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biophysics Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena. Biophysics covers all scales of biological organization, from molecular to organismic and populations. ...

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5-HT3 receptor The 5-HT3 receptor belongs to the Cys-loop superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) and therefore differs structurally and functionally from all other 5-HT receptors (5-hydroxytryptamine, or serotonin receptors) which are G protein-coupled ...

A

ACCN1 Acid-sensing ion channel 2 (ASIC2) also known as amiloride-sensitive cation channel 1, neuronal (ACCN1) or brain sodium channel 1 (BNaC1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASIC2 gene. The ASIC2 gene is one of the five paralogous genes ...

ANO1 Anoctamin-1 (ANO1) also known as Transmembrane member 16A (TMEM16A) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''ANO1'' gene. Anoctamin-1 is a voltage-gated calcium-activated anion channel, which acts as a chloride channel and a bicarbonate ...

AP2 adaptor complex The AP2 adaptor complex is a multimeric protein that works on the cell membrane to internalize cargo in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. It is a stable complex of four adaptins which give rise to a structure that has a core domain and two appendage d ...

Aaron Klug Sir Aaron Klug (11 August 1926 – 20 November 2018) was a British biophysicist and chemist. He was a winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of bio ...

Acid-sensing ion channel Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are neuronal voltage-insensitive sodium channels activated by extracellular protons permeable to Na+. ASIC1 also shows low Ca2+ permeability. ASIC proteins are a subfamily of the ENaC/Deg superfamily of ion chann ...

* Activating function *

Active transport In cellular biology, ''active transport'' is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellul ...

Adolf Eugen Fick Adolf Eugen Fick (3 September 1829 – 21 August 1901) was a German-born physician and physiologist. Early life and education Fick began his work in the formal study of mathematics and physics before realising an aptitude for medicine. He th ...

Afterdepolarization Afterdepolarizations are abnormal depolarizations of cardiac myocytes that interrupt phase 2, phase 3, or phase 4 of the cardiac action potential in the electrical conduction system of the heart. Afterdepolarizations may lead to cardiac arrhythmias ...

* Aggregate modulus *

Aharon Katzir Aharon Katzir (Aharon Katzir-Katchalsky) (September 15, 1914 – May 30, 1972) was an Israeli pioneer in the study of the electrochemistry of biopolymers. Biography Born 1914 in Łódź, Poland, he moved to Mandatory Palestine in 1925, where he ...

Alan Lloyd Hodgkin Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (5 February 1914 – 20 December 1998) was an English physiologist and biophysicist who shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Andrew Huxley and John Eccles. Early life and education Hodgkin was b ...

Alexander Rich Alexander Rich (15 November 1924 – 27 April 2015) was an American biologist and biophysicist. He was the William Thompson Sedgwick Professor of Biophysics at MIT (since 1958) and Harvard Medical School. Rich earned an A.B. (''magna cum laud ...

Alexander van Oudenaarden Alexander van Oudenaarden (19 March 1970) is a Dutch biophysicist and systems biologist. He is a leading researcher in stem cell biology, specialising in single cell techniques. In 2012 he started as director of the Hubrecht Institute and was a ...

Allan McLeod Cormack Allan MacLeod Cormack (February 23, 1924 – May 7, 1998) was a South African American physicist who won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (along with Godfrey Hounsfield) for his work on X-ray computed tomography (CT). Early life an ...

Alpha-3 beta-4 nicotinic receptor The alpha-3 beta-4 nicotinic receptor, also known as the α3β4 receptor and the ganglion-type nicotinic receptor,Pharmacology, (Rang, Dale, Ritter & Moore, , 5th ed., Churchill Livingstone 2003) p. 138. is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ...

Alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor The alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor, also known as the α4β2 receptor, is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor implicated in learning, consisting of α4 and β2 subunits. It is located in the brain, where activation yields post- and pre ...

Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor The alpha-7 nicotinic receptor, also known as the α7 receptor, is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor implicated in long-term memory, consisting entirely of α7 subunits.Pharmacology, (Rang, Dale, Ritter & Moore, , 5th ed., Churchill Liv ...

Alpha helix The alpha helix (α-helix) is a common motif in the secondary structure of proteins and is a right hand-helix conformation in which every backbone N−H group hydrogen bonds to the backbone C=O group of the amino acid located four residues e ...

Alwyn Jones (biophysicist) Thomas Alwyn Jones (born 30 August 1947) is a Welsh biophysicist and a professor at the Uppsala University in Sweden. Early life and education Alwyn Jones attended the primary school at Bedlinog, and went on to the Lewis School, Pengam where he ...

Amoeboid movement Amoeboid movement is the most typical mode of locomotion in adherent eukaryotic cells. It is a crawling-like type of movement accomplished by protrusion of cytoplasm of the cell involving the formation of pseudopodia ("false-feet") and posterior ...

Andreas Mershin Andreas Mershin is a physicist at the Center for Bits and Atoms in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Education He received his MSci in physics from Imperial College London (1997) and his PhD in Physics from Texas A&M University (2003), ...

Andrew Huxley Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley (22 November 191730 May 2012) was an English physiologist and biophysicist. He was born into the prominent Huxley family. After leaving Westminster School in central London, he went to Trinity College, Cambridge on ...

Animal locomotion Animal locomotion, in ethology, is any of a variety of methods that animal (biology), animals use to move from one place to another. Some modes of locomotion are (initially) self-propelled, e.g., running, swimming, jumping, flying, hopping, soari ...

Animal locomotion on the water surface Animal locomotion on the surface layer of water is the study of animal locomotion in the case of small animals that live on the surface layer of water, relying on surface tension to stay afloat. There are two types of animal locomotion on water, ...

Anita Goel Anita Goel is an American physicist, physician, and scientist in the emerging field of Nanobiophysics. At the Nanobiosym Research Institute (NBS), Goel examines the physics of life and the way nanomotors read and write information into DNA. Edu ...

Antiporter An antiporter (also called exchanger or counter-transporter) is a cotransporter and integral membrane protein involved in secondary active transport of two or more different molecules or ions across a phospholipid membrane such as the plasma memb ...

Aquaporin 2 Aquaporin-2 (AQP-2) is found in the apical cell membranes of the kidney's collecting duct principal cells and in intracellular vesicles located throughout the cell. It is encoded by the gene. Regulation It is the only aquaporin regulated by ...

* Aquaporin 3 *

Aquaporin 4 Aquaporin-4, also known as AQP-4, is a water channel protein encoded by the ''AQP4'' gene in humans. AQP-4 belongs to the aquaporin family of integral membrane proteins that conduct water through the cell membrane. A limited number of aquaporins a ...

Archibald Hill Archibald Vivian Hill (26 September 1886 – 3 June 1977), known as A. V. Hill, was a British physiologist, one of the founders of the diverse disciplines of biophysics and operations research. He shared the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or M ...

Ariel Fernandez Ariel Fernandez (born Ariel Fernández Stigliano, April 8, 1957) is an Argentinian–American physical chemist and pharmaceutical researcher. Education and early career Fernandez received Licentiate degrees in Chemistry (1979) and Mathematics ...

Arthropod exoskeleton Arthropods are covered with a tough, resilient integument or exoskeleton of chitin. Generally the exoskeleton will have thickened areas in which the chitin is reinforced or stiffened by materials such as minerals or hardened proteins. This happens ...

Arthropod leg The arthropod leg is a form of jointed appendage of arthropods, usually used for walking. Many of the terms used for arthropod leg segments (called podomeres) are of Latin origin, and may be confused with terms for bones: ''coxa'' (meaning hip, pl ...

* Avery Gilbert

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BEST2 Bestrophin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''BEST2'' gene. Function This gene is a member of the bestrophin gene family of anion channels. Bestrophin genes share a similar gene structure with highly conserved exon-intron bounda ...

BK channel BK channels (big potassium), are large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels, also known as Maxi-K, slo1, or Kca1.1. BK channels are voltage-gated potassium channels that conduct large amounts of potassium ions (K+) across the ce ...

Bacterial outer membrane The bacterial outer membrane is found in gram-negative bacteria. Its composition is distinct from that of the inner cytoplasmic cell membrane - among other things, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of many gram-negative bacteria includes ...

Balance (ability) Balance in biomechanics, is an ability to maintain the line of gravity (vertical line from centre of mass) of a body within the base of support with minimal postural sway. Sway is the horizontal movement of the centre of gravity even when a perso ...

Bat Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera.''cheir'', "hand" and πτερόν''pteron'', "wing". With their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals capable of true and sustained flight. Bats are more agile in flight than most bi ...

Bat wing development The order Chiroptera, comprising all bats, has evolved the unique mammalian adaptation of flight. Bat wings are modified tetrapod forelimbs. Because bats are mammals, the skeletal structures in their wings are morphologically homologous to the sk ...

Bert Sakmann Bert Sakmann (; born 12 June 1942) is a German cell physiologist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Erwin Neher in 1991 for their work on "the function of single ion channels in cells," and the invention of the patch cla ...

Bestrophin 1 Bestrophin-1 (Best1) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''BEST1'' gene (RPD ID - 5T5N/4RDQ). The bestrophin family of proteins comprises four evolutionary related genes (BEST1, BEST2, BEST3, and BEST4) that code for integral membrane ...

Biased random walk (biochemistry) Chemotaxis (from '' chemo-'' + ''taxis'') is the movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus. Somatic cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemica ...

Bioelectrochemical reactor A Bioelectrochemical reactor is a type of bioreactor where bioelectrochemical processes are used to degrade/produce organic materials using microorganisms. This bioreactor has two compartments: The anode, where the oxidation reaction takes place; A ...

Bioelectrochemistry Bioelectrochemistry is a branch of electrochemistry and biophysical chemistry concerned with electrophysiological topics like cell electron-proton transport, cell membrane potentials and electrode reactions of redox enzymes. History The beginnin ...

Biofilm A biofilm comprises any syntrophic consortium of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface. These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular ...

* Biological material *

Biological membrane A biological membrane, biomembrane or cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment or creates intracellular compartments by serving as a boundary between one part of the ce ...

Biomechanics Biomechanics is the study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics is a branch of ...

Biomechanics of sprint running Sprinting involves a quick acceleration phase followed by a velocity maintenance phase. During the initial stage of sprinting, the runners have their upper body tilted forward in order to direct ground reaction forces more horizontally. As they r ...

Biophysical Society The Biophysical Society is an international scientific society whose purpose is to lead the development and dissemination of knowledge in biophysics. Founded in 1958, the Society currently consists of over 7,500 members in academia, government, an ...

Biophysics Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena. Biophysics covers all scales of biological organization, from molecular to organismic and populations. ...

Bird flight Bird flight is the primary mode of locomotion used by most bird species in which birds take off and fly. Flight assists birds with feeding, breeding, avoiding predators, and migrating. Bird flight is one of the most complex forms of locomotion ...

Bird migration Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds. Many species of bird migrate. Migration carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by ...

Bisindolylmaleimide Bisindolylmaleimide is an organic compound that forms the core chemical structure of a variety of biologically active compounds. This core structure includes a central maleimide group with two indole groups attached. Examples of bisindolylmaleim ...

Bleb (cell biology) In cell biology, a bleb is a bulge of the plasma membrane of a cell, characterized by a spherical, bulky morphology. It is characterized by the decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane, degrading the internal structure of the cell, ...

Boris Pavlovich Belousov Boris Pavlovich Belousov (russian: Бори́с Па́влович Белоу́сов, link=no; 19 February 1893 – 12 June 1970) was a Soviet chemist and biophysicist who discovered the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction (BZ reaction) in the earl ...

Brian Matthews (biochemist) Brian W. Matthews is a biochemist and biophysicist educated at the University of Adelaide, contributor to x-ray crystallographic methodology at the University of Cambridge, and since 1970 at the University of Oregon as Professor of Physics and ...

Britton Chance Britton "Brit" Chance (July 24, 1913 – November 16, 2010) was an American biochemist, biophysicist, scholar, and inventor whose work helped develop spectroscopy as a way to diagnose medical problems. He was "a world leader in transforming t ...

Brush border A brush border (striated border or brush border membrane) is the microvilli-covered surface of simple cuboidal and simple columnar epithelium found in different parts of the body. Microvilli are approximately 100 nanometers in diameter and the ...

* Bulk movement

C

CACNA1G Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1G subunit, also known as CACNA1G or Cav3.1 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CACNA1G'' gene. It is one of the primary targets in the pharmacology of absence seizure. Function Cav ...

* CACNA1H *

CACNA1I Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1I subunit, also known as CACNA1I or Cav3.3 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CACNA1I'' gene. Function Voltage-dependent calcium channels can be distinguished based on their volta ...

CACNA2D1 Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha-2/delta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CACNA2D1'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the alpha-2/delta subunit family, a protein in the voltage-dependent calcium channel complex. ...

CACNA2D2 Voltage-dependent calcium channel subunit alpha2delta-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CACNA2D2'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the alpha-2/delta subunit family, a protein in the voltage-dependent calcium channel complex. Ca ...

CACNB1 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CACNB1'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the calcium channel beta subunit family. It plays an important role in the calcium ...

CACNB2 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CACNB2'' gene. Clinical significance Mutation in the CACNB2 gene are associated with Brugada syndrome, autism, attention deficit-hyperac ...

* CACNB3 *

CACNB4 Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CACNB4'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the beta subunit family, a protein in the voltage-dependent calcium channel complex. ...

* CACNG1 *

CACNG2 Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, gamma subunit 2, also known as CACNG2 or stargazin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CACNG2'' gene. Function L-type calcium channels are composed of five subunits. The protein encoded by this gen ...

* CACNG3 *

CACNG4 Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-4 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CACNG4'' gene. L-type calcium channels are composed of five subunits. The protein encoded by this gene represents one of these subunits, gamma, and ...

CD22 CD22, or cluster of differentiation-22, is a molecule belonging to the SIGLEC family of lectins. It is found on the surface of mature B cells and to a lesser extent on some immature B cells. Generally speaking, CD22 is a regulatory molecule that ...

CD33 CD33 or Siglec-3 (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 3, SIGLEC3, SIGLEC-3, gp67, p67) is a transmembrane receptor expressed on cells of myeloid lineage. It is usually considered myeloid-specific, but it can also be found on some lymphoid cells. ...

CHRNA10 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10, also known as nAChRα10 and cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 10, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CHRNA10'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of certain nicot ...

CHRNA2 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-2, also known as nAChRα2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CHRNA2'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchR). Function ...

CHRNA3 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-3, also known as nAChRα3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CHRNA3'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchR). Research wi ...

CHRNA4 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4, also known as nAChRα4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CHRNA4'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Alpha4-cont ...

CHRNA5 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-5, also known as nAChRα5, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CHRNA5'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchR). Function ...

CHRNA6 Cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 6, also known as nAChRα6, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CHRNA6'' gene. The CHRNA6 gene codes for the α6 nicotinic receptor subunit that is found in certain types of nicotinic acetylcholin ...

CHRNA7 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-7, also known as nAChRα7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CHRNA7'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchR). Function ...

* CHRNA9 * CHRNB1 *

CHRNB2 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CHRNB2'' gene. Neuronal acetylcholine receptors are homo- or heteropentameric complexes composed of homologous alpha and beta subunits. They belong to ...

* CHRNB3 *

CHRNB4 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CHRNB4'' gene. Interactive pathway map See also * Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are receptor ...

* CHRND *

CHRNE Acetylcholine receptor subunit epsilon is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CHRNE'' gene. Acetylcholine receptors at mature mammalian neuromuscular junctions are pentameric protein complexes composed of four subunits in the ratio of tw ...

