APG IV system
The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy for flowering plants (angiosperms) being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was publish ...
in 2016.
History
The original APG system is unusual in being based, not on total evidence, but on the cladistic analysis of the DNA sequences of three genes, two chloroplast genes and one gene coding for ribosomes. Although based on molecular evidence only, its constituent groups prove to be supported by other evidence as well, for example
pollen
Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametop ...
morphology supports the split between the eudicots and the rest of the former dicotyledons.
The system is rather controversial in its decisions at the family level, splitting a number of long-established families and submerging some other families. It also is unusual in not using
botanical name
A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (ICN) and, if it concerns a plant cultigen, the additional cultivar or Group epithets must conform to the '' Inte ...
s above the level of order, that is, an order is the highest rank that will have a formal
botanical name
A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (ICN) and, if it concerns a plant cultigen, the additional cultivar or Group epithets must conform to the '' Inte ...
in this system. Higher groups are defined only as clades, with names such as monocots, eudicots, rosids, asterids.
The APG system was superseded in 2003 by a revision, the APG II system, in 2009 by a next revision, the APG III system, and then in 2016 by a further revision, the
APG IV system
The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy for flowering plants (angiosperms) being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was publish ...
.
Groups
The main groups in the system (all unranked clades) are:
*angiosperms :
*: monocots
*::
commelinoids
In plant taxonomy, commelinids (originally commelinoids) (plural, not capitalised) is a clade of flowering plants within the monocots, distinguished by having cell walls containing ferulic acid.
The commelinids are the only clade that the APG IV ...
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaeaceae () is a family of flowering plants, commonly called water lilies. They live as rhizomatous aquatic herbs in temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains nine genera with about 70 known species. Water ...
family Cabombaceae">Cabombaceae.html" ;"title=" family Cabombaceae"> family Cabombaceae*::: family Rafflesiaceae
*::: family Schisandraceae
*::: family Trimeniaceae
*::: family Winteraceae
*:: order Ceratophyllales
*:::: family Ceratophyllaceae
*:: order Laurales
*:::: family Atherospermataceae
*:::: family Calycanthaceae
*:::: family Gomortegaceae
*:::: family Hernandiaceae
*:::: family
Lauraceae
Lauraceae, or the laurels, is a plant family that includes the true laurel and its closest relatives. This family comprises about 2850 known species in about 45 genera worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ). They are dicotyledons, and occur m ...
Aristolochiaceae
The Aristolochiaceae () are a family, the birthwort family, of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 known species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is '' Aristolochia'' L.
Description
They are mostly perennial, ...
Piperaceae
The Piperaceae (), also known as the pepper family, are a large family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in 5 genera. The vast majority of species can be found within the two main genera: '' Piper'' ...
Japonoliriaceae
Petrosaviaceae is a family of flowering plants belonging to a monotypic order, Petrosaviales. Petrosaviales are monocots, and are grouped within the lilioid monocots. Petrosaviales are a very small order (one family, two genera and four species ...
Potamogetonaceae
The Potamogetonaceae, commonly referred to as the pondweed family, is an aquatic family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The roughly 110 known species are divided over six genera. The largest genus in the family by far is ''Potamogeton'', w ...
Anthericaceae
Agavoideae is a subfamily of Monocotyledon, monocot flowering plants in the Family (biology), family Asparagaceae, Order (biology), order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Agavaceae. The group includes many well-kn ...
Asparagaceae
Asparagaceae, known as the asparagus family, is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus, '' Asparagus officinalis''. Those who live in the temperate ...
*::::: family
Asphodelaceae
Asphodelaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, but the circumscription has varied widely. In its current circumscription in the APG IV system, it includes abo ...
Behniaceae
Agavoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Agavaceae. The group includes many well-known desert and dry-zone types, such as the agave ...
Hemerocallidaceae
Hemerocallidoideae is the a subfamily of flowering plants, part of the Family (biology), family Asphodelaceae ''sensu lato'' in the monocot Order (biology), order Asparagales according to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, APG system of APG IV syst ...
*::::: family
Herreriaceae
Agavoideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales. It has previously been treated as a separate family, Agavaceae. The group includes many well-known desert and dry-zone types, such as the agaves ...
Laxmanniaceae
Lomandroideae is a subfamily of monocot flowering plants in the family Asparagaceae, order Asparagales, according to the APG III system of 2009. The subfamily name is derived from the generic name of the type genus, ''Lomandra''. The group has ...
*::::: family
Orchidaceae
Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant.
Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering ...
*::::: family
Tecophilaeaceae
Tecophilaeaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. It consists of nine genera with a total of 27 species.
The family has only recently been recognized by taxonomists. The APG IV system of 2016 ...
Liliaceae
The lily family, Liliaceae, consists of about 15 genera and 610 species of flowering plants within the order Liliales. They are monocotyledonous, perennial, herbaceous, often bulbous geophytes. Plants in this family have evolved with a f ...
*::::: family
Luzuriagaceae
Luzuriagaceae is a family of flowering plants that was recognized in the 1998 APG system and the 2003 APG II system. The 2009 APG III system merged this small family into the Alstroemeriaceae in the order Liliales, in the clade monocots
Monoco ...
Velloziaceae
Velloziaceae is a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants. The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Pandanales.
Relationships and evolution
By contrast to o ...
*::clade
commelinoids
In plant taxonomy, commelinids (originally commelinoids) (plural, not capitalised) is a clade of flowering plants within the monocots, distinguished by having cell walls containing ferulic acid.
The commelinids are the only clade that the APG IV ...
Arecales
Arecales is an order of flowering plants. The order has been widely recognised only for the past few decades; until then, the accepted name for the order including these plants was Principes.
Taxonomy
The APG IV system of 2016 places Dasypog ...
Philydraceae
Philydraceae is a family of flowering plants composed of three genera and a total of six known species. Such a family has not been recognized by many taxonomists.
The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), does recogni ...
Cyperaceae
The Cyperaceae are a family of graminoid (grass-like), monocotyledonous flowering plants known as sedges. The family is large, with some 5,500 known species described in about 90 genera, the largest being the "true sedges" genus '' Carex'' ...
Sparganiaceae
Sparganiaceae is a family of flowering plants. Such a family was previously recognized by most taxonomists.
The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, 1998), also recognizes this family, and assigns it to the order Poales in ...
Typhaceae
The Typhaceae () are a family of flowering plants, sometimes called the cattail family. The botanical name for the family has been recognized by most taxonomists.
Description
Members can be recognized as large marsh herbs with alternate two-ran ...
Zingiberaceae
Zingiberaceae () or the ginger family is a family of flowering plants made up of about 50 genera with a total of about 1600 known species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes distributed throughout tropical ...
*: clade eudicots
*:::: family Buxaceae
*:::: family Didymelaceae
*:::: family Sabiaceae
*:::: family Trochodendraceae family Tetracentraceae">Tetracentraceae.html" ;"title=" family Tetracentraceae"> family Tetracentraceae*::: order Proteales
*::::: family Nelumbonaceae
*::::: family Platanaceae
*::::: family Proteaceae
*::: order Ranunculales
*::::: family Berberidaceae
*::::: family Circaeasteraceae [+ family [ ingdoniaceae]
*::::: family
Eupteleaceae
''Euptelea'' is a genus of two species of flowering plants in the monogeneric family Eupteleaceae. The genus is found from Assam east through China to Japan, and consists of shrubs or small trees:
*''Euptelea pleiosperma''
*''Euptelea polyandra' ...
*::::: family Lardizabalaceae
*::::: family Menispermaceae
*::::: family Papaveraceae family Fumariaceae and family Pteridophyllaceae">Fumariaceae.html" ;"title=" family Fumariaceae"> family Fumariaceae and family Pteridophyllaceae]
*::::: family Ranunculaceae
*:: clade core eudicots
*::::: family Aextoxicaceae
*::::: family
Berberidopsidaceae
Berberidopsidaceae is a family of flowering plants. Such a family has only recently been recognized by more than a few taxonomists: the plants involved have often been treated as belonging to family Flacourtiaceae.
The APG II system, of 2003 (un ...
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus '' Amaranthus''. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making i ...
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae, commonly called the pink family or carnation family, is a family of flowering plants. It is included in the dicotyledon order Caryophyllales in the APG III system, alongside 33 other families, including Amaranthaceae, Cactace ...
Nepenthaceae
''Nepenthes'' () is a genus of carnivorous plants, also known as tropical pitcher plants, or monkey cups, in the monotypic family Nepenthaceae. The genus includes about 170 species, and numerous natural and many cultivated hybrids. They are mos ...
Altingiaceae
Altingiaceae is a small family of flowering plants in the order Saxifragales, Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Altingiaceae". At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below) consisting of ...
