Döwlet Howpsuzlyk Geňeşi/Түркменистаның Дөвлет Ховпсузлык Геңеши; russian: Государственный совет безопасност� ...

* Turkmen Air Force * Turkmen Ground Forces *

Turkmen Internal Troops The Internal Troops of Turkmenistan ( Turkmen: Türkmenistanyň içerki goşunlary) is a service branch of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan under the auspices of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It is one of three types of paramilitary forces ...

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Turkmen National Guard The National Guard of Turkmenistan ( Turkmen: Türkmenistanyň Milli Garawul) is an elite branch of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan stationed in Ashgabat. It is one of three types of paramilitary forces in the country, with the other two being the ...

* Turkmen Navy *

Turkmen State Border Service Institute Turkmen State Border Service Institute () is an educational institution that specializes in the training of personnel of the State Border Service of Turkmenistan and the Turkmen Border Troops. The institute is one of many Turkmen military academie ...

Health

COVID-19 pandemic in Turkmenistan

History

Independent Turkmenistan

* 2000 Turkmenistan earthquake *

2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week On August 10, 2002, the government of Turkmenistan adopted a law to rename all the months and most of the days of week. The names were chosen according to Turkmen national symbols, as described in the ''Ruhnama'', a book written by Saparmurat Niyaz ...

* List of leaders of Turkmenistan *

Prime Minister of Turkmenistan The following is a list of heads of government of Turkmenistan since the establishment of that position in 1925. List of Heads of Government of Turkmenistan (1925–1992) Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (1925–1991) Chairmen of the Council o ...

Soviet Turkmenistan

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Basmachi movement The Basmachi movement (russian: Басмачество, ''Basmachestvo'', derived from Uzbek: "Basmachi" meaning "bandits") was an uprising against Russian Imperial and Soviet rule by the Muslim peoples of Central Asia. The movement's roots ...

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Communist Party of Turkmenistan The Communist Party of Turkmenistan (russian: Коммунистическая партия Туркменистана; tk, Türkmenistanyň Kommunistik Partiýasy) was the ruling communist party of the Turkmen SSR, and a part of the Communis ...

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Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic The Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR ( tk, Түркменистан ССР Ёкары Советы, Türkmenistan SSR Ýokary Sowety; russian: Верховный Совет Туркменской ССР, Verkhovnyy Sovet Turkmenskoy SSR) was th ...

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Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (, ; russian: Туркменская Советская Социалистическая Республика, ''Turkmenskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika''), also commonly known as Turkmenistan o ...

Russian Empire

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Battle of Geok Tepe (1879) The First Battle of Geok Tepe was the main event in the 1879 Russian expedition against the Akhal Tekke Turkmens during the Russian conquest of Turkestan. Nikolai Lomakin marched 275 miles to the Geok Tepe fortress, but mismanaged the attack a ...

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Battle of Geok Tepe The Battle of Geok Tepe in 1881 was the main event in the 1880/81 Russian campaign to conquer the Teke Turkomans. Its effect was to give the Russian Empire control over most of what is now Turkmenistan, thereby nearly completing the Russian c ...

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Geok Tepe Geok Tepe ( tk, Gökdepe) is a city in and the administrative center of Gökdepe District, Ahal province, Turkmenistan, north-west of Ashgabat. The city is built around a former fortress of the Turkmens which bore the same name. The city lies al ...

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Great Game The Great Game is the name for a set of political, diplomatic and military confrontations that occurred through most of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century – involving the rivalry of the British Empire and the Russian Empi ...

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Panjdeh incident The Panjdeh Incident (known in Russian historiography as the Battle of Kushka) was an armed engagement between the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Russian Empire in 1885 that led to a diplomatic crisis between the British Empire and the Russian ...

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Russian conquest of Central Asia The partially successful conquest of Central Asia by the Russian Empire took place in the second half of the nineteenth century. The land that became Russian Turkestan and later Soviet Central Asia is now divided between Kazakhstan in the nor ...

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Russian Turkestan Russian Turkestan (russian: Русский Туркестан, Russkiy Turkestan) was the western part of Turkestan within the Russian Empire’s Central Asian territories, and was administered as a Krai or Governor-Generalship. It comprised the ...

