molecular biology Molecular biology is the branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions. The study of chemical and phys ...

, housekeeping genes are typically

constitutive gene Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, protein or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype, as the final effect. The ...

s that are required for the maintenance of basic cellular function, and are expressed in all cells of an organism under normal and patho-physiological conditions. Although some housekeeping genes are expressed at relatively constant rates in most non-pathological situations, the expression of other housekeeping genes may vary depending on experimental conditions. The origin of the term "housekeeping gene" remains obscure. Literature from 1976 used the term to describe specifically

tRNA Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length (in eukaryotes), that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino a ...

and

rRNA Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells. rRNA is a ribozyme which carries out protein synthesis in ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA is transcribed from riboso ...

. For experimental purposes, the expression of one or multiple housekeeping genes is used as a reference point for the analysis of expression levels of other genes. The key criterion for the use of a housekeeping gene in this manner is that the chosen housekeeping gene is uniformly expressed with low variance under both control and experimental conditions. Validation of housekeeping genes should be performed before their use in gene expression experiments such as

RT-PCR Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique combining reverse transcription of RNA into DNA (in this context called complementary DNA or cDNA) and amplification of specific DNA targets using polymerase chai ...

. Recently a web-based database o
human
an
mouse
housekeeping genes and reference genes/transcripts, name
Housekeeping and Reference Transcript Atlas
(HRT Atlas), was developed to offer updated list of housekeeping genes and reliable candidate reference genes/transcripts for RT-qPCR data normalization. This database can be accessed at http://www.housekeeping.unicamp.br.

Housekeeping gene regulation

Housekeeping genes account for majority of the active genes in the genome, and their expression is obviously vital to survival. The housekeeping gene expression levels are fine-tuned to meet the metabolic requirements in various tissues. Biochemical studies on transcription initiation of the housekeeping gene promoters have been difficult, partly due to the less-characterized promoter motifs and transcription initiation process. Human housekeeping gene promoters are generally depleted of TATA-box, have high GC content and high incidence of

CpG Islands The CpG sites or CG sites are regions of DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide in the linear sequence of bases along its 5' → 3' direction. CpG sites occur with high frequency in genomic regions called CpG ...

. In Drosophila, where promoter specific CpG Islands are absent, housekeeping gene promoters contain DNA elements like DRE, E-box or DPE. Transcription start sites of housekeeping genes can span over a region of around 100 bp whereas transcription start sites of developmentally regulated genes are usually focused in a narrow region. Little is known about how the dispersed transcription initiation of housekeeping gene is established. There are

transcription factor In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence. The fu ...

s that are specifically enriched on and regulate housekeeping gene promoters. Furthermore, housekeeping promoters are regulated by housekeeping enhancers but not developmentally regulated enhancers.

Common housekeeping genes in humans

The following is a partial list of "housekeeping genes." For a more complete and updated list, se
HRT Atlas database
compiled by Bidossessi W. Hounkpe et al. The database was constructed by mining more than 12000 human and mouse RNA-seq datasets.

Gene expression

Transcription factors

* ATF1 NM_005171 * ATF2 NM_001880 *

ATF4 Activating transcription factor 4 (tax-responsive enhancer element B67), also known as ATF4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ATF4'' gene. Function This gene encodes a transcription factor that was originally identified as a wi ...

Activating transcription factor 4 NM_001675 * ATF6 NM_007348 * ATF7 NM_001206682 * ATF7IP NM_018179 * BTF3 NM_001207 Homo sapiens basic transcription factor 3 * E2F4 Homo sapiens E2F transcription factor 4, p107/p130-binding (E2F4), mRNA *

ERH (gene) In molecular biology, Enhancer of rudimentary homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ERH'' gene. The ''Drosophila'' protein enhancer of rudimentary protein is a small protein of 104 amino acids. It has been found to be an enhanc ...

Enhancer of rudimentary homolog of drosophila (which in turn is the first enzymatic step in pyrimidine synthesis. Regulated by MITF) *

HMGB1 High mobility group box 1 protein, also known as high-mobility group protein 1 (HMG-1) and amphoterin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HMGB1'' gene. HMG-1 belongs to the high mobility group and contains a HMG-box domain. Funct ...

High mobility group box binds DNA *

ILF2 Interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ILF2'' gene. Function Nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) is a transcription factor required for T-cell expression of the interleukin 2 gene. NFAT bin ...

Homo sapiens interleukin enhancer binding factor 2, 45kDa (ILF2), mRNA *

IER2 The Ier or Eriu ( hu, Ér) is a right tributary of the river Barcău (''Berettyó'') in Romania and Hungary. It discharges into the Barcău in Pocsaj. The Andrid Dam is constructed on this river. The Ier flows through the villages Mihăieni, E ...

formerly ETR101 Immediate Early Protein? * JUND Homo sapiens jun D proto-oncogene (JUND), mRNA * TCEB2 Elongin Matheo er rar

=Repressors

= * PUF60 Homo sapiens fuse-binding protein-interacting repressor (SIAHBP1), transcript

RNA splicing

* BAT1 aka DDX39B * HNRPD Homo sapiens heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D (AU-rich element RNA *

HNRPK Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (also protein K) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HNRNPK'' gene. It is found in the cell nucleus that binds to pre- messenger RNA (mRNA) as a component of heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein p ...

Homo sapiens heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (HNRPK), transcript *

PABPN1 Polyadenylate-binding protein 2 (PABP-2) also known as polyadenylate-binding nuclear protein 1 (PABPN1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PABPN1'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word ...

poly(A) binding protein, nuclear 1 * SRSF3 splicing factor, arginine/serine-rich

Translation factors

* EIF1 aka SUI1 * EIF1AD *

EIF1B Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1b is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF1B'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meani ...

* EIF2A *

EIF2AK1 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF2AK1'' gene. Function EIF2AK1 inhibits protein synthesis at the translation initiation level, in response to various stress conditions, ...

EIF2AK3 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 3, also known as protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF2AK3'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene ...

EIF2AK4 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF2AK4'' gene. EIF2AK4 belongs to a family of kinases that phosphorylate the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2 ( ...

* EIF2B2 * EIF2B3 * EIF2B4 * EIF2S2 * EIF3A *

EIF3B Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit B (eIF3b) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EIF3B'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of he ...

* EIF3D formerly EIF3S4 * EIF3G * EIF3I * EIF3H * EIF3J * EIF3K * EIF3L *

EIF3M Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit M (eIF3m) also known as PCI domain containing 1 (herpesvirus entry mediator) (PCID1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF3M gene. HFLB5 encodes a broadly expressed protein containi ...

* EIF3S5 * EIF3S8 *

EIF4A1 Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-I (also known as eIF4A1 or DDX2A) is a 46 kDa cytosolic protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''EIF4A1'' gene, which is located on chromosome 17. It is the most prevalent member of the eIF4A family of ATP-depe ...

* EIF4A2 * EIF4A3 * EIF4E2 * EIF4G1 * EIF4G2 * EIF4G3 * EIF4H * EIF5 * EIF5 * EIF5A * EIF5AL1 * EIF5B *

EIF6 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6 (EIF6), also known as Integrin beta 4 binding protein (ITGB4BP), is a human gene. Hemidesmosomes are structures which link the basal lamina to the intermediate filament cytoskeleton. An important functio ...

* TUFM Tu translational elongation factor mitochondrial

=tRNA synthesis

= * AARS NM_001605 alanyl-tRNA synthetase *

AARS2 Alanyl—tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial, also known as alanine—tRNA ligase (AlaRS) or alanyl—tRNA synthetase 2 (AARS2), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''AARS2'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johanns ...

NM_020745 alanyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial * AARSD1 NM_001261434 alanyl-tRNA synthetase domain containing 1 *

CARS A car or automobile is a motor vehicle with wheels. Most definitions of ''cars'' say that they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport people instead of goods. The year 1886 is regarded as t ...

NM_001751 cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase * CARS2 NM_024537 cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative) * DARS NM_001349 aspartyl-tRNA synthetase * DARS2 NM_018122 aspartyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial * EARS2 NM_001083614 glutamyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial *

FARS2 Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial (FARS2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''FARS2'' gene. This protein encoded by ''FARS2'' localizes to the mitochondrion and plays a role in mitochondrial protein translation. Mutation ...

NM_006567 phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial *

FARSA Farsa ( Italian, literally: ''farce'', plural: ''farse'') is a genre of opera, associated with Venice in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It is also sometimes called ''farsetta''. Farse were normally one-act operas, sometimes performed ...

NM_004461 phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, alpha subunit *

FARSB Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase beta chain is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''FARSB'' gene. This gene encodes a highly conserved enzyme that belongs to the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase class IIc subfamily. This enzyme comprises the regulat ...

NM_005687 phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase, beta subunit * GARS NM_002047 glycyl-tRNA synthetase * HARS NM_002109 histidyl-tRNA synthetase * HARS2 NM_012208 histidyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial * IARS NM_002161 isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase * IARS2 NM_018060 isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial *

KARS Kars (; ku, Qers; ) is a city in northeast Turkey and the capital of Kars Province. Its population is 73,836 in 2011. Kars was in the ancient region known as ''Chorzene'', (in Greek Χορζηνή) in classical historiography ( Strabo), part of ...

