English language
English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, with its earliest forms spoken by the inhabitants of early medieval England. It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the is ...
alone had about 57 versions available, which is estimated to have crossed 100 by 2020.
Table of available translations
Alphabetically
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Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic languages, Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C ...
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Tirukkural translations into Arabic As of 2020, there were at least four translations of the Tirukkural available in Arabic. The Kural text is the first, and so far the only, Tamil work to be translated directly into Arabic. It is also the first Tamil work to be released in the Arabia ...
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Bengali
Bengali or Bengalee, or Bengalese may refer to:
*something of, from, or related to Bengal, a large region in South Asia
* Bengalis, an ethnic and linguistic group of the region
* Bengali language, the language they speak
** Bengali alphabet, the w ...
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Tirukkural translations into Bengali As of 2015, there were at least four translations of the Tirukkural available in Bengali.
History of translations
The first Bengali translation was made in prose by Nalini Mohan Sanyal in 1939. It was published by Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, with a f ...
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Chinese
Chinese can refer to:
* Something related to China
* Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity
**''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation
** List of ethnic groups in China, people of va ...
Tirukkural translations into Czech
As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Czech only once.
History of translations
The only known translation of the Kural text in Czech is some selections that appeared in ''Novy Orient'', a Czech journal from Prague, during 1952–54. Thes ...
Tirukkural translations into Dutch As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Dutch only once.
History of translations
Selections of Tirukkural couplets were translated into the Dutch language by D. Kat in 1964. This is the only Dutch translation of the Kural text known thus fa ...
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English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ide ...
Tirukkural translations into Fijian As of 2015, Fijian had at least two translations available of the Tirukkural.
History of translations
There are at least two translations known of the Kural text in the Fijian language. The first Fijian translation of the Kural was made by Samuel ...
French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
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Tirukkural translations into French French has the second maximum number of translations of the Tirukkural among European languages, next only to English. As of 2015, there were at least 18 translations of the Kural text available in French.
History of translations
The first translat ...
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German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ger ...
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Tirukkural translations into German
Among the European languages, German has the third highest number of translations of the Tirukkural, after English and French. As of 2015, there were at least eight translations of the Kural text available in German.
History
The first translati ...
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Gujarati
Gujarati may refer to:
* something of, from, or related to Gujarat, a state of India
* Gujarati people, the major ethnic group of Gujarat
* Gujarati language, the Indo-Aryan language spoken by them
* Gujarati languages, the Western Indo-Aryan sub- ...
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Tirukkural translations into Gujarati As of 2015, there were at least three Gujarati language, Gujarati translations available of the Tirukkural.
Background
The Kural remained unknown to the people of Gujarat during the medieval period as none has made any reference to the work in the ...
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Hindi
Hindi (Devanāgarī: or , ), or more precisely Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: ), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in the Hindi Belt region encompassing parts of northern, central, eastern, and western India. Hindi has been de ...
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Tirukkural translations into Hindi Hindi perhaps has many translations of the Tirukkural. As of 2000, there were at least 19 translations of the Kural text available in Hindi. Many of these translations are in verse form.
History
The first translation of the Kural text into Hindi wa ...
Tirukkural translations into Japanese
As of 2015, the Japanese language has two translations available of the Tirukkural.
History
The first Japanese translation of the Kural text was made by Shuzo Matsunaga in 1981, who also translated it into Korean. The second translation was made b ...
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Kannada
Kannada (; ಕನ್ನಡ, ), originally romanised Canarese, is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by the people of Karnataka in southwestern India, with minorities in all neighbouring states. It has around 47 million native s ...
Konkani language
Konkani () is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Konkani people, primarily in the Konkan region, along the western coast of India. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages mentioned in the Indian Constitution, and the official language of ...
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Tirukkkural translations into Konkani As of 2023, Konkani has three translations available of the Tirukkural.
Background
The first translation of the Kural text in Konkani is that by Narayana Purushothama Mallaya in 2002, which was published by Konkani Bhasha Prachar Sabha, Kochi, In ...
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Korean language
Korean ( South Korean: , ''hangugeo''; North Korean: , ''chosŏnmal'') is the native language for about 80 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It is the official and national language of both North Korea and South Korea (geographic ...
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Tirukkural translations into Korean Korean has at least two translations of the Tirukkural available as of 2017.