*:::::: family
Cercidiphyllaceae
''Cercidiphyllum'' is a genus containing two species of plants, both commonly called katsura. They are the sole members of the monotypic family Cercidiphyllaceae. The genus is native to Japan and China and unrelated to ''Cercis'' (redbuds).
Desc ...
Ixerbaceae
''Ixerba brexioides'', the sole species in the genus ''Ixerba'', is a bushy tree with thick, narrow, serrated, dark green leaves and panicles of white flowers with a green heart. The fruit is a green capsule that splits open to reveal the black s ...
Stachyuraceae
''Stachyurus'' is the only genus in the flowering plant family Stachyuraceae, native to the Himalayas and eastern Asia. They are deciduous shrubs or small trees with pendent racemes of 4-petalled flowers which appear on the bare branches before t ...
*:::::: family Staphyleaceae
*:::::: family Tristichaceae
*:::::: family Zygophyllaceae
*::::: order Geraniales
*::::::: family Francoaceae
*::::::: family Geraniaceae family Hypseocharitaceae">Hypseocharitaceae.html" ;"title=" family Hypseocharitaceae"> family Hypseocharitaceae*::::::: family Greyiaceae
*::::::: family Ledocarpaceae
*::::::: family Melianthaceae
*::::::: family Vivianiaceae
*:::: clade eurosids I
*::::::: family Celastraceae
*::::::: family Huaceae
*::::::: family Parnassiaceae family Lepuropetalaceae">Lepuropetalaceae.html" ;"title=" family Lepuropetalaceae"> family Lepuropetalaceae*::::::: family Stackhousiaceae
*:::::: order Cucurbitales
*:::::::: family Anisophylleaceae
*:::::::: family Begoniaceae
*:::::::: family Coriariaceae
*:::::::: family Corynocarpaceae
*:::::::: family Cucurbitaceae
*:::::::: family Datiscaceae
*:::::::: family Tetramelaceae
*:::::: order Fabales
*:::::::: family Fabaceae
*:::::::: family Polygalaceae
*:::::::: family Quillajaceae
*:::::::: family Surianaceae
*:::::: order
Fagales
The Fagales are an order of flowering plants, including some of the best-known trees. The order name is derived from genus ''Fagus'', beeches. They belong among the rosid group of dicotyledons. The families and genera currently included are a ...
*:::::::: family
Betulaceae
Betulaceae, the birch family, includes six genera of deciduous nut-bearing trees and shrubs, including the birches, alders, hazels, hornbeams, hazel-hornbeam, and hop-hornbeams numbering a total of 167 species. They are mostly natives of ...
Rhoipteleaceae
''Rhoiptelea'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Juglandaceae. It contains a single species, ''Rhoiptelea chiliantha'', commonly known as the horsetail tree. This genus was previously recognized in its own family, Rhoipteleac ...
Malpighiales
The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest orders of flowering plants, containing about 36 families and more than species, about 7.8% of the eudicots. The order is very diverse, containing plants as different as the willow, violet, poinse ...
*:::::::: family
Achariaceae
Achariaceae is a family of flowering plants consisting of 32-33 genera with about 155 species of tropical herbs, shrub
A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs ...
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae, the spurge family, is a large family of flowering plants. In English, they are also commonly called euphorbias, which is also the name of a genus in the family. Most spurges, such as '' Euphorbia paralias'', are herbs, but some, ...
*:::::::: family
Euphroniaceae
''Euphronia'' is a genus of three species of shrubs native to northern South America and is the only genus in the family Euphroniaceae. It was previously classified in the Vochysiaceae family and elsewhere due to its unique floral features, but ...
*:::::::: family
Flacourtiaceae
The Flacourtiaceae is a defunct family of flowering plants whose former members have been scattered to various families, mostly to the Achariaceae and Salicaceae. It was so vaguely defined that hardly anything seemed out of place there and it bec ...
*:::::::: family
Goupiaceae
''Goupia'' is a neotropical genus of flowering plants and the sole genus included in the family Goupiaceae. There are three species, all found in tropical northern South America.Lacostea, J. F., & Alexandre, D. Y. (1991). Le goupi (Goupia glabra ...
Irvingiaceae
Irvingiaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 13 species in the 3 genera '' Allantospermum'', '' Irvingia'' and '' Klainedoxa''. ''Desbordesia'', formerly accepted is now included in ''Irvingia''.
The family is named for the Scott ...
*:::::::: family
Ixonanthaceae
Ixonanthaceae is a pantropical flowering plant family of trees or shrubs, consisting of about 30 species in 3 or 4 genera. It is a broadleaf evergreen.