Pre-Modern

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Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (short BMAC) or Oxus Civilization, recently dated to c. 2250–1700 BC,Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020b)"Questioning the Oxus Civilization or Bactria- Margiana Archaeological Cultu ...

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Chagatai Khanate The Chagatai Khanate, or Chagatai Ulus ( xng, , translit=Čaɣatay-yin Ulus; mn, Цагаадайн улс, translit=Tsagaadain Uls; chg, , translit=Čağatāy Ulusi; fa, , translit=Xânât-e Joghatây) was a Mongol and later Turkicized kh ...

* Dayahatyn *

Dahae The Dahae, also known as the Daae, Dahas or Dahaeans (Old Persian: ; Ancient Greek: , , , ; Latin: ; Chinese: ; Persian: ) were an ancient Eastern Iranian nomadic tribal confederation, who inhabited the steppes of Central Asia. Ident ...

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Göktürks The Göktürks, Celestial Turks or Blue Turks ( otk, 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣, Türük Bodun; ; ) were a nomadic confederation of Turkic peoples in medieval Inner Asia. The Göktürks, under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d. 552) a ...

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Great Seljuk Empire The Great Seljuk Empire, or the Seljuk Empire was a high medieval, culturally Turko-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, founded and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. It spanned a total area of from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to t ...

* Harzemshah Sultanate *

Hyrcania Hyrcania () ( el, ''Hyrkania'', Old Persian: 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 ''Varkâna'',Lendering (1996) Middle Persian: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭 ''Gurgān'', Akkadian: ''Urqananu'') is a historical region composed of the land south-east of the Caspian ...

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Khanate of Bukhara The Khanate of Bukhara (or Khanate of Bukhoro) ( fa, , Khānāt-e Bokhārā; ) was an Uzbek state in Central Asia from 1500 to 1785, founded by the Abu'l-Khayrid dynasty, a branch of the Shaybanids. From 1533 to 1540, Bukhara briefly became its ...

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Khanate of Khiva The Khanate of Khiva ( chg, ''Khivâ Khânligi'', fa, ''Khânât-e Khiveh'', uz, Xiva xonligi, tk, Hywa hanlygy) was a Central Asian polity that existed in the historical region of Khwarezm in Central Asia from 1511 to 1920, except fo ...

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Khwarazm Khwarazm (; Old Persian: ''Hwârazmiya''; fa, خوارزم, ''Xwârazm'' or ''Xârazm'') or Chorasmia () is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the ea ...

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Konye-Urgench Konye-Urgench ( tk, Köneürgenç / Көнеүргенч; fa, کهنه گرگانج, ''Kuhna Gurgānj'', literally "Old Gurgānj"), also known as Old Urgench or Urganj, is a city of about 30,000 inhabitants in north Turkmenistan, just south fro ...

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Margiana Margiana ( el, ''Margianḗ'', Old Persian: ''Marguš'', Middle Persian: ''Marv'') is a historical region centred on the oasis of Merv and was a minor satrapy within the Achaemenid satrapy of Bactria, and a province within its successors, the Se ...

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Merv Merv ( tk, Merw, ', مرو; fa, مرو, ''Marv''), also known as the Merve Oasis, formerly known as Alexandria ( grc-gre, Ἀλεξάνδρεια), Antiochia in Margiana ( grc-gre, Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐν τῇ Μαργιανῇ) and ...

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Nisa, Turkmenistan Nisa ( grc, Νῖσος and Νίσα and Νίσαιον; also Parthaunisa, tk, Nusaý) was an ancient settlement of the Parthians, located near thBagyr neighborhoodof Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, 18 km west of the city center. Nisa is describe ...

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Oghuz Turks The Oghuz or Ghuzz Turks (Middle Turkic: ٱغُز, ''Oγuz'', ota, اوغوز, Oġuz) were a western Turkic people that spoke the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family. In the 8th century, they formed a tribal confederation conven ...

* Parni *

Silk Road The Silk Road () was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century. Spanning over 6,400 kilometers (4,000 miles), it played a central role in facilitating economic, cultural, political, and rel ...

