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GRIK2
Glutamate ionotropic receptor kainate type subunit 2, also known as ionotropic glutamate receptor 6 or GluR6, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIK2'' (or ''GLUR6'') gene. Function This gene encodes a subunit of a kainate glutamate receptor. This receptor may have a role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory. It also may be involved in the transmission of visual information from the retina to the hypothalamus. The structure and function of the encoded protein is influenced by RNA editing. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described for this gene. Clinical significance Homozygosity for a GRIK2 deletion-inversion mutation is associated with non-syndromic autosomal recessive mental retardation. Interactions GRIK2 has been shown to interact with: * DLG1, * DLG4, * GRID2, * GRIK5, * GRIP1, * PICK1 and * SDCBP. RNA Editing Pre-mRNA for several neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels are substrates ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kainate Receptor
Kainate receptors, or kainic acid receptors (KARs), are ionotropic receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter glutamate. They were first identified as a distinct receptor type through their selective activation by the agonist kainate, a drug first isolated from the algae Digenea simplex. They have been traditionally classified as a non-NMDA-type receptor, along with the AMPA receptor. KARs are less understood than AMPA and NMDA receptors, the other ionotropic glutamate receptors. Postsynaptic kainate receptors are involved in excitatory neurotransmission. Presynaptic kainate receptors have been implicated in inhibitory neurotransmission by modulating release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA through a presynaptic mechanism. Structure There are five types of kainate receptor subunits, GluR5 (), GluR6 (), GluR7 (), KA1 () and KA2 (), which are similar to AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits and can be arranged in different ways to form a tetramer, a four subunit rece ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kainate Receptor
Kainate receptors, or kainic acid receptors (KARs), are ionotropic receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter glutamate. They were first identified as a distinct receptor type through their selective activation by the agonist kainate, a drug first isolated from the algae Digenea simplex. They have been traditionally classified as a non-NMDA-type receptor, along with the AMPA receptor. KARs are less understood than AMPA and NMDA receptors, the other ionotropic glutamate receptors. Postsynaptic kainate receptors are involved in excitatory neurotransmission. Presynaptic kainate receptors have been implicated in inhibitory neurotransmission by modulating release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA through a presynaptic mechanism. Structure There are five types of kainate receptor subunits, GluR5 (), GluR6 (), GluR7 (), KA1 () and KA2 (), which are similar to AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits and can be arranged in different ways to form a tetramer, a four subunit rece ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate. They mediate the majority of excitatory synaptic transmission throughout the central nervous system and are key players in synaptic plasticity, which is important for learning and memory. iGluRs have been divided into four subtypes on the basis of their ligand binding properties (pharmacology) and sequence similarity: AMPA receptors, kainate receptors, NMDA receptors and delta receptors (see below). AMPA receptors are the main charge carriers during basal transmission, permitting influx of sodium ions to depolarise the postsynaptic membrane. NMDA receptors are blocked by magnesium ions and therefore only permit ion flux following prior depolarisation. This enables them to act as coincidence detectors for synaptic plasticity. Calcium influx through NMDA receptors leads to persistent modifications in the strength of synaptic transmission. iGluRs are tetramer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate. They mediate the majority of excitatory synaptic transmission throughout the central nervous system and are key players in synaptic plasticity, which is important for learning and memory. iGluRs have been divided into four subtypes on the basis of their ligand binding properties (pharmacology) and sequence similarity: AMPA receptors, kainate receptors, NMDA receptors and delta receptors (see below). AMPA receptors are the main charge carriers during basal transmission, permitting influx of sodium ions to depolarise the postsynaptic membrane. NMDA receptors are blocked by magnesium ions and therefore only permit ion flux following prior depolarisation. This enables them to act as coincidence detectors for synaptic plasticity. Calcium influx through NMDA receptors leads to persistent modifications in the strength of synaptic transmission. iGluRs are tetramer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SDCBP
Syntenin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SDCBP'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene was initially identified as a molecule linking syndecan-mediated signaling to the cytoskeleton. The syntenin protein contains tandemly repeated PDZ domains that bind the cytoplasmic, C-terminal domains of a variety of transmembrane proteins. This protein may also affect cytoskeletal-membrane organization, cell adhesion, protein trafficking, and the activation of transcription factors. The protein is primarily localized to membrane-associated adherens junctions and focal adhesions but is also found at the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Interactions SDCBP has been shown to interact with: * EFNB1, * GRIK1, * GRIK2, * Interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit, * Merlin, * RAB5A, * SOX4, * TRAF6, * ULK1 ULK1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ULK1'' gene. U ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PICK1
