This page is a list of topics in ancient philosophy.

A

Abas (sophist) Abas ( el, Ἄβας) was an ancient hellenistic Greece, Greek sophist and a rhetorician about whose life nothing is known. The ''Suda'' ascribes to him historical commentaries (in Greek ιστoρικά απoμνηατα) and a work on rhetoric ( ...

- Abderites - Academic skepticism - Academy - Acatalepsy -

Acrion Acrion was a Locrian and a Pythagorean philosopher. He is mentioned by Valerius MaximusValerius Maximus Valerius Maximus () was a 1st-century Latin writer and author of a collection of historical anecdotes: ''Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium l ...

- Active intellect - Actus et potentia - Acumenus - Adiaphora - Adrastus of Aphrodisias - Adrianus - Aedesia - Aedesius -

Aeneas of Gaza Aeneas of Gaza (d. ''c.'' 518) was a Neo-Platonic philosopher and a convert to Christianity who flourished towards the end of the fifth century. In a dialogue entitled ''Theophrastus,'' he alludes to Hierocles of Alexandria as his teacher, and in ...

Aenesidemus Aenesidemus ( grc, Αἰνησίδημος or Αἰνεσίδημος) was a Greek Pyrrhonist philosopher, born in Knossos on the island of Crete. He lived in the 1st century BC, taught in Alexandria and flourished shortly after the life of Cic ...

Aesara Aesara of Lucania ( el, Αἰσάρα ''Aisara''; 4th or 3rd century BC) was a Pythagorean philosopher who wrote ''On Human Nature'', of which a fragment is preserved by Stobaeus. Life Aesara is known only from a one-page fragment of her philosoph ...

Aeschines of Neapolis Aeschines of Neapolis ( Gr. ; of modern Naples) was an Academic Skeptic who shared the leadership of the Academy at Athens together with Charmadas and Clitomachus about 110 BC, when Clitomachus was an old man. Diogenes Laërtius says that he w ...

- Aether (classical element) - Aetius (philosopher) - Agapius of Athens - Agathobulus -

Agathosthenes Agathosthenes () was a Greek historian or philosopher of uncertain date, who is referred to by Tzetzes as his authority in matters connected with geography. There is mention of a work of Agathosthenes called "Asiatica Carmina", where some writers ...

- Agrippa the Skeptic - Akrasia - Al-Khazini -

Albinus (philosopher) Albinus ( el, Ἀλβῖνος; fl. c. 150 AD) was a Platonist philosopher, who lived at Smyrna, and was teacher of Galen. A short tract by him, entitled ''Introduction to Plato's dialogues'', has survived. From the title of one of the extant manu ...

- Alcinous (philosopher) - Alcmaeon of Croton - Alexamenus of Teos -

Alexander of Aegae Alexander of Aegae (Greek: ) was a Peripatetic philosopher who flourished in Rome in the 1st century AD, and was a disciple of the celebrated mathematician Sosigenes of Alexandria. He was tutor to the emperor Nero.Suda α 1128 He wrote commentari ...

- Alexander of Aphrodisias - Alexandrian school - Alexicrates - Alexinus - Allegory of the Cave - Amafinius - Amelius - Amicus Plato, sed magis amica veritas - Ammonius Hermiae -

Ammonius Saccas Ammonius Saccas (; grc-gre, Ἀμμώνιος Σακκᾶς; 175 AD242 AD) was a Hellenistic Platonist self-taught philosopher from Alexandria, generally regarded as the precursor of Neoplatonism and/or one of its founders. He is mainly known as ...

- Ammonius of Alexandria (Christian philosopher) - Ammonius of Athens -

Amynomachus Amynomachus (fl. 3rd century BC), son of Philocrates, from the Attic deme of Bate was, together with Timocrates son of Demetrius from Potamos, the heir of Epicurus (ca. 270 BC). Whether they were Epicurean philosophers themselves is uncertain. Epic ...

- Anacharsis -

Analects The ''Analects'' (; ; Old Chinese: '' ŋ(r)aʔ''; meaning "Selected Sayings"), also known as the ''Analects of Confucius'', the ''Sayings of Confucius'', or the ''Lun Yu'', is an ancient Chinese book composed of a large collection of sayings a ...

Analogy of the divided line The analogy of the divided line ( grc-gre, γραμμὴ δίχα τετμημένη, grammē dicha tetmēmenē) is presented by the Ancient Greece, Greek philosopher Plato in the ''The Republic (Plato), Republic'' (509d–511e). It is written a ...

- Anamnesis (philosophy) -

Athanasius of Alexandria Athanasius I of Alexandria, ; cop, ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲁⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲩ ⲡⲓⲁⲡⲟⲥⲧⲟⲗⲓⲕⲟⲥ or Ⲡⲁⲡⲁ ⲁⲑⲁⲛⲁⲥⲓⲟⲩ ⲁ̅; (c. 296–298 – 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, ...

Anaxagoras Anaxagoras (; grc-gre, Ἀναξαγόρας, ''Anaxagóras'', "lord of the assembly"; 500 – 428 BC) was a Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher. Born in Clazomenae at a time when Asia Minor was under the control of the Persian Empire, ...

- Anaxarchus -

Anaxilaus Anaxilaus or Anaxilas of Larissa ( grc-gre, Ἀναξίλαος, Ἀναξίλας; century BC) was a physician and Pythagorean philosopher. According to Eusebius, he was banished from Rome in 28 BC by Augustus on the charge of practicing magic. ...

Anaximander Anaximander (; grc-gre, Ἀναξίμανδρος ''Anaximandros''; ) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus,"Anaximander" in ''Chambers's Encyclopædia''. London: George Newnes, 1961, Vol. 1, p. 403. a city of Ionia (in moder ...

- Anaximenes of Miletus -

Ancient commentators project The ''Ancient Commentators on Aristotle'' project based at King's College London and under the direction of Richard Sorabji has undertaken to translate into English the ancient commentaries on Aristotle. The project began in 1987 and in 2012 publi ...

Ancient Egyptian philosophy Ancient Egyptian philosophy refers to the philosophical works and beliefs of Ancient Egypt. There is some debate regarding its true scope and nature.Juan José Castillos, Ancient Egyptian Philosophy, RSUE 31, 2014, 29-37. Notable works One Eg ...

Ancient Greek philosophy Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC, marking the end of the Greek Dark Ages. Greek philosophy continued throughout the Hellenistic period and the period in which Greece and most Greek-inhabited lands were part of the Roman Empire ...

- Ancient philosophy -

Ancient Philosophy (journal) ''Ancient Philosophy'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to the study of ancient Greek and Roman philosophy and science. Since 1980 it has published over 1,300 articles and reviews in this field. This journal has a Level 2 classification ...

- Androcydes (Pythagorean) -

Andronicus of Rhodes Andronicoos of Rhodes ( grc, Ἀνδρόνικος ὁ Ῥόδιος, translit=Andrónikos ho Rhódios; la, Andronicus Rhodius; ) was a Greek philosophy, Greek philosopher from Rhodes who was also the scholarch (head) of the Peripatetic school. He ...

- Anima mundi (spirit) - Anniceris -

Antigone (Sophocles) ''Antigone'' ( ; grc, Ἀντιγόνη) is an Athenian tragedy written by Sophocles in (or before) 441 BC and first performed at the Festival of Dionysus of the same year. It is thought to be the second oldest surviving play of Sophocles, prece ...

- Antiochus of Ascalon -

Antipater of Cyrene Antipater of Cyrene ( grc-gre, Ἀντίπατρος; fl. 4th-century BC) was one of the disciples of the philosopher Aristippus, the founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy.Diogenes Laërtiusii. 86/ref> He had a pupil called Epitimedes of C ...

- Antipater of Tarsus - Antiperistasis -

Antiphon (person) Antiphon of Rhamnus (; grc-gre, Ἀντιφῶν ὁ Ῥαμνούσιος; 480–411 BC) was the earliest of the ten Attic orators, and an important figure in fifth-century Athenian political and intellectual life. There is longstand ...

- Antisthenes -

Antoninus (philosopher) Antoninus ( grc-gre, Ἁντωνῖνος) was a Neoplatonist philosopher who lived in the 4th century. He was a son of Eustathius and Sosipatra, and had a school at Canopus, Egypt. He was an older contemporary of Hypatia who lived and worked near ...

Apatheia Apatheia ( el, ἀπάθεια; from ''a-'' "without" and ''pathos'' "suffering" or "passion"), in Stoicism, refers to a state of mind in which one is not disturbed by the passions. It might better be translated by the word equanimity than the word ...

- Apeiron (cosmology) - Apodicticity -

Apollodorus the Epicurean Apollodorus ( el, Ἀπολλόδωρος; fl. 2nd century BC) was an Epicurean philosopher, and head of the Epicurean school in Athens. According to Diogenes Laërtius, he was surnamed ''Tyrant of the Garden'' ( el, Κηποτύραννος) from ...

- Apollodorus of Seleucia - Apollonian and Dionysian - Apollonius Cronus - Apollonius of Tyre (philosopher) - Apology (Plato) - Apology (Xenophon) - Apology of Aristides - Aponia - Aporia - Aporime - Apuleius - Arab transmission of the Classics to the West - Arcesilaus - Arche - Archedemus of Tarsus - Archelaus (philosopher) - Archestratus (music theorist) -

Archimedes Archimedes of Syracuse (;; ) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor from the ancient city of Syracuse in Sicily. Although few details of his life are known, he is regarded as one of the leading scientists ...

Archytas Archytas (; el, Ἀρχύτας; 435/410–360/350 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician, music theorist, astronomer, statesman, and strategist. He was a scientist of the Pythagorean school and famous for being the reputed founder ...