* Togolok *

Yaz culture The Yaz culture (named after the type site Yaz-Tappe, Yaz Tepe, or Yaz Depe, near Baýramaly, Turkmenistan) was an early Iron Age culture of Margiana, Bactria and Sogdia (ca. 1500–500 BC, or ca. 1500–330 BC). It emerges at the top of late Bro ...

Museums

* Ashgabat National Museum of History *

Halk Hakydasy Memorial Complex Halk Hakydasy Memorial Complex (People's Memory) is a memorial complex to the honor of those killed in the Battle of Geok Tepe in 1881, in World War II, and in the 1948 Ashgabat earthquake. It is in the southwestern part of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan ...

* Mary Museum * The State Museum of the State Cultural Center of Turkmenistan *

Turkmen Carpet Museum The Turkmen Carpet Museum or the National Carpet Museum is a national museum, situated on 5 Gorogly Street in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. The museum opened on 24 October 1994. It has the largest collection of Turkmen carpets of any museum. It has a ...

* Turkmen Museum of Fine Arts

Law

* Capital punishment in Turkmenistan *

Constitution of Turkmenistan The Constitution of Turkmenistan adopted on 18 May 1992 is the supreme law of Turkmenistan (Article 5). In its preamble, the Constitution emphasizes self-determination for the Turkmen people, as well as the rule of law and rights for citizens. (' ...

* Corruption in Turkmenistan *

Human rights in Turkmenistan Turkmenistan's human rights record has been heavily criticized by various countries and scholars worldwide. Standards in education and health declined markedly during the rule of President Saparmurat Niyazov. Since December 2006, under the Gover ...

* Human trafficking in Turkmenistan * Law enforcement in Turkmenistan *

LGBT rights in Turkmenistan Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Turkmenistan face active discrimination and stigmatization compared to non-LGBT residents. Turkmenistan is one of the only three post-Soviet countries where male homosexual activity remai ...

* Polygamy in Turkmenistan * Prostitution in Turkmenistan *

Supreme Court of Turkmenistan The Supreme Court of Turkmenistan () is a constitutional institution in Turkmenistan. It is one of three Turkmen institutions to exercise governmental power and is the highest ranking court in the country. Established in 1992 after the adoption o ...

* Turkmen nationality law

Modern Turkmenistan

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Communications in Turkmenistan Turkmenistan has a state-controlled press and monitored communication systems. Turkmenistan's telecommunications services are considered to be the least developed of all the Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS) countries. Overall, the telecom ...

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Foreign relations of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan's declaration of "permanent neutrality" was formally recognized by the United Nations in 1995. Former President Niyazov stated that the neutrality would prevent Turkmenistan from participating in multi-national defense organizations, ...

* International organization membership of Turkmenistan *

List of airports in Turkmenistan This is a list of airports in Turkmenistan, sorted by location. Airports There was also previously a Soviet Air Force base at Mary-2.Military of Turkmenistan The Armed Forces of Turkmenistan ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Ýaragly Güýçleri), known informally as the Turkmen National Army () is the national military of Turkmenistan. It consists of the Ground Forces, the Air Force and Air Defense Forces, N ...

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Public holidays in Turkmenistan Public Holidays in Turkmenistan are laid out in the Constitution of Turkmenistan, It acts as a list of nationally recognized public holidays in the country. Main public holidays * New Year's Day (January 1) * International Women's Day (March 8) ...

* Red Crescent Society of Turkmenistan * Scouting in Turkmenistan *

Turkmenistan Airlines OJSC Turkmenistan Airlines ( tk, «Türkmenistan» awiakompaniýasy açyk görnüşli paýdarlar jemgyýeti, commonly known as Türkmenhowaýollary) is the flag carrier and only airline of Turkmenistan, headquartered in Ashgabat. It operates d ...

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Transport in Turkmenistan Transport in Turkmenistan includes roadways, railways, airways, seaways, and waterways, as well as oil-, gas-, and water pipelines. Road-, rail-, and waterway transport fall under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Industry and Communications. Du ...