NM_005548 Homo sapiens lysyl-tRNA synthetase (KARS), mRNA *

LARS2 Probable leucyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''LARS2'' gene. This gene encodes a class 1 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase. Each of the twenty aminoacyl-tRNA synth ...

NM_015340 isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial *

MARS Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Roman god of war. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmos ...

NM_004990 methionyl-tRNA synthetase * MARS2 NM_138395 methionyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial *

NARS Nars or NARS may refer to: * Karl Nars (1874–1952), Finnish industrialist *Natural Area Reserves System such as the Natural Area Reserves System Hawaii *North Atlantic Radio System, a troposcatter communications system for the air defence of NATO ...

NM_004539 asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase * NARS2 NM_024678 asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative) * QARS NM_005051 glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase * RARS NM_002884 arginyl-tRNA synthetase * RARS2 NM_020320 arginyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial *

SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-1), the first identified strain of the SARS coronavirus species, '' s ...

NM_006513 Homo sapiens seryl-tRNA synthetase (SARS), mRNA * TARS NM_152295 threonyl-tRNA synthetase *

VARS2 Valyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VARS2 gene. Function This gene encodes a mitochondrial A mitochondrion (; ) is an organelle found in the cells of most Eukaryotes, such as animals, p ...

NM_020442 valyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial *

WARS2 Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''WARS2'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meanin ...

NM_015836 tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial * YARS NM_003680 Homo sapiens tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (YARS), mRNA *

YARS2 Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic, also known as Tyrosine-tRNA ligase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''YARS'' gene. Living cells translate DNA sequences into RNA sequences and then into protein sequences. Proteins are chain ...

NM_001040436 Homo sapiens tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (YARS), mRNA mitochondrial

=RNA binding protein

= * ELAVL1

Ribosomal proteins

RPL5 60S ribosomal protein L5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RPL5'' gene. Function Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are com ...

RPL8 60S ribosomal protein L8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RPL8'' gene. Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 R ...

* RPL9 * RPL10A * RPL11 * RPL14 *

RPL25 RPL may refer to: Public Safety * Registured Public Safety Leader (RPL) Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials-International Medicine and biology * Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: recurrent miscarriages Computing * Raptor Lak ...

* RPL26L1 * RPL27 *

RPL30 60S ribosomal protein L30 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RPL30'' gene. Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 ...

RPL32 60S ribosomal protein L32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RPL32'' gene. Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of ...

RPL34 60S ribosomal protein L34 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RPL34'' gene. Function Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits ar ...

RPL35 60S ribosomal protein L35 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RPL35'' gene. Function Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are co ...

RPL35A 60S ribosomal protein L35a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RPL35A'' gene. Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of ...

RPL36AL Ribosomal protein L36a like is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL36AL gene. Function Cytoplasmic ribosomes, organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subu ...

* RPS5 *

RPS6 Ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6 or eS6) is a component of the 40S ribosomal subunit and is therefore involved in translation. Mouse model studies have shown that phosphorylation of eS6 is involved in the regulation of cell size, cell proliferation, a ...

RPS6KA3 protein S6 kinase, 90kDa, polypeptide 3, also s RPS6KA3, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''RPS6KA3'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) family of serine/threonine kinases. This kinase con ...

* RPS6KB1 *

RPS6KB2 Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''RPS6KB2'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) family of serine/threonine kinases. This kinase contains two nonidentical kinase catal ...

RPS13 40S ribosomal protein S13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RPS13'' gene. Function Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits ar ...

RPS19BP1 * RPS20 *

RPS23 40S ribosomal protein S23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RPS23'' gene. Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 ...

RPS24 40S ribosomal protein S24 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RPS24'' gene. Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 ...

* RPS27 transcribed with ubiquitin (see FAU (gene)) * RPN1 Ribophorin anchors the ribosome to rough endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins

* MRPL9 *

MRPL1 39S ribosomal protein L1, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL1'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial r ...

MRPL10 39S ribosomal protein L10, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL10'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ...

MRPL11 39S ribosomal protein L11, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL11'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondri ...

MRPL12 39S ribosomal protein L12, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL12'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondri ...

MRPL13 Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL13 gene. Function Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitoch ...

* MRPL14 *

MRPL15 39S ribosomal protein L15, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL15'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ...

* MRPL16 * MRPL17 *

MRPL18 39S ribosomal protein L18, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL18'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ...

MRPL19 39S ribosomal protein L19, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL19'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ...

MRPL2 Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL), is a division of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation which is under the ownership of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas of the Government of India. Established in 1988, the refinery is l ...

MRPL20 39S ribosomal protein L20, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL20'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ...

* MRPL21 *

MRPL22 39S ribosomal protein L22, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL22'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ...

MRPL23 39S ribosomal protein L23, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL23'' gene. Function Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. ...

MRPL24 39S ribosomal protein L24, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL24'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ...

* MRPL27 *

MRPL28 39S ribosomal protein L28, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL28'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondr ...

MRPL3 Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL3 gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes ...

MRPL30 39S ribosomal protein L30, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL30'' gene. Function Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. M ...

MRPL32 39S ribosomal protein L32, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL32'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ...

MRPL33 39S ribosomal protein L33, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL33'' gene. Function Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. M ...

* MRPL35 * MRPL36 *

MRPL37 39S ribosomal protein L37, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL37'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ...

* MRPL38 *

MRPL4 39S ribosomal protein L4, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL4'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ...

MRPL40 39S ribosomal protein L40, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL40'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondr ...

* MRPL41 *

MRPL42 28S ribosomal protein L42, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL42'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondria ...

* MRPL43 * MRPL44 * MRPL45 * MRPL46 * MRPL47 * MRPL48 * MRPL49 * MRPL50 * MRPL51 * MRPL52 * MRPL53 * MRPL54 *

MRPL55 39S ribosomal protein L55, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPL55'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondria ...

* MRPL9 * MRPS10 *

MRPS11 28S ribosomal protein S11, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPS11'' gene. Function Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. ...

MRPS12 28S ribosomal protein S12, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPS12'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ...

* MRPS14 * MRPS15 *

MRPS16 28S ribosomal protein S16, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPS16'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ...

* MRPS17 *

MRPS18A 28S ribosomal protein S18a, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPS18A'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meanin ...

MRPS18B 28S ribosomal protein S18b, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPS18B'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondr ...

* MRPS18C *

MRPS2 Mitochondrial ribosomal protein S2 (MRPS2), otherwise known as uS2m, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS2 gene. Function Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis with ...

MRPS21 28S ribosomal protein S21, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPS21'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and assist protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ...

* MRPS22 *

MRPS23 Madiga Reservation Porata Samiti or MRPS is a not-for profit organisation formed to demand the categorisation of the SC reservation quota in Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of Indi ...

* MRPS24 * MRPS25 *

MRPS26 28S ribosomal protein S26, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPS26'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondri ...

MRPS27 Madiga Reservation Porata Samiti or MRPS is a not-for profit organisation formed to demand the categorisation of the SC reservation quota in Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of Indi ...

MRPS28 28S ribosomal protein S28, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPS28'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ...

MRPS30 28S ribosomal protein S30, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPS30'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ...

* MRPS31 * MRPS33 * MRPS34 *

MRPS35 28S ribosomal protein S35, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPS35'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ...

MRPS5 28S ribosomal protein S5, mitochondrial, otherwise called uS5m, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPS5'' gene. Function Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within ...

* MRPS6 *

MRPS7 28S ribosomal protein S7, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MRPS7'' gene. Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial r ...

MRPS9 Mitochondrial ribosomal protein S9 (MRPS9), otherwise known as uS9m, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS9 gene. Function Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis wi ...

RNA polymerase

POLR1C DNA-directed RNA polymerases I and III subunit RPAC1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR1C'' gene. Interactions POLR1C has been shown to interact with CD3EAP, POLR1E DNA-directed RNA polymerase I subunit RPA49 is an enzym ...

* POLR1D *

POLR1E DNA-directed RNA polymerase I subunit RPA49 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR1E'' gene. Model organisms Model organisms have been used in the study of POLR1E function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called ''Polr1etm1a(K ...

POLR2A DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1, also known as RPB1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR2A'' gene. Function This gene encodes the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing m ...

* POLR2B * POLR2C *

POLR2D DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR2D'' gene. This gene encodes the fourth-largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryote ...

POLR2E DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR2E'' gene. This gene encodes the fifth largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA ...

* POLR2F * POLR2G *

POLR2H DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR2H'' gene. This gene encodes one of the essential subunits of RNA polymerase II that is shared by the other two eukaryotic DNA-directed ...

* POLR2I * POLR2J * POLR2K *

POLR2L DNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III subunit RPABC5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR2L'' gene. Function This gene encodes a subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eu ...

* POLR3C * POLR3E * POLR3GL * POLR3K

Protein processing

* PPID Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase D * PPIE Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase E * PPIF Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F * PPIG Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase G * PPIH Cyclophilin H *

CANX The Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment (CanX) program is a Canadian CubeSat nanosatellite program operated by the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies, Space Flight Laboratory (UTIAS/SFL). The program's objectives are to invol ...