- Arete -

Arete of Cyrene Arete of Cyrene (; el, Ἀρήτη; fl. 5th–4th century BC) was a Cyrenaic philosopher who lived in Cyrene, Libya. She was the daughter of Aristippus of Cyrene. Life and teachings Arete learned philosophy from her father, Aristippus, who had h ...

Arignote Arignote or Arignota (; grc-gre, Ἀριγνώτη, ''Arignṓtē''; fl. c. ) was a Pythagorean philosopher from Croton or Samos. She was known as a student of Pythagoras and TheanoSuda, ''Arignote'' and, according to some traditions, their dau ...

Arimneste Arimneste ( grc, Ἀριμνήστη) was the daughter of Nicomachus and Phaestis, and Aristotle's older sister. In addition to Aristotle, Arimneste had a brother named Arimnestus. Her name and that of her brother translates as "Greatly remember ...

- Aristides of Athens - Aristion -

Aristippus Aristippus of Cyrene, Libya, Cyrene (; grc, Ἀρίστιππος ὁ Κυρηναῖος; c. 435 – c. 356 BCE) was a Hedonism, hedonistic Ancient Greece, Greek philosopher and the founder of the Cyrenaics, Cyrenaic school of philosophy. He w ...

Aristippus the Younger Aristippus the Younger (; grc, Ἀρίστιππος), of Cyrene, was the grandson of Aristippus of Cyrene, and is widely believed to have formalized the principles of Cyrenaic philosophy. He lived in the second half of the 4th century BC. His ...

Aristo of Alexandria Aristo (or Ariston) of Alexandria ( el, Ἀρίστων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς) was a Peripatetic school, Peripatetic philosopher who lived in the 1st century BC. According to Philodemus, he was a pupil of Antiochus of Ascalon. Strabo, a lat ...

- Aristo of Ceos - Aristo of Chios - Aristobulus of Paneas - Aristoclea -

Aristocles of Messene Aristocles of Messene (; grc-gre, Ἀριστοκλῆς ὁ Μεσσήνιος), in Sicily,Suda, ''Aristokles'' was a Peripatetic philosopher, who probably lived in the 1st century AD. He may have been the teacher of Alexander of Aphrodisias. ...

Aristocreon Aristocreon ( grc-gre, Ἀριστοκρέων; fl. 200 BC) was a Stoic philosopher and the nephew of Chrysippus. Biography Aristocreon was a son of the sister of Chrysippus, and became his pupil. Chrysippus dedicated several of his works to him. ...

- Aristonymus -

Aristotelian ethics Aristotle first used the term ''ethics'' to name a field of study developed by his predecessors Socrates and Plato. In philosophy, ethics is the attempt to offer a rational response to the question of how humans should best live. Aristotle regarded ...

- Aristotelian physics - Aristotelian view of a god - Aristotelianism - Aristotle - Aristotle of Cyrene -

Aristotle of Mytilene Aristotle of Mytilene (or Aristoteles, el, Ἀριστοτέλης ὁ Μυτιληναῖος; fl. 2nd century) was a distinguished Peripatetic Peripatetic may refer to: *Peripatetic school, a school of philosophy in Ancient Greece *Peripatetic ...

- Aristotle for Everybody - Aristotle the Dialectician - Aristotle's theory of universals - Aristotle's views on women -

Aristotle's wheel paradox Aristotle's wheel paradox is a paradox or problem appearing in the Greek work ''Mechanica'', traditionally attributed to Aristotle. It states as follows: A wheel is depicted in two-dimensional space as two circles. Its larger, outer circle is tang ...

- Aristoxenus -

Arius Arius (; grc-koi, Ἄρειος, ; 250 or 256 – 336) was a Cyrenaic presbyter, ascetic, and priest best known for the doctrine of Arianism. His teachings about the nature of the Godhead in Christianity, which emphasized God the Father's un ...

Arius Didymus Arius Didymus ( grc-gre, Ἄρειος Δίδυμος ''Areios Didymos''; fl. 1st century BCE) was a Stoic philosopher and teacher of Augustus. Fragments of his handbooks summarizing Stoic and Peripatetic doctrines are preserved by Stobaeus and Eus ...

Arnouphis Arnouphis or Harnouphis was an Egyptian who, according to Dio Cassius, saved the Roman legion XII Fulminata during a campaign against the Quadi in about AD 172 by calling up a rainstorm. Dio Cassius calls Arnouphis a ''magos Magi (; singular ...

Arrian Arrian of Nicomedia (; Greek: ''Arrianos''; la, Lucius Flavius Arrianus; ) was a Greek historian, public servant, military commander and philosopher of the Roman period. ''The Anabasis of Alexander'' by Arrian is considered the best ...

- Ars Poetica (Horace) - Asclepiades of Phlius -

Asclepiades the Cynic Asclepiades ( el, Ἀσκληπιάδης; fl. 4th century AD) was a Cynic philosopher. He is mentioned by the emperor Julian whom Asclepiades visited at Antioch in 362. Ammianus Marcellinus describes how Asclepiades accidentally destroyed the te ...

- Asclepigenia - Asclepiodotus (philosopher) - Asclepiodotus of Alexandria -

Asclepius of Tralles Asclepius of Tralles ( el, ; died c. 560–570) was a student of Ammonius Hermiae. Two works of his survive: *Commentary on Aristotle's ''Metaphysics'', books I-VII (''In Aristotelis metaphysicorum libros Α - Ζ (1 - 7) commentaria'', ed. ...

Aspasius Aspasius (; grc-gre, Ἀσπάσιος; c. 80 – c. 150 AD) was a Peripatetic philosopher. Boethius, who frequently refers to his works, says that Aspasius wrote commentaries on most of the works of Aristotle. The following commentaries are ex ...

Assertoric An assertoric proposition in Aristotelian logic merely asserts that something is (or is not) the case, in contrast to problematic propositions which assert the possibility of something being true, or apodeictic propositions which assert things whic ...

- Ataraxia -

Athenaeus of Seleucia Athenaeus Mechanicus is the author of a book on siegecraft, ''On Machines'' ( grc, Περὶ μηχανημάτων '). He is identified by modern scholars with Athenaeus of Seleucia, a member of the Peripatetic school active in the mid-to-late ...

- Athenodoros Cordylion - Athenodorus of Soli - Attalus (Stoic) - Atticus (philosopher) - Titus Pomponius Atticus - Auctoritas -

Augoeides The body of light, sometimes called the 'astral body' or the 'subtle body,' is a "quasi material" aspect of the human body, being neither solely physical nor solely spiritual, posited by a number of philosophers, and elaborated on according to ...

Augustine of Hippo Augustine of Hippo ( , ; la, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Af ...

Aulus Egnatius Priscillianus Aulus Egnatius Priscillianus (c. 135 - 1??) was a Roman philosopher. Family He married and had Lucius Egnatius Victor, Quintus Egnatius Proculus, and possibly, speculatively, also Aulus Egnatius Proculus, as sons. He is also thought to be related ...

- Axiochus (dialogue) -

Axiothea of Phlius Axiothea of Phlius ( el, Ἀξιοθέα Φλειασία ) was a female student of Plato and Speusippus. She was born in Phlius, an ancient city in the Peloponnese which was under Spartan rule when Plato founded his Academy. Axiothea is said b ...

B

Quintus Lucilius Balbus - Banausos - Barba non facit philosophum - Basilides (Stoic) - Basilides the Epicurean -

Batis of Lampsacus Batis (or Bates) of Lampsacus, was a student of Epicurus at Lampsacus in the early 3rd century BC. She was the sister of Metrodorus and wife of Idomeneus. When her son died, Metrodorus wrote to his sister offering comfort,Seneca, ''Epistles'', tel ...

- Becoming (philosophy) -

Being In metaphysics, ontology is the philosophical study of being, as well as related concepts such as existence, becoming, and reality. Ontology addresses questions like how entities are grouped into categories and which of these entities exis ...

Bhagavad Gita The Bhagavad Gita (; sa, श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता, lit=The Song by God, translit=śrīmadbhagavadgītā;), often referred to as the Gita (), is a 700- verse Hindu scripture that is part of the epic ''Mahabharata'' (c ...

- Bion of Borysthenes - Blossius - Boethius - Boethus of Sidon - Boethus of Sidon (Stoic) -

Bolus of Mendes Bolus of Mendes ( grc-gre, Βῶλος ὁ Μενδήσιος, ''Bōlos ho Mendēsios''; fl. 3rd century BC) was a philosopher, a neopythagorean writer of works of esoterica and medicine, in Ptolemaic Egypt. Both the ''Suda'', and a later work mis ...

Brontinus Brontinus of Metapontum ( el, Βροντῖνος, also Brotinus, ; fl. 6th century BCE) was a Pythagorean philosopher and a friend and disciple of Pythagoras. Alcmaeon dedicated his works to Brontinus as well as to Leon and Bathyllus. Accounts v ...

- Bryson of Achaea -

Bryson of Heraclea Bryson of Heraclea ( el, Βρύσων Ἡρακλεώτης, ''gen''.: Βρύσωνος; fl. late 5th-century BCE) was an ancient Greek mathematician and sophist who studied the solving the problems of squaring the circle and calculating pi. Lif ...

C

Calcidius - Calippus of Syracuse - Callicles -

Calliphon Calliphon (or Callipho, grc-x-koine, Καλλιφῶν) was a Greek philosopher, who probably belonged to the Peripatetic school and lived in the 2nd century . He is mentioned several times and condemned by Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero ( ; ...