* CHRNG *

CLCA1 Chloride channel accessory 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CLCA1'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the calcium sensitive chloride conductance protein family. To date, all members of this gene family map to the same region on ...

* CLCA2 * CLCA3 *

CLCA4 Chloride channel accessory 4, also known as CLCA4, is a protein which in humans ''CLCA4'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a chloride channel. Protein structure prediction methods suggest the N-terminal region of CLCA4 protein is a zinc ...

* CLCC1 *

CLCN1 The CLCN family of voltage-dependent chloride channel genes comprises nine members (CLCN1-7, Ka and Kb) which demonstrate quite diverse functional characteristics while sharing significant sequence homology. The protein encoded by this gene regul ...

CLCN2 Chloride channel protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CLCN2'' gene. Mutations of this gene have been found to cause leukoencephalopathy and Idiopathic generalised epilepsy (), although the latter claim has been disputed. CLCN2 ...

CLCN3 H+/Cl− exchange transporter 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CLCN3'' gene. Interactions CLCN3 has been shown to interact with PDZK1. See also * Chloride channel Chloride channels are a superfamily of poorly understood i ...

* CLCN4 *

CLCN5 The ''CLCN5'' gene encodes the chloride channel Cl-/H+ exchanger ClC-5. ClC-5 is mainly expressed in the kidney, in particular in proximal tubules where it participates to the uptake of albumin and low-molecular-weight proteins, which is one of th ...

CLCN6 Chloride transport protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CLCN6'' gene. The CLCN family of voltage-dependent chloride channel genes comprises nine members (CLCN1-7, Ka and Kb) which demonstrate quite diverse functional characte ...

CLCN7 Chloride channel 7 alpha subunit also known as H+/Cl− exchange transporter 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CLCN7 gene. In melanocytic cells this gene is regulated by the Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. Clinical s ...

CLCNKA Chloride channel protein ClC-Ka is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CLCNKA'' gene. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. Function This gene is a member of the CLC family of voltage- ...

CLCNKB Chloride channel Kb, also known as CLCNKB, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CLCNKB'' gene. Chloride channel Kb (CLCNKB) is a member of the CLC family of voltage-gated chloride channels, which comprises at least 9 mammalian chlorid ...

CLIC1 Chloride intracellular channel protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CLIC1'' gene. Chloride channels are a diverse group of proteins that regulate fundamental cellular processes including stabilization of cell membrane potentia ...

* CLIC2 * CLIC3 * CLIC4 * CLIC5 *

CLIC6 Chloride intracellular channel protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CLIC6'' gene. The CLIC6 gene encodes a member of the chloride intracellular channel family of proteins. The gene is part of a large triplicated region found ...

CLNS1A Methylosome subunit pICln is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CLNS1A'' gene. Interactions CLNS1A has been shown to interact with: * ITGA2B, * PRMT5, * SNRPD1, and * SNRPD3. See also * Chloride channel Chloride channels are ...

* CLNS1B *

CNGB1 Cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 1, also known as CNGB1, is a human gene encoding an ion channel protein. See also * Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel Cycle, cycles, or cyclic may refer to: Anthropology and social sciences * Cyclic hist ...

Calcium-activated potassium channel Calcium-activated potassium channels are potassium channels gated by calcium, or that are structurally or phylogenetically related to calcium gated channels. They were first discovered in 1958 by Gardos who saw that calcium levels inside of a cell ...

Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 also known as large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, subfamily M, alpha member 1 (KCa1.1), or BK channel alpha subunit, is a voltage gated potassium channel encoded by the KCNMA1 ...

* Calcium 2-aminoethylphosphate *

Calcium channel A calcium channel is an ion channel which shows selective permeability to calcium ions. It is sometimes synonymous with voltage-gated calcium channel, although there are also ligand-gated calcium channels. Comparison tables The following tables e ...

* Canadian Society for Biomechanics *

Cardiolipin Cardiolipin (IUPAC name 1,3-bis(''sn''-3’-phosphatidyl)-''sn''-glycerol) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition. It can also be found in the membranes of most ...

Carlos Chagas Filho Carlos Chagas Filho (September 10, 1910 – February 16, 2000) was a Brazilian physician, biologist and scientist active in the field of neuroscience. He was internationally renowned for his investigations on the neural mechanisms underlying ...

Carrier protein A membrane transport protein (or simply transporter) is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane. Transport proteins are integral transmembrane ...

CatSper1 CatSper1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CATSPER1'' gene. CatSper1 is a member of the cation channels of sperm family of protein. The four proteins in this family together form a Ca2+-permeant ion channel specific essential ...

CatSper2 CatSper2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CATSPER2'' gene. CatSper2 is a member of the cation channels of sperm family of protein. The four proteins in this family together form a Ca2+-permeant ion channel specific essential fo ...

CatSper3 CatSper3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CATSPER3'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' ...

CatSper4 CatSper4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CATSPER4'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' ...

Cation channels of sperm The cation channels of sperm also known as Catsper channels or CatSper, are ion channels that are related to the two-pore channels and distantly related to TRP channels. The four members of this family form voltage-gated Ca2+ channels that ...

Cav1.1 Cav1.1 also known as the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1S subunit, (CACNA1S), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CACNA1S'' gene. It is also known as CACNL1A3 and the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR, so named due ...

Cav1.2 Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1C subunit (also known as Cav1.2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CACNA1C'' gene. Cav1.2 is a subunit of L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel. Structure and function This g ...

Cav1.3 Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1D subunit (also known as Cav1.3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CACNA1D'' gene. Cav1.3 channels belong to the Cav1 family, which form L-type calcium currents and are sensitive t ...

Cav1.4 Cav1.4 also known as the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1F subunit (CACNA1F), is a human gene. This gene encodes a member of the alpha-1 subunit family; a protein in the voltage-dependent calcium channel complex. Calcium cha ...

* Cav2.1 *

Cell adhesion molecule Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are a subset of cell surface proteins that are involved in the binding of cells with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM), in a process called cell adhesion. In essence, CAMs help cells stick to each ...

Cell membrane The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane (PM) or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of all cells from the outside environment ( ...

Cellular component Cellular components are the complex biomolecules and structures of which cells, and thus living organisms, are composed. Cells are the structural and functional units of life. The smallest organisms are single cells, while the largest organism ...

Channelome The channelome, sometimes called the "ion channelome", is the complete set of ion channelsDoyle, D. A., Morais-Cabral, J., Pfuetzner, R. A., Kuo, A, Gulbis, JM, Cohen, SL, Chait, BT, MacKinnon, R (1998) The structure of the potassium channel: molecu ...

Channelomics The channelome, sometimes called the "ion channelome", is the complete set of ion channelsDoyle, D. A., Morais-Cabral, J., Pfuetzner, R. A., Kuo, A, Gulbis, JM, Cohen, SL, Chait, BT, MacKinnon, R (1998) The structure of the potassium channel: molecu ...

Channelrhodopsin Channelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins ( rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Express ...

* Charles Tanford *

Chemorepulsion Chemorepulsion is the directional movement of a cell away from a substance. Of the two directional varieties of chemotaxis, chemoattraction has been studied to a much greater extent. Only recently have the key components of the chemorepulsive pathw ...

Chloride channel Chloride channels are a superfamily of poorly understood ion channels specific for chloride. These channels may conduct many different ions, but are named for chloride because its concentration ''in vivo'' is much higher than other anions. Severa ...

Chloroplast membrane Chloroplasts contain several important membranes, vital for their function. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have a double-membrane envelope, called the chloroplast envelope, but unlike mitochondria, chloroplasts also have internal membrane structu ...

* Cholesterol depletion *

Cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, alpha 1 Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-1, also known as nAChRα1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CHRNA1'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchR). The muscle ...

Chorioallantoic membrane The Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM), also known as the chorioallantois, is a highly vascularized membrane found in the eggs of certain amniotes like birds and reptiles. It is formed by the fusion of the mesodermal layers of two extra-embryonic memb ...

Christian B. Anfinsen Christian Boehmer Anfinsen Jr. (March 26, 1916 – May 14, 1995) was an American biochemist. He shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Stanford Moore and William Howard Stein for work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the conne ...

Cilium The cilium, plural cilia (), is a membrane-bound organelle found on most types of eukaryotic cell, and certain microorganisms known as ciliates. Cilia are absent in bacteria and archaea. The cilium has the shape of a slender threadlike projecti ...

Climbing Climbing is the activity of using one's hands, feet, or any other part of the body to ascend a steep topographical object that can range from the world's tallest mountains (e.g. the eight thousanders), to small boulders. Climbing is done fo ...

* Cometabolism *

Comparative foot morphology Comparative foot morphology involves comparing the form of distal limb structures of a variety of terrestrial vertebrates. Understanding the role that the foot plays for each type of organism must take account of the differences in body type, foo ...

Connexon In biology, a connexon, also known as a connexin hemichannel, is an assembly of six proteins called connexins that form the pore for a gap junction between the cytoplasm of two adjacent cells. This channel allows for bidirectional flow of ions and ...

Core (anatomy) The core or trunk is the axial (central) part of an organism's body. In common parlance, the term is broadly considered to be synonymous with the torso, but academically it also includes the head and neck. Functional movements are highly depe ...

Countercurrent multiplication A countercurrent mechanism system is a mechanism that expends energy to create a concentration gradient. It is found widely in nature and especially in mammalian organs. For example, it can refer to the process that is underlying the process of ...

Crenation Crenation (from modern Latin ''crenatus'' meaning "scalloped or notched", from popular Latin ''crena'' meaning "notch") in botany and zoology, describes an object's shape, especially a leaf or shell, as being round-toothed or having a scalloped ed ...

Crista A crista (; plural cristae) is a fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The name is from the Latin for ''crest'' or ''plume'', and it gives the inner membrane its characteristic wrinkled shape, providing a large amount of surface area fo ...

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 1 Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 1, also known as CNGA1, is a human gene encoding an ion channel protein. Heterologously expressed CNGA1 can form a functional channel that is permeable to calcium. In rod photoreceptors, however, CNGA1 forms ...

* Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 2 * Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 3 *

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 4 Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel alpha-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CNGA4'' gene. CNGA4 is a modulatory subunit of vertebrate cyclic nucleotide-gated membrane channels that transduce odorant signals (Munger et al., 2001 ...

Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel Cycle, cycles, or cyclic may refer to: Anthropology and social sciences * Cyclic history, a theory of history * Cyclical theory, a theory of American political history associated with Arthur Schlesinger, Sr. * Social cycle, various cycles in soc ...

* Cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 3 *

Cys-loop receptors The Cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel superfamily is composed of nicotinic acetylcholine, GABAA, GABAA-ρ, glycine, 5-HT3, and zinc-activated (ZAC) receptors. These receptors are composed of five protein subunits which form a pentameric arrange ...

Cytolysis Cytolysis, or osmotic lysis, occurs when a cell bursts due to an osmotic imbalance that has caused excess water to diffuse into the cell. Water can enter the cell by diffusion through the cell membrane or through selective membrane channels ...

D

David Callaway David J. E. Callaway is a biological nanophysicist in the New York University School of Medicine, where he is Professor and Laboratory Director. He was trained as a theoretical physicist by Richard Feynman, Kip Thorne, and Cosmas Zachos, and w ...

David Cohen (physicist) David Cohen made many of the first pioneering measurements in the area of biomagnetism (magnetic fields produced by the body), although he was initially trained as a nuclear physicist. Early life and education Cohen was born of immigrant parents ...

David E. Goldman David E. Goldman (David Eliot Goldman, 1910–1998) was a scientist famous for the Goldman equation which he derived for his doctorate degree in 1943 at Columbia University working with Kenneth Cole. In the 1950s, while employed by the United Sta ...

* David J. Brenner *

David Keynes Hill David Keynes Hill FRS (23 July 1915 – 18 August 2002) was a British biophysicist. Hill was the son of Nobel Prize–winning physiologist Archibald Vivian Hill and his wife Margaret Hill, the daughter of John Neville Keynes and sister of Jo ...

David Mervyn Blow David Mervyn Blow (27 June 1931 – 8 June 2004) was an influential British biophysicist. He was best known for the development of X-ray crystallography, a technique used to determine the molecular structures of tens of thousands of biologica ...

* David S. Cafiso *

David States David J. States M.D., Ph.D. is Professor of Human Geneticsat the University of Michigan. His research group is using computational methods to understand the human genome and how it relates to the human proteome. He is the Director of the Michigan ...

Davydov soliton Davydov soliton is a quantum quasiparticle representing an excitation propagating along the protein α-helix self-trapped amide I. It is a solution of the Davydov Hamiltonian. It is named for the Soviet and Ukrainian physicist Alexander Davydov ...

* Dendrosome *

Denny's paradox In biology, Denny's paradox refers to the apparent impossibility of surface-dwelling animals such as the water strider generating enough propulsive force to move. It is named after biologist Mark Denny, and relates to animal locomotion on the s ...

Depolarization In biology, depolarization or hypopolarization is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell compared to the outside. Depolarization is esse ...

Detlev Bronk Detlev Wulf Bronk (August 13, 1897 – November 17, 1975) was a prominent American scientist, educator, and administrator. He is credited with establishing biophysics as a recognized discipline. Bronk served as president of Johns Hopkins Universi ...

Dopamine transporter The dopamine transporter (also dopamine active transporter, DAT, SLC6A3) is a membrane-spanning protein that pumps the neurotransmitter dopamine out of the synaptic cleft back into cytosol. In the cytosol, other transporters sequester the dopam ...

* Douglas Warrick *

Dušan Ristanović Dušan ( sr-Cyrl, Душан) is a Slavic given name primarily used in countries of Yugoslavia; and among Slovaks and Czechs. The name is derived from the Slavic noun ''duša'' "soul". Occurrence In Serbia, it was the 29th most popular nam ...

E

* Ecomechanics *

Efflux (microbiology) In microbiology, efflux is the moving of a variety of different compounds out of cells, such as antibiotics, heavy metals, organic pollutants, plant-produced compounds, quorum sensing signals, bacterial metabolites and neurotransmitters. All mic ...

Egg white Egg white is the clear liquid (also called the albumen or the glair/glaire) contained within an egg. In chickens it is formed from the layers of secretions of the anterior section of the hen's oviduct during the passage of the egg. It forms arou ...

Elasticity of cell membranes A cell membrane defines a boundary between a cell and its environment. The primary constituent of a membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that forms in a water-based environment due to the hydrophilic nature of the lipid head and the hydrophobic natu ...

Electrochemical gradient An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two parts, the chemical gradient, or difference in solute concentration across a membrane, and th ...

Electromethanogenesis Electromethanogenesis is a form of electrofuel production where methane is produced by direct biological conversion of electrical current and carbon dioxide. Methane producing technologies garnered interest from the scientific community prior to 20 ...

Electrophysiology Electrophysiology (from Greek , ''ēlektron'', "amber" etymology of "electron"">Electron#Etymology">etymology of "electron" , ''physis'', "nature, origin"; and , '' -logia'') is the branch of physiology that studies the electrical properties of b ...

Electrotonic potential In physiology, electrotonus refers to the passive spread of charge inside a neuron and between cardiac muscle cells or smooth muscle cells. ''Passive'' means that voltage-dependent changes in membrane conductance do not contribute. Neurons and oth ...

* Elizabeth Rhoades *

Ena/Vasp homology proteins ENA/VASP homology proteins or EVH proteins are a family of closely related proteins involved in cell motility in vertebrate and invertebrate animals. EVH proteins are modular proteins that are involved in actin polymerization, as well as interac ...