Calnexin. Folding of glycoproteins within endoplasmic reticulum * CAPN1 Calpain subunit * CAPN7 * CAPNS1 Calpain protease subunit *

NACA The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) was a United States federal agency founded on March 3, 1915, to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research. On October 1, 1958, the agency was dissolved and its assets ...

Nascent polypeptide associated complex alpha polypeptide * NACA2 *

PFDN2 Prefoldin subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PFDN2'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the prefoldin beta subunit family. The encoded protein is one of six subunits of prefoldin, a molecular chaperone complex that bi ...

Prefoldin 2 * PFDN4 Prefoldin 4 * PFDN5 Prefoldin 5 *

PFDN6 Prefoldin subunit 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PFDN6'' gene. References Further reading

* * * * * * * * {{gene-6-stub ...

Prefoldin 6 *

SNX2 Sorting nexin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SNX2'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' ...

Sorting nexin 2 *

SNX3 Sorting nexin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SNX3'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the sorting nexin Sorting nexins are a large group of proteins that are localized in the cytoplasm and have the potential for membran ...

Sorting nexin 3 *

SNX4 Sorting nexin-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SNX4'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the sorting nexin family. Members of this family contain a phox (PX) domain, which is a phosphoinositide binding domain, and are involved in ...

Sorting nexin 4 * SNX5 Sorting nexin 5 * SNX6 Sorting nexin 6 * SNX9 Sorting nexin 9 * SNX12 Sorting nexin 12 *

SNX13 Sorting nexin-13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SNX13'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth ...

Sorting nexin 13 * SNX17 Sorting nexin 17 * SNX18 Sorting nexin 18 * SNX19 Sorting nexin 19 * SNX25 Sorting nexin 25 *

SSR1 Translocon-associated protein subunit alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SSR1'' gene. The signal sequence receptor (SSR) is a glycosylated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane receptor associated with protein translocation acro ...

Translocon-associated protein TRAPA. Protein translocation in ER * SSR2 Translocon-associated protein TRAPB. Protein translocation in ER * SSR3 Translocon-associated protein TRAPG. Protein translocation in ER * SUMO1 Protein targeting * SUMO3 Protein targeting

Heat shock proteins

* HSPA4 * HSPA5 * HSPA8 *

HSPA9 Mitochondrial 70kDa heat shock protein (mtHsp70), also known as mortalin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HSPA9'' gene. Function The product encoded by this gene belongs to the heat shock protein 70 family which contains both h ...

* HSPA14 * HSBP1

Histone

HIST1H2BC Histone H2B type 1-C/E/F/G/I is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HIST1H2BC'' gene. Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. Two molecules of each o ...

* H1FX *

H2AFV Histone H2A.V is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''H2AFV'' gene. Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. Nucleosomes consist of approximately 146 bp ...

* H2AFX *

H2AFY Core histone macro-H2A.1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''H2AFY'' gene. Function Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. Nucleosomes consist ...

Histone 2 Subfamily * H2AFZ essential for embryogenesis

Cell cycle

There is significant overlap in function with regards to some of these proteins. In particular, the Rho-related genes are important in nuclear trafficking (i.e.: mitosis) as well as with mobility along the cytoskeleton in general. These genes of particular interest in cancer research. * ARHGAP35 * ARHGAP5 *

ARHGDIA Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARHGDIA'' gene. Interactions ARHGDIA has been shown to interact with: * CDC42, * RAC1, * RHOA Transforming protein RhoA, also known as Ras homolog family m ...

ARHGEF10L Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARHGEF1'' gene. This protein is also called RhoGEF1 or p115-RhoGEF. Function Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 is guanine nucleotide exchange f ...

Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 10L *

ARHGEF11 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARHGEF11'' gene. This protein is also called RhoGEF11 or PDZ-RhoGEF. Function Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 is guanine nucleotide exchange fac ...

Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 *

ARHGEF40 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARHGEF4'' gene. Function Rho GTPases play a fundamental role in numerous cellular processes that are initiated by extracellular stimuli that work throu ...

Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 40 * ARHGEF7 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 7 * RAB10 NM_016131 The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes *

RAB11A Ras-related protein Rab-11A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAB11A'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the small GTPase superfamily, Rab family. It is associated with both constitutive and regulated se ...

NM_004663 * RAB11B NM_004218 *

RAB14 Ras-related protein Rab-14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAB14'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' ...

NM_016322 * RAB18 NM_021252 * RAB1A NM_004161 Homo sapiens RAB1A, member RAS oncogene family (RAB1A), mRNA * RAB1B NM_030981 *

RAB21 Ras-related protein Rab-21 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAB21'' gene. References Further reading

* * * * * * * * {{gene-12-stub ...

NM_014999 * RAB22A NM_020673 * RAB2A NM_002858 * RAB2B NM_001163380 * RAB3GAP1 NM_012233 * RAB3GAP2 NM_012414 * RAB40C NM_021168 * RAB4A NM_004578 * RAB5A NM_004162 * RAB5B NM_002865 * RAB5C NM_004583 *

RAB6A Ras-related protein Rab-6A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAB6A'' gene located in the eleventh chromosome. Its main function is the regulation of protein transport from the Golgi complex to the endoplasmic reticulum and the exocyto ...

NM_002868 * RAB7A NM_004637 * RAB9A NM_004251 * RABEP1 NM_004703 *

RABEPK Rab9 effector protein with Kelch motifs also known as p40 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RABEPK'' gene. Membrane-associated p40, in together with RAB9A, facilitates the transport of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor ( MPR) from en ...

NM_005833 * RABGEF1 NM_014504 * RABGGTA NM_004581 * RABGGTB NM_004582 *

CENPB Centromere protein B also known as major centromere autoantigen B is an autoantigen protein of the cell nucleus. In humans, centromere protein B is encoded by the CENPB gene. Function Centromere protein B is a highly conserved protein that ...

Centromere protein B *

CTBP1 C-terminal-binding protein 1 also known as CtBP1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CTBP1'' gene. CtBP1 is one of two CtBP proteins, the other protein being CtBP2. Function The CtBP1 protein was originally identified as a human prote ...

Centromere protein T *

CCNB1IP1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CCNB1IP1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CCNB1IP1'' gene. HEI10 is a member of the E3 ubiquitin ligase family and functions in progression of the cell cycle through G(2)/M. Online_Mendelian_Inheritan ...

NM_021178 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Modulates cyclin B levels and participates in the regulation of cell cycle progression through the G2 phase * CCNDBP1 NM_012142 May negatively regulate cell cycle progression * CCNG1 NM_004060 May play a role in growth regulation * CCNH NM_001239 Involved in cell cycle control and in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. Its expression and activity are constant throughout the cell cycle * CCNK NM_001099402 Regulatory subunit of cyclin-dependent kinases that mediates phosphorylation of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II * CCNL1 NM_020307 Transcriptional regulator which participates in regulating the pre-mRNA splicing process * CCNL2 NM_030937 Transcriptional regulator which participates in regulating the pre-mRNA splicing process. Also modulates the expression of critical apoptotic factor, leading to cell apoptosis. *

CCNY The City College of the City University of New York (also known as the City College of New York, or simply City College or CCNY) is a public university within the City University of New York (CUNY) system in New York City. Founded in 1847, City ...

NM_145012 Positive regulatory subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK14/PFTK1 and CDK16. Acts as a cell-cycle regulator of Wnt signaling pathway during G2/M phase * PPP1CA NM_002708 Protein phosphatase that associates with over 200 regulatory proteins to form highly specific holoenzymes which dephosphorylate hundreds of biological targets * PPP1CC NM_002710 *

PPP1R10 Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP1R10'' gene. This gene lies within the major histocompatibility complex class I region on chromosome 6. Function This gene encode ...

NM_002714 *

PPP1R11 Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 11 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP1R11'' gene. This gene encodes a specific inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) with a differential sensitivity toward the metal-independent and me ...

NM_021959 Homo sapiens protein phosphatase 1, regulatory (inhibitor) subunit 11 (PPP1R11), * PPP1R15B NM_032833 * PPP1R37 NM_019121 *

PPP1R7 Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 7 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP1R7'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ...

NM_002712 * PPP1R8 NM_002713 *

PPP2CA Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform is an enzyme that (in humans) is encoded by the ''PPP2CA'' gene. Function This gene encodes the phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit. Protein phosphatase 2A is one of the fou ...

NM_002715 * PPP2CB NM_001009552 *

PPP2R1A Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP2R1A'' gene. In the plant Arabidopsis thaliana a similar enzyme is encoded by the RCN1 gene (At1g25490). Functio ...

NM_014225 Negative regulator of growth and cell divisionHomo sapiens protein phosphatase 2 (formerly 2A), regulatory subunit A (PR 65), * PPP2R2A NM_002717 *

PPP2R2D PP2A subunit B isoform delta also known as serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B delta isoform is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPP2R2D gene. It is a regulatory subunit of the heterotrimeric protein p ...

NM_018461 *

PPP2R3C Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'' subunit gamma is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP2R3C'' gene. References Further reading

* * * * * * {{gene-14-stub ...

NM_017917 *

PPP2R4 Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP2R4'' gene. Protein phosphatase 2A is one of the four major Ser/Thr phosphatases and is implicated in the negative control of cell g ...