- Calliphon of Croton - Callippus - Callistratus (sophist) - Athenodoros Cananites - Cappadocian Fathers - Cardinal virtues - Carneades - Carneiscus - Cassius Longinus (philosopher) -

Categoriae decem The ''Categoriae decem'' ('Ten Categories'), also known as the ''Paraphrasis Themistiana'', is a Latin summary of the ''Categories'' of Aristotle. It is thought to date to the fourth century AD. Once and traditionally attributed to Augustine of Hi ...

- Categories (Aristotle) - Catius - Cato Maior de Senectute - Cato the Elder - Cato the Younger -

Cebes Cebes of Thebes ( el, Κέβης Θηβαῖος, ''gen''.: Κέβητος; ''c''. 430 – 350 BCEDebra Nails, (2002), ''The people of Plato: a prosopography of Plato and other Socratics'', page 82.) was an Ancient Greek philosopher from Thebes re ...

- Celestial spheres - Celsus -

Cercidas Cercidas ( grc, Κερκιδᾶς ''Kerkidas''; fl. 3rd century BC) was a poet, Cynic philosopher, and legislator for his native city Megalopolis. A papyrus roll containing fragments from seven of his Cynic poems was discovered at Oxyrhynchus i ...

- Cercops -

Chaeremon of Alexandria Chaeremon of Alexandria (; grc-gre, Χαιρήμων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς, ''gen.:'' grc, Χαιρήμονος; fl. 1st century AD) was a Stoic philosopher and historian. His father – about whom nothing is known – was called ...

- Chaerephon -

Chaeron of Pellene Chaeron ( grc, Χαίρων) was a wrestler and tyrant from Pellene, ancient Achaea. Chaeron won at the Isthmian Games, possibly twice, and four times at the Ancient Olympic Games, between 356 BC and 344 BC. Alexander the Great made him tyrant of ...

Chaldean Oracles The ''Chaldean Oracles'' are a set of spiritual and philosophical texts widely used by Neoplatonist philosophers from the 3rd to the 6th century CE. While the original texts have been lost, they have survived in the form of fragments consisting m ...

- Chamaeleon (philosopher) - Chanakya - Chandragomin -

Chance (Ancient Greek concept) Indeterminism is the idea that events (or certain events, or events of certain types) are not caused, or do not cause deterministically. It is the opposite of determinism and related to chance. It is highly relevant to the philosophical probl ...

- Chariot Allegory -

Charmadas Charmadas ( el, Χαρμάδας; also Charmides (Χαρμίδης); 168/7 – 103/91 BC) was a Greeks, Greek Academic skepticism, Academic Skeptic philosopher and a disciple of Carneades at the Platonic Academy, Academy in Athens. He was famous for ...

Charmides (dialogue) The ''Charmides'' (; grc-gre, Χαρμίδης) is a dialogue of Plato, in which Socrates engages a handsome and popular boy named Charmides in a conversation about the meaning of ''sophrosyne'', a Greek word usually translated into English as ...

Chion of Heraclea Chion ( el, Χίων; fl. 4th century BC) was the son of Matris, a noble citizen of Heraclea, city on the coast of Bithynia in Asia Minor, and was a disciple of Plato. Together with Leon, Euxenon, and other young men from noble families, he helped ...

- Choricius of Gaza - Chrysanthius -

Chrysippus Chrysippus of Soli (; grc-gre, Χρύσιππος ὁ Σολεύς, ; ) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was a native of Soli, Cilicia, but moved to Athens as a young man, where he became a pupil of the Stoic philosopher Cleanthes. When Clean ...

Chunyu Kun Chunyu Kun () (4th century BC) was a wit, Confucian philosopher, emissary, and official during the Chinese Warring States period. He was a contemporary and colleague of Mencius. In the Records of the Grand Historian, Chunyu Kun appears in Linzi, ...

- Cicero - City of God (book) - Classical theism -

Classics Classics or classical studies is the study of classical antiquity. In the Western world, classics traditionally refers to the study of Classical Greek and Roman literature and their related original languages, Ancient Greek and Latin. Classics ...

- Cleanthes - Clearchus of Soli - Cleinias of Tarentum - Clement of Alexandria - Cleobulus -

Cleomedes Cleomedes ( el, Κλεομήδης) was a Greek astronomer who is known chiefly for his book ''On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies'' (Κυκλικὴ θεωρία μετεώρων), also known as ''The Heavens'' ( la, Caelestia). Pla ...

- Cleomenes the Cynic - Clinamen - Clinomachus - Clitophon (dialogue) - Colotes -

Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca ''Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca'' 'edita consilio et auctoritate academiae litterarum Regiae Borussicae''(''CAG'') (Greek Commentaries on Aristotle dited by order and auctority of the Prussian Royal Academy of literary studies is the standa ...

- Commentaries on Aristotle - Commentaries on Plato - Confucius - Consolatio Literary Genre - Constitution of the Athenians - Contra Celsum - Coriscus of Scepsis -

Lucius Annaeus Cornutus Lucius Annaeus Cornutus ( grc, Ἀνναῖος Κορνοῦτος), a Stoic philosopher, flourished in the reign of Nero (c. 60 AD), when his house in Rome was a school of philosophy. Life Cornutus was a native of Leptis Magna in Libya, but resi ...

Corpus Aristotelicum The Corpus Aristotelicum is the collection of Aristotle's works that have survived from antiquity through medieval manuscript transmission. These texts, as opposed to Aristotle's works that were lost or intentionally destroyed, are technical ph ...

- Theognostus of Alexandria - Theophilos Corydalleus - Theosophy (history of philosophy) - Crantor - Crates of Athens - Crates of Mallus - Crates of Thebes -

Cratippus of Pergamon Cratippus of Pergamon ( grc-gre, Κράτιππος), was a leading Peripatetic philosopher of the 1st century BC who taught at Mytilene and Athens. The only aspects of his teachings which are known to us are what Cicero records concerning divinati ...

- Cratylism - Cratylus - Cratylus (dialogue) - Crescens the Cynic - Crinis - Critias (dialogue) - Crito - Critolaus -

Cronius the Pythagorean Cronius ( el, Κρόνιος; fl. 2nd century AD) was a celebrated Neopythagorean philosopher. He was probably a contemporary of Numenius of Apamea, who lived in the 2nd century, and he is often spoken of along with him. Nemesius mentions a work of ...

- Cultural influence of Plato's Republic - Cyclic history - Cynic - Cynic epistles - Cyrenaics - Cyropaedia

D

Daemon (classical mythology) Daimon or Daemon (Ancient Greek: , "god", "godlike", "power", "fate") originally referred to a lesser deity or guiding spirit such as the daimons of ancient Greek religion and mythology and of later Hellenistic religion and philosophy. The wo ...

- Damascius - Damis - Damo (philosopher) - Dardanus of Athens - David (commentator) -

De Brevitate Vitae (Seneca) ''De Brevitate Vitae'' ( en, On the Shortness of Life) is a moral essay written by Seneca the Younger, a Roman Stoic philosopher, sometime around the year 49 AD, to his father-in-law Paulinus. The philosopher brings up many Stoic principles ...

- De Coelesti Hierarchia - De Divinatione -

De Interpretatione ''De Interpretatione'' or ''On Interpretation'' (Greek: Περὶ Ἑρμηνείας, ''Peri Hermeneias'') is the second text from Aristotle's ''Organon'' and is among the earliest surviving philosophical works in the Western tradition to deal ...

De Providentia ''De Providentia'' (''On Providence'') is a short essay in the form of a dialogue in six brief sections, written by the Latin philosopher Seneca (died AD 65) in the last years of his life. He chose the dialogue form (as in the well-known Plat ...

- De Vita Beata -

De Legibus The ''De Legibus'' (''On the Laws'') is a dialogue written by Marcus Tullius Cicero during the last years of the Roman Republic. It bears the same name as Plato's famous dialogue, ''The Laws''. Unlike his previous work ''De re publica,'' in whi ...

- De Mysteriis Aegyptiorum - De Natura Deorum -

De Officiis ''De Officiis'' (''On Duties'' or ''On Obligations'') is a political and ethical treatise by the Roman orator, philosopher, and statesman Marcus Tullius Cicero written in 44 BC. The treatise is divided into three books, in which Cicero expounds h ...

- De finibus bonorum et malorum - De re publica -

De rerum natura ''De rerum natura'' (; ''On the Nature of Things'') is a first-century BC didactic poem by the Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius ( – c. 55 BC) with the goal of explaining Epicurean philosophy to a Roman audience. The poem, written in some 7 ...

- Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism - Demetrius Lacon - Demetrius of Phalerum -

Demetrius of Amphipolis Demetrius of Amphipolis (Ancient Greek, Greek: Δημήτριος ὁ Ἀμφιπολίτης; fl. 4th century BC) was one of Plato's students. He is perhaps identical with the person mentioned in Plato's Testament as one of the executors of his la ...

- Demetrius the Cynic - Demiurge - Democrates - Democritus - Demodocus (dialogue) - Demonax - Derveni papyrus -

Dexippus (philosopher) Dexippus ( el, Δέξιππος; ) was a Greek philosopher, a pupil of the Neoplatonist Iamblichus, belonging to the middle of the 4th century AD. He wrote commentaries on Plato and Aristotle, of which one, an explanation and defense of the Ar ...