* Women in Turkmenistan

Architectural Monuments

* Archabil Hotel Ashgabat * Amu Darya Pipeline Bridge *

Ashgabat Cable Car Ashgabat Cable Car (russian: Подвесная канатная дорога) is a cableway between Ashgabat and the foothills of the Kopetdag. It is the first and only cable car in Turkmenistan. Construction was finished on 18 October 2006. ...

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Ashgabat Flagpole The Ashgabat Flagpole ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Baş Baýdagy, lit='Main flag of Turkmenistan') is a flagpole in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. It is tall, making it the 4th tallest free–standing and 5th tallest flagpole in the world. It was erected on ...

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Halk Hakydasy Memorial Complex Halk Hakydasy Memorial Complex (People's Memory) is a memorial complex to the honor of those killed in the Battle of Geok Tepe in 1881, in World War II, and in the 1948 Ashgabat earthquake. It is in the southwestern part of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan ...

* Independence Monument, Ashgabat * List of tallest structures in Turkmenistan *

Monument to the Constitution Monument to the Turkmenistan Constitution ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Konstitusiýa binasy) is a monument located in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. Its height of 185 meters makes it the second-tallest building in Turkmenistan. The monument is decorated with ...

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Neutrality Monument Monument of Neutrality ( tk, Bitaraplyk arkasy) is a monument originally located in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. In 2010, it was moved to the suburbs. The three-legged arch, which became known locally as "The Tripod", was tall and was built in 1998 ...

* Paýtagt Shopping Center * Ruhyýet Palace * Turkmenistan Tower * Yyldyz Hotel

Parks

Ashgabat (park) Ashgabat Park ( tk, Aşgabat seýilgähi) is among the oldest public parks at the center of Ashgabat in Turkmenistan. Located between the Kuliyev, Azadi streets and Mahgymguly, Saparmurat Turkmenbashi avenues. Today covers an area of 7 hectares. ...

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Ashgabat Botanical Garden The Ashgabat Botanical Garden in Ashgabat is the oldest botanical garden in Turkmenistan. The name Ashgabat literally means "city of love or city of devotion." Turkmenistan is found in the Central Asia. It is bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest ...

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Halk Hakydasy Memorial Complex Halk Hakydasy Memorial Complex (People's Memory) is a memorial complex to the honor of those killed in the Battle of Geok Tepe in 1881, in World War II, and in the 1948 Ashgabat earthquake. It is in the southwestern part of Ashgabat, Turkmenistan ...

- Inspiration Park

People

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Han Ahmedow Han Ahmedovich Ahmedov ( rus, links=no, Хан Ахметович Ахметов, Khan Akhmetovich Akhmetov; 16 June 1936 – 6 December 2006) was a Turkmen politician who has served as the only prime minister of Turkmenistan from December 1989 t ...

* Batyr Amanov * Gurbannazar Ashirov * Ovezgeldy Atayev * Aksoltan Ataýewa *

Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow (born 29 June 1957), also known as Arkadag (Cyrillic: Аркадаг, "protector"), is a Turkmen politician who served as the second president of Turkmenistan from 2006 to 2022. A dentist by profe ...

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Serdar Berdimuhamedow Serdar Gurbangulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow, (born 22 September 1981) is the third and current president of Turkmenistan, serving since 19 March 2022. Berdimuhamedow had previously served in several other positions within the government of his fat ...

* Shamuhammet Durdylyyev * Ovezmurat Dykma-Serdar *

Gurbansoltan Eje Gurbansoltan Eje ("Mother of Gurbansoltan"; born 1913 in Gypjak, Turkmenistan; died 6 October 1948 in Ashgabat during the 1948 Ashgabat earthquake The 1948 Ashgabat earthquake (; russian: Ашхабадское землетрясение 1948 � ...

* Muhammetnazar Gapurow *

Nury Halmammedov Nurmammet Halmammedovich Halmammedov ( tk, links=no, Nurmämmet Halmämmedowiç Halmämmedow; rus, links=no, Нурмаммед Халмамметович Халмамметов, Nurmammed Khalmammetovich Khalmammetov; 20 June 1938– 4 August 1 ...

* Nurmuhammet Hanamow *

Yagshygeldi Kakayev Yagshygeldi Ilyasovich Kakayev ( tk, Ýagşygeldi Ilýasowiç Kakaýew; rus, links=no, Ягшигельды Эльясович Какаев, Yagshigel'dy El'yasovich Kakayev; 1959–8 July 2020) was a Turkmen politician and energy executive. He w ...