Endocytosis Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of cell membrane, which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing the ingested material. E ...

Endomembrane system The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes (endomembranes) that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes ...

Endoskeleton An endoskeleton (From Greek ἔνδον, éndon = "within", "inner" + σκελετός, skeletos = "skeleton") is an internal support structure of an animal, composed of mineralized tissue. Overview An endoskeleton is a skeleton that is on the i ...

Enid MacRobbie Enid Anne Campbell MacRobbie, (born 5 December 1931) is a Scottish plant scientist who is Emeritus Professor of Plant Biophysics at the University of Cambridge and a Life Fellow of Girton College.https://www.girton.cam.ac.uk/people/professor-en ...

Enzymatic biofuel cell An enzymatic biofuel cell is a specific type of fuel cell that uses enzymes as a catalyst to oxidize its fuel, rather than precious metals. Enzymatic biofuel cells, while currently confined to research facilities, are widely prized for the promis ...

Enzyme kinetics Enzyme kinetics is the study of the rates of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions. In enzyme kinetics, the reaction rate is measured and the effects of varying the conditions of the reaction are investigated. Studying an enzyme's kinetics in th ...

Ephraim Katzir Ephraim Katzir ( he, אפרים קציר, translit=Efrayim Katsir; – 30 May 2009) was an Israeli biophysics, biophysicist and Israeli Labor Party, Labor Party politician. He was the List of Presidents of Israel, fourth President of Israel fro ...

Eric Kandel Eric Richard Kandel (; born Erich Richard Kandel, November 7, 1929) is an Austrian-born American medical doctor who specialized in psychiatry, a neuroscientist and a professor of biochemistry and biophysics at the College of Physicians and Surge ...

Erich Sackmann Erich Sackmann (born 26 November 1934) is a German experimental physicist and a pioneer of biophysics in Europe. Career Sackmann obtained his MSc (1961) and PhD (1964) degrees from the University of Stuttgart in the group of Theodor Förster. He ...

Erwin Neher Erwin Neher (; ; born 20 March 1944) is a German biophysicist, specializing in the field of cell physiology. For significant contribution in the field, in 1991 he was awarded, along with Bert Sakmann, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for ...

* Escheriosome *

Eva Nogales Eva Nogales (born in Madrid, Spain) is a biophysicist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where she served as head of the Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biol ...

Excitatory amino-acid transporter Glutamate transporters are a family of neurotransmitter transporter proteins that move glutamate – the principal excitatory neurotransmitter – across a membrane. The family of glutamate transporters is composed of two primary subclasses: the ex ...

Exoskeleton An exoskeleton (from Greek ''éxō'' "outer" and ''skeletós'' "skeleton") is an external skeleton that supports and protects an animal's body, in contrast to an internal skeleton (endoskeleton) in for example, a human. In usage, some of the ...

Extracellular field potential Local field potentials (LFP) are transient electrical signals generated in nervous and other tissues by the summed and synchronous electrical activity of the individual cells (e.g. neurons) in that tissue. LFP are "extracellular" signals, meaning ...

Extracellular polymeric substance Extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) are natural polymers of high molecular weight secreted by microorganisms into their environment. EPSs establish the functional and structural integrity of biofilms, and are considered the fundamental comp ...

F

* F15845 *

Filamentous haemagglutinin adhesin The filamentous haemagglutinin adhesin (FHA) is a large, filamentous protein that serves as a dominant attachment factor for adherence to host ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, called respiratory epithelium. It is associated with ...

Filopodia Filopodia (singular filopodium) are slender cytoplasmic projections that extend beyond the leading edge of lamellipodia in migrating cells. Within the lamellipodium, actin ribs are known as ''microspikes'', and when they extend beyond the lame ...

Flagellum A flagellum (; ) is a hairlike appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility. Many protists with flagella are termed as flagellates. A microorganism may have f ...

* Flapping counter-torque *

Flight feather Flight feathers (''Pennae volatus'') are the long, stiff, asymmetrically shaped, but symmetrically paired pennaceous feathers on the wings or tail of a bird; those on the wings are called remiges (), singular remex (), while those on the tail ...

Flying and gliding animals A number of animals are capable of aerial locomotion, either by powered flight or by gliding. This trait has appeared by evolution many times, without any single common ancestor. Flight has evolved at least four times in separate animals: inse ...

Focal adhesion In cell biology, focal adhesions (also cell–matrix adhesions or FAs) are large macromolecular assemblies through which mechanical force and regulatory signals are transmitted between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and an interacting cell. More ...

Footspeed 200px, Sprinting is a sport that requires development of footspeed Footspeed, or sprint speed, is the maximum speed at which a human can run. It is affected by many factors, varies greatly throughout the population, and is important in athletics ...

Force platform Force platforms or force plates are measuring instruments that measure the ground reaction forces generated by a body standing on or moving across them, to quantify balance, gait and other parameters of biomechanics. Most common areas of appli ...

Francis Crick Francis Harry Compton Crick (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was an English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist. He, James Watson, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins played crucial roles in deciphering the helical struc ...

Frederic M. Richards Frederic Middlebrook Richards (August 19, 1925 – January 11, 2009), commonly referred to as Fred Richards, was an American biochemist and biophysicist known for solving the pioneering crystal structure of the ribonuclease S enzyme in 1967 an ...

Fritz-Albert Popp Fritz-Albert Popp (11 May 1938 – 4 August 2018) was a German researcher in biophysics, particularly in the study of biophotons. Biography Popp was born in 1938 in Frankfurt. He has a diploma in Experimental Physics (1966, University Würzbur ...

Frog battery A frog battery is an electrochemical battery consisting of a number of dead frogs (or sometimes live ones), which form the cells of the battery connected in a series arrangement. It is a kind of biobattery. It was used in early scientific in ...

Functional movement Functional movements are movements based on real-world situational biomechanics. They usually involve multi-planar, multi-joint movements which place demand on the body's core musculature and innervation. Functional vs other movements Sports-sp ...

Functional spinal unit A functional spinal unit (FSU) (or motion segment) is the smallest physiological motion unit of the Spinal cord, spine to exhibit biomechanics, biomechanical characteristics similar to those of the entire spine. A FSU consists of two adjacent verte ...

G

* G. N. Ramachandran *

G12/G13 alpha subunits G12/G13 alpha subunits are alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins that link cell surface G protein-coupled receptors primarily to guanine nucleotide exchange factors for the Rho small GTPases to regulate the actin cytoskeleton. Together, th ...

GABAA receptor The GABAA receptor (GABAAR) is an ionotropic receptor and ligand-gated ion channel. Its endogenous ligand is γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Upon opening, the GABAA receptor on ...

GABRA2 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the ''GABRA2'' gene. GABRA2 is an alpha subunit that is part of GABA-A receptors, which are ligand-gated chloride channels and are activated by the majo ...

GABRA3 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GABRA3'' gene. Function GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain where it acts at GABAA receptors, which are ligand- ...

GABRA4 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GABRA4'' gene. GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain where it acts at GABA-A receptors, which are ligand-gated chlorid ...

GABRA5 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 5, also known as GABRA5, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''GABRA5'' gene. Function gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain where ...

GABRA6 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GABRA6'' gene. GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain where it acts at GABA-A receptors, which are ligand-gated chlorid ...

GABRB1 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GABRB1'' gene. Function The gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor ( GABAA receptor) is a multisubunit chloride channel that mediates the fastest inhibi ...

GABRB2 The GABAA beta-2 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRB2 gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or '' ...

GABRB3 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GABRB3'' gene. It is located within the 15q12 region in the human genome and spans 250kb. This gene includes 10 exons within its coding region. Due to a ...

GABRD Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GABRD'' gene. In the mammalian brain, the delta (δ) subunit forms specific GABAA receptor subtypes by co-assembly leading to δ subunit containing GABA ...

GABRE Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GABRE'' gene. The product of this gene belongs to the ligand-gated ionic channel (TC 1.A.9) family. It encodes the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A r ...

GABRG1 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GABRG1'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the GABAA receptor. Variants of this gene may be associated with alcohol dependenc ...

GABRG2 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GABRG2'' gene. Function Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding ...

GABRG3 GABAA receptor-γ3, also known as GABRG3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''GABRG3'' gene. Function GABRG3 is a subunit of the GABAA receptor for the neurotransmitter gamma-Aminobutyric acid ( GABA). Association with alcoholism ...

GABRP Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GABRP'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meanin ...

GABRQ Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GABRQ'' gene. The protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. P ...

GABRR1 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GABRR1'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." mea ...

GABRR2 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GABRR2'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." mea ...

GABRR3 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GABRR3'' gene. The protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Pr ...

GHK flux equation GHK may refer to: * Gahcho Kue Aerodrome, in the Northwest Territories, Canada * Geko Karen, a language of Burma * GHK algorithm, a regression model * Ghotki railway station, in Pakistan * Glasgow High Kelvinside, a Scottish rugby union club * Goldm ...

GLRA2 Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GLRA2'' gene. See also * Glycine receptor The glycine receptor (abbreviated as GlyR or GLR) is the receptor of the amino acid neurotransmitter glycine. GlyR is ...

GLRA3 The Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GLRA3'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the glycine receptor The glycine receptor (abbreviated as GlyR or GLR) is the receptor of the ...

GLRA4 The glycine receptor, alpha 4, also known as GLRA4, is a human pseudogene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the glycine receptor The glycine receptor (abbreviated as GlyR or GLR) is the receptor of the amino acid neurotransmi ...

GLRB Glycine receptor subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GLRB'' gene. The inhibitory glycine receptor mediates postsynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord and other regions of the central nervous system. It is a pentameric re ...

GLUT1 Glucose transporter 1 (or GLUT1), also known as solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 (SLC2A1), is a uniporter protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC2A1'' gene. GLUT1 facilitates the transport of glucose across ...

GLUT8 GLUT8 also known as SLC2A8 is the eighth member of glucose transporter superfamily. It is characterized by the presence of two leucine residues in its N-terminal intracellular domain, which influences intracellular trafficking. Discovery GL ...

GPCR oligomer A GPCR oligomer is a protein complex that consists of a small number ( ''oligoi'' "a few", ''méros'' "part, piece, component") of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). It is held together by covalent bonds or by intermolecular forces. The subun ...

GRIA1 Glutamate receptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIA1'' gene. Function Glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain and are activated in a variety of normal neurophys ...

GRIA2 Glutamate ionotropic receptor AMPA type subunit 2 (Glutamate receptor 2, or GluR-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIA2'' (or ''GLUR2'') gene and it is a subunit found in the AMPA receptors. Function Glutamate receptors are ...

GRIA3 Glutamate receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIA3'' gene. Function Glutamate receptors are the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the mammalian brain and are activated in a variety of normal neurophys ...

GRIA4 Glutamate receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIA4'' gene. This gene is a member of a family of L-glutamate-gated ion channels that mediate fast synaptic excitatory neurotransmission. These channels are also responsive to t ...

GRIK1 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 1, also known as GRIK1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIK1'' gene. Function This gene encodes one of the many ionotropic glutamate receptor (GluR) subunits that function as a ligand-ga ...

GRIK2 Glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 2, also known as ionotropic glutamate receptor 6 or GluR6, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIK2'' (or ''GLUR6'') gene. Function This gene encodes a subunit of a kainate glut ...

GRIK3 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIK3'' gene. This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the ligand-gated ionic channel family. It can coassemble with either GRIK4 or GRIK5 to form heterome ...

GRIK4 GRIK4 (''glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 4'') is a kainate receptor subtype belonging to the family of ligand-gated ion channels which is encoded by the gene. Function This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the glutamate-gated ioni ...

GRIK5 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIK5'' gene. Function This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the glutamate-gated ionic channel family. Glutamate functions as the major excitatory n ...

GRIN1 Glutamate MDAreceptor subunit zeta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIN1'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a critical subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, members of the glutamate receptor channel superfamily whi ...

GRIN2A Glutamate MDAreceptor subunit epsilon-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIN2A'' gene. The canonical GluN2A subunit isoform encompasses 1464 amino acids. Alternative splicing can generate a primate-specific GluN2A-short isoform (12 ...

GRIN2B Glutamate MDAreceptor subunit epsilon-2, also known as ''N''-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B (NMDAR2B or NR2B), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIN2B'' gene. NMDA receptors ''N''-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a ...

GRIN2C Glutamate MDAreceptor subunit epsilon-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIN2C'' gene. Function N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a class of ionotropic glutamate receptors. NMDA channel has been shown to be involved in ...

GRIN2D Glutamate MDAreceptor subunit epsilon-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIN2D'' gene. Function N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a class of ionotropic glutamate receptors. NMDA channel has been shown to be involved in ...

GRIN3A Glutamate

MDA MDA, mda, or ''variation'', may refer to: Places * Moldova, a country in Europe with the ISO 3166-1 country code MDA Politics * Meghalaya Democratic Alliance (2018), ruling coalition government in the Indian State of Meghalaya led by National Pe ...

receptor subunit 3A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIN3A'' gene. Function This gene encodes a subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDAR) receptors, which belong to the superfamily of glutamate receptor, glut ...

GRIN3B Glutamate MDAreceptor subunit 3B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIN3B'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''genera ...

GRINL1A GRINL1A complex locus protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRINL1A'' gene. This gene (GRINL1A) is part of a complex transcript unit that includes the gene for GRINL1A combined protein (Gcom1). Transcription of this gene occurs ...

* GRINL1B *

G protein G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells, and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior. Their act ...

G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channel The G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs) are a family of lipid-gated inward-rectifier potassium ion channels which are activated (opened) by the signaling lipid PIP2 and a signal transduction cascade starting with ...

G protein-coupled receptor G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily-related p ...

G protein-gated ion channel G protein-gated ion channels are a family of transmembrane ion channels in neurons and atrial myocytes that are directly gated by G proteins. Overview of mechanisms and function Generally, G protein-gated ion channels are specific ion channels ...

Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GABRA1'' gene. GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain where it acts at GABA-A receptors, which are ligand-gated chlorid ...

Ganglion type nicotinic receptor The alpha-3 beta-4 nicotinic receptor, also known as the α3β4 receptor and the ganglion-type nicotinic receptor,Pharmacology, (Rang, Dale, Ritter & Moore, , 5th ed., Churchill Livingstone 2003) p. 138. is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ...

Gating (electrophysiology) In electrophysiology, the term gating refers to the opening (activation) or closing (by deactivation or inactivation) of ion channels. This change in conformation is a response to changes in transmembrane voltage. When ion channels are in a 'close ...

Geoffrey West Geoffrey Brian West (born 15 December 1940) is a British theoretical physicist and former president and distinguished professor of the Santa Fe Institute. He is one of the leading scientists working on a scientific model of cities. Among other ...

Georg von Békésy Georg von Békésy ( hu, Békésy György, ; 3 June 1899 – 13 June 1972) was a Hungarian-American biophysicist. By using strobe photography and silver flakes as a marker, he was able to observe that the basilar membrane moves like a surface ...

George Karreman George Karreman (4 November 1920 – 27 February 1997) was a Dutch-born US physicist, mathematical biophysicist and mathematical/ theoretical biologist. He was the first president of the Society for Mathematical Biology (SMB). Biography Karrema ...

* George V. Lauder (biologist) * Gilbert Stead *

Gliding motility Gliding motility is a type of translocation used by microorganisms that is independent of propulsive structures such as flagella, pili, and fimbriae. Gliding allows microorganisms to travel along the surface of low aqueous films. The mechanisms of ...