- Diagoras of Melos - Diairesis - Dialogue of Pessimism - Dianoia - Dicaearchus - Dictum de omni et nullo - Dignitas (Roman concept) - Dio Chrysostom - Dio of Alexandria -

Diocles of Cnidus Diocles of Cnidus ( el, Διοκλῆς) was an Academic Skeptic philosopher, who is mentioned as the author of Διατριβαί (''Discussions'') from which a fragment is quoted by Eusebius: Diocles of Cnidos asserts in his ''Diatribae'', that t ...

- Diodorus Cronus -

Diodorus of Adramyttium Diodorus ( el, Διόδωρος) of Adramyttium, was a rhetorician and Academic philosopher. He is known only from the account given by Strabo Strabo''Strabo'' (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for an ...

Diodorus of Aspendus Diodorus of Aspendus ( grc-gre, Διόδωρος ὁ Ἀσπένδιος) was a Pythagorean philosopher, who lived in the 4th century BC, and was an acquaintance of Stratonicus the musician. He was the student or companion of the Pythagorean phil ...

Diodorus of Tyre Diodorus of Tyre ( grc-gre, Διόδωρος), was a Peripatetic philosopher, and a disciple and follower of Critolaus, whom he succeeded as the head of the Peripatetic school at Athens c. 118 BC. He was still alive and active there in 110 BC, whe ...

Diodotus the Stoic Diodotus ( el, Διόδοτος; fl. 1st century BC) was a Stoic philosopher, and was a friend of Cicero. Biography Diodotus lived for most of his life in Rome in Cicero's house, where he instructed Cicero in Stoic philosophy and especially Logic. ...

Diogenes of Apollonia Diogenes of Apollonia ( ; grc, Διογένης ὁ Ἀπολλωνιάτης, Diogénēs ho Apollōniátēs; 5th century BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, and was a native of the Milesian colony Apollonia in Thrace. He lived for some ...

- Diogenes of Babylon -

Diogenes Laërtius Diogenes Laërtius ( ; grc-gre, Διογένης Λαέρτιος, ; ) was a biographer of the Ancient Greece, Greek philosophers. Nothing is definitively known about his life, but his surviving ''Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers'' is a ...

- Diogenes of Oenoanda - Diogenes of Seleucia (Epicurean) - Diogenes of Sinope -

Diogenes of Tarsus Diogenes of Tarsus ( grc-gre, Διογένης ὁ Ταρσεύς; fl. 2nd century BC) was an Epicurean philosopher, who is described by Strabo as a person clever in composing improvised tragedies. He was the author of several works, which, howeve ...

Dionysius of Cyrene Dionysius of Cyrene ( grc-gre, Διονύσιος ὁ Κυρηναῖος), lived c. 150 BC, was a Stoic philosopher and mathematician. He was a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater of Tarsus Antipater of Tarsus ( el, Ἀντίπατρο ...

- Dionysius the Renegade -

Dionysius of Chalcedon Dionysius of Chalcedon ( el, Διονύσιος; fl. 320 BC) was a Greek philosopher and dialectician connected with the Megarian school. He was a native of Chalcedon on the coast of Bithynia. Dionysius was the person who first used the name ''Dial ...

- Dionysius of Lamptrai - Diotima of Mantinea - Diotimus the Stoic -

Disciples of Confucius According to Sima Qian, Confucius said: "The disciples who received my instructions, and could themselves comprehend them, were seventy-seven individuals. They were all scholars of extraordinary ability." It was traditionally believed that Confuciu ...

Disciples of Plotinus The following is a list of disciples of Plotinus. The philosopher Plotinus was the founder of the school known as Neoplatonism. Porphyry Porphyry, the most important of Plotinus's pupils, was born in Tyre c. 233. He was taught first by Cassius ...

- Discourses of Epictetus - Dissoi logoi - Divine apathy - Domninus of Larissa - Doxa - Doxography - Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori -

Dunamis In philosophy, potentiality and actuality are a pair of closely connected principles which Aristotle used to analyze motion, causality, ethics, and physiology in his ''Physics'', ''Metaphysics'', ''Nicomachean Ethics'', and ''De Anima''. The c ...

- Dyad (Greek philosophy) - Dynamics of the celestial spheres

E

Early life of Plato - Echecrates - Economics (Aristotle) - Ecphantus the Pythagorean -

Eikasia The analogy of the divided line ( grc-gre, γραμμὴ δίχα τετμημένη, grammē dicha tetmēmenē) is presented by the Greek philosopher Plato in the ''Republic'' (509d–511e). It is written as a dialogue between Glaucon and Socra ...

- Ekpyrôsis - Eleatics - Elias (commentator) - Ellopion of Peparethus -

Emanationism Emanationism is an idea in the cosmology or cosmogony of certain religious or philosophical systems. Emanation, from the Latin ''emanare'' meaning "to flow from" or "to pour forth or out of", is the mode by which all things are derived from the ...

- Empedocles - Enchiridion of Epictetus -

Endoxa The ''Topics'' ( grc-gre, Τοπικά; la, Topica) is the name given to one of Aristotle's six works on logic collectively known as the ''Organon''. The treatise presents the art of dialectic — the invention and discovery of arguments in whic ...

- Energeia -

Ephesian school Heraclitus of Ephesus (; grc-gre, Ἡράκλειτος , "Glory of Hera"; ) was an ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher from the city of Ephesus, which was then part of the Persian Empire. Little is known of Heraclitus's life. He wrote ...

Epicharmus of Kos Epicharmus of Kos or Epicharmus Comicus or Epicharmus Comicus Syracusanus ( grc-gre, Ἐπίχαρμος ὁ Κῷος), thought to have lived between c. 550 and c. 460 BC, was a Greek dramatist and philosopher who is often credited w ...

- Epictetus -

Epicureanism Epicureanism is a system of philosophy founded around 307 BC based upon the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus. Epicureanism was originally a challenge to Platonism. Later its main opponent became Stoicism. Few writings by Epi ...

Epicurus Epicurus (; grc-gre, Ἐπίκουρος ; 341–270 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and sage who founded Epicureanism, a highly influential school of philosophy. He was born on the Greek island of Samos to Athenian parents. Influenced ...

- Epilogism - Epimenides - Epimenides paradox - Epinomis - Episteme - Epistles (Plato) - Epistulae morales ad Lucilium -

Epoché Epoché ( ἐποχή ''epokhē'', "cessation") is an ancient Greek term. In Hellenistic philosophy it is a technical term typically translated as " suspension of judgment" but also as "withholding of assent". In the modern philosophy of Phenomen ...

- Erastus of Scepsis -

Eratosthenes Eratosthenes of Cyrene (; grc-gre, Ἐρατοσθένης ; – ) was a Greek polymath: a mathematician, geographer, poet, astronomer, and music theorist. He was a man of learning, becoming the chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria ...

- Eretrian school - Eryxias (dialogue) - Essence - Eternity of the world -

Euaeon of Lampsacus Euaeon of Lampsacus ( el, Εὐαίων Λαμψακηνός) was one of Plato Plato ( ; grc-gre, Πλάτων ; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a Greek philosopher born in Athens during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. He ...

- Eubulides - Eubulus (banker) - Euclid - Euclid of Megara -

Eudaimonia Eudaimonia (Greek: εὐδαιμονία ; sometimes anglicized as eudaemonia or eudemonia, ) is a Greek word literally translating to the state or condition of 'good spirit', and which is commonly translated as 'happiness' or 'welfare'. In wor ...

- Eudemian Ethics - Eudemus of Rhodes - Eudorus of Alexandria -

Eudoxus of Cnidus Eudoxus of Cnidus (; grc, Εὔδοξος ὁ Κνίδιος, ''Eúdoxos ho Knídios''; ) was an ancient Greek astronomer, mathematician, scholar, and student of Archytas and Plato. All of his original works are lost, though some fragments are ...

- Euenus -

Euhemerus Euhemerus (; also spelled Euemeros or Evemerus; grc, Εὐήμερος ''Euhēmeros'', "happy; prosperous"; late fourth century BC) was a Greek mythographer at the court of Cassander, the king of Macedon. Euhemerus' birthplace is disputed, with M ...

- Euphantus -

Euphraeus Euphraeus ( grc, Εὐφραῖος; fl. c. 4th century BC; d. ca. 342 BC/341 BC) was a philosophy, philosopher and student of Plato from the town of Oreus in northern Euboea. He appears to have been active in politics in addition to his speculativ ...

Euphrates the Stoic Euphrates ( el, Εὐφράτης ''Evfratis'') was an eminent Stoic philosopher, who lived c. 35–118 AD. Biography According to Philostratus, he was a native of Tyre, and according to Stephanus of Byzantium, of Epiphania in Syria; whereas Eu ...

- Eupraxis - Eurytus (Pythagorean) - Eusebius of Myndus - Eustathius of Cappadocia -

Euthydemus (dialogue) ''Euthydemus'' ( el, Εὐθύδημος, ''Euthydemes''), written c. 384 BC, is a dialogue by Plato which satirizes what Plato presents as the logical fallacies of the Sophists. In it, Socrates describes to his friend Crito a visit he and various ...

- Euthymia (philosophy) - Euthyphro - Euthyphro dilemma - Evander (philosopher) -

Evenus of Paros Evenus , Euenos , Evinos, or Evenos may refer to: * Evinos, a river in western Greece * Evenus (mythology), a river god and two mythological kings in ancient Greece * Evenus (butterfly), ''Evenus'' (butterfly), a butterfly genus, occasionally missp ...

F

Favorinus Favorinus (c. 80 – c. 160 AD) was a Roman sophist and academic skeptic philosopher who flourished during the reign of Hadrian and the Second Sophistic. Early life He was of Gaulish ancestry, born in Arelate (Arles). He received a refin ...