NM_021131 * PPP2R5A NM_006243 * PPP2R5B NM_006244 * PPP2R5C NM_002719 * PPP2R5D NM_006245 * PPP2R5E NM_006246 * PPP4C NM_002720 * PPP4R1 NM_005134 * PPP4R2 NM_174907 * PPP5C NM_006247 * PPP6C NM_002721 * PPP6R2 NM_014678 *

PPP6R3 The PPP6R3 gene (also termed C11orf23, PP6R3, SAP190, SAPL, SAPLa, and SAPS3) is located at band 13.2 on the long (or "q") arm of chromosome 11 and is expressed in all tissues tested in humans. It encodes protein phosphatase 6 regulatory subunit ...

NM_018312 * RAD1Homo sapiens ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor (RNH), mRNA * RAD17 NM_002869 Essential for sustained cell growth, maintenance of chromosomal stability, and ATR-dependent checkpoint activation upon DNA damage * RAD23B NM_002873 *

RAD50 DNA repair protein RAD50, also known as RAD50, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAD50'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is highly similar to ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' Rad50, a protein involved in DNA double- ...

NM_005732 * RAD51C NM_002874 * IST1 (locates to central dividing line of dividing cells)

Apoptosis

* DAD1 Defender against cell death *

DAP3 28S ribosomal protein S29, mitochondrial, also known as death-associated protein 3 (DAP3), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DAP3'' gene on chromosome 1. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein of the mitochondrial ribosome (mitori ...

Involved in mediating interferon-gamma-induced cell death. * DAXX Death Associated Protein 6

Oncogenes

ARAF Serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf or simply A-Raf is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ARAF'' gene. A-Raf is a member of the Raf kinase family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases. Compared to the other members of this ...

MAZ (gene) Myc-associated zinc finger protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MAZ'' gene. Interactions MAZ (gene) has been shown to interact with BPTF and Deleted in Colorectal Cancer Netrin receptor DCC, also known as DCC, or colorectal ...

* MYC ''also considered a transcription factor''

DNA repair/replication

MCM3AP 80 kDa MCM3-associated protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MCM3AP'' gene. Function The minichromosome maintenance protein 3 (MCM3) is one of the MCM proteins essential for the initiation of DNA replication. The protein enco ...

''possibly a primase'' *

XRCC5 Ku80 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''XRCC5'' gene. Together, Ku70 and Ku80 make up the Ku heterodimer, which binds to DNA double-strand break ends and is required for the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA repair ...

NM_021141 Ku80 * XRCC6 NM_001469 Homo sapiens thyroid autoantigen: Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase. Has a role in chromosome translocation.

Metabolism

* PRKAG1 ''Senses energy level and inactivates HMGCoA reductase and Acetyl CoA Carboxylase'' * PRKAA1 NM_006251 Catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism * PRKAB1 NM_006253 Non-catalytic subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism *

PRKACA The catalytic subunit α of protein kinase A is a key regulatory enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PRKACA'' gene. This enzyme is responsible for phosphorylating other proteins and substrates, changing their activity. Protein kinase A catal ...

NM_002730 Phosphorylates a large number of substrates in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. * PRKAG1 NM_002733 Homo sapiens protein kinase, AMP-activated, gamma 1 non-catalytic subunit (PRKAG1), mRNA * PRKAR1A NM_002734 Regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases involved in cAMP signaling in cells * PRKRIP1 NM_024653 Binds double-stranded RNA. Inhibits EIF2AK2 kinase activity (By similarity).

Carbohydrate metabolism

ALDOA Aldolase A (ALDOA, or ALDA), also known as fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ALDOA'' gene on chromosome 16. The protein encoded by this gene is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conve ...

* B3GALT6 NM_080605 * B4GALT3 NM_003779 Homo sapiens UDP-Gal:betaGlcNAc beta 1,4- galactosyltransferase, polypeptide 3 * B4GALT5 NM_004776 * B4GALT7 NM_007255 * GSK3A *

GSK3B Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, (GSK-3 beta), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''GSK3B'' gene. In mice, the enzyme is encoded by the Gsk3b gene. Abnormal regulation and expression of GSK-3 beta is associated with an increased suscept ...

* TPI1 * PGK1 Phosphoglycerate kinase * PGAM5 * ENOPH1 Enolase phosphatase *

LDHA Lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the ''LDHA'' gene. It is a monomer of Lactate dehydrogenase, which exists as a tetramer. The other main subunit is lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB). Function Lactate deh ...

Lactate dehydrogenase Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells. LDH catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate and back, as it converts NAD+ to NADH and back. A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from one ...

* TALDO1 Transaldolase in pentose shunt * TSTA3 Mannose metabolism

Citric Acid Cycle

SDHA Succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein variant is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SDHA'' gene. This gene encodes a major catalytic subunit of succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, a complex of the mitochondrial res ...

NM_004168 Succinate Dehydrogenase subunit A *

SDHAF2 Succinate dehydrogenase complex assembly factor 2, formerly known as SDH5 and also known as SDH assembly factor 2 or SDHAF2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHAF2 gene. This gene encodes a mitochondrial protein needed for the flavinat ...

NM_017841 *

SDHB Succinate dehydrogenase biquinoneiron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial (SDHB) also known as iron-sulfur subunit of complex II (Ip) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SDHB'' gene. The succinate dehydrogenase (also called SDH or Comple ...

NM_002973 Iron-sulfur protein (IP) subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) *

SDHC Secure Digital, officially abbreviated as SD, is a proprietary non-volatile flash memory card format developed by the SD Association (SDA) for use in portable devices. The standard was introduced in August 1999 by joint efforts between Sa ...

NM_003000 Membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q). *

SDHD Succinate dehydrogenase biquinonecytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial (CybS), also known as succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit D (SDHD), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SDHD'' gene. Names previously used for SDHD were ...

NM_003001

Lipid metabolism

HADHA Trifunctional enzyme subunit alpha, mitochondrial also known as hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase (trifunctional protein), alpha subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HADHA'' gene. Mutati ...

Trifunctional protein subunit alpha

Amino acid metabolism

COMT Catechol-''O''-methyltransferase (COMT; ) is one of several enzymes that degrade catecholamines (neurotransmitters such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), catecholestrogens, and various drugs and substances having a catechol structu ...

Catechol-O-methyl transferase)

NADH dehydrogenase

* NDUFA2NM_002488 *

NDUFA3 NADH dehydrogenase biquinone1 alpha subcomplex subunit 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFA3'' gene. The NDUFA3 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and ...

NM_004542 *

NDUFA4 NDUFA4, mitochondrial complex associated is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDUFA4 gene. The NDUFA4 protein was first described to be a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and ...

NM_002489 * NDUFA5 NM_005000 *

NDUFA6 NADH dehydrogenase biquinone1 alpha subcomplex subunit 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFA6 gene. The NDUFA6 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is th ...

NM_002490 * NDUFA7 NM_005001 Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 7, 14.5kDa *

NDUFA8 NADH dehydrogenase biquinone1 alpha subcomplex subunit 8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFA8 gene. The NDUFA8 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is ...

NM_014222 * NDUFA9 NM_005002 *

NDUFA10 NADH dehydrogenase biquinone1 alpha subcomplex subunit 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFA10 gene. The NDUFA10 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is ...

NM_004544 * NDUFA11 NM_175614 *

NDUFA12 NADH dehydrogenase biquinone1 alpha subcomplex subunit 12 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFA12'' gene. The NDUFA12 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane a ...

NM_018838 * NDUFA13 NM_015965 * NDUFAF2 NM_174889 *

NDUFAF3 NADH dehydrogenase biquinone1 alpha subcomplex assembly factor 3, also known as 2P1, E3-3, or C3orf60, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFAF3'' gene. NDUFAF3 is a mitochondrial assembly protein involved in the assembly of NADH de ...

NM_199069 *

NDUFAF4 NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 4, (NDUFAF4) also known as Hormone-regulated proliferation-associated protein of 20 kDa, (HRPAP20) or C6orf66 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFAF4'' gene. NDUFAF4 is a mit ...

NM_014165 *

NDUFB2 NADH dehydrogenase biquinone1 beta subcomplex subunit 2, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFB2'' gene. NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 2, 8kDa is an accessory subunit of the NADH dehydrogenase ( ...

NM_004546 *

NDUFB3 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 3, 12kDa is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDUFB3 gene. NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 3, 12kDa is an accessory subunit of the NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) com ...

NM_002491 * NDUFB4 NM_004547 *

NDUFB5 NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 5, 16kDa is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDUFB5 gene. The NDUFB5 protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and i ...

NM_002492 *

NDUFB6 NADH dehydrogenase biquinone1 beta subcomplex subunit 6, also known as complex I-B17, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFB6'' gene. NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 6, is an accessory subunit of the NADH ...

NM_002493 *

NDUFB7 NADH dehydrogenase biquinone1 beta subcomplex subunit 7, also known as complex I-B18, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFB7'' gene. NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 7 is an accessory subunit of the NADH d ...

NM_004146 Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 7, 18kDa * NDUFB10 NM_004548 *

NDUFB11 NADH dehydrogenase biquinone1 beta subcomplex subunit 11, mitochondrial (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase ESSS subunit) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFB11'' gene. NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 11 is ...