* Berdi Kerbabayev *

Aleksey Kuropatkin Aleksey Nikolayevich Kuropatkin (russian: Алексе́й Никола́евич Куропа́ткин; March 29, 1848January 16, 1925) served as the Russian Imperial Minister of War from January 1898 to February 1904 and as a field command ...

* Gülşat Mämmedowa *

Raşit Meredow Raşit Öwezgeldiýewiç Meredow (, Cyrillic: Рашит Өвезгелдиевич Мередов; born 29 May 1960) is a Turkmen politician and diplomat who has served as Vice President of Turkmenistan since 2007. Biography Raşit Mered ...

* Shemseddin Mervezi *

Isgender Mulikov Isgender Handurdiyevich Mulikov (, Исгендер Xaндурдыевич Mүликов) is a Turkmen politician who was Minister of Internal Affairs from 2009 to 2019. Biography Mulikov was born in the city of Ashgabat in 1975. In 1996, he gra ...

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Atamyrat Niyazov Atamyrat Niyazov (; born 1912 in Gypjak, Transcaspian Oblast, Russian Empire; died 24 December 1942 in Chikola, North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union) was a soldier in the Red Army during World War II from the Soviet ...

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Saparmurat Niyazov Saparmurat Atayevich Niyazov; tk, Saparmyrat Ataýewiç Nyýazow, in Cyrillic: Сапармырат Атаевич Ныязов (19 February 1940 – 21 December 2006), also known as Turkmenbashi, was a Turkmen politician who rule ...

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Akja Nurberdiýewa Akja Tajiyevna Nurberdiyeva or Akja Täjiýewna Nurberdiýewa (born 1957) is a Turkmen politician who has served as the Chairperson of the Assembly of Turkmenistan from 2006 to 2018. She replaced Öwezgeldi Ataýew Öwezgeldi Ataýew ( rus, links ...

* Esenmyrat Orazgeldiyev *

Danatar Ovezov Dangatar Ovezov ( tk, Daňatar Öwezow; rus, links=no, Дангатар Овезов; 1 January 1911 – 5 May 1966), also known as Danatar Ovezov ( tk, Danatar Öwezow; rus, links=no, Данатар Овезов), was a Turkmen composer. Bio ...

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Pavel Poltoratskiy Pavel Gerasimovich Poltoratskiy (c. 1888, Novocherkassk – 21 July 1918) ( rus, Павел Герасимович Полторацкий) was a Bolshevik revolutionary. He served as People's Commissar for Labor in the early Turkmen Soviet Sociali ...

* Magtymguly Pyragy * Medeniyet Shahberdiyeva *

Mikhail Skobelev Mikhail Dmitriyevich Skobelev (russian: Михаил Дмитриевич Скобелев; 29 September 1843 – 7 July 1882), a Russian general, became famous for his conquest of Central Asia and for his heroism during the Russo-Turkish War ...

Politics

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Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan The Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan ( tk, Türkmenistanyň agrar partiýasy) is an officially registered political party in Turkmenistan, founded on September 28, 2014. One of the three officially registered political parties legally existing i ...

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Assembly of Turkmenistan The Assembly ( tk, Mejlis) is since March 2021 the lower house of the National Council of Turkmenistan. It has 125 members, elected for five-year terms in single-seat constituencies. Structure In addition to the chairperson and deputy chairp ...

* Corruption in Turkmenistan *

Democratic Party of Turkmenistan ) , colours = Green Gold (color), Gold , seats1_title = Seats in the Assembly of Turkmenistan , seats1 = , colors = Green Gold (color), Gold , website tdp.gov.tm The Democratic Party of Turkmenistan ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Demokratik Parti ...

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Elections in Turkmenistan Turkmenistan elects on national level a head of state — the president — and a legislature. The elections in Turkmenistan since its split from the Soviet Union have been widely criticized for being completely fraudulent and attempting to give ...