Glycerophospholipid Glycerophospholipids or phosphoglycerides are glycerol-based phospholipids. They are the main component of biological membranes. Two major classes are known: those for bacteria and eukaryotes and a separate family for archaea. Structures The t ...

Glycine receptor, alpha 1 Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GLRA1'' gene. Function The inhibitory glycine receptor mediates postsynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord and other regions of the central nervous system. It is a ...

Glycophosphatidylinositol Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (), or glycophosphatidylinositol, or GPI in short, is a phosphoglyceride that can be attached to the C-terminus of a protein during posttranslational modification. The resulting GPI-anchored proteins play key roles in ...

Godfrey Hounsfield Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield (28 August 1919 – 12 August 2004) was an English electrical engineer who shared the 1979 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Allan MacLeod Cormack for his part in developing the diagnostic technique of X ...

Gopinath Kartha Gopinath Kartha (26 January 1927 – 18 June 1984) was a prominent crystallographer of Indian origin. In 1967, he determined the molecular structure of the enzyme ribonuclease. This was the first protein structure elucidated and published in ...

Gq alpha subunit Gq protein alpha subunit is a family of heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunits. This family is also commonly called the Gq/11 (Gq/G11) family or Gq/11/14/15 family to include closely related family members. G alpha subunits may be referred ...

* Gray's paradox *

Ground reaction force In physics, and in particular in biomechanics, the ground reaction force (GRF) is the force exerted by the ground on a body in contact with it. For example, a person standing motionless on the ground exerts a contact force on it (equal to the person ...

Gs alpha subunit The Gs alpha subunit (Gαs, Gsα) is a subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein Gs that stimulates the cAMP-dependent pathway by activating adenylyl cyclase. Gsα is a GTPase that functions as a cellular signaling protein. Gsα is the founding me ...

Gunther O. Hofmann Gunther O. Hofmann (born 22 May 1957 in Landshut, Bavaria) is a German surgeon, biophysicist, and professor. Early life and education Gunther O. Hofmann was born in 1957 in Landshut, Bavaria. Hofmann attended medical school and earned a Staats ...

H

HCN1 Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HCN1'' gene. Function Hyperpolarization-activated cation channels of the HCN gene family, such as HCN1, contribute ...

HCN2 Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HCN2'' gene. Interactions HCN2 has been shown to interact with HCN1 and HCN4. Function The function of the ...

* HCN3 *

HCN4 Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HCN4'' gene. There are four HCN channels. HCN4 is prominently expressed in the pace maker region of the mammalian hear ...

HCN channel Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide–gated (HCN) channels are integral membrane proteins that serve as nonselective voltage-gated ion channel, voltage-gated cation ion channel, channels in the plasma membranes of heart and brain cells. H ...

HERG hERG (the human '' Ether-à-go-go''-Related Gene) is a gene () that codes for a protein known as Kv11.1, the alpha subunit of a potassium ion channel. This ion channel (sometimes simply denoted as 'hERG') is best known for its contribution to th ...

HTR3A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HTR3A'' gene. The product of this gene belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel receptor superfamily. This gene encodes subunit A of the type 3 receptor for 5-hydroxytr ...

HTR3B 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3B, also known as ''HTR3B'', is a human gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the 5-HT3 receptor The 5-HT3 receptor belongs to the Cys-loop superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) ...

HTR3C 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HTR3C'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the 5-HT3 receptor The 5-HT3 receptor belongs to the Cys-loop superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels ...

HTR3D 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HTR3D'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the 5-HT3 receptor The 5-HT3 receptor belongs to the Cys-loop superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels ...

HTR3E 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3E is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HTR3E'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the 5-HT3 receptor The 5-HT3 receptor belongs to the Cys-loop superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels ...

HVCN1 Voltage-gated hydrogen channel 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HVCN1 gene. Voltage-gated hydrogen channel 1 is a voltage-gated proton channel that has been shown to allow proton transport into phagosomes and out of many types of ...

Hal Anger Hal Oscar Anger (May 20, 1920 – October 31, 2005) was an American electrical engineer and biophysicist at Donner Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, known for his invention of the gamma camera. In all, Anger held 15 patents, many of ...

Hans Frauenfelder Hans Frauenfelder (July 28, 1922 – July 10, 2022) was an American physicist and biophysicist notable for his discovery of perturbed angular correlation (PAC) in 1951. In the modern day, PAC spectroscopy is widely used in the study of condensed ...

Haptotaxis Haptotaxis (from Greek ἅπτω (hapto, "touch, fasten") and τάξις (taxis, "arrangement, order")) is the directional motility or outgrowth of cells, e.g. in the case of axonal outgrowth, usually up a gradient of cellular adhesion sites or sub ...

Harold J. Morowitz Harold Joseph Morowitz (December 4, 1927 – March 22, 2016) was an American biophysicist who studied the application of thermodynamics to living systems. Author of numerous books and articles, his work includes technical monographs as well as ess ...

Harry F. Noller Harry F. Noller (born June 10, 1939) is an American biochemist, and since 1992 the director of the University of California, Santa Cruz's ''Center for the Molecular Biology of RNA''. He has made significant contributions to our understanding of ...

Henri Atlan Henri Atlan (born 27 December 1931 in Blida, French Algeria) is a French biophysicist and philosopher. Early life and education Born to a Jewish family in French Algeria, Atlan gained degrees in medicine and biophysics at the University of Par ...

Hermann Joseph Muller Hermann Joseph Muller (December 21, 1890 – April 5, 1967) was an American geneticist, educator, and Nobel laureate best known for his work on the physiological and genetic effects of radiation (mutagenesis), as well as his outspoken political ...

Hermann von Helmholtz Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (31 August 1821 – 8 September 1894) was a German physicist and physician who made significant contributions in several scientific fields, particularly hydrodynamic stability. The Helmholtz Association, ...

Heterotrimeric G protein Heterotrimeric G protein, also sometimes referred to as the ''"large" G proteins'' (as opposed to the subclass of smaller, monomeric small GTPases) are membrane-associated G proteins that form a Heteromer, heterotrimeric complex. The biggest no ...

Hill's muscle model In biomechanics, Hill's muscle model refers to either Hill's equations for tetanized muscle contraction or to the 3-element model. They were derived by the famous physiologist Archibald Vivian Hill. Equation to tetanized muscle This is a popular ...

* Hille equation *

Hodgkin cycle In membrane biology, the Hodgkin cycle is a key component of membrane physiology that describes bioelectrical impulses, especially prevalent in neural and muscle tissues. It was identified by British physiologist and biophysicist Sir Alan Lloy ...

Hodgkin–Huxley model The Hodgkin–Huxley model, or conductance-based model, is a mathematical model that describes how action potentials in neurons are initiated and propagated. It is a set of nonlinear differential equations that approximates the electrical charact ...

Homeoviscous adaptation Homeoviscous adaptation is the adaptation of the cell membrane lipid composition to keep the adequate membrane fluidity. The maintenance of proper cell membrane fluidity is of critical importance for the function and integrity of the cell, essenti ...

Homologous desensitization Homologous desensitization occurs when a receptor decreases its response to an agonist at high concentration. It is a process through which, after prolonged agonist exposure, the receptor is uncoupled from its signaling cascade and thus the cellul ...

Hopanoids Hopanoids are a diverse subclass of triterpenoids with the same hydrocarbon skeleton as the compound hopane. This group of pentacyclic molecules therefore refers to simple hopenes, hopanols and hopanes, but also to extensively functionalized deriva ...

Howard Berg Howard Curtis Berg (March 16, 1934 – December 30, 2021) was the Herchel Smith Professor of Physics and Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology at Harvard University, where he taught biophysics and studied the motility of the bacterium ''Esch ...

Hugh Herr Hugh Herr (born October 25, 1964) is an American rock climber, engineer, and biophysicist. Early life The youngest of five siblings of a Mennonite family from Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Hugh Herr was a prodigy rock climber: by age 8, he had scale ...

Human leg The human leg, in the general word sense, is the entire lower limb (anatomy), limb of the human body, including the foot, thigh or sometimes even the hip or Gluteal muscles, gluteal region. However, the definition in human anatomy refers only to ...

Human skeletal changes due to bipedalism The evolution of human bipedalism, which began in primates approximately four million years ago, or as early as seven million years ago with '' Sahelanthropus'', or approximately twelve million years ago with ''Danuvius guggenmosi'', has led to m ...

Hydrophobic mismatch Hydrophobic mismatch is the difference between the thicknesses of hydrophobic regions of a transmembrane protein and of the biological membrane it spans. In order to avoid unfavorable exposure of hydrophobic surfaces to water, the hydrophobic regio ...

Hydrostatic skeleton A hydrostatic skeleton, or hydroskeleton, is a flexible skeleton supported by fluid pressure. Hydrostatic skeletons are common among simple invertebrate organisms. While more advanced organisms can be considered hydrostatic, they are sometimes refe ...

Hyperpolarization (biology) Hyperpolarization is a change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative. It is the opposite of a depolarization. It inhibits action potentials by increasing the stimulus required to move the membrane potential to the action po ...

I

ITPR1 Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ITPR1'' gene. Interactions ITPR1 has been shown to interact with: * AHCYL1, * CA8, * EPB41L1 * FKBP1A, * MRVI1, * PRKG1, * RHOA, and * TRPC4 ...

ITPR2 Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, type 2, also known as ITPR2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''ITPR2'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is both a receptor for inositol triphosphate and a calcium channel. See also * I ...

ITPR3 Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, type 3, also known as ITPR3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''ITPR3'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is both a receptor for inositol triphosphate and a calcium channel. Function IT ...

* Iatrogenic hypocholesterolemia * Ichiji Tasaki *

IgSF CAM IgSF CAMs (Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules) are cell adhesion molecules that belong to Immunoglobulin superfamily. It is regarded as the most diverse superfamily of CAMs. This family is characterized by their extracellular domains cont ...

* Inner membrane *

Inner mitochondrial membrane The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is the mitochondrial membrane which separates the mitochondrial matrix from the intermembrane space. Structure The structure of the inner mitochondrial membrane is extensively folded and compartmentalized. T ...

Insect wing Insect wings are adult outgrowths of the insect exoskeleton that enable insects to fly. They are found on the second and third thoracic segments (the mesothorax and metathorax), and the two pairs are often referred to as the forewings and hindwin ...

Integral membrane protein An integral, or intrinsic, membrane protein (IMP) is a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane. All ''transmembrane proteins'' are IMPs, but not all IMPs are transmembrane proteins. IMPs comprise a signi ...

* Interbilayer forces in membrane fusion *

Intracellular membranes The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes (endomembranes) that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes ...

Invadopodia Invadopodia are actin-rich protrusions of the plasma membrane that are associated with degradation of the extracellular matrix in cancer invasiveness and metastasis. Very similar to podosomes, invadopodia are found in invasive cancer cells and are ...

Inward-rectifier potassium ion channel Inward-rectifier potassium channels (Kir, IRK) are a specific lipid-gated subset of potassium channels. To date, seven subfamilies have been identified in various mammalian cell types, plants, and bacteria. They are activated by phosphatidylinos ...

Ion channel Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore. Their functions include establishing a resting membrane potential, shaping action potentials and other electrical signals by gating the flow of io ...

* Ionotropic effect

J

* J. Murdoch Ritchie *

Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval (8 June 1851 – 31 December 1940) was a French physician, physicist and inventor of the moving-coil D'Arsonval galvanometer and the thermocouple ammeter. D'Arsonval was an important contributor to the emerging field of ...

James D. Watson James Dewey Watson (born April 6, 1928) is an American molecular biologist, geneticist, and zoologist. In 1953, he co-authored with Francis Crick the academic paper proposing the double helix structure of the DNA molecule. Watson, Crick and ...

Jane S. Richardson Jane Shelby Richardson (born January 25, 1941) is an American biophysicist best known for developing the Richardson diagram, or ribbon diagram, a method of representing the 3D structure of proteins. Ribbon diagrams have become a standard repr ...

* Jeremy C. Smith (scientist) *

Jerome Wolken Jerome Jay Wolken (March 28, 1917 – May 10, 1999) was an American Biophysics, biophysicist who used his research in vision in deep sea creatures to develop a kind of eyeglasses that used specially designed lenses to gather more light, which ...

* Johan Paulsson * John C. Taschner *

John Desmond Bernal John Desmond Bernal (; 10 May 1901 – 15 September 1971) was an Irish scientist who pioneered the use of X-ray crystallography in molecular biology. He published extensively on the history of science. In addition, Bernal wrote popular book ...

John Heuser John E. Heuser (born August 29, 1942) is an American Professor of Biophysics in the department of Cell Biology and Physiology at the Washington University School of Medicine as well as a Professor at the Institute for Integrated Cell-Material ...

John Hopfield John Joseph Hopfield (born July 15, 1933) is an American scientist most widely known for his invention of an associative neural network in 1982. It is now more commonly known as the Hopfield network. Biography Hopfield was born in 1933 to Pol ...

John Kendrew Sir John Cowdery Kendrew, (24 March 1917 – 23 August 1997) was an English biochemist, crystallographer, and science administrator. Kendrew shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Max Perutz, for their work at the Cavendish Labo ...

Journal of Applied Biomechanics The ''Journal of Applied Biomechanics'' is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal and an official journal of the International Society of Biomechanics. It covers research on musculoskeletal and neuromuscular biomechanics in human movement, spor ...

Julia Goodfellow Dame Julia Mary Goodfellow (née Lansdall; born 1 July 1951) is a former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Kent, and Chair of the British Science Association. She was the president of Universities UK from 1 August 2015 until July 2017. Early ...

K

KCNA10 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 10 also known as Kv1.8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNA10'' gene. The protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains o ...

KCNA2 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 2 also known as Kv1.2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNA2'' gene. Function Potassium channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both function ...

KCNA3 Potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related subfamily, member 3, also known as KCNA3 or Kv1.3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNA3'' gene. Potassium channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels fro ...

KCNA4 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 4 also known as Kv1.4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNA4'' gene. It contributes to the cardiac transient outward potassium current (Ito1), the main contributing current to the ...

KCNA5 Potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related subfamily, member 5, also known as KCNA5 or Kv1.5, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNA5'' gene. Function Potassium channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion ...

KCNA6 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 6 also known as Kv1.6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNA6'' gene. The protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of ...

* KCNA7 * KCNAB1 *

KCNAB2 Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit beta-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNAB2'' gene. Function Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and ...

* KCNAB3 *

KCNB1 Potassium voltage-gated channel, Shab-related subfamily, member 1, also known as KCNB1 or Kv2.1, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''KCNB1'' gene. Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member one, or simply known as KCNB1, is ...

KCNB2 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily B member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNB2'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a voltage-gated potassium channel subunit. Research Limited research has been performed for ...

KCNC1 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNC1'' gene. The Shaker gene family of ''Drosophila'' encodes components of voltage-gated potassium channels and comprises four subfamilies. Base ...

KCNC2 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily C member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNC2'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a voltage-gated potassium channel subunit (Kv3.2). Expression pattern Kv3.1 and Kv3.2 channels ...

KCNC3 Potassium voltage-gated channel, Shaw-related subfamily, member 3 also known as KCNC3 or Kv3.3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNC3''. Function The Shaker gene family of Drosophila encodes components of voltage-gated potassi ...

* KCNC4 *

KCND1 Potassium voltage-gated channel, Shal-related subfamily, member 1 (KCND1), also known as Kv4.1, is a human gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." ...