- Han Fei - Fifth Letter (Plato) - First Alcibiades - First Letter (Plato) - Form of the Good - Four causes - Michael Frede - Free will in antiquity

G

Gaius Marius Victorinus -

Gaius the Platonist Gaius the Platonist (2nd century) was a Greek or Roman philosopher, and a representative of Middle Platonism. Very little is known about him except that he was the teacher of Albinus, who is known to have published a lost nine-volume summary of Ga ...

- Galen -

Galenic corpus The Galenic corpus is the collection of writings of Galen, a prominent Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher in the Roman Empire during the second century CE. Several of the works were written between 165–175 CE. Description Galen produc ...

Gaozi Gaozi (; ca. 420-350 BCE), or Gao Buhai (), was a Chinese philosopher during the Warring States period. Gaozi's teachings are no longer extant, but he was a contemporary of Mencius (ca. 372-289 BCE), and most of our knowledge about him comes from th ...

- Gargi Vachaknavi - Gaudapada - Geminus - Generation of Animals - Genshin - Ghosha - Glaucon - Glossary of Stoic terms - Gnaeus Claudius Severus - Gnaeus Claudius Severus Arabianus -

Gnosiology Gnosiology ("study of knowledge") is "the philosophy of knowledge and cognition". In Soviet and post-Soviet philosophy, the word is often used as a synonym for epistemology. The term is also currently used in regard to Eastern Christianity. Etymol ...

- Golden mean (philosophy) - Gongsun Long -

Gorgias Gorgias (; grc-gre, Γοργίας; 483–375 BC) was an ancient Greek sophist, pre-Socratic philosopher, and rhetorician who was a native of Leontinoi in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of Sophists. Several doxogr ...

- Gorgias (dialogue) - Gravitas - Great Year -

Greek hero cult Hero cults were one of the most distinctive features of ancient Greek religion. In Homeric Greek, "hero" (, ) refers to the mortal offspring of a human and a god. By the historical period, however, the word came to mean specifically a ''dead'' m ...

- Gregory of Nyssa - Gymnosophists

H

Hagnon of Tarsus Hagnon of Tarsus ( grc-gre, Ἅγνων, 2nd century BC) was an ancient Greek rhetorician, an Academic Skeptic philosopher, and a pupil of Carneades. Quintilian chides him for writing a book called ''Rhetorices accusatio'' (''Prosecution of Rhet ...

- Halcyon (dialogue) - Han Feizi - Han Yu - Hecataeus of Abdera - Hecato of Rhodes - Hedone - Hegesias of Cyrene -

Hegesias of Magnesia Hegesias of Magnesia ( grc-gre, Ἡγησίας ὁ Μάγνης, ''Hēgēsias ho Magnēs''), Greek rhetorician, and historian, flourished about 300 BC. Strabo (xiv. 648), speaks of him as the founder of the florid Asiatic style of composition. A ...

- Hegesinus of Pergamon - Hegias -

Heliodorus (philosopher) Heliodorus is a Greek name meaning "Gift of the Sun". Several persons named Heliodorus are known to us from ancient times, the best known of which are: * Heliodorus (minister) a minister of Seleucus IV Philopator c. 175 BC * Heliodorus of Athe ...

- Heliodorus of Alexandria -

Hellenistic philosophy Hellenistic philosophy is a time-frame for Western philosophy and Ancient Greek philosophy corresponding to the Hellenistic period. It is purely external and encompasses disparate intellectual content. There is no single philosophical school or cu ...

Hellenistic philosophy and Christianity Christianity and Hellenistic philosophies experienced complex interactions during the first to the fourth centuries. As Christianity spread throughout the Hellenic world, an increasing number of church leaders were educated in Greek philosophy ...

- Helvidius Priscus - Henology - Henosis - Heraclides Lembus - Heraclides of Aenus -

Heraclides Ponticus Heraclides Ponticus ( grc-gre, Ἡρακλείδης ὁ Ποντικός ''Herakleides''; c. 390 BC – c. 310 BC) was a Greek philosopher and astronomer who was born in Heraclea Pontica, now Karadeniz Ereğli, Turkey, and migrated to Athens. He ...

- Heraclitus - Heraclius the Cynic - Herillus -

Hermagoras of Amphipolis Hermagoras of Amphipolis ( Greek: Ἑρμαγόρας ὁ Ἀμφιπολίτης) (3rd century BC) was a Stoic philosopher, student of Cypriot Persaeus, in the court of Antigonus II Gonatas Antigonus II Gonatas ( grc-gre, Ἀντίγονο� ...

- Hermarchus - Hermetica - Hermeticism -

Hermias (philosopher) Hermias (; grc-gre, Ἑρμείας ἐκ Φοινίκης ''Hermeias ek Phoinikes'') was a Neoplatonist philosopher who was born in Alexandria c. 410 AD. He went to Athens and studied philosophy under Syrianus. He married Aedesia, who was a re ...

- Hermias of Atarneus -

Herminus Herminus ( el, Ἑρμῖνος; 2nd century) was a Peripatetic philosopher. He lived in the first half of the 2nd century. He appears to have written commentaries on most of the works of Aristotle. Simplicius says he was the teacher of Alexander ...

- Hermippus of Smyrna - Hermocrates (dialogue) - Hermodorus - Hermogenes (philosopher) -

Hermotimus of Clazomenae Hermotimus of Clazomenae ( el, Ἑρμότιμος; fl. c. 6th century BCE), called by Lucian a Pythagorean, was a philosopher who first proposed, before Anaxagoras (according to Aristotle) the idea of mind being fundamental in the cause of change. ...

Hesiod Hesiod (; grc-gre, Ἡσίοδος ''Hēsíodos'') was an ancient Greek poet generally thought to have been active between 750 and 650 BC, around the same time as Homer. He is generally regarded by western authors as 'the first written poet i ...

- Hestiaeus of Perinthus - Hexis - Hicetas - Hierius - Hiero (Xenophon) -

Hierocles (Stoic) Hierocles ( el, Ἱεροκλῆς; fl. 2nd century CE) was a Stoic philosopher. Very little is known about his life. Aulus Gellius mentions him as one of his contemporaries, and describes him as a "grave and holy man." Work Hierocles is famou ...

Hierocles of Alexandria Hierocles of Alexandria ( el, Ἱεροκλῆς ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς) was a Greek Neoplatonist writer who was active around AD 430. Life He studied under Plutarch (the Neoplatonist) at Athens in the early 5th century, and taught for some y ...

Hieronymus of Rhodes Hieronymus of Rhodes ( grc, Ἱερώνυμος ὁ Ῥόδιος, Hierṓnymos ho Rhódios, la, Hieronymus Rhodius; – ) was a Peripatetic philosopher, and an opponent of Arcesilaus and Lyco of Troas. Only a few fragments of his works survive ...

- Himerius - Hipparchia of Maroneia - Hipparchus (dialogue) - Hippasus - Hippias - Hippias Major - Hippias Minor - Hippo (philosopher) - Hippocrates -

Hippocratic Oath The Hippocratic Oath is an oath of ethics historically taken by physicians. It is one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. In its original form, it requires a new physician to swear, by a number of healing gods, to uphold specific e ...

- History of Animals - History of ethics in Ancient Greece - Homer - Homonoia - Horror vacui (physics) - Horus (athlete) - Humanitas -

Hyle In philosophy, hyle (; from grc, ὕλη) refers to matter or stuff. It can also be the material cause underlying a change in Aristotelian philosophy. The Greeks originally had no word for matter in general, as opposed to raw material suitable ...

- Hylomorphism - Hypatia -

Hypostasis (Neoplatonism) Hypostasis ( Greek: ὑπόστασις, ''hypóstasis'') is the underlying state or underlying substance and is the fundamental reality that supports all else. In Neoplatonism the hypostasis of the soul, the intellect (''nous'') and " the one" ...

- Hypostasis (philosophy)

I

I know that I know nothing -

I Ching The ''I Ching'' or ''Yi Jing'' (, ), usually translated ''Book of Changes'' or ''Classic of Changes'', is an ancient Chinese divination text that is among the oldest of the Chinese classics. Originally a divination manual in the Western Zho ...

Iamblichus Iamblichus (; grc-gre, Ἰάμβλιχος ; Aramaic: 𐡉𐡌𐡋𐡊𐡅 ''Yamlīḵū''; ) was a Syrian neoplatonic philosopher of Arabic origin. He determined a direction later taken by neoplatonism. Iamblichus was also the biographer of ...

Ichthyas Ichthyas ( el, Ἰχθύας; fl. 4th-century BCE), the son of Metallus, was a Greek philosopher and a disciple and successor of Euclid of Megara in the Megarian school. He was a colleague of Thrasymachus of Corinth in the school. Ichthyas is descr ...

Idios kosmos ''Idios kosmos'' (from grc, ίδιος κόσμος) is people's "own world" or "private world" as distinguished from the "common world" (). The origin of the term is attributed to fragment B89 (Diels–Kranz numbering) of the pre-Socratic phil ...

- Idomeneus of Lampsacus -

Illustrius Pusaeus Pusaeus ( 465–467) was a politician of the Roman Empire. Biography Pusaeus was a pupil of the Neoplatonist philosopher Proclus, at his school in Alexandria. Other noteworthy figures belonged to the same pagan circle and studied with Pusaeus, ...

Inherence Inherence refers to Empedocles' idea that the qualities of matter come from the relative proportions of each of the four elements entering into a thing. The idea was further developed by Plato and Aristotle. Overview That Plato accepted ...