NM_019056 *

NDUFB8 NADH dehydrogenase biquinone1 beta subcomplex subunit 8, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFB8'' gene. NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 8 is an accessory subunit of the NADH dehydrogenase ( ...

NM_005004 *

NDUFB9 NADH dehydrogenase biquinone1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFB9'' gene. NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 9 is an accessory subunit of the NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) comp ...

NM_005005 *

NDUFC1 NADH dehydrogenase biquinone1 subunit C1, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFC1'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of hered ...

NM_002494Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1, subcomplex unknown, 1, 6kDa *

NDUFC2 NADH dehydrogenase biquinone1 subunit C2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFC2'' gene. The NDUF2 gene encodes one of the subunits of complex I, the first and largest complex of the electron transport chain, mitochondrial resp ...

NM_004549 * NDUFC2-KCTD14 NM_001203260 *

NDUFS5 NADH dehydrogenase biquinoneiron-sulfur protein 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFS5'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." ...

NDUFV2 NADH dehydrogenase biquinoneflavoprotein 2, mitochondrial (NDUFV2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFV2'' gene. The encoded protein, NDUFV2, is a subunit of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, which is located on t ...

NDUFS2 NADH dehydrogenase biquinoneiron-sulfur protein 2, mitochondrial (NDUFS2) also known as NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 49 kDa subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFS2'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a core subuni ...

NM_004550 * NDUFS3 NM_004551 *

NDUFS4 NADH dehydrogenase biquinoneiron-sulfur protein 4, mitochondrial (NDUFS4) also known as NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 18 kDa subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFS4'' gene. This gene encodes a nuclear-encoded accessory sub ...

NM_002495 *

NM_004552 Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 5, 15kDa *

NDUFS6 NADH dehydrogenase biquinoneiron-sulfur protein 6, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFS6'' gene. Function The multisubunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is the first enzyme complex in the electron ...

NM_004553 * NDUFS7 NM_024407 * NDUFS8 NM_002496 *

NDUFV1 NADH dehydrogenase biquinoneflavoprotein 1, mitochondrial (NDUFV1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''NDUFV1'' gene. The NDUFV1 gene encodes the 51-kD subunit of complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) of the mitochondrial respir ...

NM_007103 Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 1, 51kDa (NDUFV1), *

NM_021074 Homo sapiens NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 2, 24kDa (NDUFV2),

Cytochrome C oxidase

(Note that COX1, COX2, and COX3 are mitochondrially encoded) *

COX4I1 Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1, mitochondrial (COX4I1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''COX4I1'' gene. COX4I1 is a nuclear-encoded isoform of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) subunit 4. Cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV) is a mul ...

001861 * COX5B NM_001862 * COX6B1 NM_001863 * COX6C NM_004374 * COX7A2 NM_001865 Homo sapiens cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIIa polypeptide 2 (liver) (COX7A2), * COX7A2L NM_004718 * COX7C NM_001867 * COX8 * COX8A NM_004074 Homo sapiens cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIII (COX8), nuclear gene encoding * COX11 NM_004375 * COX14 NM_032901 * COX15 NM_004376 * COX16 NM_016468 * COX19 NM_001031617 *

COX20 Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor COX20 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COX20 gene. This gene encodes a protein that plays a role in the assembly of cytochrome c oxidase, an important component of the respiratory pathway. Mutat ...

NM_198076 * CYC1 Homo sapiens cytochrome c-1 (CYC1) * UQCC NM_018244 Required for the assembly of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex (mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III or cytochrome b-c1 complex) * UQCR10 NM_013387 * UQCR11 NM_006830 Homo sapiens ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase (6.4kD) subunit (UQCR), mRNA * UQCRB NM_006294 * UQCRC1 NM_003365 Homo sapiens ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein I (UQCRC1), mRNA * UQCRC2 NM_003366 * UQCRHL NM_001089591 * UQCRQ NM_014402 Homo sapiens low molecular mass ubiquinone-binding protein (9.5kD) (QP-C), mRNA

ATPase

* ATP2C1 NM_014382 * ATP5A1 NM_004046 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha * ATP5B NM_001686 * ATP5C1 NM_005174 * ATP5D NM_001687 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, delta *

ATP5F1 ATP synthase subunit b, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ATP5PB'' gene. This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical grad ...

NM_001688 *

ATP5G2 The ''ATP5MC2'' gene is one of three human paralogs that encode membrane subunit c of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an elec ...

NM_005176 *

ATP5G3 The ''ATP5MC3'' gene is one of three human paralogs that encode membrane subunit c of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. This gene encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase ATP synthase is a protein that catalyzes the formation of the energ ...

NM_001689 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit c *

ATP5H The human gene ATP5PD encodes subunit d of the peripheral stalk part of the enzyme mitochondrial ATP synthase. Mitochondrial ATP synthase catalyzes ATP synthesis, utilizing an electrochemical gradient of protons across the inner membrane durin ...

NM_006356 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit d * ATP5J NM_001685 * ATP5J2 NM_004889 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit f, * ATP5J2-PTCD1 NM_001198879 * ATP5L NM_006476 * ATP5O NM_001697 Homo sapiens ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, O subunit * ATP5S NM_015684 *

ATP5SL ATP synthase subunit s-like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ATP5SL'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''gen ...

NM_018035 * ATP6AP1 NM_001183 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal interacting protein 1 (ATP6IP1), *

ATP6V0A2 V-type proton ATPase 116 kDa subunit a isoform 2 also known as V-ATPase 116 kDa isoform a2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ATP6V0A2'' gene. Function V-ATPase 116 kDa isoform a2 is a subunit of the vacuolar ATPase ATPases ( ...

NM_012463 *

ATP6V0B V-type proton ATPase 21 kDa proteolipid subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ATP6V0B'' gene. This gene encodes a component of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of eukaryotic intracell ...

NM_004047 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 21kDa, V0 subunit c (ATP6V0B), *

ATP6V0C V-type proton ATPase 16 kDa proteolipid subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ATP6V0C'' gene. Function This gene encodes a component of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of eukaryot ...

NM_001694 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 16kDa, V0 subunit c (ATP6V0C), *

ATP6V0D1 V-type proton ATPase subunit d 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ATP6V0D1'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''gener ...

NM_004691 * ATP6V0E1 NM_003945 *

ATP6V1C1 V-type proton ATPase subunit C 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ATP6V1C1'' gene. This gene encodes a component of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of intracellular compartments of euka ...

NM_001695 *

ATP6V1D V-type proton ATPase subunit D is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ATP6V1D'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generat ...

NM_015994 * ATP6V1E1 NM_001696 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 31kDa, V1 subunit E isoform 1 *

ATP6V1F V-type proton ATPase subunit F is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ATP6V1F'' gene. This gene encodes a component of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. ...

NM_004231 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 14kDa, V1 subunit F (ATP6V1F), *

ATP6V1G1 V-type proton ATPase subunit G 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ATP6V1G1'' gene. This gene encodes a component of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelle ...

NM_004888 Homo sapiens ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 13kDa, V1 subunit G isoform 1 *

ATP6V1H V-type proton ATPase subunit H is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ATP6V1H'' gene. Function This gene encodes a component of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of eukaryotic intracellular ...

NM_015941 * ATPAF2 NM_145691 * ATPIF1 NM_016311

Lysosome

* CTSD can degrade insulin in hepatocytes *

CSTB Cystatin-B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CSTB'' gene. The cystatin superfamily encompasses proteins that contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some of the members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others hav ...

May protect cell from leaking lysosomes *

LAMP1 Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1) also known as lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1 and CD107a (Cluster of Differentiation 107a), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''LAMP1'' gene. The human ''LAMP1'' gene is locat ...

LAMP2 Lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2), also known as CD107b (Cluster of Differentiation 107b) and Mac-3, is a human gene. Its protein, LAMP2, is one of the lysosome-associated membrane glycoproteins. The protein encoded by this gene is ...

* M6PR

Proteasome

PSMA1 Proteasome subunit alpha type-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMA1'' gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits (alpha subunits 1–7, constitutive beta subunits 1–7, and inducible subunits including beta1i, beta2i ...

NM_002786 * PSMA2 NM_002787 *

PSMA3 Proteasome subunit alpha type-3 also known as macropain subunit C8 and proteasome component C8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMA3'' gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits (alpha subunits 1–7, constitutive beta ...

NM_002788 * PSMA4 NM_002789 * PSMA5 NM_002790 *

PSMA6 Proteasome subunit alpha type-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMA6'' gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits (alpha subunits 1–7, constitutive beta subunits 1–7, and inducible subunits including beta1i, beta2i ...

NM_002791 * PSMA7 NM_002792 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, alpha type, 7 (PSMA7), *

PSMB1 Proteasome subunit beta type-1 also known as 20S proteasome subunit beta-6 (based on systematic nomenclature) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMB1'' gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits (alpha subunits 1-7, const ...

NM_002793 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 1 (PSMB1), mRNA *

PSMB2 Proteasome subunit beta type-2 also known as 20S proteasome subunit beta-4 (based on systematic nomenclature) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMB2'' gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits (alpha subunits 1–7, con ...