* KCNE1L *

KCNE2 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 2 (KCNE2), also known as MinK-related peptide 1 (MiRP1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNE2'' gene on chromosome 21. MiRP1 is a voltage-gated potassium channel accessory subun ...

KCNE4 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily E member 4, originally named MinK-related peptide 3 or MiRP3 when it was discovered, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNE4'' gene. Function Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv) represen ...

KCNF1 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily F member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNF1'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a voltage-gated potassium channel Voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) are transmembr ...

* KCNG1 *

KCNG2 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily G member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNG2'' gene. The protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residu ...

KCNG3 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily G member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNG3'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a voltage-gated potassium channel subunit. References Further reading * * * * * External ...

* KCNG4 * KCNH3 * KCNH4 *

KCNH6 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNH6'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a voltage-gated potassium channel Voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) are transmemb ...

* KCNH7 *

KCNH8 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNH8'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a voltage-gated potassium channel Voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) are transmembr ...

* KCNIP1 *

KCNIP4 Kv channel-interacting protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNIP4'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the family of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel-interacting proteins (KCNIPs), which belong to the recoverin branch o ...

KCNJ10 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNJ10'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the inward rectifier-type potassium channel family, Kir4.1, characterized by having a gre ...

KCNJ12 ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 12 is a lipid-gated ion channel that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNJ12'' gene. Function This gene encodes an inwardly rectifying K+ channel that may be blocked by divalent cations. This pro ...

* KCNJ13 * KCNJ14 * KCNJ15 * KCNJ16 *

KCNJ3 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1 (GIRK-1) is encoded in the human by the gene ''KCNJ3''. Potassium channels are present in most mammalian cells, where they participate in a wide range of physiologic responses. The protein ...

* KCNJ4 *

KCNJ5 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4 (GIRK-4) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNJ5'' gene and is a type of G protein-gated ion channel. Function Potassium channels are present in most mammalian cells, where ...

KCNJ6 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNJ6'' gene. Mutation in KCNJ6 gene has been proposed to be the cause of Keppen-Lubinsky Syndrome (KPLBS). Function Potassium channels ...

KCNJ8 Potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 8, also known as KCNJ8, is a human gene encoding the Kir6.1 protein. A mutation in KCNJ8 has been associated with cardiac arrest in the early repolarization syndrome. Potassium channels ar ...

KCNJ9 G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNJ9'' gene. Function Potassium channels are present in most mammalian cells, where they participate in a wide range of physiologic respon ...

* KCNK1 *

KCNK10 Potassium channel, subfamily K, member 10, also known as KCNK10 is a human gene. The protein encoded by this gene, K2P10.1, is a potassium channel containing two pore-forming P domains. See also * Tandem pore domain potassium channel The two ...

KCNK12 Potassium channel, subfamily K, member 12, also known as KCNK12 is a human gene. The protein encoded by this gene, K2P12.1, is a potassium channel containing two pore-forming P domains. See also * Tandem pore domain potassium channel The two-p ...

KCNK13 Potassium channel, subfamily K, member 13, also known as KCNK13 is a human gene. The protein encoded by this gene, K2P13.1 is a potassium channel containing two pore-forming P domains. See also * Tandem pore domain potassium channel The two-po ...

KCNK15 Potassium channel subfamily K member 15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNK15'' gene. This gene encodes K2P15.1, one of the members of the superfamily of potassium channel proteins containing two pore-forming P domains. K2P15.1 ha ...

KCNK16 Potassium channel subfamily K member 16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNK16'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene, K2P16.1, is a potassium channel containing two pore-forming P domains. See also * Tandem pore domain potassi ...

KCNK17 Potassium channel subfamily K member 17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNK17'' gene. This gene encodes K2P17.1, one of the members of the superfamily of potassium channel proteins containing two pore-forming P domains. This open ...

KCNK18 Potassium channel subfamily K member 18 (KCNK18), also known as TWIK-related spinal cord potassium channel (TRESK) or K2P18.1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNK18'' gene. K2P18.1 is a potassium channel containing two pore-formin ...

KCNK2 Potassium channel subfamily K member 2, also known as TREK-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNK2'' gene. This gene encodes K2P2.1, a lipid-gated ion channel belonging to the two-pore-domain background potassium channel protein ...

KCNK3 Potassium channel subfamily K member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNK3'' gene. This gene encodes K2P3.1, one of the members of the superfamily of potassium channel proteins containing two pore-forming P domains. K2P3.1 is an ...

KCNK4 Potassium channel subfamily K member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNK4'' gene. KCNK4 protein channels are also called TRAAK channels. Function ''KNCK4'' is a gene segment that encodes for the TRAAK (TWIK-related Arachidon ...

* KCNK5 * KCNK6 *

KCNK7 Potassium channel, subfamily K, member 7, also known as KCNK7 or K2P7.1 is a protein which is encoded in humans by the ''KCNK7'' gene. K2P7.1 is a potassium channel containing two pore-forming P domains. Multiple transcript variants encoding dif ...

KCNK9 Potassium channel subfamily K member 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNK9'' gene. This gene encodes K2P9.1, one of the members of the superfamily of potassium channel proteins containing two pore-forming P domains. This open ch ...

KCNMB1 Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNMB1'' gene. Function MaxiK channels are large conductance, voltage and calcium-sensitive potassium channels which are fundamental to the cont ...

KCNMB2 Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNMB2'' gene. Big Potassium (BK) channels are large conductance, voltage and calcium-sensitive potassium channels which are fundamental to the co ...

KCNMB3 Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNMB3'' gene. MaxiK channels are large conductance, voltage and calcium-sensitive potassium channels which are fundamental to the control of smooth ...

KCNMB4 Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNMB4'' gene. MaxiK channels are large conductance, voltage and calcium-sensitive potassium channels which are fundamental to the control of smooth ...

KCNN1 Potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 1 , also known as KCNN1 is a human gene encoding the KCa2.1 protein. Action potentials in vertebrate neurons are followed by an afterhyperpolarization (AHP) t ...

KCNN2 Potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 2, also known as KCNN2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the KCNN2 gene. KCNN2 is an ion channel protein also known as KCa2.2. Function Action po ...

KCNN4 Potassium intermediate/small conductance calcium-activated channel, subfamily N, member 4, also known as KCNN4, is a human gene encoding the KCa3.1 protein. Function The KCa3.1 protein is part of a potentially heterotetrameric voltage-independ ...

KCNQ4 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 4, also known as voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv7.4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNQ4'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene forms a potassium chann ...

KCNQ5 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily KQT member 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNQ5'' gene. This gene is a member of the KCNQ potassium channel gene family that is differentially expressed in subregions of the brain and in ...

* KCNS1 * KCNS2 *

KCNS3 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily S member 3 (Kv9.3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNS3'' gene. KCNS3 gene belongs to the S subfamily of the potassium channel family. It is highly expressed in pulmonary artery myocytes, ...

KCNT1 Potassium channel subfamily T, member 1, also known as KCNT1 is a human gene that encodes the KCa4.1 protein. KCa4.1 is a member of the calcium-activated potassium channel protein family Associated Conditions Mutations in the KCNT1 gene has be ...

KCNT2 Potassium channel subfamily T, member 2, also known as KCNT2 is a human gene that encodes the KNa protein. KCNT2, also known as the Slick channel (sequence like an intermediate calcium channel) is an outwardly rectifying potassium channel activate ...

* KCNV1 *

KCNV2 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily V member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNV2'' gene. The protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residu ...

Kenneth Stewart Cole Kenneth Stewart Cole (July 10, 1900 – April 18, 1984) was an American biophysicist described by his peers as "a pioneer in the application of physical science to biology". Cole was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1967. Biography He wa ...

Kim Sung-Hou Kim Sung-Hou (born 1937) is a Korean-born American structural biologist and biophysicist. Kim reported the first 3D structure of tRNA with A. Rich in 1973. He also published many papers on the structures of protein molecules including human Ras, ...

Kir2.1 The Kir2.1 inward-rectifier potassium channel is a lipid-gated ion channel encoded by the gene. Clinical significance A defect in this gene is associated with Andersen-Tawil syndrome. A mutation in the KCNJ2 gene has also been shown to c ...

* Kir2.6 *

Kir6.2 Kir6.2 is a major subunit of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel, a lipid-gated inward-rectifier potassium ion channel. The gene encoding the channel is called KCNJ11 and mutations in this gene are associated with congenital hyperinsulinism. Structu ...

Kv1.1 Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 1 also known as Kv1.1 is a shaker related voltage-gated potassium channel that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNA1'' gene. Isaacs syndrome is a result of an autoimmune reaction against the Kv1 ...

KvLQT1 Kv7.1 (KvLQT1) is a potassium channel protein whose primary subunit in humans is encoded by the ''KCNQ1'' gene. Kv7.1 is a voltage and lipid-gated potassium channel present in the cell membranes of cardiac tissue and in inner ear neurons among ...

KvLQT2 Kv7.2 (KvLQT2) is a voltage- and lipid-gated potassium channel protein coded for by the gene KCNQ2. It is associated with benign familial neonatal epilepsy. Function The M channel is a slowly activating and deactivating potassium channel that ...

KvLQT3 Kv7.3 (KvLQT3) is a potassium channel protein coded for by the gene KCNQ3. It is associated with benign familial neonatal epilepsy. The M channel is a slowly activating and deactivating potassium channel that plays a critical role in the regulat ...

L

L-type calcium channel The L-type calcium channel (also known as the dihydropyridine channel, or DHP channel) is part of the high-voltage activated family of voltage-dependent calcium channel. "L" stands for long-lasting referring to the length of activation. This c ...

Lamellar structure In materials science, lamellar structures or microstructures are composed of fine, alternating layers of different materials in the form of lamellae. They are often observed in cases where a phase transition front moves quickly, leaving behind ...

Lamellipodium The lamellipodium (plural lamellipodia) (from Latin ''lamella'', related to ', "thin sheet", and the Greek radical ''pod-'', "foot") is a cytoskeletal protein actin projection on the leading edge of the cell. It contains a quasi-two-dimensional ...

Lead (leg) Lead refers to which set of legs, left or right, leads or advances forward to a greater extent when a quadruped animal is cantering, galloping, or leaping. The feet on the leading side touch the ground forward of its partner. On the "left l ...

Lecithin Lecithin (, from the Greek ''lekithos'' "yolk") is a generic term to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues which are amphiphilic – they attract both water and fatty substances (and so ar ...

Lee Spetner Dr Lee M. Spetner is an American and Israeli creationist author, mechanical engineer, applied biophysicist, and physicist, known best for his disagreements with the modern synthesis. In spite of his opposition to neo-Darwinism, Spetner accepts a f ...

Leslie Barnett Leslie Barnett (born 12 October 1920 as Margaret Leslie Collard – died 10 February 2002) was a British biologist who worked with Francis Crick, Sydney Brenner, and Richard J. Watts-Tobin to genetically demonstrate the triplet nature of the c ...

Ligand-gated ion channel Ligand-gated ion channels (LICs, LGIC), also commonly referred to as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and/or Cl− to pass through the membrane in res ...

Light-gated ion channel Light-gated ion channels are a family of ion channels regulated by electromagnetic radiation. Other gating mechanisms for ion channels include voltage-gated ion channels, ligand-gated ion channels, mechanosensitive ion channels, and temperature-ga ...

Lignocellulosic biomass Lignocellulose refers to plant dry matter (biomass), so called lignocellulosic biomass. It is the most abundantly available raw material on the Earth for the production of biofuels. It is composed of two kinds of carbohydrate polymers, cellulose a ...

* Limitations of animal running speed *

Linus Pauling Linus Carl Pauling (; February 28, 1901August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator. He published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific top ...

Lipid-anchored protein Lipid-anchored proteins (also known as lipid-linked proteins) are proteins located on the surface of the cell membrane that are covalently attached to lipids embedded within the cell membrane. These proteins insert and assume a place in the bilay ...

Lipid bilayer The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells. The cell membranes of almost all organisms and many vir ...

* Lipid bilayer characterization *

Lipid bilayer fusion Lipids are a broad group of naturally-occurring molecules which includes fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. The functions of lipids include ...

Lipid bilayer mechanics Lipid bilayer mechanics is the study of the physical material properties of lipid bilayers, classifying bilayer behavior with stress (mechanics), stress and strain (materials science), strain rather than biochemical interactions. Local point deforma ...

Lipid bilayer phase behavior One property of a lipid bilayer is the relative mobility (fluidity) of the individual lipid molecules and how this mobility changes with temperature. This response is known as the phase behavior of the bilayer. Broadly, at a given temperature a lipi ...

Lipid raft The plasma membranes of cells contain combinations of glycosphingolipids, cholesterol and protein receptors organised in glycolipoprotein lipid microdomains termed lipid rafts. Their existence in cellular membranes remains somewhat controversial. ...

Liposome A liposome is a small artificial vesicle, spherical in shape, having at least one lipid bilayer. Due to their hydrophobicity and/or hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, particle size and many other properties, liposomes can be used as drug deliver ...

* Liquid ordered phase * List of biophysicists *

List of birds by flight speed This is a list of the fastest flying birds in the world. A bird's velocity is necessarily variable; a hunting bird will reach much greater speeds while diving to catch prey than when flying horizontally. The bird that can achieve the greatest airs ...

List of jumping activities The action of jumping is central to several sports and activities. Some sports are based almost exclusively on the ability to jump, such as high jump in track and field, whereas in other sports the act of jumping is one of multiple athletic abilit ...

LocDB LocDB is an expert-curated database that collects experimental annotations for the subcellular localization of proteins in Homo sapiens (human) and Arabidopsis thaliana (Weed). The database also contains predictions of subcellular localization from ...

Locomotor activity Animal locomotion, in ethology, is any of a variety of methods that animals use to move from one place to another. Some modes of locomotion are (initially) self-propelled, e.g., running, swimming, jumping, flying, hopping, soaring and gliding. Th ...

Locomotor effects of shoes Locomotor effects of shoes are the way in which the physical characteristics or components of shoes influence the locomotion neuromechanics of a person. Depending on the characteristics of the shoes, the effects are various, ranging from alterat ...

Luca Turin Luca Turin (born 20 November 1953) is a biophysicist and writer with a long-standing interest in bioelectronics, the sense of smell, perfumery, and the fragrance industry. Early life and education Turin was born in Beirut, Lebanon on 20 November ...

Lymphocyte homing receptor Lymphocyte homing receptors are cell adhesion molecules expressed on lymphocyte cell membranes that recognize addressins on target tissues. ''Lymphocyte homing'' refers to adhesion of the circulating lymphocytes in blood to specialized endothelial c ...

M

M1 protein The M1 protein is a matrix protein of the influenza virus. It forms a coat inside the viral envelope. This is a bifunctional membrane/RNA-binding protein that mediates the encapsidation of nucleoprotein cores into the membrane envelope. It is ther ...

M2 proton channel The Matrix-2 (M2) protein is a proton-selective viroporin, integral in the viral envelope of the influenza A virus. The channel itself is a homotetramer (consists of four identical M2 units), where the units are helices stabilized by two disulfide ...

MHC class I MHC class I molecules are one of two primary classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (the other being MHC class II) and are found on the cell surface of all nucleated cells in the bodies of vertebrates. They also occur on plat ...

Magnesium transporter Magnesium transporters are proteins that transport magnesium across the cell membrane. All forms of life require magnesium, yet the molecular mechanisms of Mg2+ uptake from the environment and the distribution of this vital element within the organi ...