- Intellectualism - Intellectual virtue - Intelligible form - Introduction to Arithmetic -

Ion (dialogue) In Plato's ''Ion'' (; grc-gre, Ἴων) Socrates discusses with the titular character, a professional rhapsode who also lectures on Homer, the question of whether the rhapsode, a performer of poetry, gives his performance on account of his skill ...

- Ion of Chios - Ionian Enlightenment - Ionian School (philosophy) - Isagoge - Isidore of Alexandria -

Isocrates Isocrates (; grc, Ἰσοκράτης ; 436–338 BC) was an ancient Greek rhetorician, one of the ten Attic orators. Among the most influential Greek rhetoricians of his time, Isocrates made many contributions to rhetoric and education throu ...

- Isonomia

J

Jason of Nysa Jason of Nysa ( el, Ἰάσων ὁ Νυσαεύς, ''Iason o Nysaevs''; 1st-century BC) was a Stoic philosopher, the son of Menecrates, and, on his mother's side, grandson of Posidonius, of whom he was also the disciple and successor at the Stoic ...

- Javelin argument -

Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa (fl. c. 800) was an Indian philosopher known for his radical skepticism who most likely flourished between 800-840 probably in southern India. He was the author of one of the most extraordinary philosophical work in Indian history, the ''Tattvopapl ...

Julian the Apostate Julian ( la, Flavius Claudius Julianus; grc-gre, Ἰουλιανός ; 331 – 26 June 363) was Roman emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek. His rejection of Christianity, and his promotion of Neoplato ...

- Junius Rusticus - Justin Martyr

K

Kalos kagathos - Katalepsis - Kathekon - Kenoma - Khôra -

Kitāb al-Hayawān (Aristotle) The ''Kitāb al-Ḥayawān'' ( ar, كتاب الحيوان, , ''LINA saadouni'') is an Arabic translation for hayawan (Arabic: , maqālāt). ''Historia Animalium'': treatises 1–10; '' De Partibus Animalium'': treatises 11–14; ''De Generation ...

- Clitomachus (philosopher) - Know thyself - Kūkai - Kumārila Bhaṭṭa - Kyklos

L

Laches (dialogue) - Lacydes of Cyrene - Laelius de Amicitia -

Laozi Laozi (), also known by numerous other names, was a semilegendary ancient Chinese Taoist philosopher. Laozi ( zh, ) is a Chinese honorific, generally translated as "the Old Master". Traditional accounts say he was born as in the state ...

Lastheneia of Mantinea Lastheneia (or Lasthenia) of Mantinea ( el, Λασθένεια Μαντινική) was one of Plato's female students. She was born in Mantinea, an ancient city in Arcadia, in the Peloponnese. She studied in the Academy of Plato dressed as a man. ...

Law of contraries In term logic (a branch of philosophical logic), the square of opposition is a diagram representing the relations between the four basic categorical propositions. The origin of the square can be traced back to Aristotle's tractate ''De Interpret ...

- Law of excluded middle - Law of identity -

Laws (dialogue) The ''Laws'' (Greek: Νόμοι, ''Nómoi''; Latin: ''De Legibus'') is Plato's last and longest dialogue. The conversation depicted in the work's twelve books begins with the question of who is given the credit for establishing a civilization ...

- Lazy argument - Legalism (Chinese philosophy) -

Leonteus of Lampsacus Leonteus of Lampsacus ( el, Λεοντεύς) was a pupil of Epicurus early in the 3rd century BCE. He was the husband of Themista, who also attended Epicurus' school.Diogenes Laertius, x. Such was the esteem in which they held Epicurus that they n ...

- Leontion - Leucippus - Lexis (Aristotle) -

Liber de Causis The ("Book of Causes") is a philosophical work composed in the 9th century that was once attributed to Aristotle and that became popular in the Middle Ages, first in Arabic and Islamic countries and later in the Latin West. The real authorship r ...

- Liezi - Life of Apollonius of Tyana - Linji school - List of Cynic philosophers - List of Epicurean philosophers - List of speakers in Plato's dialogues - List of Stoic philosophers - List of ancient Greek philosophers - List of ancient Platonists -

List of philosophers born in the centuries BC Philosophers born in the centuries BC (and others important in the history of philosophy), listed alphabetically: ::''Note: This list has a minimal criterion for inclusion and the relevance to philosophy of some individuals on the list is disputed ...

- List of works by Lucian -

List of writers influenced by Aristotle Many philosophers and other writers have been significantly influenced by Aristotle. Middle Ages * Al-Jahiz * John of Damascus * Maimonides * Roger Bacon * Dante Alighieri Greek commentators Islamic commentators Latin commentators Modern * ...

Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers Diogenes Laërtius ( ; grc-gre, Διογένης Λαέρτιος, ; ) was a biographer of the Greek philosophers. Nothing is definitively known about his life, but his surviving ''Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers'' is a principal sourc ...

- Logos - Longinus (literature) - Lopamudra -

Ocellus Lucanus Ocellus Lucanus was allegedly a Pythagorean philosopher, born in Lucania in the 6th century BC. Aristoxenus cites him along with another Lucanian by the name of Ocillo, in a work preserved by Iamblichus that lists 218 supposed Pythagoreans, which ...

Lucian Lucian of Samosata, '; la, Lucianus Samosatensis ( 125 – after 180) was a Hellenized Syrian satirist, rhetorician and pamphleteer Pamphleteer is a historical term for someone who creates or distributes pamphlets, unbound (and therefore ...

- Lucretius - Lyceum -

Lyceum (classical) The Lyceum ( grc, Λύκειον, Lykeion) was a temple dedicated to Apollo Lyceus ("Apollo the wolf-god"). It was best known for the Peripatetic school of philosophy founded there by Aristotle in 334 BC. Aristotle fled Athens in 323 BC, and ...

Lyco of Iasos Lyco (or Lycon, el, Λύκων, but also called Lycus; 4th century BCE) of Iasos, in Caria, was a Pythagorean philosopher. He wrote a polemical attack on Aristotle's lavish lifestyle, and so probably lived in the second half of the 4th century BCE ...

Lyco of Troas Lyco of Troad, Troas (; grc-gre, Λύκων, Lýkōn, ''gen''.: ; c. 299 – c. 225 BC), son of Astyanax, was a Peripatetic philosopher and the disciple of Strato of Lampsacus, Strato, whom he succeeded as the head of the Peripatetic school, ...

Lycophron (Sophist) Lycophron (; grc-gre, Λυκόφρων) was a sophist of Ancient Greece. The central point about Lycrophron as attacked in the ''Politics'' of Aristotle, is that Lycrophron rejected the idea that the state exists to make people "just and good", ...

- Lysis (dialogue) - Lysis of Taras

M

Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius - Macrocosm and microcosm - Magna Moralia - Magnanimity -

Mahavira Mahavira (Sanskrit: महावीर) also known as Vardhaman, was the 24th ''tirthankara'' (supreme preacher) of Jainism. He was the spiritual successor of the 23rd ''tirthankara'' Parshvanatha. Mahavira was born in the early part of the 6t ...

- Maieutics - Maitreyi -

Malakia ''Malakia'' (, "softness", "weakliness") is an ancient Greek word that, in relation to men, has sometimes been translated as "effeminacy". The contrary characteristic in men was ''karteria'' (, "patient endurance", "perseverance"). Lexicon entr ...

Proclus Mallotes Proclus (or Proklos) Mallotes ( el, Πρόκλος Μαλλώτης) was a Stoic philosopher and a native of Mallus in Cilicia. According to the ''Suda'' he was the author of the following books: * ''Commentary on the Sophisms of Diogenes'' ( el, ...

- Marcus Aurelius - Marcus Favonius - Marinus of Neapolis - Material monism - Material substratum - Maximus of Ephesus - Maximus of Tyre - Claudius Maximus - Mazdak - Mechanics (Aristotle) - Meditations - Megalothymia and Isothymia - Megarian school - Meleager of Gadara - Meletus -

Melissus of Samos Melissus of Samos (; grc, Μέλισσος ὁ Σάμιος; ) was the third and last member of the ancient school of Eleatic philosophy, whose other members included Zeno and Parmenides. Little is known about his life, except that he was the co ...

- Memorabilia (Xenophon) -

Mencius Mencius ( ); born Mèng Kē (); or Mèngzǐ (; 372–289 BC) was a Chinese Confucianism, Confucian Chinese philosophy, philosopher who has often been described as the "second Sage", that is, second to Confucius himself. He is part of Confuc ...

Mencius (book) The ''Mencius'' (; Old Chinese: *mˤraŋ-s tsəʔ) is a collection of conversations, anecdotes, and series of genuine and imagined interviews by the Confucian philosopher Mencius. The book is one of the Chinese Thirteen Classics, and explores ...

- Menedemus - Menedemus of Pyrrha - Menedemus the Cynic - Menexenus (dialogue) - Menippus - Meno - Meno's slave - Messius Phoebus Severus -

Metakosmia Epicureanism is a system of philosophy founded around 307 BC based upon the teachings of the Hellenistic philosophy, ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus. Epicureanism was originally a challenge to Platonism. Later its main opponent became Stoici ...

- Metaphor of the sun - Metaphysics (Aristotle) - Metaxy - Metempsychosis - Meteorology (Aristotle) - Metrocles - Metrodorus of Athens - Metrodorus of Chios - Metrodorus of Cos - Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder) - Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger) - Metrodorus of Stratonicea - Middle Platonism - Milesian school -

Mimesis Mimesis (; grc, μίμησις, ''mīmēsis'') is a term used in literary criticism and philosophy that carries a wide range of meanings, including ''imitatio'', imitation, nonsensuous similarity, receptivity, representation, mimicry, the act ...