NM_002794 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 2 (PSMB2), mRNA * PSMB3 NM_002795 *

PSMB4 Proteasome subunit beta type-4 also known as 20S proteasome subunit beta-7 (based on systematic nomenclature) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMB4'' gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits (alpha subunits 1–7, co ...

NM_002796 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 4 (PSMB4), mRNA *

PSMB5 Proteasome subunit beta type-5 as known as 20S proteasome subunit beta-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMB5'' gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits (alpha subunits 1–7, constitutive beta subunits 1–7, and in ...

NM_002797 *

PSMB6 Proteasome subunit beta type-6 also known as 20S proteasome subunit beta-1 (based on systematic nomenclature) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMB6'' gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits (alpha subunits 1-7, cons ...

NM_002798 *

PSMB7 Proteasome subunit beta type-7 as known as 20S proteasome subunit beta-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMB7'' gene. This protein is one of the 17 essential subunits (alpha subunits 1-7, constitutive beta subunits 1-7, and induc ...

NM_002799 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 7 (PSMB7), mRNA *

PSMC2 26S protease regulatory subunit 7, also known as 26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit Rpt1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMC2'' gene This protein is one of the 19 essential subunits of a complete assembled 19S proteasome complex ...

NM_002803 * PSMC3 NM_002804 * PSMC4 NM_006503 * PSMC5 NM_002805 *

PSMC6 26S protease regulatory subunit S10B, also known as 26S proteasome AAA-ATPase subunit Rpt4, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMC6'' gene. This protein is one of the 19 essential subunits of a complete assembled 19S proteasome compl ...

NM_002806 * PSMD1 NM_002807 *

PSMD10 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 10 or gankyrin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMD10'' gene. First isolated in 1998 by Tanaka et al.; Gankyrin is an oncoprotein that is a component of the 19S regulatory cap of the pr ...

NM_002814 *

PSMD11 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMD11'' gene. Function The 26S proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered structure composed of 2 complexes, a 20S co ...

NM_002815 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) 26S subunit, non-ATPase, 11 *

PSMD12 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMD12'' gene. Function The 26S proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered structure composed of 2 complexes, a 20S co ...

NM_002816 *

PSMD13 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMD13'' gene. Function The 26S proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered structure composed of 2 complexes, a 20S co ...

NM_002817 *

PSMD14 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14, also known as 26S proteasome non-ATPase subunit Rpn11, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMD14'' gene. This protein is one of the 19 essential subunits of the complete assembled 19S ...

NM_005805 * PSMD2 NM_002808 *

PSMD3 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMD3'' gene. Function The 26S proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered structure composed of 2 complexes, a 20S co ...

NM_002809 * PSMD4 NM_002810 *

PSMD5 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMD5'' gene. Function The 26S proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered structure composed of 2 complexes, a 20S core ...

NM_005047 * PSMD6 NM_014814 * PSMD7 NM_002811 *

PSMD8 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMD8'' gene. Function The 26S proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered structure composed of 2 complexes, a 20S co ...

NM_002812 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) 26S subunit, non-ATPase, 8 (PSMD8), * PSMD9 NM_002813 * PSME2 NM_002818 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) activator subunit 2 (PA28 beta) *

PSME3 Proteasome activator complex subunit 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PSME3'' gene. Function The 26S proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a highly ordered structure composed of 2 complexes, a 20S core and a 1 ...

NM_005789 * PSMF1 NM_006814 * PSMG2 NM_020232 * PSMG3 NM_032302 * PSMG4 NM_001128591 *

UBA1 Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 1 (UBA1) is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the ''UBA1'' gene. UBA1 participates in ubiquitination and the NEDD8 pathway for protein folding and degradation, among many other biological proc ...

NM_003334 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 (A1S9T and BN75 temperature *

UBA2 Ubiquitin-like 1-activating enzyme E1B (UBLE1B) also known as SUMO-activating enzyme subunit 2 (SAE2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''UBA2'' gene. Posttranslational modification of proteins by the addition of the small protein SU ...

NM_005499 * UBA3 NM_003968 * UBA5 NM_024818 * UBA52 NM_003333 *

UBAC2 {{Use dmy dates, date=April 2022 The Union for Bradford and Bingley Staff and Associated Companies (UBAC) was a trade union in the United Kingdom. The union was founded in 1977 as the Bradford and Bingley Staff Association, changing its name in 2 ...

NM_177967 * UBALD1 NM_145253 * UBAP1 NM_016525 *

UBAP2L Ubiquitin-associated protein 2-like is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBAP2L'' gene. Interactions UBAP2L has been shown to interact Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 5 ...

NM_014847 * UBB NM_018955 Homo sapiens ubiquitin B (UBB), mRNA * UBC NM_021009 Homo sapiens ubiquitin C (UBC), mRNA * UBE2A NM_003336 *

UBE2B Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2B'' gene. The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquit ...

NM_003337 * UBE2D2 NM_003339 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2D 2 (UBC4/5 homolog, yeast) *

UBE2D3 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2D3'' gene. Function The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degrad ...

NM_003340 *

UBE2D4 UBE or Ube may refer to: * Ubiquitin-activating enzyme * Ube, Yamaguchi, a city in Japan * Uniform Bar Examination * Unilateral Biportal Endoscopy * Ube Industries, chemical company * Union bound estimate, a probability theory bound * Union of Boo ...

NM_015983 * UBE2E1 NM_003341 * UBE2E2 NM_152653 * UBE2E3 NM_006357 *

UBE2F UBE or Ube may refer to: * Ubiquitin-activating enzyme * Ube, Yamaguchi, a city in Japan * Uniform Bar Examination * Unilateral Biportal Endoscopy * Ube Industries, chemical company * Union bound estimate, a probability theory bound * Union of Boo ...

NM_080678 * UBE2G2 NM_003343 * UBE2H NM_003344 *

UBE2I SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2I'' gene. It is also sometimes referred to as "ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2I" or "ubiquitin carrier protein 9", even though these names do not accurately describe ...

NM_003345 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2I (UBC9 homolog, yeast) (UBE2I), *

UBE2J1 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 J1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2J1'' gene. The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiqu ...

NM_016021 *

UBE2J2 UBE or Ube may refer to: * Ubiquitin-activating enzyme * Ube, Yamaguchi, a city in Japan * Uniform Bar Examination * Unilateral Biportal Endoscopy * Ube Industries, chemical company * Union bound estimate, a probability theory bound * Union of ...

NM_058167 * UBE2K NM_005339 * UBE2L3 NM_003347 * UBE2M NM_003969 Homo sapiens ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2M (UBC12 homolog, yeast) (UBE2M), * UBE2N NM_003348 * UBE2NL NM_001012989 *

UBE2Q1 UBE or Ube may refer to: * Ubiquitin-activating enzyme * Ube, Yamaguchi, a city in Japan * Uniform Bar Examination * Unilateral Biportal Endoscopy * Ube Industries, chemical company * Union bound estimate, a probability theory bound * Union of ...

NM_017582 *

UBE2R2 Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 R2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE2R2'' gene. Protein kinase CK2 is a ubiquitous and pleiotropic Ser/Thr protein kinase involved in cell growth and transformation. This gene encodes a protei ...

NM_017811 * UBE2V1 NM_021988 * UBE2V2 NM_003350 * UBE2W NM_018299 * UBE2Z NM_023079 *

UBE3A Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) also known as E6AP ubiquitin-protein ligase (E6AP) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE3A'' gene. This enzyme is involved in targeting proteins for degradation within cells. Protein degradation ...

NM_000462 *

UBE3B Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase E3B (UBE3B) is an enzyme encoded by UBE3B gene in humans. UBE3B has an N-terminal IQ motif, which mediates calcium-independent calmodulin binding and a large C-terminal catalytic HECT domain. Gene discovery UBE3B gene w ...

NM_130466 *

UBE3C Ubiquitin-protein ligase E3C is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE3C'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' ...

NM_014671 *

UBE4A Ubiquitin conjugation factor E4 A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE4A'' gene. The modification of proteins with ubiquitin Ubiquitin is a small (8.6 kDa) regulatory protein found in most tissues of eukaryotic organisms, i.e., ...

NM_004788 *

UBE4B Ubiquitin conjugation factor E4 B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''UBE4B'' gene. The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquit ...

NM_006048 * USP10 NM_005153 * USP14 NM_005151 * USP16 NM_006447 *

USP19 Ubiquitin specific peptidase 19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the USP19 gene. References External links PDBe-KBprovides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Human Ubiquitin carboxyl-termina ...

NM_006677 * USP22 NM_015276 * USP25 NM_013396 * USP27X NM_001145073 * USP33 NM_015017 * USP38 NM_032557 * USP39 NM_006590 *

USP4 Ubiquitin specific protease 4 (USP4) is an enzyme that cleaves ubiquitin from a number of protein substrates. Prior to the standardization of nomenclature USP4 was known as UNP, and was one of the first deubiquitinating enzymes to be identified in ...

NM_003363 *

USP47 Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 47 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''USP47'' gene. References Further reading

* * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-11-stub ...