Protein Interacting with C Kinase - 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PICK1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene contains a PDZ domain, through which it interacts with protein kinase C, alpha (PRKCA). This protein may function as an adaptor that binds to and organizes the subcellular localization of a variety of membrane proteins. It has been shown to interact with multiple glutamate receptor subtypes, monoamine plasma membrane transporters, as well as non-voltage gated sodium channels, and may target PRKCA to these membrane proteins and thus regulate their distribution and function. This protein has also been found to act as an anchoring protein that specifically targets PRKCA to mitochondria in a ligand-specific manner. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. Interactions PICK1 has been shown to interact with: * ACCN2, * BNC1, * Dopamine transporter, * GRIA2, * GRIA3, * GRIA4, * GRIK1, * GRIK2, * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GRIP1 (gene)
Glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIP1'' gene. Interactions GRIP1 (gene) has been shown to interact with: * GRM3, * GRIA2, * GRIA3, * GRIA4, * GRIK2, and * GRIK3 Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIK3'' gene. This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the ligand-gated ionic channel family. It can coassemble with either GRIK4 or GRIK5 to form heterome .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * External links * * {{gene-12-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GRIK5
Glutamate receptor, ionotropic kainate 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRIK5'' gene. Function This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the glutamate-gated ionic channel family. Glutamate functions as the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system through activation of ligand-gated ion channels and G protein-coupled membrane receptors. The protein encoded by this gene forms functional heteromeric kainate-preferring ionic channels with the subunits encoded by related gene family members. Interactions GRIK5 has been shown to interact with DLG4 and GRIK2. See also * Kainate receptor Kainate receptors, or kainic acid receptors (KARs), are ionotropic receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter glutamate. They were first identified as a distinct receptor type through their selective activation by the agonist kainate, a drug ... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * External links * Ionotropic glutamate rec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GRID2
Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, delta 2, also known as GluD2, GluRδ2, or δ2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRID2'' gene. This protein together with GRID1, GluD1 belongs to the delta receptor subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors. They possess 14–24% DNA sequence, sequence homology (biology), homology with AMPA receptor, AMPA, Kainate receptor, kainate, and NMDA receptor, NMDA subunits, but, despite their name, do not actually bind glutamate or various other glutamate agonists. delta iGluRs have long been considered orphan receptors as their endogenous ligand was unknown. They are now believed to bind glycine and D-serine but these do not result in channel opening. Function GluD2-containing receptors are selectively/predominantly expressed in Purkinje cells in the cerebellum where they play a key role in synaptogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and motor coordination. GluD2 induces synaptogenesis through interaction of its N-terminal domain with Cbln1, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DLG4
PSD-95 (postsynaptic density protein 95) also known as SAP-90 (synapse-associated protein 90) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DLG4'' (discs large homolog 4) gene. PSD-95 is a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family. With PSD-93 it is recruited into the same NMDA receptor and potassium channel clusters. These two MAGUK proteins may interact at postsynaptic sites to form a multimeric scaffold for the clustering of receptors, ion channels, and associated signaling proteins. PSD-95 is the best studied member of the MAGUK-family of PDZ domain-containing proteins. Like all MAGUK-family proteins, its basic structure includes three PDZ domains, an SH3 domain, and a guanylate kinase-like domain (GK) connected by disordered linker regions. It is almost exclusively located in the post synaptic density of neurons, and is involved in anchoring synaptic proteins. Its direct and indirect binding partners include neuroligin, NMDA receptors, AMPA rece ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guanosine
Guanosine (symbol G or Guo) is a purine nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9-glycosidic bond. Guanosine can be phosphorylated to become guanosine monophosphate (GMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and guanosine triphosphate (GTP). These forms play important roles in various biochemical processes such as synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, photosynthesis, muscle contraction, and intracellular signal transduction (cGMP). When guanine is attached by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of a deoxyribose ring it is known as deoxyguanosine. Physical and chemical properties Guanosine is a white, crystalline powder with no odor and mild saline taste. It is very soluble in acetic acid, slightly soluble in water, insoluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, benzene and chloroform. Functions Guanosine is required for an RNA splicing reaction in mRNA, when a "self-splicing" intron removes itself from the mRNA messag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ADARB1
Double-stranded RNA-specific editase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ADARB1'' gene. The enzyme is a member of ADAR family. Function This gene encodes the enzyme responsible for pre-mRNA editing of the glutamate receptor subunit B by site-specific deamination of adenosines. Studies in rats found that this enzyme acted on its own pre-mRNA molecules to convert an AA dinucleotide to an AI dinucleotide which resulted in a new splice site. Alternative splicing of this gene results in several transcript variants, some of which have been characterized by the presence or absence of an Alu cassette insert and a short or long C-terminal region. ADARB1 requires the small molecule inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) for proper function. ADARB1 is an A-to-I RNA-editing enzyme that mostly acts on protein-coding substrates. See also * Adenosine deaminase Adenosine deaminase (also known as adenosine aminohydrolase, or ADA) is an enzyme () involved in purine metabolism. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