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Foreign relations of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan's declaration of "permanent neutrality" was formally recognized by the United Nations in 1995. Former President Niyazov stated that the neutrality would prevent Turkmenistan from participating in multi-national defense organizations, ...

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Human rights in Turkmenistan Turkmenistan's human rights record has been heavily criticized by various countries and scholars worldwide. Standards in education and health declined markedly during the rule of President Saparmurat Niyazov. Since December 2006, under the Gover ...

* International organization membership of Turkmenistan * List of diplomatic missions in Turkmenistan * List of diplomatic missions of Turkmenistan *

National Council of Turkmenistan The National Council of Turkmenistan ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Milli Geňeşi) was Turkmenistan's bicameral national legislative body or parliament from March 2021 until January 2023. The upper chamber was the People's Council () and the lower ...

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People's Council of Turkmenistan The People's Council of Turkmenistan ( tk, Halk Maslahaty, ɑlq mɑθlɑxɑt̪ɯ "People's Council") is the upper chamber of Turkmenistan's Parliament, the " National Council" ( tk, Milli Geňeş). It consists of 56 members, 48 elected from th ...

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Politics of Turkmenistan The politics of Turkmenistan takes place in the framework of a presidential system, presidential republic, whereby the President of Turkmenistan is both head of state and head of government. However, no true opposition parties are allowed; every ...

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President of Turkmenistan The president of Turkmenistan ( tk, Türkmenistanyň prezidenti), officially the president and chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan, is the head of state and head of government of Turkmenistan. The president is also the supreme c ...

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Republican Party of Turkmenistan The Republican Party of Turkmenistan ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Respublikan partiýasy) is one of several dissident political parties that have been outlawed within Turkmenistan. Leaders of the exile-based RPT include Nurmuhammet Hanamow who went int ...

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Ruhnama The Ruhnama, or Rukhnama, translated in English as Book of the Soul, is a two volume work written by Saparmurat Niyazov, the President of Turkmenistan from 1990 to 2006. It was intended to serve as a tool of state propaganda, emphasizing the bas ...

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Supreme Court of Turkmenistan The Supreme Court of Turkmenistan () is a constitutional institution in Turkmenistan. It is one of three Turkmen institutions to exercise governmental power and is the highest ranking court in the country. Established in 1992 after the adoption o ...

* Turkmenistan parliamentary election, 2008–2009 * Turkmenistan presidential election, 2007 *

2018 Turkmen parliamentary election Parliamentary elections were held in Turkmenistan on 25 March 2018, alongside local elections. Electoral system The 125 members of the Assembly were elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting.2021 Turkmen People's Council election People's Council elections were held in Turkmenistan on 28 March 2021 to elect 48 of the 56 members of the People's Council or ''Halk Maslahaty''. Another eight were appointed by the president on 14 April 2021. Background No election held sinc ...

Religion

* Bahá'í Faith in Turkmenistan * Catholic Church in Turkmenistan * Chapel of the Transfiguration, Ashgabat *

Christianity in Turkmenistan Christians, most of whom are ethnic Russians, constitute less than 9% of the population in Turkmenistan. Eastern Orthodoxy in Turkmenistan is the main form of Christianity. Russian Orthodox Church The Russian Orthodox Church is officially ...

* Eastern Orthodoxy in Turkmenistan *

Islam in Turkmenistan According to a 2009 Pew Research Center report, 93.1% of Turkmenistan's population is Muslim. Traditionally, the Turkmen of Turkmenistan, like their kin in Uzbekistan are Sunni Muslims. Shia Muslims, the other main branch of Islam, are not numer ...

* List of mosques in Turkmenistan *

Pokrovskaya Church The Pokrovskaya Church ( rus , Храм Покрова Пресвятой Богородицы}) is a Russian Orthodox Church in Mary, Turkmenistan built around 1900 by Russian forces when they seized the city of Mary in 1884 and guarded the cit ...

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Protestantism in Turkmenistan Freedom of religion theoretically is guaranteed by article 11 of the Constitution of Turkmenistan, in practice it does not exist. This has affected the Protestant community in Turkmenistan. List of Denominations * Baptist Church in Turkmenista ...