NM_017944 * USP5 NM_003481 * USP7 NM_003470 *

USP8 Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''USP8'' gene. Interactions USP8 has been shown to Protein-protein interaction, interact with RNF41 and STAM2. References Further reading

* * * ...

NM_005154 * USP9X NM_001039590

Ribonuclease

*RNH Ribonuclease inhibitor

Thioreductase

* TXN2 NM_012473 * TXNDC11 NM_015914 * TXNDC12 NM_015913 * TXNDC15 NM_024715 * TXNDC17 NM_032731 * TXNDC9 NM_005783 *

TXNL1 Thioredoxin-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TXNL1'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' o ...

NM_004786 * TXNL4A NM_006701 * TXNL4B NM_017853 *

TXNRD1 Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''TXNRD1'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the family of pyridine nucleotide oxidoreductases. This protein reduces thioredoxins as well as other substrates, and ...

NM_003330

Structural

Cytoskeletal

* ANXA6 * ANXA7 * ARPC1A Actin-related peptide * ARPC2 * ARPC5L * CAPZA2 *

CAPZB F-actin-capping protein subunit beta, also known as CapZβ, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CAPZB'' gene. CapZβ functions to cap actin filaments at barbed ends in muscle and other tissues. Structure CapZβ can exist as 3 un ...

RHOA Transforming protein RhoA, also known as Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), is a small GTPase protein in the Rho family of GTPases that in humans is encoded by the ''RHOA'' gene. While the effects of RhoA activity are not all well known, it i ...

''also implicated in regulation of cell cycle'' * RHOB * RHOT1 mitochondrial trafficking * RHOT2 * TUBB Tubulin, beta polypeptide *

WDR1 WD repeat-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''WDR1'' gene. This gene encodes a protein containing 9 WD repeats. WD repeats are approximately 30- to 40- amino acid domains containing several conserved residues, m ...

actin disassembly?

Organelle synthesis

''A specialized form of cell signaling'' * BLOC1S1 * BLOC1S2NM_173809 * BLOC1S3NM_212550 * BLOC1S4NM_018366 * BLOC1S6NM_012388 * AP1G1 NM_001128 * AP1M1 NM_032493 *

AP2A1 AP-2 complex subunit alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AP2A1'' gene. This gene encodes the alpha 1 adaptin subunit of the adaptor protein 2 (AP2 adaptors) complex found in clathrin coated vesicles. The AP-2 complex is a hete ...

NM_014203 *

AP2A2 AP-2 complex subunit alpha-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AP2A2'' gene. Interactions AP2A2 has been shown to interact with EPN1 and SHC1 SHC-transforming protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SHC1'' ge ...

NM_012305 * AP2M1 * AP2S1 NM_004069 * AP3B1 NM_003664 * AP3D1 NM_003938 * AP3M1 NM_012095 *

AP3S1 AP-3 complex subunit sigma-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AP3S1'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation' ...

NM_001284 * AP3S2 NM_005829 *

AP4B1 AP-4 complex subunit beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AP4B1'' gene. Function The heterotetrameric adaptor protein (AP) complexes sort integral membrane proteins at various stages of the endocytic and secretory pathways. A ...

NM_006594 *

AP5M1 AP-5 complex subunit mu (AP5M1), otherwise known as MUDENG (MuD), is a protein that is encoded by the ''AP5M1'' gene. The AP5M1 gene was originally discovered when screening for genes which helped to promote death in Fas-mediated apoptosis. It ...

NM_018229 * ANXA6 Annexin 6 * ANXA7 Annexin 7 * AP1B1 Coated vesicles * CLTA Clathrin A (vesicles) * CLTB Clathrin B (vesicles) * CLTC

Mitochondrion

* MTX2

Surface

* AP2S1 * CD81 *

GPAA1 Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor attachment 1 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GPAA1'' gene. Posttranslational glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor attachment serves as a general mechanism for linking proteins to ...

LGALS9 Galectin-9 was first isolated from mouse embryonic kidney in 1997 as a 36 kDa beta-galactoside lectin protein. Human galectin-9 is encoded by the ''LGALS9'' gene. Function The protein has N- and C- terminal carbohydrate-binding domains connect ...

* MGAT2 * MGAT4B * VAMP3

Cell adhesion

CTNNA1 αE-catenin, also known as Catenin alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CTNNA1'' gene. αE-catenin is highly expressed in cardiac muscle and localizes to adherens junctions at intercalated disc structures where it functions to ...

NM_001903 *

CTNNB1 Catenin beta-1, also known as beta-catenin (β-catenin), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CTNNB1'' gene. Beta-catenin is a dual function protein, involved in regulation and coordination of cell–cell adhesion and gene transcript ...

* CTNNBIP1 NM_020248 * CTNNBL1 NM_030877 * CTNND1 NM_001085458 delta catenin

Channels and transporters

ABCB10 P-glycoprotein 1 (permeability glycoprotein, abbreviated as P-gp or Pgp) also known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) or ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) or cluster of differentiation 243 (CD243) is an important protein ...

NM_012089 * ABCB7 NM_004299 * ABCD3 NM_002857 * ABCE1 NM_002939 *

ABCF1 ATP-binding cassette sub-family F member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ABCF1'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transport various ...

NM_001090 *

ABCF2 ATP-binding cassette sub-family F member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ABCF2'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the superfamily of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. ABC proteins transpor ...

NM_005692 * ABCF3 NM_018358 * CALM1

Calmodulin Calmodulin (CaM) (an abbreviation for calcium-modulated protein) is a multifunctional intermediate calcium-binding messenger protein expressed in all eukaryotic cells. It is an intracellular target of the secondary messenger Ca2+, and the bi ...

grasps calcium ions * MFSD11 NM_024311 similar to MSFD10 aka TETRAN or tetracycline transporter-like protein * MFSD12 NM_174983 * MFSD3 NM_138431 * MFSD5 NM_032889 *

SLC15A4 Solute carrier family 15, member 4 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the SLC15A4 gene. See also * Solute carrier family * SLC15A1 * SLC15A2 Solute carrier family 15 (H+/peptide transporter), member 2, also known as SLC15A2, is a hu ...

NM_145648 * SLC20A1 NM_005415 *

SLC25A11 Mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate/malate carrier protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC25A11'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity ...

mitochondrial oxoglutarate/malate carrier *

SLC25A26 SLC may refer to: Places * Salt Lake City, Utah * Salt Lake City International Airport, IATA Airport Code Education * Sarah Lawrence College, NY * School Leaving Certificate (Nepal) * St. Lawrence College, Ontario, Canada * Small Learning Commu ...

NM_173471 *

SLC25A28 SLC may refer to: Places * Salt Lake City, Utah * Salt Lake City International Airport, IATA Airport Code Education * Sarah Lawrence College, NY * School Leaving Certificate (Nepal) * St. Lawrence College, Ontario, Canada * Small Learning Commu ...

NM_031212 *

SLC25A3 Phosphate carrier protein, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC25A3'' gene. The encoded protein is a transmembrane protein located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and catalyzes the transport of phosphate ions acros ...

NM_002635 *

SLC25A32 The mitochondrial folate transporter (MTF) is a transport protein that facilitates the transfer of tetrahydrofolate across the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is encoded by the SLC25A32 gene and belongs to the mitochondrial carrier superfamily. ...

NM_030780 *

SLC25A38 Mitochondrial glycine transporter is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC25A38'' gene. SLC25A38 is involved in mitochondrial handling of glycine and is needed for the first step in heme synthesis. Mutations in this gene can lead to an ...

NM_017875 *

SLC25A39 Solute carrier family 25 member 39 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC25A39'' gene. The protein has been shown to be necessary for the import of the major antioxidant glutathione into the mitochondria A mitochondrion (; ) is ...

NM_016016 *

SLC25A44 SLC may refer to: Places * Salt Lake City, Utah * Salt Lake City International Airport, IATA Airport Code Education * Sarah Lawrence College, NY * School Leaving Certificate (Nepal) * St. Lawrence College, Ontario, Canada * Small Learning Commu ...

NM_014655 * SLC25A46 NM_138773 * SLC25A5 NM_001152 * SLC27A4 NM_005094 *

SLC30A1 Zinc transporter 1 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''SLC30A1'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or '' ...

NM_021194 * SLC30A5 NM_022902 * SLC30A9 NM_006345 * SLC35A2 NM_005660 * SLC35A4 NM_080670 * SLC35B1 NM_005827 * SLC35B2 NM_178148 * SLC35C2 NM_015945 * SLC35E1 NM_024881 * SLC35E3 NM_018656 * SLC35F5 NM_025181 *

SLC38A2 Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC38A2'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." m ...

NM_018976 *

SLC39A1 Zinc transporter ZIP1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC39A1'' gene. The protein ZIP1 is responsible for the active transport of zinc into prostate cells. In many prostate cancer Prostate cancer is cancer of the prostate. Pros ...

NM_014437 *

SLC39A3 Zinc transporter ZIP3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC39A3'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ' ...

NM_144564 *

SLC39A7 Zinc transporter SLC39A7 (ZIP7), also known as solute carrier family 39 member 7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SLC39A7'' gene. Its fruit fly orthologue is ''Catsup''. Function Zinc is an essential cofactor for more than 5 ...