Magnetoception Magnetoreception is a sense which allows an organism to detect the Earth's magnetic field. Animals with this sense include some arthropods, molluscs, and vertebrates (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, though not humans). The sen ...

Magnetosome Magnetosomes are membranous structures present in magnetotactic bacteria (MTB). They contain iron-rich magnetic particles that are enclosed within a lipid bilayer membrane. Each magnetosome can often contain 15 to 20 magnetite crystals that form a ...

Magnetospirillum ''Magnetospirillum'' is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic genus of magnetotactic bacterium, first isolated from pond water by the microbiologist R. P. Blakemore in 1975. They have a spiral (helical) shape and are propelled by a polar flagellum ...

Magnetotactic bacteria Magnetotactic bacteria (or MTB) are a polyphyletic group of bacteria that orient themselves along the magnetic field lines of Earth's magnetic field. Discovered in 1963 by Salvatore Bellini and rediscovered in 1975 by Richard Blakemore, this alig ...

Magnetotaxis Magnetotaxis is a process implemented by a diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria that involves orienting and coordinating movement in response to Earth's magnetic field. This process is mainly carried out by microaerophilic and anaerobic bacteria ...

Manfred Eigen Manfred Eigen (; 9 May 1927 – 6 February 2019) was a German Biophysical chemistry, biophysical chemist who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on measuring fast chemical reactions. Eigen's research helped solve major problems in ...

Marcelo Osvaldo Magnasco Marcelo Osvaldo Magnasco is a biophysicist and a professor at The Rockefeller University. He is known for his work on thermal ratchets as models of biological motors, auditory biophysics, bailout embeddings, neural coding, other studies of b ...

* Marche a petit pas * Mario Ageno *

Martin Gruebele Martin Gruebele (born January 10, 1964 in Stuttgart, Germany) is a German-born American physical chemist and biophysicist who is currently James R. Eiszner Professor of Chemistry, Professor of Physics, Professor of Biophysics and Computational Biol ...

Maurice Wilkins Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins (15 December 1916 – 5 October 2004) was a New Zealand-born British biophysicist and Nobel laureate whose research spanned multiple areas of physics and biophysics, contributing to the scientific understanding o ...

Max Delbrück Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück (; September 4, 1906 – March 9, 1981) was a German–American biophysicist who participated in launching the molecular biology research program in the late 1930s. He stimulated physical science, physical scientist ...

Max Perutz Max Ferdinand Perutz (19 May 1914 – 6 February 2002) was an Austrian-born British molecular biologist, who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with John Kendrew, for their studies of the structures of haemoglobin and myoglobin. He went ...

Mechanics of human sexuality Mechanics (from Ancient Greek: μηχανική, ''mēkhanikḗ'', "of machines") is the area of mathematics and physics concerned with the relationships between force, matter, and motion among physical objects. Forces applied to objects ...

* Mechanome *

Mechanosensitive channels Mechanosensitive channels, mechanosensitive ion channels or stretch-gated ion channels (not to be confused with mechanoreceptors). They are present in the membranes of organisms from the three domains of life: bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. They a ...

Mechanotaxis Mechanotaxis refers to the directed movement of cell motility via mechanical cues (e.g., fluidic shear stress, substrate stiffness gradients, etc.). In response to fluidic shear stress, for example, cells have been shown to migrate in the direction ...

Membrane biology Membrane biology is the study of the biological and physiochemical characteristics of membranes, with applications in the study of cellular physiology. Membrane bioelectrical impulses are described by the Hodgkin cycle. Biophysics Membrane biop ...

Membrane channel Membrane channels are a family of biological membrane proteins which allow the passive movement of ions (ion channels), water (aquaporins) or other solutes to passively pass through the membrane down their electrochemical gradient. They are studied ...

Membrane contact site Membrane contact sites (MCS) are close appositions between two organelles. Ultrastructural studies typically reveal an intermembrane distance in the order of the size of a single protein, as small as 10 nm or wider, with no clear upper limit. ...

Membrane curvature Membrane curvature is the geometrical measure or characterization of the curvature of membranes. The membranes can be naturally occurring or man-made (synthetic). An example of naturally occurring membrane is the lipid bilayer of cells, also known a ...

Membrane fluidity In biology, membrane fluidity refers to the viscosity of the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane or a synthetic lipid membrane. Lipid packing can influence the fluidity of the membrane. Viscosity of the membrane can affect the rotation and diffusion ...

Membrane lipids Membrane lipids are a group of compounds (structurally similar to fats and oils) which form the double-layered surface of all cells (lipid bilayer). The three major classes of membrane lipids are phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. Lipid ...

Membrane nanotube A tunneling nanotube (TNT) or membrane nanotube is a term that has been applied to protrusions that extend from the plasma membrane which enable different animal cells to touch over long distances, sometimes over 100 μm between T cells. Two typ ...

Membrane potential Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. That is, there is a difference in the energy required for electric charges ...

Membrane protein Membrane proteins are common proteins that are part of, or interact with, biological membranes. Membrane proteins fall into several broad categories depending on their location. Integral membrane proteins are a permanent part of a cell membrane ...

Membrane topology Topology of a transmembrane protein refers to locations of N- and C-termini of membrane-spanning polypeptide chain with respect to the inner or outer sides of the biological membrane occupied by the protein. Several databases provide experimenta ...

Membrane transport In cellular biology, membrane transport refers to the collection of mechanisms that regulate the passage of solutes such as ions and small molecules through biological membranes, which are lipid bilayers that contain proteins embedded in them. Th ...

* Membranome * Mesaxon *

Mesosome Mesosomes or chondrioids are folded invaginations in the plasma membrane of bacteria that are produced by the chemical fixation techniques used to prepare samples for electron microscopy. Although several functions were proposed for these struc ...

Metachronal rhythm A metachronal rhythm or metachronal wave refers to wavy movements produced by the sequential action (as opposed to synchronized) of structures such as cilia, segments of worms, or legs. These movements produce the appearance of a travelling wave. ...

* Methylhopane *

Microbial ecology Microbial ecology (or environmental microbiology) is the ecology of microorganisms: their relationship with one another and with their environment. It concerns the three major domains of life—Eukaryota, Archaea, and Bacteria—as well as viru ...

Microbial fuel cell Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a type of bioelectrochemical fuel cell system that generates electric current by diverting electrons produced from the microbial oxidation of reduced compounds (also known as fuel or electron donor) on the anode to oxid ...

Microsome In cell biology, microsomes are heterogeneous vesicle-like artifacts (~20-200 nm diameter) re-formed from pieces of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) when eukaryotic cells are broken-up in the laboratory; microsomes are not present in healthy, livin ...

Model lipid bilayer A model lipid bilayer is any bilayer assembled in vitro, as opposed to the bilayer of natural cell membranes or covering various sub-cellular structures like the nucleus. They are used to study the fundamental properties of biological membranes in ...

Moens–Korteweg equation In biomechanics, the Moens–Korteweg equation models the relationship between wave speed or pulse wave velocity (PWV) and the incremental elastic modulus of the arterial wall or its distensibility. The equation was derived independently by Adriaa ...

Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki Mohammad-Nabi Sarbolouki ( fa, محمدنبی سربلوکی) was a distinguished Iranian biophysicist and polymer chemist and one of the most influential individuals behind modern scientific movement in Iran. He was known as the inventor of a DNA ...

Molecular motor Molecular motors are natural (biological) or artificial molecular machines that are the essential agents of movement in living organisms. In general terms, a motor is a device that consumes energy in one form and converts it into motion or mecha ...

Monoamine transporter Monoamine transporters (MATs) are protein structures that function as integral plasma-membrane transporters to regulate concentrations of extracellular monoamine neurotransmitters. Three major classes of MATs (SERT, DAT, NET) are responsible for ...

Motility Motility is the ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy. Definitions Motility, the ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy, can be contrasted with sessility, the state of organisms th ...

Motor protein Motor proteins are a class of molecular motors that can move along the cytoplasm of cells. They convert chemical energy into mechanical work by the hydrolysis of ATP. Flagellar rotation, however, is powered by a proton pump. Cellular functions ...

Mucous membrane A mucous membrane or mucosa is a membrane that lines various cavities in the body of an organism and covers the surface of internal organs. It consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells overlying a layer of loose connective tissue. It is ...

* Mucous membrane of the soft palate *

Muscular hydrostat A muscular hydrostat is a biological structure found in animals. It is used to manipulate items (including food) or to move its host about and consists mainly of muscles with no skeletal support. It performs its hydraulic movement without fluid in ...

Muscular layer The muscular layer (muscular coat, muscular fibers, muscularis propria, muscularis externa) is a region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis. The Latin, ...

Muscularis mucosae The lamina muscularis mucosae (or muscularis mucosae) is a thin layer (lamina) of muscle of the gastrointestinal tract, located outside the lamina propria, and separating it from the submucosa. It is present in a continuous fashion from the esopha ...

Myelin-associated glycoprotein Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG, Siglec-4) is a type 1 transmembrane protein glycoprotein localized in periaxonal Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte membranes, where it plays a role in glial-axonal interactions. MAG is a member of the SIGLEC f ...

Myelin sheath gap In neuroscience and anatomy, nodes of Ranvier ( ), also known as myelin-sheath gaps, occur along a myelinated axon where the axolemma is exposed to the extracellular space. Nodes of Ranvier are uninsulated and highly enriched in ion channels, al ...

Myofilament Myofilaments are the three protein filaments of myofibrils in muscle cells. The main proteins involved are myosin, actin, and titin. Myosin and actin are the ''contractile proteins'' and titin is an elastic protein. The myofilaments act togethe ...

Mária Telkes Mária Telkes (December 12, 1900 – December 2, 1995) was a Hungarian-American biophysicist and inventor who worked on solar energy technologies. She moved to the United States in 1925 to work as a biophysicist. She became an American citizen i ...

N

* N-Acetylgalactosamine *

N-Acetylglucosamine ''N''-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is an amide derivative of the monosaccharide glucose. It is a secondary amide between glucosamine and acetic acid. It is significant in several biological systems. It is part of a biopolymer in the bacterial ...

N-Acetylmuramic acid ''N''-Acetylmuramic acid (NAM or MurNAc) is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is a monomer of peptidoglycan in most bacterial cell walls, which is built from alternating units of ''N''-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and ''N''-acet ...

N-type calcium channel N-type calcium channels also called Cav2.2 channels are voltage gated calcium channels that are localized primarily on the nerve terminals and dendrites as well as neuroendocrine cells. The calcium N-channel consists of several subunits: the primar ...

NMDA receptor The ''N''-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel found in neurons. The NMDA receptor is one of three types of ionotropic glutamate receptors, the other two being AMPA rece ...

Nanobiomechanics Nanobiomechanics (also bionanomechanics) is an emerging field in nanoscience and biomechanics that combines the powerful tools of nanomechanics to explore fundamental science of biomaterials and biomechanics. Since the introduction by its founder ...

Nanodisc A nanodisc is a synthetic model membrane system which assists in the study of membrane proteins. Nanodiscs are discoidal proteins in which a lipid bilayer is surrounded by molecules that are amphipathic molecules including proteins, peptides, and ...

Nav1.1 Sodium channel protein type 1 subunit alpha (SCN1A), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''SCN1A'' gene. Gene location The SCN1A gene is located on chromosome 2 of humans, and is made up of 26 exons spanning a total length of 6030 nu ...

* Nav1.2 *

Nav1.4 Sodium channel protein type 4 subunit alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SCN4A'' gene. The Nav1.4 voltage-gated sodium channel is encoded by the gene. Mutations in the gene are associated with hypokalemic periodic paralysis ...

Nav1.5 Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha, also known as NaV1.5 is an integral membrane protein and tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel subunit. NaV1.5 is found primarily in cardiac muscle, where it mediates the fast influx of N ...

Nectin Nectins and Nectin-like molecules (Necl) are families of cellular adhesion molecules involved in Ca2+-independent cellular adhesion. Nectins are ubiquitously expressed and have adhesive roles in a wide range of tissues such as the adherens junct ...

Neurophysins Neurophysins are carrier proteins which transport the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin to the posterior pituitary from the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, respectively. Inside the neurosecretory granules, the analogous ...

Nicolas Rashevsky Nicolas Rashevsky (November 9, 1899 – January 16, 1972) was an American theoretical physicist who was one of the pioneers of mathematical biology, and is also considered the father of mathematical biophysics and theoretical biology. Rober ...

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are receptor polypeptides that respond to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Nicotinic receptors also respond to drugs such as the agonist nicotine. They are found in the central and peripheral ne ...

* Niosome *

Norepinephrine transporter The norepinephrine transporter (NET), also known as noradrenaline transporter (NAT), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the solute carrier family 6 member 2 (SLC6A2) gene. NET is a monoamine transporter and is responsible for the sodium- ...

Nuclear pore A nuclear pore is a part of a large complex of proteins, known as a nuclear pore complex that spans the nuclear envelope, which is the double membrane surrounding the eukaryotic cell nucleus. There are approximately 1,000 nuclear pore complexes ...

O

Optical tweezers Optical tweezers (originally called single-beam gradient force trap) are scientific instruments that use a highly focused laser beam to hold and move microscopic and sub-microscopic objects like atoms, nanoparticles and droplets, in a manner simila ...

* Oreste Piro *

Origin of avian flight Around 350 BCE, Aristotle and other philosophers of the time attempted to explain the aerodynamics of avian flight. Even after the discovery of the ancestral bird ''Archaeopteryx'' which lived over 150 million years ago, debates still persist re ...

Osmoregulation Osmoregulation is the active regulation of the osmotic pressure of an organism's body fluids, detected by osmoreceptors, to maintain the homeostasis of the organism's water content; that is, it maintains the fluid balance and the concentration o ...

Osmotic pressure Osmotic pressure is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane. It is also defined as the measure of the tendency of a solution to take in a pure ...

Outer mitochondrial membrane A mitochondrion (; ) is an organelle found in the cells of most Eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used t ...

Outline of biophysics The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to biophysics: Biophysics – interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physics to study biological systems. Nature of biophysics Biophysics is * An acade ...

* Overhead throwing motion

P

P-type ATPase The P-type ATPases, also known as E1-E2 ATPases, are a large group of evolutionarily related ion and lipid pumps that are found in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. P-type ATPases are α-helical bundle primary transporters named based upon their ...

P-type calcium channel The P-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Similar to many other high-voltage-gated calcium channels, the α1 subunit determines most of the channel's properties. The 'P' signifies cerebellar Purkinje cells, referri ...

P2RX1 P2X purinoceptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''P2RX1'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''bir ...

P2RX2 P2X purinoceptor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''P2RX2'' gene. The product of this gene belongs to the family of purinoceptors for ATP. This receptor functions as a cation conducting ligand-gated ion channel. Binding to ATP medi ...

P2RX3 P2X purinoceptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''P2RX3'' gene. The product of this gene belongs to the family of purinoceptors for ATP. This receptor functions as a ligand-gated ion channel and may transduce ATP-evoked nociceptor ...

P2RX4 P2X purinoceptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''P2RX4'' gene. The product of this gene belongs to the family of purinoceptors for ATP. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified for this gene altho ...

P2RX5 P2X purinoceptor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''P2RX5'' gene. The product of this gene belongs to the family of purinoceptors for ATP. This receptor functions as a ligand-gated ion channel. Several characteristic motifs of ATP- ...

* P2RX6 *

P2RX7 P2X purinoceptor 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''P2RX7'' gene. The product of this gene belongs to the family of purinoceptors for ATP. Multiple alternatively spliced variants which would encode different isoforms have been id ...