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Religion in Turkmenistan The Turkmen of Turkmenistan, like their kin in Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Iran are predominantly Muslims. According the U.S. Department of State's ''International Religious Freedom Report'' for 2019,According to U.S. government estimates, the ...

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Ruhnama The Ruhnama, or Rukhnama, translated in English as Book of the Soul, is a two volume work written by Saparmurat Niyazov, the President of Turkmenistan from 1990 to 2006. It was intended to serve as a tool of state propaganda, emphasizing the bas ...

'' * St. Alexander Nevsky Church, Ashgabat

Major mosques

* Daşoguz Mosque * Ertuğrul Gazi Mosque * Gurbanguly Hajji Mosque *

Hazret Omar Mosque Hazret Omar Mosque or Hazret Omar metjidi is a mosque in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. The mosque accommodates up to 3,000 worshipers at a time and is located on Parahat-7 microdistrict. History The mosque was built in accordance with the Decree ...

* Lebap Region Mosque *

Saparmurat Hajji Mosque The Saparmurat Hajji ( tk, Saparmyrat Hajy metjidi) is a mosque in Gökdepe, Turkmenistan. Commissioned in memory of the defenders of Gökdepe Fortress, it was built between 1994 and 1995, during the presidency of President Saparmurat Niyazov. Th ...

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Türkmenbaşy Ruhy Mosque Turkmenbashi Ruhy Mosque or Gypjak Mosque ( tk, Türkmenbaşy Ruhy Metjidi / Tүркменбaшы Рухы Mетҗиди) is a mosque in Gypjak, Turkmenistan and the resting place for Saparmurat Niyazov, the leader of Turkmenistan from 1985 to 200 ...

Sports

* Ahmet Ataýew *

Ashgabat Stadium The Ashgabat Stadium ( tk, Aşgabat stadiony) is a multi-purpose stadium in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. It is currently used mostly for celebrations and football matches. The stadium holds 20,000 people and was built in 2011. History In 2009, on ...

* Ashgabat Indoor Tennis Arena *

Ashgabat Main Indoor Arena The Complex of game sports () is an indoor arena located in Olympic Complex, Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. It is owned and operated by Government of Turkmenistan for 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games. It has a seating capacity of 15,000 for concer ...

* Ashgabat Velodrome *

Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games The Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games (abbreviated as AIMAG) is a pancontinental multi-sport event held every four years among athletes from all over Asia. It is organised by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) and consists of Indoor and martia ...

* List of Turkmenistan records in Olympic weightlifting * Nusaý Stadium * Saparmurat Turkmenbashy Olympic Stadium * Scouting in Turkmenistan * Turkmenistan at the Deaflympics * Turkmenistan at the Youth Olympics *

Turkmenistan Cup The Turkmenistan Cup ( tk, Türkmenistanyň Kubogy) is an annually held football tournament for Turkmen football clubs, known as one of the most important national tournaments. The cup has been contested since 1993. The competition's most succ ...

* Turkmenistan Higher League *

Turkmenistan national football team The Turkmenistan national football team ( tk, Türkmenistanyň milli futbol ýygyndysy) represents Turkmenistan in men's international football and it is controlled by the Football Federation of Turkmenistan, the governing body for football in ...

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Turkmenistan Super Cup The Turkmenistan Super Cup ( Turkmen: ''Türkmenistanyň Naýbaşy Kubogy'') is an annual one-match association football competition in Turkmenistan organized by the Football Federation of Turkmenistan. This competition serves as the season opener ...

General

Culture

Literature

Mass Media

Music

Demographics

Economy

Natural gas fields

Natural gas pipelines

Transportation

Education and science

Archeological sites

Libraries

Schools

Paleontology

Universities

Environment

Ecoregions

Fauna

''Wildlife''

''Canines''

''Equines''

Flora

Geography

Natural features

''Mountains''

''Nature reserves''

''Sanctuaries''

''Waterways''

Municipalities

''Cities''

''Districts''

''Provinces''

''Towns''

''Villages''

Government

Military and Security

Health

History

Independent Turkmenistan

Soviet Turkmenistan

Russian Empire

Pre-Modern

Museums

Law

Modern Turkmenistan

Architectural Monuments

Parks

People

Politics

Religion

Major mosques

Sports

See also