NM_006979 * SLC41A3 NM_017836 * SLC46A3 NM_181785 * SLC48A1 NM_017842

Receptors

* ACVR1 NM_001105 similar to ACVRL1 TGF Beta receptor family ''

Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Osler–Weber–Rendu disease and Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that leads to abnormal blood vessel formation in the Human skin, skin, mucou ...

'' *

ACVR1B Activin receptor type-1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ACVR1B'' gene. ACVR1B or ALK-4 acts as a transducer of activin or activin-like ligands (e.g., inhibin) signals. Activin binds to either ACVR2A or ACVR2B and then forms a ...

NM_004302 *

CD23 CD23, also known as Fc epsilon RII, or FcεRII, is the "low-affinity" receptor for IgE, an antibody isotype involved in allergy and resistance to parasites, and is important in regulation of IgE levels. Unlike many of the antibody receptors, CD ...

FCER2 low affinity IgE receptor (lectin)

HLA/immunoglobulin/cell recognition

* BAT1 aka DDX39B which is involved in RNA splicing * BSG Basigin Immunoglobulin Superfamily, extracelluar metalloproteinase *MIF macrophage migration inhibitory factor *

TAPBP TAP-associated glycoprotein, also known as tapasin or TAPBP, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TAPBP'' gene. Function The ''TAPBP'' gene encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates interaction between newly assembled majo ...

Kinases/signalling

ADRBK1 G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ADRBK1'' gene. GRK2 was initially called Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK or βARK1), and is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase sub ...

can downregulate response to epinephrine * AGPAT1 acyl 3 phosphoglycerol acyl transferase *

ARF1 ADP-ribosylation factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARF1'' gene. Function ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) is a member of the human ARF gene family. The family members encode small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins tha ...

ARF3 ADP-ribosylation factor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARF3'' gene. Function ADP-ribosylation factor 3 (ARF3) is a member of the human ARF gene family. These genes encode small guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that stimul ...

* ARF4 * ARF5 * ARL2 RAS Superfamily * CSF1 Colony stimulating factor ''not highly expressed constitutively at 5-12'' *CSK C-src tyrosine kinase *DCT dopachrome tautomerase * EFNA3 * FKBP1A * GDI1 GDP Dissociation inhibitor (Rab family) *

GNAS1 GNAS complex locus is a gene locus in humans. Its main product is the heterotrimeric G-protein alpha subunit Gs-α, a key component of G protein-coupled receptor-regulated adenylyl cyclase signal transduction pathways. GNAS stands for Guanine Nuc ...

ubiquitously expressed, but differentially imprinted * GNAI2 * HAX1 associated with tyrosine kinases *

ILK Integrin-linked kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ILK gene involved with integrin-mediated signal transduction. Mutations in ''ILK'' are associated with cardiomyopathies. It is a 59kDa protein originally identified in a yeast-t ...

Integrin linked kinase *

MAPKAPK2 MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MAPKAPK2'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. This kinase is regulated through direct phosphorylation by p38 M ...

* MAP2K2 * MAP3K11 * PITPNM Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein * RAC1 Ro GTPase involved with many signaling pathways * RAP1B GTPase involved with cell adhesion *

RAGA A ''raga'' or ''raag'' (; also ''raaga'' or ''ragam''; ) is a melodic framework for improvisation in Indian classical music akin to a melodic mode. The ''rāga'' is a unique and central feature of the classical Indian music tradition, and as a ...

Ras-related GTP Binding *

STK19 Serine/threonine-protein kinase 19 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''STK19'' gene. This gene encodes a serine/threonine kinase A serine/threonine protein kinase () is a kinase enzyme, in particular a protein kinase, that pho ...

STK24 Serine/threonine-protein kinase 24 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''STK24'' gene located in the chromosome 13, band q32.2. It is also known as Mammalian STE20-like protein kinase 3 (MST-3). The protein is 443 amino acids long and its ...

Serine/Threonine Kinase * STK25 * YWHAB Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, beta polypeptide *

YWHAH 14-3-3 protein eta also referred to as 14-3-3η is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''YWHAH'' gene. Function This gene product belongs to the 14-3-3 family of proteins that are normally intracellular in nature and help to mediate si ...

Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, h polypeptide * YWHAQ Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, theta polypeptide * YWHAZ Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein, zeta polypeptide

Growth factors

AIF1 Allograft inflammatory factor 1 (AIF-1) also known as ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AIF1'' gene. Gene The AIF1 gene is located within a segment of the major histocompatibility ...

* HDGF Hepatoma derived growth factor ''(translocates to nucleus)'' * HGS *

LTBP4 The latent TGF-beta binding proteins (LTBP) are a family of carrier proteins. LTBP is a family of secreted multidomain proteins that were originally identified by their association with the latent form of transforming growth factors. They intera ...

* VEGFB * ZFP36L1

Tissue necrosis factor

CD40 Cluster of differentiation 40, CD40 is a costimulatory protein found on antigen-presenting cells and is required for their activation. The binding of CD154 (CD40L) on TH cells to CD40 activates antigen presenting cells and induces a variety of do ...

formerly TNFRSF5

Casein kinase

* CSNK1E *

CSNK2B Casein kinase II subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CSNK2B'' gene. This gene encodes the beta subunit of casein kinase II, a ubiquitous protein kinase which regulates metabolic pathways, signal transduction, transcriptio ...

Miscellaneous

ALAS1 Delta-aminolevulinate synthase 1 also known as ALAS1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ALAS1'' gene. ALAS1 is an aminolevulinic acid synthase. Delta-aminolevulinate synthase catalyzes the condensation of glycine with succinyl-CoA t ...

Aminolevulinic Acid Synthase type 1 (type 2 is erythroid and associated with porphyria) * ARHGEF2 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor *

ARMET The armet is a type of combat helmet which was developed in the 15th century. It was extensively used in Italy, France, England, the Low Countries and Spain. It was distinguished by being the first helmet of its era to completely enclose the head ...

Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor *

AES AES may refer to: Businesses and organizations Companies * AES Corporation, an American electricity company * AES Data, former owner of Daisy Systems Holland * AES Eletropaulo, a former Brazilian electricity company * AES Andes, formerly AES Gener ...

amino terminal enhancer of split * BECN1 involved in autophagy and partners with PI3K * BUD31 formerly Maternal G10 transcript *

Creatine kinase Creatine kinase (CK), also known as creatine phosphokinase (CPK) or phosphocreatine kinase, is an enzyme () expressed by various tissues and cell types. CK catalyses the conversion of creatine and uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to create phos ...

CKB (ATP reservoir) * Cytidine deaminase ''questionable: not present in very high levels at all'' *

CPNE1 Copine-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CPNE1'' gene. Calcium-dependent membrane-binding proteins may regulate molecular events at the interface of the cell membrane and cytoplasm. This gene encodes a calcium-dependent protein ...

* ENSA (gene) *

FTH1 Ferritin heavy chain is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''FTH1'' gene. FTH1 gene is located on chromosome 11, and its mutation causes Hemochromatosis type 5. Function This gene encodes the heavy subunit of ferritin, the ...

Heavy chain of Ferritin * GDI2 rab/ras vesicular trafficking * GUK1 Guanylate kinase transfers phosphate from ATP to GMP * HPRT Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase *

IFITM1 Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IFITM1'' gene. IFITM1 has also recently been designated CD225 (cluster of differentiation 225). This protein has several additional names: fragilis (human ho ...

''Induced by interferon, transmembrane protein'' *

JTB (gene) The jumping translocation breakpoint protein (JTB), also known as prostate androgen-regulated protein (PAR), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''JTB'' gene. It is an orphan receptor with unknown function. The JTB family of proteins c ...

Jumping translocation breakpoint * MMPL2 * NME2 (formerly NM23B) Nucleoside diphosphate kinase * NONO * P4HB *

PRDX1 Peroxiredoxin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PRDX1'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the peroxiredoxin family of antioxidant enzymes, which reduce hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides. The encoded protein ...

peroxiredoxin (reduces peroxides) * PTMA Prothymosin *

RPA2 RPA may refer to: Companies * RPA (Rubin Postaer and Associates), advertising agency, Santa Monica, California, US * Republic Airways, ICAO code: RPA Political groups * Republican Party of Arkansas, the affiliate of the Republican Party in Ar ...

Binds DNA during replication to keep it straightened out * SULT1A3 Sulfate conjugation ''(note: SULT1C is cited in earlier literature as being ubiquitous but this may be an example of different tags being used to refer to a common area of 2 closely related genes. If the tag is too short, then it may not be specific enough to truly specify one member of a gene family from another)'' * SYNGR2 Synaptogyrin (may participate in vesicle translocation) * Tetratricopeptide, TTC1 ''small glutamine rich tetratricopeptide''

Open_reading_frame

* C11Orf13 *C14orf2 *C21orf33

Sperm/Testis

''Although this page is devoted to genes that should be ubiquitously expressed, this section is for genes whose current name reflects their relative upregulation in testes'' *SPAG7 *SRM (gene), SRM Spermidine synthase *TEGT ''Bax-1 inhibitor'' *DAZAP2 ''Deleted in azoospermia'' *MEA1 Male enhanced antigen

References

External links

* * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Housekeeping Gene Genes Gene expression