References
Malpighiales families
Pantropical flora
{{Malpighiales-stub ...
*:::::::: family
Lacistemaceae
Lacistemataceae is a small flowering plant family. There are two genera:
*''Lacistema'' (12 species)
*''Lozania'' (5 species)
They are small trees (to 15 metres tall) and shrubs (to 5 metres tall) that are native to the subtropical and tropi ...
Malpighiaceae
Malpighiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales. It comprises about 73 genera and 1315 species, all of which are native to the tropics and subtropics. About 80% of the genera and 90% of the species occur in the New Worl ...
Scyphostegiaceae
''Scyphostegia borneensis'' is a species of shrub or small tree endemic to Borneo. This unusual plant is the only species in the genus ''Scyphostegia''. In many taxonomic classifications the genus was placed in its own family, the Scyphostegiacea ...
*:::::::: family
Trigoniaceae
Trigoniaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 28 species in five genera. It is a tropical family found in Madagascar, Southeast Asia, Central and South America.Stephens, P.F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
The Angiosp ...
Violaceae
Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus ''Viola'', the violets and pansies.
Older classifications such as the Cronquist system placed ...
Oxalidaceae
The Oxalidaceae, or wood sorrel family, are a small family of five genera of herbaceous plants, shrubs and small trees, with the great majority of the 570 species in the genus ''Oxalis'' (wood sorrels). Members of this family typically have divid ...
Barbeyaceae
''Barbeya'' is the only genus in the family Barbeyaceae, and has only one species, ''Barbeya oleoides''. It is a small tree native to the mountains of Somalia, Ethiopia, and the Arabian Peninsula. It can be found locally abundant in the transitio ...
*:::::::: family
Cannabaceae
Cannabaceae is a small family of flowering plants, known as the hemp family. As now circumscribed, the family includes about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera, including '' Cannabis'' (hemp), '' Humulus'' ( hops) and ''Celtis'' (hackberries ...
Elaeagnaceae
The Elaeagnaceae are a plant family, the oleaster family, of the order Rosales comprising small trees and shrubs, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical Asia and Australia. The family has about 60 species i ...
*:::::::: family
Moraceae
The Moraceae — often called the mulberry family or fig family — are a family of flowering plants comprising about 38 genera and over 1100 species. Most are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, less so in temperate climates; however ...
*:::::::: family Rhamnaceae
*:::::::: family Rosaceae
*:::::::: family Ulmaceae
*:::::::: family Urticaceae
*:::: clade eurosids II
*::::::: family Tapisciaceae
*:::::: order Brassicales
*:::::::: family Akaniaceae family Bretschneideraceae">Bretschneideraceae.html" ;"title=" family Bretschneideraceae"> family Bretschneideraceae*:::::::: family Bataceae
*:::::::: family Brassicaceae
*:::::::: family Caricaceae
*:::::::: family Emblingiaceae
*:::::::: family Gyrostemonaceae
*:::::::: family Koeberliniaceae
*:::::::: family Limnanthaceae
*:::::::: family Moringaceae
*:::::::: family Pentadiplandraceae
*:::::::: family Resedaceae
*:::::::: family Salvadoraceae
*:::::::: family Setchellanthaceae
*:::::::: family Tovariaceae
*:::::::: family Tropaeolaceae
*:::::: order Malvales
*:::::::: family Bixaceae family Diegodendraceae">Diegodendraceae.html" ;"title=" family Diegodendraceae"> family Diegodendraceae*:::::::: family Cistaceae
*:::::::: family Cochlospermaceae
*:::::::: family Dipterocarpaceae
*:::::::: family Malvaceae
*:::::::: family Muntingiaceae
*:::::::: family Neuradaceae
*:::::::: family Sarcolaenaceae
*:::::::: family
Sphaerosepalaceae
The Sphaerosepalaceae are a family of flowering plants including 14 species of trees and shrubs in two genera, ''Dialyceras'' and ''Rhopalocarpus
''Rhopalocarpus'' is a genus of plants in the family Sphaerosepalaceae. Most species are tree ...
Myrtales
The Myrtales are an order of flowering plants placed as a sister to the eurosids II clade as of the publishing of the ''Eucalyptus grandis'' genome in June 2014.
The APG III system of classification for angiosperms still places it within the eur ...
*:::::::: family
Alzateaceae
''Alzatea verticillata'' is a small flowering tree, native to the Neotropics. It inhabits moist submontane forests from Costa Rica and Panama in Central America south to Peru and Bolivia in tropical South America. It is the sole species of genus ...