History of translations
When Shuzo Matsunaga made the first Japanese translation of the Kural text in 1981, he also translated it into Korean, thus making it the first tra ...
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Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
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Tirukkural translations into Latin
The ''Tirukkuṟaḷ'' ( ta, திருக்குறள், lit=sacred verses), or shortly the ''Kural'' ( ta, குறள்), is a classic Tamil language text consisting of 1,330 short couplets, or kurals, of seven words each. The text ...
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Malay
Malay may refer to:
Languages
* Malay language or Bahasa Melayu, a major Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore
** History of the Malay language, the Malay language from the 4th to the 14th century
** Indonesi ...
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Tirukkural translations into Malay As of 2015, Malay has at least four translations available of the Tirukkural.
History of translations
In 1964, Ramily Bin Thakir translated the Kural text in verse. In 1967, Hussein Ismail translated the work under the title ''Thirukural Sastera K ...
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Malayalam
Malayalam (; , ) is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (Mahé district) by the Malayali people. It is one of 22 scheduled languages of India. Malayalam was des ...
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Tirukkural translations into Malayalam
Malayalam has seen the most number of Tirukkural translations than that of any other language in India. As of 2007, there are at least 21 translations of the Kural text available in Malayalam. Malayalam also has the distinction of producing the fi ...
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Marathi
Marathi may refer to:
*Marathi people, an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group of Maharashtra, India
*Marathi language, the Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people
*Palaiosouda, also known as Marathi, a small island in Greece
See also
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* ...
Odia
Odia, also spelled Oriya or Odiya, may refer to:
* Odia people in Odisha, India
* Odia language, an Indian language, belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family
* Odia alphabet, a writing system used for the Odia languag ...
Polish
Polish may refer to:
* Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe
* Polish language
* Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent
* Polish chicken
*Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin screenwr ...
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Tirukkural translations into Polish As of 2015, there are at least two translations of the Tirukkural available in the Polish language.
History of translations
The first Polish translation of the Kural text was made in prose in 1958 by Wandy Dynowskiej Umadevi, published by the Indo- ...
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Punjabi
Punjabi, or Panjabi, most often refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to Punjab, a region in India and Pakistan
* Punjabi language
* Punjabi people
* Punjabi dialects and languages
Punjabi may also refer to:
* Punjabi (horse), a British Th ...
Rajasthani
Rajasthani may refer to:
* something of, from, or related to Rajasthan, a state of India
* Rajasthani languages, a group of languages spoken there
* Rajasthani people, the native inhabitants of the region
* Rajasthani architecture
* Rajasthani art ...
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Tirukkural translations into Rajasthani
As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Rajasthani only once.
Background
In 1982, the Kural text was translated into Rajasthani by Kamala Gurg. Titled ''Tirukkural Needhi Sastra,'' this was published in Jaipur. This remains the sole trans ...
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late ...
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Tirukkural translations into Sanskrit As of 2015, there were at least five Sanskrit translations available of the Tirukkural.
History of translations
Despite its thin popularity as a spoken and colloquial language, Sanskrit is considered divine and a language of revelation by scholars ...
Tirukkural translations into Saurashtra
As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Saurashtra only once.
Background
An Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family, Saurashtra, once spoken in the Saurashtra region of Gujarat, is s ...
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Sinhalese
Sinhala may refer to:
* Something of or related to the Sinhalese people of Sri Lanka
* Sinhalese people
* Sinhala language, one of the three official languages used in Sri Lanka
* Sinhala script, a writing system for the Sinhala language
** Sinha ...
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Tirukkural translations into Sinhalese As of 2015, Tirukkural has been translated into Sinhalese at least twice.
Background
The first Sinhalese translation of the Tirukkural was made by Govokgada Misihamy, with the assistance of S. Thambaiah, in 1961 under the title ''Thiruvalluvar's K ...
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Swedish
Swedish or ' may refer to:
Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically:
* Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland
** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
Telugu
Telugu may refer to:
* Telugu language, a major Dravidian language of India
*Telugu people, an ethno-linguistic group of India
* Telugu script, used to write the Telugu language
** Telugu (Unicode block), a block of Telugu characters in Unicode
S ...
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Tirukkural translations into Telugu Telugu is one of the Indian languages that has had the earliest Tirukkural translations in modern times. As of 2000, there were at least 14 translations of the Kural text available in Telugu.
Background
With the first translation of the Kural text ...