- Mind's eye - Minos (dialogue) - Mnason of Phocis -

Mnesarchus of Athens Mnesarchus or Mnesarch ( el, Μνήσαρχος, ''Mnēsarkhos''), of Athens, was a Stoic philosopher, who lived c. 160 – c. 85 BC. Biography Mnesarchus was a pupil of Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater of Tarsus. Cicero says that he was one of ...

Mochus Mochus ( grc-gre, Μωχός), also known as Mochus of Sidon and Mochus the Phoenician, is listed by Diogenes Laërtius along with Zalmoxis the Thracian and Atlas of Mauretania, as a proto-philosopher. Athenaeus claimed that he authored a work o ...

- Moderatus of Gades -

Mohism Mohism or Moism (, ) was an ancient Chinese philosophy of ethics and logic, rational thought, and science developed by the academic scholars who studied under the ancient Chinese philosopher Mozi (c. 470 BC – c. 391 BC), embodied in an epony ...

Monad (Greek philosophy) The term ''monad'' () is used in some cosmic philosophy and cosmogony to refer to a most basic or original substance. As originally conceived by the Pythagoreans, the Monad is the Supreme Being, divinity or the totality of all things. In the p ...

- Monimus - Monogenēs -

Moral status of animals in the ancient world Contemporary debates about animal welfare and animal rights can be traced back to the ancient world. Records from as early as the 6th century before the common era (BCE) include discussions of animal ethics in Jain and Greek texts. The relations ...

- Movement of Animals -

Mozi Mozi (; ; Latinized as Micius ; – ), original name Mo Di (), was a Chinese philosopher who founded the school of Mohism during the Hundred Schools of Thought period (the early portion of the Warring States period, –221 BCE). The ancie ...

- Musica universalis -

Myia Myia (; grc-gre, Μυῖα, literally "Fly"; fl. c. 500 BC) was a Pythagorean philosopher and, according to later tradition, one of the daughters of Theano and Pythagoras. Life Myia was married to Milo of Croton, the famous athlete. She was a c ...

- Myson of Chenae - Mystical philosophy of antiquity - Myth of Er - Mythos (Aristotle)

N

Nagarjuna - Natural slavery - Naturales quaestiones - Nausiphanes -

Neleus of Scepsis Neleus of Scepsis (; el, Νηλεύς), was the son of Coriscus of Scepsis. He was a disciple of Aristotle and Theophrastus, the latter of whom bequeathed to him his library, and appointed him one of his executors. Neleus supposedly took the writi ...

Nemesius Nemesius of Emesa ( grc-gre, Νεμέσιος Ἐμέσης; la, Nemesius Emesenus; fl. c. AD 390) was a Christian philosopher, and the author of a treatise ''Περὶ φύσεως ἀνθρώπου'' or ''De natura hominis'' ("On Human Nature") ...

- Neoplatonism - Neoplatonism and Christianity - Neoplatonism and Gnosticism -

Neopythagoreanism Neopythagoreanism (or neo-Pythagoreanism) was a school of Hellenistic philosophy which revived Pythagorean doctrines. Neopythagoreanism was influenced by middle Platonism and in turn influenced Neoplatonism. It originated in the 1st century BC ...

Nicarete of Megara Nicarete or Nicareta of Megara ( grc-gre, Νικαρέτη, ''Nikarétē'') was a philosopher of the Megarian school, who flourished around . She is stated by Athenaeus to have been a hetaera of good family and education, and to have been a disc ...

- Nicolaus of Damascus -

Nicomachean Ethics The ''Nicomachean Ethics'' (; ; grc, Ἠθικὰ Νικομάχεια, ) is Aristotle's best-known work on ethics, the science of the good for human life, which is the goal or end at which all our actions aim. (I§2) The aim of the inquiry is ...

- Nicomachus - Nicomachus (son of Aristotle) - Nigidius Figulus - Ninth Letter (Plato) -

Non-Aristotelian logic Non-classical logics (and sometimes alternative logics) are formal systems that differ in a significant way from standard logical systems such as propositional and predicate logic. There are several ways in which this is done, including by way of ...

Nous ''Nous'', or Greek νοῦς (, ), sometimes equated to intellect or intelligence, is a concept from classical philosophy for the faculty of the human mind necessary for understanding what is true or real. Alternative English terms used in p ...

- Numenius of Apamea -

Nyaya (Sanskrit: न्याय, ''nyā-yá''), literally meaning "justice", "rules", "method" or "judgment",Nymphidianus of Smyrna Nymphidianus ( el, Νυμφιδιανός) of Smyrna, was a Neoplatonist and sophist who lived in the time of the emperor Julian Julian may refer to: People * Julian (emperor) (331–363), Roman emperor from 361 to 363 * Julian (Rome), referri ...

O

Oeconomicus - Oenomaus of Gadara -

Olympiodorus the Elder Olympiodorus the Elder ( el, Ὀλυμπιόδωρος) was a 5th-century Neoplatonist who taught in Alexandria, then part of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire. He is most famous for being the teacher of the important Neoplatonist Proclus (412� ...

- Olympiodorus the Younger - On Divination in Sleep -

On Dreams ''On Dreams'' (Ancient Greek: Περὶ ἐνυπνίων; Latin: ''De insomniis'') is one of the short treatises that make up Aristotle's '' Parva Naturalia''. The short text is divided into three chapters. In the first, Aristotle tries to dete ...

- On Generation and Corruption -

On Indivisible Lines ''On Indivisible Lines'' (Greek Περὶ ἀτόμων γραμμῶν; Latin ''De Lineis Insecabilibus'') is a short treatise attributed to Aristotle,Barnes, Jonathan (1984). ''The Complete Works of Aristotle'' (2 Vols.), Princeton University Pre ...

On Length and Shortness of Life ''On Length and Shortness of Life'' (or ''On Longevity and Shortness of Life''; Greek: Περὶ μακροβιότητος καὶ βραχυβιότητος; Latin: ''De longitudine et brevitate vitae'') is a text by the Ancient Greek philosophe ...

- On Marvellous Things Heard -

On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias ''On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias'' ( grc-gre, Περὶ Μελίσσου, Ξενοφάνους καὶ Γοργίου; la, De Melisso, Xenophane, Gorgia) is a short work falsely attributed to Aristotle. The work was likely written during the ...

- On Memory - On Nature (Anaximander) -

On Nature (Heraclitus) Heraclitus of Ephesus (; grc-gre, Ἡράκλειτος , "Glory of Hera"; ) was an ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher from the city of Ephesus, which was then part of the Persian Empire. Little is known of Heraclitus's life. He wrote a ...

- On Nature (Epicurus) - On Nature (Parmenides) -

On Nature (Empedocles) Empedocles (; grc-gre, Ἐμπεδοκλῆς; , 444–443 BC) was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a native citizen of Akragas, a Greek city in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is best known for originating the cosmogonic theory of the f ...

On Plants ''On Plants'' ( el, Περὶ φυτῶν; la, De plantis) is a botanical treatise included in the Corpus Aristotelicum but usually regarded as Pseudo-Aristotle. In 1923, a manuscript containing the original Arabic translation from Greek, as don ...

On Sleep ''On Sleep'' (or ''On Sleep and Sleeplessness''; Greek Περὶ ὕπνου καὶ ἐγρηγόρσεως; Latin: ''De somno et vigilia'') is a text by Aristotle, one of the '' Parva Naturalia''. Topics The common sense "In another pl ...

- On the Heavens - On the Soul - On the Universe - On Things Heard - On Virtues and Vices - On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration - Onasander - Onesicritus - Onatas (philosopher) - Organic unity - Organon - Origen - Origen the Pagan - Orphism (religion) -

Orthotes Orthotes ( el, ὀρθότης "rightness") is a Greek philosophy concept which means approximately "an eye's correctness". In Plato's philosophy it is said to be the passage from the physical eyes to the eyes of the intellect. At least this seems ...

- Ousia -

Gwilym Ellis Lane Owen Gwilym Ellis Lane Owen () was a British classicist and philosopher who is best known as a scholar of ancient philosophy. He was a specialist on the work of the Greek philosopher Aristotle. Born to a Welsh father and an English mother in Portsm ...

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Paconius Agrippinus Paconius Agrippinus was a Stoic philosopher of the 1st century. His father was put to death by the Roman emperor Tiberius on a charge of treason. Agrippinus himself was accused at the same time as Thrasea, around 67 AD, and was banished from Ita ...

- Paired opposites - Palingenesis - Pamprepius - Panaetius -

Pancrates of Athens Pancrates ( el, Παγκράτης; fl. c. 140 AD) of Athens, was a Cynic philosopher. Philostratus relates, that when the celebrated sophist Lollianus was in danger of being stoned by the Athenians in a tumult about bread Bread is a s ...

- Panthoides -

Paradox of the Court The Paradox of the Court, also known as the counterdilemma of Euathlus or Protagoras' paradox, is a paradox originating in ancient Greece. The story is related by the Latin author Aulus Gellius in ''Attic Nights'', who says that the famous sophist ...

Parmenides Parmenides of Elea (; grc-gre, Παρμενίδης ὁ Ἐλεάτης; ) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Elea in Magna Graecia. Parmenides was born in the Greek colony of Elea, from a wealthy and illustrious family. His dates a ...

- Parrhesia - Parts of Animals -

Pasicles of Thebes Pasicles of Thebes ( el, Πασικλῆς ὁ Θηβαῖος; 4th century BC) was a Greek philosopher and brother of the Cynic philosopher Crates of Thebes. He attended the lectures of his brother Crates,Suda, ''Stilpo'' but he is otherwise co ...