P2X purinoreceptor The ATP-gated P2X receptor cation channel familyTC# 1.A.7, or simply P2X receptor family, consists of cation-permeable ligand-gated ion channels that open in response to the binding of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate ( ATP). They belong ...

P300-CBP coactivator family The p300-CBP coactivator family in humans is composed of two closely related transcriptional co-activating proteins (or coactivators): #p300 (also called EP300 or E1A binding protein p300) # CBP (also known as CREB-binding protein or CREBBP) ...

PF-4840154 PF-4840154 is a pyrimidine derivative discovered by Pfizer at its Sandwich, Kent research center. The compound is a potent, selective activator of both the human (EC50 = 23 nM) and rat (EC50 = 97 nM) TRPA1 channels. This compound elicits nocicept ...

PKD1 Polycystin 1 (often abbreviated to PC1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PKD1'' gene. Mutations of ''PKD1'' are associated with most cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, a severe hereditary disorder of the kidneys ...

PSORT PSORT is a bioinformatics tool used for the prediction of protein localisation sites in cells. It receives the information of an amino acid sequence and its taxon of origin (e.g. Gram-negative bacteria) as inputs. Then it analyses the input seque ...

PSORTdb PSORTdb is a database of protein subcellular localization (SCL) for bacteria and archaea. It is a member of the PSORT family of bioinformatics tools. The database consists of two datasets, ePSORTdb and cPSORTdb, which contain information determine ...

* PTS1R *

Parkinsonian gait Parkinsonian gait (or festinating gait, from Latin ''festinare'' o hurry is the type of gait exhibited by patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). It is often described by people with Parkinson's as feeling like being stuck in place, when initia ...

Passive transport Passive transport is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes. Instead of using cellular energy, like active transport, passive transport relies on the second law of thermodynamics to d ...

Paul Lauterbur Paul Christian Lauterbur (May 6, 1929 – March 27, 2007) was an American chemist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003 with Peter Mansfield for his work which made the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) poss ...

Paulien Hogeweg Paulien Hogeweg (born 1943) is a Dutch theoretical biologist and complex systems researcher studying biological systems as dynamic information processing systems at many interconnected levels. In 1970, together with Ben Hesper, she defined the te ...

Peptide transporter 1 Peptide transporter 1 (PepT 1) also known as solute carrier family 15 member 1 (SLC15A1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by ''SLC15A1'' gene. PepT 1 is a solute carrier for oligopeptides. It functions in renal oligopeptide reabsorption a ...

Peptidoglycan Peptidoglycan or murein is a unique large macromolecule, a polysaccharide, consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like peptidoglycan layer outside the plasma membrane, the rigid cell wall (murein sacculus) characteristic of most ...

Peroxisomal targeting signal In biochemical protein targeting, a peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS) is a region of the peroxisomal protein that receptors recognize and bind to. It is responsible for specifying that proteins containing this motif are localised to the peroxis ...

Perylene Perylene or perilene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C20H12, occurring as a brown solid. It or its derivatives may be carcinogenic, and it is considered to be a hazardous pollutant. In cell membrane cytochemistry, ...

Peter Mansfield Sir Peter Mansfield (9 October 1933 – 8 February 2017) was an English physicist who was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, shared with Paul Lauterbur, for discoveries concerning Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Mansfie ...

* Petr Paucek *

Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is a class of phospholipids found in biological membranes. They are synthesized by the addition of cytidine diphosphate-ethanolamine to diglycerides, releasing cytidine monophosphate. ''S''-Adenosyl methionine can s ...

Phosphatidylglycerol Phosphatidylglycerol is a glycerophospholipid found in pulmonary surfactant and in the plasma membrane where it directly activates lipid-gated ion channels. The general structure of phosphatidylglycerol consists of a L-glycerol 3-phosphate backbo ...

Phosphatidylinositol Phosphatidylinositol (or Inositol Phospholipid) consists of a family of lipids as illustrated on the right, where red is x, blue is y, and black is z, in the context of independent variation, a class of the phosphatidylglycerides. In such molecul ...

Phosphatidylserine Phosphatidylserine (abbreviated Ptd-L-Ser or PS) is a phospholipid and is a component of the cell membrane. It plays a key role in cell cycle signaling, specifically in relation to apoptosis. It is a key pathway for viruses to enter cells via ap ...

* Physics of skiing * Pink algae *

Plasma membrane monoamine transporter The plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) is a low-affinity monoamine transporter protein which in humans is encoded by the ''SLC29A4'' gene. It is known alternatively as the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-4 (hENT4). Unlike othe ...

Plasmolysis Plasmolysis is the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution. The reverse process, deplasmolysis or cytolysis, can occur if the cell is in a hypotonic solution resulting in a lower external osmotic pressure and a net flow of wate ...

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor Platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGF-R) are cell surface tyrosine kinase receptors for members of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family. PDGF subunits -A and -B are important factors regulating cell proliferation, cellular ...

Pleuroperitoneal Pleuroperitoneal is a term denoting the pleural and peritoneal serous membranes or the cavities they line. It is divided from the pericardial cavity The pericardium, also called pericardial sac, is a double-walled sac containing the heart a ...

Podosome Podosomes are conical, actin-rich structures found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of animal cells. Their size ranges from approximately 0.5 µm to 2.0 µm in diameter. While usually situated on the periphery of the cellular ...

Polar membrane A polarized membrane is a lipid membrane that has a positive electrical charge on one side and a negative charge on another side, which produces the resting potential in living cells. Whether or not a membrane is polarized is determined by the dis ...

Porosome 440px 280px Porosomes are cup-shaped supramolecular structures in the cell membranes of eukaryotic cells where secretory vesicles transiently dock in the process of vesicle fusion and secretion. The transient fusion of secretory vesicle membra ...

Potassium channel Potassium channels are the most widely distributed type of ion channel found in virtually all organisms. They form potassium-selective pores that span cell membranes. Potassium channels are found in most cell types and control a wide variety of cel ...

Prenylation Prenylation (also known as isoprenylation or lipidation) is the addition of hydrophobic molecules to a protein or a biomolecule. It is usually assumed that prenyl groups (3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl) facilitate attachment to cell membranes, similar to ...

Preprohormone A preprohormone is the precursor protein to one or more prohormones, which are in turn precursors to peptide hormones. In general, the protein consists of the amino acid chain that is created by the hormone-secreting cell, before any changes have ...

Pressure-volume curves In ecology, pressure-volume curves describe the relationship between total water potential (Ψt) and relative water content (R) of living organisms. These values are widely used in research on plant-water relations, and provide valuable informati ...

Primary active transport In cellular biology, ''active transport'' is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellul ...

* Protein Analysis Subcellular Localization Prediction *

Protein targeting :''This article deals with protein targeting in eukaryotes unless specified otherwise.'' Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations within or outside the ce ...

Protein–lipid interaction Protein–lipid interaction is the influence of membrane proteins on the lipid physical state or vice versa. The questions which are relevant to understanding of the structure and function of the membrane are: 1) Do intrinsic membrane proteins bin ...

Protomer In structural biology, a protomer is the structural unit of an oligomeric protein. It is the smallest unit composed of at least two different protein chains that form a larger hetero-oligomer by association of two or more copies of this unit. The ...

Protoplast Protoplast (), is a biological term coined by Hanstein in 1880 to refer to the entire cell, excluding the cell wall. Protoplasts can be generated by stripping the cell wall from plant, bacterial, or fungal cells by mechanical, chemical or enzy ...

Pseudopeptidoglycan Pseudopeptidoglycan (also known as pseudomurein;White, David. (1995) ''The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes'', pages 6, 12-21. (Oxford: Oxford University Press). . PPG hereafter) is a major cell wall component of some Archaea that differs ...

Pseudopodia A pseudopod or pseudopodium (plural: pseudopods or pseudopodia) is a temporary arm-like projection of a eukaryotic cell membrane that is emerged in the direction of movement. Filled with cytoplasm, pseudopodia primarily consist of actin filament ...

Pterygium Pterygium (plural ''pterygia'' or ''pterygiums'') refers to any wing-like triangular membrane occurring in the neck, eyes, knees, elbows, ankles or digits. The term comes from the Greek word ''pterygion'' meaning "wing". Types * Popliteal ptery ...

Q

Q-type calcium channel The Q-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Like the others of this class, the α1 subunit is the one that determines most of the channel's properties. They are poorly understood, but like R-type calcium channels, t ...

R

R-type calcium channel The R-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Like the others of this class, the α1 subunit forms the pore through which calcium enters the cell and determines most of the channel's properties. This α1 subunit is al ...

ROMK The renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK) is an ATP-dependent potassium channel (Kir1.1) that transports potassium out of cells. It plays an important role in potassium recycling in the thick ascending limb (TAL) and potassium secretion ...

RYR1 Ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR-1) also known as skeletal muscle calcium release channel or skeletal muscle-type ryanodine receptor is one of a class of ryanodine receptors and a protein found primarily in skeletal muscle. In humans, it is encoded by t ...

RYR3 Ryanodine receptor 3 is one of a class of ryanodine receptors and a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RYR3'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is both a calcium channel and a receptor for the plant alkaloid ryanodine. RYR3 and RYR ...

Radial spoke Radial is a geometric term of location which may refer to: Mathematics and Direction * Vector (geometric), a line * Radius, adjective form of * Radial distance, a directional coordinate in a polar coordinate system * Radial set * A bearing fro ...

Receptor (biochemistry) In biochemistry and pharmacology, receptors are chemical structures, composed of protein, that receive and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems. These signals are typically chemical messengers which bind to a recept ...

Reinhart Heinrich Reinhart Heinrich (24 April 1946 – 23 October 2006) was a German biophysicist. He was professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin, and best known as one of the founders, with Tom Rapoport, of metabolic control theory in parallel with simi ...

Reversal potential In a biological membrane, the reversal potential is the membrane potential at which the direction of ionic current reverses. At the reversal potential, there is no net flow of ions from one side of the membrane to the other. For channels that are pe ...

* Richard Ernest Kronauer *

Robert Corey Robert Brainard Corey (August 19, 1897 – April 23, 1971) was an American biochemist, mostly known for his role in discovery of the α-helix and the β-sheet with Linus Pauling. Also working with Pauling was Herman Branson. Their discoveries we ...

Robert G. Shulman Robert Gerson Shulman (born March 3, 1924) is an American biophysicist and Sterling Professor Emeritus of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and a senior research scientist at the Department Diagnostic Radiology at Yale University. Early life ...

Robert Haynes Robert Hall Haynes, OC, FRSC (August 27, 1931 – December 22, 1998) was a Canadian geneticist and biophysicist. He was the Distinguished Research Professor in the Department of Biology at York University. Haynes was best known for his contr ...

Robley C. Williams Robley Cook Williams (October 13, 1908 – January 3, 1995) was an early biophysicist and virologist. He served as the first president of the Biophysical Society. Career Williams attended Cornell University on an athletic scholarship, completi ...

Roger Wartell Roger Martin Wartell is the former Chair of the School of Biology, part of the College of Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Biography Early life Roger Wartell was born in New York, New York. He received his B.S. degree in physics f ...

Roland Benz Roland Benz (born 1943 in Singen, Baden-Württemberg) is a German biophysicist. Early life and education Benz studied mathematics, chemistry, and physics at the University of Würzburg. In 1972, he obtained his Ph.D. in biology, with Peter Lä ...

Role of skin in locomotion Role of skin in locomotion describes how the integumentary system is involved in locomotion. Typically the integumentary system can be thought of as skin, however the integumentary system also includes the segmented exoskeleton in arthropods and ...

Rosalind Franklin Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 192016 April 1958) was a British chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose work was central to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, co ...

Rosalyn Sussman Yalow Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (July 19, 1921 – May 30, 2011) was an American medical physicist, and a co-winner of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (together with Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally) for development of the radioimmunoassay ...

Rotating locomotion in living systems Rotation, or spin, is the circular movement of an object around a '' central axis''. A two-dimensional rotating object has only one possible central axis and can rotate in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. A three-dimensional ...

* Rudolf Podgornik *

Ryanodine receptor 2 Ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2) is one of a class of ryanodine receptors and a protein found primarily in cardiac muscle. In humans, it is encoded by the ''RYR2'' gene. In the process of cardiac calcium-induced calcium release, RYR2 is the major medi ...

S

S-layer An S-layer (surface layer) is a part of the cell envelope found in almost all archaea, as well as in many types of bacteria. The S-layers of both archaea and bacteria consists of a monomolecular layer composed of only one (or, in a few cases, two) i ...

SCN10A Nav1.8 is a sodium ion channel subtype that in humans is encoded by the ''SCN10A'' gene. Nav1.8-containing channels are tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant voltage-gated channels. Nav1.8 is expressed specifically in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), in u ...

SCN1B Sodium channel subunit beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SCN1B'' gene. Voltage-gated sodium channels are essential for the generation and propagation of action potentials in striated muscle and neuronal tissues. Biochemically ...

SCN2B Sodium channel subunit beta-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SCN2B'' gene. See also * Sodium channel Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that form ion channels, conducting sodium ions (Na+) through a cell's membrane ...

SCN3A Sodium channel, voltage-gated, type III, alpha subunit (SCN3A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SCN3A'' gene. Function Voltage-gated sodium channels are transmembrane glycoprotein complexes composed of a large alpha subunit wi ...

SCN3B Sodium channel subunit beta-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SCN3B'' gene. Two alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified. Function Voltage-gated sodium channels are transmembrane glycoprote ...

SCN4B Sodium channel β-subunit 4, also known as SCN4B or Naβ4, is an auxiliary sodium channel subunit that can alter the kinetics of sodium channels. The protein is encoded by the ''SCN4B'' gene. Mutations in the ''SCN4B'' are associated with long QT s ...

SCN7A Sodium channel protein type 7 subunit alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SCN7A'' gene on the chromosome specifically located at 2q21-23 chromosome site. This is one of 10 Sodium channel types, and is expressed in the heart, the u ...

SCN8A Sodium channel protein type 8 subunit alpha also known as Nav1.6 is a membrane protein encoded by the ''SCN8A'' gene. Nav1.6 is one sodium channel isoform and is the primary voltage-gated sodium channel at each node of Ranvier. The channels are hi ...

SCNN1A The SCNN1A gene encodes for the α subunit of the epithelial sodium channel ENaC in vertebrates. ENaC is assembled as a heterotrimer composed of three homologous subunits α, β, and γ or δ, β, and γ. The other ENAC subunits are encoded by SCNN ...

SCNN1B The SCNN1B gene encodes for the β subunit of the epithelial sodium channel ENaC in vertebrates. ENaC is assembled as a heterotrimer composed of three homologous subunits α, β, and γ or δ, β, and γ. The other ENAC subunits are encoded by SCN ...

SCNN1D The SCNN1D gene encodes for the δ (delta) subunit of the epithelial sodium channel ENaC in vertebrates. ENaC is assembled as a heterotrimer composed of three homologous subunits α, β, and γ or δ, β, and γ. The other ENAC subunits are encoded ...

SCNN1G The SCNN1G gene encodes for the γ subunit of the epithelial sodium channel ENaC in vertebrates. ENaC is assembled as a heterotrimer composed of three homologous subunits α, β, and γ or δ, β, and γ. The other ENAC subunits are encoded by SC ...

* SIGLEC *

SK3 SK3 (small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel 3) also known as KCa2.3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KCNN3'' gene. SK3 is a small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel partly responsible for the calcium-d ...