Crypteroniaceae
The Crypteroniaceae are a family (biology), family of flowering plant, flowering trees and shrubs. The family includes 13 species in three genus, genera, native to Indomalaya.
Genera
There are three genera of Crypteroniaceae, all native to Asi ...
Onagraceae
The Onagraceae are a family of flowering plants known as the willowherb family or evening primrose family. They include about 650 species of herbs, shrubs, and treesPenaeaceae
*:::::::: family Psiloxylaceae
*:::::::: family Rhynchocalycaceae
*:::::::: family
Vochysiaceae
Vochysiaceae is a plant family belonging to the order of Myrtales.
Description
Trees or shrubs with opposite leaves; flowers are zygomorph 1-(3)-5 merous; ovary inferior or superior; one fertile stamen; fruits samara or capsules.
Biogeograp ...
Anacardiaceae
The Anacardiaceae, commonly known as the cashew family or sumac family, are a family of flowering plants, including about 83 genera with about 860 known species. Members of the Anacardiaceae bear fruits that are drupes and in some cases produce ...
*:::::::: family Biebersteiniaceae
*:::::::: family Burseraceae
*:::::::: family Kirkiaceae
*:::::::: family Meliaceae
*:::::::: family Nitrariaceae family Peganaceae">Peganaceae.html" ;"title=" family Peganaceae"> family Peganaceae*:::::::: family Rutaceae
*:::::::: family Sapindaceae
*:::::::: family Simaroubaceae
*::: clade asterids
*::::: order Cornales
*:::::::: family Cornaceae family Nyssaceae">Nyssaceae.html" ;"title=" family Nyssaceae"> family Nyssaceae*:::::::: family Grubbiaceae
*:::::::: family Hydrangeaceae
*:::::::: family Hydrostachyaceae
*:::::::: family Loasaceae
*::::: order Ericales
*:::::::: family Actinidiaceae
*:::::::: family Balsaminaceae
*:::::::: family Clethraceae
*:::::::: family Cyrillaceae
*:::::::: family Diapensiaceae
*:::::::: family
Ebenaceae
The Ebenaceae are a family of flowering plants belonging to order Ericales. The family includes ebony and persimmon among about 768 species of trees and shrubs. It is distributed across the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the world. It ...
Fouquieriaceae
''Fouquieria'' is a genus of 11 species of desert plants, the sole genus in the Family (biology), family Fouquieriaceae. The genus includes the ocotillo (''Fouquieria splendens, F. splendens'') and the Boojum tree or cirio (''Fouquieria columnar ...
Lecythidaceae
The Lecythidaceae comprise a family of about 20 genera and 250–300 species of woody plants native to tropical South America, Africa (including Madagascar), Asia and Australia.
The most important member of the family in world trade is the B ...
Roridulaceae
''Roridula'' (; from Latin ''roridus'' "dewy") is a genus of evergreen, insect-trapping shrubs, with two species, of about 1⅓–2 m (4–6⅔ ft). It is the only genus in the family Roridulaceae. It has thin, woody, shyly branching, upright, in ...
*:::::::: family
Sapotaceae
240px, '' Madhuca longifolia'' var. ''latifolia'' in Narsapur, Medak district, India
The Sapotaceae are a family (biology), family of flowering plants belonging to the order (biology), order Ericales. The family includes about 800 species of ev ...
Ternstroemiaceae
The Pentaphylacaceae are a small family of plants within the order Ericales. In the APG III system of 2009, it includes the former family Ternstroemiaceae.
Genera
In 2014, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website included 14 genera in the family: Plan ...
Plocospermataceae
''Plocosperma'' is the sole genus in the Plocospermataceae,Stevens, P.F. (2001 onwards)Plocospermataceae ''Angiosperm Phylogeny Website'', retrieved 2013-08-15 a family of flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fru ...
*::::::: family
Vahliaceae
:''The later homonym Vahlia Dahl is now known as Dombeya.''
''Vahlia'' is a genus of herbs and subshrubs that grow in Africa and the Indian subcontinent. There are at least five species.
The genus is placed alone in family ''Vahliaceae''. This ...
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because some taxa were used as dog poison Members of the ...
Loganiaceae
The Loganiaceae are a family of flowering plants classified in order Gentianales. The family includes up to 13 genera, distributed around the world's tropics. There are not any great morphological characteristics to distinguish these taxa from ...
*:::::::: family
Rubiaceae
The Rubiaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules ...
Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae is a family (the acanthus family) of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are tropical herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. Only a few species are distributed in ...
Bignoniaceae
Bignoniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales commonly known as the bignonias or trumpetvines.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: ...
Myoporaceae
Myoporaceae was a family of plants, found mostly in Australia, which included the following genera:
* '' Diocirea''
* '' Eremophila'', also known as emu bush
* ''Myoporum'', also known as Boobiala
In the APG II system (continued in the APG III ...
*:::::::: family
Oleaceae
Oleaceae, also known as the olive family, is a taxonomic family of flowering shrubs, trees, and a few lianas in the order Lamiales, It presently comprises 28 genera, one of which is recently extinct.Peter S. Green. 2004. "Oleaceae". pages ...
*:::::::: family Orobanchaceae
*:::::::: family Paulowniaceae
*:::::::: family Pedaliaceae family Martyniaceae">Martyniaceae.html" ;"title=" family Martyniaceae"> family Martyniaceae*:::::::: family Phrymaceae
*:::::::: family Plantaginaceae
*:::::::: family Schlegeliaceae
*:::::::: family Scrophulariaceae
*:::::::: family Stilbaceae
*:::::::: family Tetrachondraceae
*:::::::: family Verbenaceae
*:::::: order Solanales
*:::::::: family
Convolvulaceae
Convolvulaceae (), commonly called the bindweeds or morning glories, is a family of about 60 genera and more than 1,650 species. These species are primarily herbaceous vines, but also include trees, shrubs and herbs. The tubers of several spec ...
Montiniaceae
Montiniaceae is a family of flowering plants. It includes two or three genera of shrubs and small trees, native to southwest Africa and tropical East Africa as well as Madagascar. The genera ''Grevea'' and ''Montinia'' are included in most c ...
*:::::::: family
Solanaceae
The Solanaceae , or nightshades, are a family of flowering plants that ranges from annual and perennial herbs to vines, lianas, epiphytes, shrubs, and trees, and includes a number of agricultural crops, medicinal plants, spices, weeds, and o ...
Asteraceae
The family Asteraceae, alternatively Compositae, consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae ...
*:::::::: family Calyceraceae
*:::::::: family Campanulaceae family Lobeliaceae">Lobeliaceae.html" ;"title=" family Lobeliaceae"> family Lobeliaceae*:::::::: family Carpodetaceae
*:::::::: family Donatiaceae
*:::::::: family Goodeniaceae
*:::::::: family Menyanthaceae
*:::::::: family Pentaphragmataceae
*:::::::: family Phellinaceae
*:::::::: family Rousseaceae
*:::::::: family Stylidiaceae
*:::::: order Dipsacales
*:::::::: family Caprifoliaceae
*:::::::: family Diervillaceae
*:::::::: family Dipsacaceae
*:::::::: family Linnaeaceae
*:::::::: family Morinaceae
*:::::::: family Valerianaceae
Note: "+ ..." = optional seggregrate family, that may be split off from the preceding family.
* Families of uncertain position
*: family Balanophoraceae
*: family Bonnetiaceae
*: family Cardiopteridaceae
*: family
Ctenolophonaceae
''Ctenolophon'' is the only genus in the flowering plant family Ctenolophonaceae. It has two recognized species:
* '' Ctenolophon englerianus'' Mildbr. - central Africa (Nigeria, Gabon, Zaire, Angola)
* '' Ctenolophon parvifolius'' Oliv. - New ...
Lepidobotryaceae
Lepidobotryaceae is a family of plants in the order Celastrales."Lepidobotryaceae" In: Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. In: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below). It contains only two specie ...
Lophopyxidaceae
''Lophopyxis'' is a genus of flowering plants and the sole genus of the family Lophopyxidaceae. The group consists of 2 species of tendrillate lianas. They are found in the Sunda Islands
The Sunda Islands ( id, Kepulauan Sunda) are a group ...
Paracryphiaceae
The Paracryphiaceae are a family of woody shrubs and trees native to Australia, southeast Asia, and New Caledonia. In the APG III system of 2009, the family is placed in its own order, Paracryphiales, in the campanulid clade of the asterids. In ...
Sladeniaceae
Sladeniaceae is a family of flowering plants containing tree species found in subtropical to tropical environments in East Africa ('' Ficalhoa''), Burma, Yunnan, and Thailand ('' Sladenia''). The family consists of trees with alternate, sim ...
APG IV system
The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy for flowering plants (angiosperms) being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was publish ...