- Passive intellect - Patañjali -

Pathos Pathos (, ; plural: ''pathea'' or ''pathê''; , for "suffering" or "experience") appeals to the emotions and ideals of the audience and elicits feelings that already reside in them. Pathos is a term used most often in rhetoric (in which it is c ...

Patro the Epicurean Patro ( el, Πάτρων) was an Epicurean philosopher. He lived for some time in Rome, where he became acquainted, among others, with Cicero, and with the family of Gaius Memmius. Either now, or subsequently, he also gained the friendship of ...

Paulus Persa Paul the Persian or Paulus Persa was a 6th-century East Syriac theologian and philosopher who worked at the court of the Sassanid king Khosrau I. He wrote several treatises and commentaries on Aristotle, which had some influence on medieval Islamic ...

- Pelagius - Peregrinus Proteus - Perictione - Peripatetic school -

Peritrope ''Peritrope'' ( el, περιτροπή) is Socrates' argument against Protagoras' view of relative truth, as presented in Plato's book known as '' Theaetetus'' (169–171e). This formed part of the former's eighth objection, the "table-turning" ar ...

- Persaeus - Personal life of Marcus Tullius Cicero - Peter the Iberian - Phaedo - Phaedo of Elis - Phaedrus the Epicurean -

Phaleas of Chalcedon Phaleas of Chalcedon ( grc-gre, Φαλέας ὁ Χαλκηδόνιος; fl. likely in early 4th century BCE) was a Greek statesman of antiquity, who argued that all citizens of a model city should be equal in property and education. The only surviv ...

- Phanias of Eresus -

Phanto of Phlius Phanto (or Phanton, el, Φάντων; 4th century BC) of Phlius, was a Pythagorean philosopher, and one of the last of the school until the Neopythagorean revival in the Roman era. He was a disciple of Philolaus and Eurytus, and, probably in his ...

- Pherecydes of Syros -

Philebus The ''Philebus'' (; occasionally given as ''Philebos''; Greek: ) is a Socratic dialogue written in the 4th century BC by Plato. Besides Socrates (the main speaker) the other interlocutors are Philebus and Protarchus. Philebus, who advocates the ...

Philia ''Philia'' (; ), is one of the four ancient Greek words for love: ''philia'', '' storge'', ''agape'' and ''eros''. In Aristotle's ''Nicomachean Ethics'', philia is usually translated as "friendship" or affection. The complete opposite is ca ...

Philip of Opus Philip (or Philippus) of Opus ( el, Φίλιππος Ὀπούντιος), was a philosopher and a member of the Academy during Plato's lifetime. Philip was the editor of Plato's ''Laws''. Philip of Opus is probably identical with the Philip of Medm ...

- Philiscus of Aegina -

Philiscus of Thessaly Philiscus of Thessaly (2nd-3rd century) was a Roman era sophist, who according to Philostratus, joined 'geometricians and philosophers' associated with Julia DomnaJulia Domna, Syrian Empress By Barbara Levick Page 113 (Empress and wife of Roman Emp ...

- Philistus - Philo - Philo the Dialectician - Philo of Larissa - Philo's Works - Philo's view of God -

Philodemus Philodemus of Gadara ( grc-gre, Φιλόδημος ὁ Γαδαρεύς, ''Philodēmos'', "love of the people"; c. 110 – prob. c. 40 or 35 BC) was an Arabic Epicurean philosopher and poet. He studied under Zeno of Sidon in Athens, before moving ...

- Philolaus - Philonides of Laodicea - John Philoponus -

Philosopher king The philosopher king is a hypothetical ruler in whom political skill is combined with philosophical knowledge. The concept of a city-state ruled by philosophers is first explored in Plato's ''Republic'', written around 375 BC. Plato argued that ...

- Philostratus - Phintys - Phronesis - Physics (Aristotle) - Physiognomonics - Physis - Pietas (virtue) - Plank of Carneades - Plato -

Plato's five regimes The ''Republic'' ( grc-gre, Πολῑτείᾱ, Politeia; ) is a Socratic dialogue, authored by Plato around 375 BCE, concerning justice (), the order and character of the just city-state, and the just man. It is Plato's best-known work, ...

- Plato's four cardinal virtues - Plato's number - Plato's tripartite theory of soul - Platonic Academy - Platonic epistemology - Platonic idealism - Platonic love - Platonic realism - Platonism - Pleonexia - Pleroma - Pliny the Younger - Pliny the Elder - Plotinus - Pluralist school - Plutarch - Plutarch of Athens - Pneuma (Stoic) - Poetics (Aristotle) - Polemarchus - Polemon (scholarch) - Polemon of Athens - Polemon of Laodicea - Politeia - Politics (Aristotle) - Polity (Aristotle) - Polus - Polyaenus of Lampsacus - Polystratus the Epicurean - Porphyrian tree - Porphyry (philosopher) - Posidonius - Posterior Analytics - Potamo of Alexandria - Potentiality and actuality - Practical syllogism - Praxiphanes - Pre-Socratic philosophy - Primum movens - Principle of contradiction - Prior Analytics - Priscian of Lydia - Priscus of Epirus - Problems (Aristotle) - Proclus - Prodicus - Progression of Animals - Prohairesis - Protagoras - Protagoras (dialogue) - Proxenus of Atarneus - Pseudo-Aristotle - Pseudo-Demikristo - Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite - Pseudo-Plutarch - Ptolemy-el-Garib - Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus - Publius Egnatius Celer - Pyrrho - Pyrrhonism - Pythagoras - Pythagoreanism - Python of Aenus

Q

Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?

R

Rabirius (Epicurean) - Rational animal - Rhetoric (Aristotle) - Rhetoric to Alexander - Ring of Gyges - Rival Lovers - Rota Fortunae - Gaius Musonius Rufus

S

Sage (Sophos) - Sallustius of Emesa - Samkhyakarika - Satyrus the Peripatetic - Scholarch - School of Names - Scythianus - Second Alcibiades - Second Letter (Plato) - Secundus the Silent - Seneca the Younger - Seneca's Consolations - Sense and Sensibilia (Aristotle) - Sensus communis - Seven Sages of Greece - Seventh Letter (Plato) - Quintus Sextius - Sextus Empiricus - Sextus of Chaeronea - Ship of state - Ship of Theseus - Prince Shōtoku - Simmias of Syracuse - Simmias of Thebes - Simon the Shoemaker - Simplicius of Cilicia - Siro the Epicurean - Sisyphus (dialogue) - Socrates - Socratic dialogue - Socratic method - Socratic paradox (disambiguation), Socratic paradox - Socratic problem - Socratici viri - Aeschines of Sphettus - Somnium Scipionis - Sopater of Apamea - Sophia (wisdom) - Sophism - Sophist (dialogue) - Sophistical Refutations - Sophos kagathos - Sophrosyne - Sosigenes the Peripatetic - Sosipatra - Sotades - Sotion (Pythagorean) - Species (metaphysics) - Speusippus - Sphaerus - Square of opposition - Statesman (dialogue) - Stephanus pagination - Stilpo - Stoa Poikile - Stoic categories - Stoic passions - Stoic physics - Stoicism - Stoicorum Veterum Fragmenta - Strato of Lampsacus - Structure of Plato's Republic - Substance theory - Substantial form - Successions of Philosophers - Sun Tzu - Symposium (Plato) - Symposium (Xenophon) - Synoecism - Syrianus

T

Table of Opposites - Tacitean studies - Tao Te Ching - Techne - Telauges - Telecles - Teles of Megara - Telos (philosophy) - Tenth Letter (Plato) - Terebinthus - Term logic - Terpsion - Tertullian - Tetractys - Tetrad (Greek philosophy) - Tetrapharmakos - Thales - The Art of War - The Golden Ass - The golden verses of Pythagoras - The Republic (Plato) - The Republic (Zeno) - The Situations and Names of Winds - The Theology of Aristotle - The True Word - Theaetetus (dialogue) - Theagenes of Patras - Theages - Theano (philosopher) - Theia mania - Themista of Lampsacus - Themistius - Theodorus of Asine - Theodorus of Byzantium - Theodorus the Atheist - Theon of Smyrna - Theophrastus - Theory of Forms - Theurgy - Third man argument - Thirteen Classics - Thrasymachus - Thrasymachus of Corinth - Thucydides - Thumos - Timaeus (dialogue) - Timaeus the Sophist - Timaeus of Locri - Timocrates of Lampsacus - Timolaus of Cyzicus - Timon of Phlius - Timycha - Tirukkuṛaḷ - Tiruvalluvar - Titus Albucius - Topics (Aristotle) - Topus Uranus - Tractatus coislinianus - Transmigration of the soul - Triad (Greek philosophy) - Trial of Socrates - Tusculanae Disputationes - Twelfth Letter (Plato) - Apollonius of Tyana - Antipater of Tyre

U

Udyotakara - Unit-point atomism - Unmoved mover - Upanishads

V

Vasubandhu - Virtus (virtue) - Vyasa

W

Wonhyo - Writings of Marcus Tullius Cicero

X

Xenarchus of Seleucia - Xeniades - Xenocrates - Xenophanes - Xenophilus - Xenophon - Ximen Bao - Xun Zi

Y

Yajnavalkya - Yang Zhu

Z

Zeno of Citium - Zeno of Elea - Zeno of Sidon - Zeno of Tarsus - Zeno's paradoxes - Zenobius - Zenodotus (philosopher) - Zhuang Zhou - Zhuangzi (book) - Zoilus - Zoroaster - Zou Yan

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B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

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See also