SK channel SK channels (small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels) are a subfamily of calcium-activated potassium channels. They are so called because of their small single channel conductance in the order of 10 pS. SK channels are a type of io ...

Saffman–Delbrück model The Saffman–Delbrück model describes a Lipid bilayer, lipid membrane as a thin layer of Viscous liquid, viscous fluid, surrounded by a less viscous bulk liquid. This picture was originally proposed to determine the diffusion coefficient of memb ...

Sammy Lee (scientist) Sammy Lee (born Samuel Lee, 1958 – 21 July 2012) was an expert on fertility and in vitro fertilisation He was a hospital scientific consultant and was the chief scientist at the Wellington IVF programme. His book ''Counselling in Male Infertil ...

Sarcolemma The sarcolemma (''sarco'' (from ''sarx'') from Greek; flesh, and ''lemma'' from Greek; sheath) also called the myolemma, is the cell membrane surrounding a skeletal muscle fiber or a cardiomyocyte. It consists of a lipid bilayer and a thin oute ...

Sarcomere A sarcomere (Greek σάρξ ''sarx'' "flesh", μέρος ''meros'' "part") is the smallest functional unit of striated muscle tissue. It is the repeating unit between two Z-lines. Skeletal muscles are composed of tubular muscle cells (called musc ...

* SecY protein *

Secondary active transport In cellular biology, ''active transport'' is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration—against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellul ...

Secretory pathway 440px Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, such as a secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland. In contrast, excretion is the removal of certain substances or waste products from a cell or organism. The classical ...

Semipermeable membrane Semipermeable membrane is a type of biological or synthetic, polymeric membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by osmosis. The rate of passage depends on the pressure, concentration, and temperature of the molecul ...

Sergei Kovalev Sergei Adamovich Kovalyov (also spelled Sergey Kovalev; russian: link=no, Сергей Адамович Ковалёв; 2 March 1930 – 9 August 2021) was a Russian human rights activist and politician. During the Soviet period he was a diss ...

Serotonin transporter The serotonin transporter (SERT or 5-HTT) also known as the sodium-dependent serotonin transporter and solute carrier family 6 member 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A4 gene. SERT is a type of monoamine transporter protein tha ...

Serous membrane The serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth tissue membrane of mesothelium lining the contents and inner walls of body cavities, which secrete serous fluid to allow lubricated sliding movements between opposing surfaces. The serous membrane ...

Sessility (zoology) Sessility is the biological property of an organism describing its lack of a means of self-locomotion. Sessile organisms for which natural ''motility'' is absent are normally immobile. This is distinct from the botanical concept of sessility, ...

Shaker gene The ''shaker (Sh)'' gene, when mutated, causes a variety of atypical behaviors in the fruit fly, ''Drosophila melanogaster''. Under ether anesthesia, the fly’s legs will shake (hence the name); even when the fly is unanaesthetized, it will exhi ...

Sialoadhesin Sialoadhesin is a cell adhesion molecule found on the surface of macrophages. It is found in especially high amounts on macrophages of the spleen, liver, lymph node, bone marrow, colon, and lungs. Also, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the pr ...

Sidney Altman Sidney Altman (May 7, 1939 – April 5, 2022) was a Canadian-American molecular biologist, who was the Sterling Professor of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Chemistry at Yale University. In 1989, he shared the Nobel Prize in ...

* Signal patch *

Signal peptide A signal peptide (sometimes referred to as signal sequence, targeting signal, localization signal, localization sequence, transit peptide, leader sequence or leader peptide) is a short peptide (usually 16-30 amino acids long) present at the N-ter ...

Signal peptide peptidase In molecular biology, the Signal Peptide Peptidase (SPP) is a type of protein that specifically cleaves parts of other proteins. It is an intramembrane aspartyl protease with the conserved active site motifs 'YD' and 'GxGD' in adjacent transmemb ...

Signal recognition particle receptor Signal recognition particle (SRP) receptor, also called the docking protein, is a dimer composed of 2 different subunits that are associated exclusively with the rough ER in mammalian cells. Its main function is to identify the SRP units. SRP (s ...

Silent synapse In neuroscience, a silent synapse is an excitatory glutamatergic synapse whose postsynaptic membrane contains NMDA-type glutamate receptors but no AMPA-type glutamate receptors. These synapses are named "silent" because normal AMPA receptor-media ...

Simon Shnoll Simon El'evich Shnol (russian: Симон Эльевич Шноль; 21 March 1930 – 11 September 2021) was a biophysicist, and a historian of Soviet science. He was a professor at Physics Department of Moscow State University and a member of ...

* Simtk-opensim * SkQ *

Small-conductance mechanosensitive channel Members of the Small Conductance Mechanosensitive Ion Channel (MscS) Family provide protection against hypo-osmotic shock in bacteria, responding both to stretching of the cell membrane and to membrane depolarization. In eukaryotes, they fulfill ...

Sodium channel Sodium channels are integral membrane proteins that form ion channels, conducting sodium ions (Na+) through a cell's membrane. They belong to the superfamily of cation channels and can be classified according to the trigger that opens the channel ...

Soft tissue Soft tissue is all the tissue in the body that is not hardened by the processes of ossification or calcification such as bones and teeth. Soft tissue connects, surrounds or supports internal organs and bones, and includes muscle, tendons, ligam ...

Soluble cell adhesion molecules Soluble cell adhesion molecules (sCAMs) are a class of cell adhesion molecule (CAMs - cell surface binding proteins) that may represent important biomarkers for inflammatory processes involving activation or damage to cells such as platelets and t ...

* Solute pumping *

Sorting and assembly machinery The outer mitochondrial membrane is made up of two essential proteins, Tom40 and Sam50. Tom40 Tom40 is a protein import pore required for the import of precursor proteins across the outer mitochondrial membrane, and it makes up part of the trans ...

Sphingomyelin Sphingomyelin (SPH, ˌsfɪŋɡoˈmaɪəlɪn) is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cell axons. It usually consists of phosphocholine and ceramide, or a ethano ...

* Spinal locomotion * Sports biomechanics *

Steady state (biochemistry) In biochemistry, steady state refers to the maintenance of constant internal concentrations of molecules and ions in the cells and organs of living systems. Living organisms remain at a dynamic steady state where their internal composition at ...

* Stephen D. Levene *

Stretch-activated ion channel Mechanosensitive channels, mechanosensitive ion channels or stretch-gated ion channels (not to be confused with mechanoreceptors). They are present in the membranes of organisms from the three domains of life: bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. They a ...

Stroma (fluid) Stroma, in botany, refers to the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast. Within the stroma are grana (stacks of thylakoid), and the sub-organelles or daughter cells, where photosynthesis is commenced before the chemical c ...

Structural biology Structural biology is a field that is many centuries old which, and as defined by the Journal of Structural Biology, deals with structural analysis of living material (formed, composed of, and/or maintained and refined by living cells) at every le ...

Structural genomics Structural genomics seeks to describe the 3-dimensional structure of every protein encoded by a given genome. This genome-based approach allows for a high-throughput method of structure determination by a combination of experimental and modeling ...

Structure validation Macromolecular structure validation is the process of evaluating reliability for 3-dimensional atomic models of large biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. These models, which provide 3D coordinates for each atom in the molecu ...

Stuart Kauffman Stuart Alan Kauffman (born September 28, 1939) is an American medical doctor, theoretical biologist, and complex systems researcher who studies the origin of life on Earth. He was a professor at the University of Chicago, University of Pennsylv ...

Submucosa The submucosa (or tela submucosa) is a thin layer of tissue (biology), tissue in various organ (anatomy), organs of the gastrointestinal tract, gastrointestinal, respiratory tract, respiratory, and genitourinary system, genitourinary tracts. It i ...

Subserosa The subserosa or tela subserosa, is a thin layer of tissue in the walls of various organs. It is a layer of connective tissue (usually of the areolar type) between the muscular layer (muscularis externa) and the serosa (serous membrane). The su ...

Synthetic ion channels Synthetic ion channels are ''de novo'' chemical compounds that insert into lipid bilayers, form pores, and allow ions to flow from one side to the other. They are man-made analogues of natural ion channels, and are thus also known as artificial i ...

T

T-tubule T-tubules (transverse tubules) are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. With membranes that contain large concentrations of ion channels, transporters, and pumps, T-tubules permit ...

T-type calcium channel T-type calcium channels are low voltage activated calcium channels that become inactivated during cell membrane hyperpolarization but then open to depolarization. The entry of calcium into various cells has many different physiological responses a ...

TPCN1 Two pore segment channel 1 (TPC1) is a human protein encoded by the TPCN1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is an ion channel. In contrast to other calcium and sodium channels which have four homologous domains, each containing 6 transmembr ...

TPCN2 Two pore segment channel 2 (TPC2) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''TPCN2'' gene. TPC2 is an ion channel, however, in contrast to other calcium and sodium channels which have four homologous domains, each containing 6 transmembrane ...

TRPA (channel) TRPA is a family of transient receptor potential ion channels. The TRPA family is made up of 7 subfamilies: TRPA1, TRPA- or TRPA1-like, TRPA5, painless, pyrexia, waterwitch, and HsTRPA. TRPA1 is the only subfamily widely expressed across animals ...

TRPC TRPC is a family of transient receptor potential cation channels in animals. TRPC channels form the subfamily of channels in humans most closely related to drosophila TRP channels. Structurally, members of this family possess a number of similar ...

TRPC1 Transient receptor potential canonical 1 (TRPC1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPC1'' gene. Function TRPC1 is an ion channel located on the plasma membrane of numerous human and animal cell types. It is a nonspecific cation ...

TRPC2 Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 2, also known as TRPC2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPC2'' pseudogene. This protein is not expressed in humans but is in certain other species such as mouse. I ...

TRPC3 Short transient receptor potential channel 3 (TrpC3) also known as transient receptor protein 3 (TRP-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC3 gene. The TRPC3/6/7 subfamily are implicated in the regulation of vascular tone, cell growt ...

TRPC4AP Trpc4-associated protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPC4AP'' gene. Model organisms Model organisms have been used in the study of TRPC4AP function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called ''Trpc4aptm1a(KOMP)Wtsi'' wa ...

TRPC5 Short transient receptor potential channel 5 (TrpC5) also known as transient receptor protein 5 (TRP-5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPC5'' gene. TrpC5 is subtype of the TRPC family of mammalian transient receptor potential ion ...

TRPC6 Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 6, also known as TRPC6, is a human gene encoding a protein of the same name. TRPC6 is a transient receptor potential channel of the classical TRPC subfamily. It has been associated w ...

TRPC7 Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 7, also known as TRPC7, is a human gene encoding a protein of the same name. See also * TRPC TRPC is a family of transient receptor potential cation channels in animals. TRPC ch ...

TRPM TRPM is a family of transient receptor potential ion channels (''M'' standing for '' wikt:melastatin''). Functional TRPM channels are believed to form tetramers. The TRPM family consists of eight different channels, TRPM1–TRPM8. Unlike the TRPC ...

TRPM1 Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPM1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of non-select ...

TRPM2 Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 2, also known as TRPM2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPM2'' gene. Structure The protein encoded by this gene is a non-selective calcium-permeable cation channel ...

TRPM3 Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPM3'' gene. Function The product of this gene belongs to the family of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. TRP channels ...

TRPM4 Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4 (hTRPM4), also known as melastatin-4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM4 gene. TRPM4 Channel Blocker * 9-Phenanthrol * TRPM4-IN-5 See also * TRPM TRPM is a family ...

TRPM5 Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5 (TRPM5), also known as long transient receptor potential channel 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPM5'' gene. Function TRPM5 is a calcium-activated non-selecti ...

TRPM6 TRPM6 is a transient receptor potential ion channel associated with hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia. See also * TRPM * Ruthenium red The inorganic dye ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride, also known as ruthenium red, is used in histolo ...

TRPM7 Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7, also known as TRPM7, is a human gene encoding a protein of the same name. Function TRPs, mammalian homologs of the Drosophila transient receptor potential (trp) protein, are io ...

TRPM8 Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M (melastatin) member 8 (TRPM8), also known as the cold and menthol receptor 1 (CMR1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPM8'' gene. The TRPM8 channel is the primary molecular t ...

TRPML TRPML (transient receptor potential cation channel, mucolipin subfamily) comprises a group of three evolutionarily related proteins that belongs to the large family of transient receptor potential ion channels. The three proteins TRPML1, TRPML2 ...

TRPN TRPN is a member of the transient receptor potential channel family of ion channels, which is a diverse group of proteins thought to be involved in mechanoreception. The TRPN gene was given the name ''no mechanoreceptor potential C'' (''nompC'') whe ...

TRPP TRPP (transient receptor potential polycystic) is a family of transient receptor potential ion channels which when mutated can cause polycystic kidney disease. Subcategories TRPP subunits can be divided into two subcategories depending on structu ...

TRPP3 Polycystic kidney disease 2-like 2 protein (PKD2L2) also known as transient receptor potential polycystic 5 (TRPP5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PKD2L2'' gene. TRPP5 is a member of the transient receptor potential channel fami ...

TRPV TRPV is a family of transient receptor potential cation channels (TRP channels) in animals. All TRPVs are highly calcium selective. TRP channels are a large group of ion channels consisting of six protein families, located mostly on the plasma ...

TRPV1 The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1), also known as the capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor 1, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''TRPV1'' gene. It was the first isolated member of th ...

TRPV2 TRPV is a family of transient receptor potential cation channels (TRP channels) in animals. All TRPVs are highly calcium selective. TRP channels are a large group of ion channels consisting of six protein families, located mostly on the plasma ...

TRPV3 Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 3, also known as TRPV3, is a human gene encoding the protein of the same name. The TRPV3 protein belongs to a family of nonselective cation channels that function in a variety of pro ...

TRPV4 Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 is an ion channel protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPV4'' gene. The ''TRPV4'' gene encodes TRPV4, initially named "vanilloid-receptor related osmotically activated channe ...

TRPV5 Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5 is a calcium channel protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPV5'' gene. Function The ''TRPV5'' gene is a member of the transient receptor family and the TRPV subfamily. The ...

TRPV6 TRPV6 is a membrane calcium (Ca2+) channel protein which is particularly involved in the first step in Ca2+absorption in the intestine. Classification Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid subfamily member 6 (TRPV6) is an epithelial Ca2+ cha ...

*Talin protein *Tandem pore domain potassium channel *Tatyana Sapunova *Tetraspanin *Theories of general anaesthetic action *Thomas A. Steitz *Thomas Gold *Thylakoid *Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope *Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water *Transepithelial potential difference *Transient receptor potential cation channel, member A1 *Transient receptor potential channel *Transient receptor potential channel-interacting protein database *Translocon *Transmembrane channels *Treadmilling *Turgor pressure *Twin-arginine translocation pathway *Two-pore channel

U

*Undulatory locomotion *Undulipodium

V

*VCAM-1 *VDAC1 *VDAC2 *VDAC3 *V formation *Venkatraman Ramakrishnan *Vertical clinging and leaping *Vesicle (biology and chemistry) *Voltage-dependent anion channel *Voltage-dependent calcium channel *Voltage-gated ion channel *Voltage-gated potassium channel *Voltage-gated potassium channel database *Voltage-gated proton channel

W

*WALP peptide *Walter Kauzmann *Wayne Hendrickson *WeNMR *Whiffling *Wing *Womersley number *Work loop

X

*X-ray crystallography *Xiaowei Zhuang

Y

*Yadin Dudai

Z

*Zinc-activated ion channel *Zinovii Shulman Biophysics, * Indexes of science articles, Biophysics