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Tirukkural Translations Into Odia
By 2017, there were at least six translations of the Tirukkural in Odia, all published after the 1970s. History of translations The first translation of the Kural text in Odia appeared in 1978 by Chittaranjan Das, which was published by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan in Bhubaneswar. The list of Kural translations in Odia appears in the following table. G. N. Das's translation is based on the Hindi translation of the Tirukkural by M. G. Venkatakrishnan, and is also influenced by the English translations by P. S. Sundaram and Drew– Lazarus and Sanskrit translation by S. N. Srirama Desikan. Das retired from his IAS career in 1972, after which he took to studying saintly literatures, especially that of Kabir. In 2017, Balaram Rout made another translation, which was published by Sahitya Akademi in Delhi. See also * Tirukkural translations * List of Tirukkural translations by language Citations References * Published Translations * G. N. Das. (1997). ''Thirukkural ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tirukkural
The ''Tirukkuṟaḷ'' ( ta, திருக்குறள், lit=sacred verses), or shortly the ''Kural'' ( ta, குறள்), is a classic Tamil language text consisting of 1,330 short couplets, or Kural (poetic form), kurals, of seven words each. The text is divided into three books with aphoristic teachings on virtue (''aram''), wealth (''porul'') and love (''inbam''), respectively. Considered one of the greatest works ever written on ethics and morality, it is known for its universality and secularity, secular nature. Its authorship is traditionally attributed to Thiruvalluvar, Valluvar, also known in full as Thiruvalluvar. The text has been dated variously from 300 BCE to 5th century CE. The traditional accounts describe it as the last work of the third Sangam literature, Sangam, but linguistic analysis suggests a later date of 450 to 500 CE and that it was composed after the Sangam period. The Kural text is among the earliest systems of Indian epistemology and meta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tirukkural Translations Into Hindi
Hindi perhaps has many translations of the Tirukkural. As of 2000, there were at least 19 translations of the Kural text available in Hindi. Many of these translations are in verse form. History The first translation of the Kural text into Hindi was probably made by Khenand Rakat, who published the translated work in 1924. Khan Chand Rahit published a translation in 1926. In 1958, the University of Madras published a translation by Sankar Raju Naidu under the title "Tamil Ved." In 1964, another translation was published by M. G. Venkatakrishnan, whose second edition appeared in 1998. In 1967, another translation was published under the title "Uttar Ved." In 1982, a translation of 700 couplets of the Kural text was published under the title "Satsai." There was yet another Hindi translation in 1989. In 1990, T. E. S. Raghavan rendered a poetic rendition in couplet form in 'Venba' metre as in the source, following four words in the first line and three in the second. In 2000, a trans ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Tirukkural Translations By Language
Tirukkural, also known as the Kural, is considered one of the most widely translated non-religious works in the world. As of 2020, the work has been translated into about 41 world languages. As of 2014, English language alone had about 57 versions available, which is estimated to have crossed 100 by 2020. Table of available translations Alphabetically * Arabic: Tirukkural translations into Arabic * Bengali: Tirukkural translations into Bengali * Chinese: Tirukkural translations into Chinese * Czech: Tirukkural translations into Czech * Dutch: Tirukkural translations into Dutch * English: Tirukkural translations into English * Fijian: Tirukkural translations into Fijian * Finnish: Tirukkural translations into Finnish * French: Tirukkural translations into French * German: Tirukkural translations into German * Gujarati: Tirukkural translations into Gujarati * Hindi: Tirukkural translations into Hindi * Japanese: Tirukkural translations into Japanese * Kannada: Tirukkur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tirukkural Translations
Tirukkural, also known as the Kural, an ancient Indian treatise on the Secular ethics, ethics and morality of the commoner, is one of the List of literary works by number of translations, most widely translated non-religious works in the world. Authored by the ancient Tamil language, Tamil poet-philosopher Thiruvalluvar, it has been translated into at least 42 world languages, with about 57 different renderings in the English language alone. Beginning of translations The Kural text, considered to have been written in the 1st century BCE, remained unknown to the outside world for close to one and a half millennia. The first translation of the Kural text appeared in Malayalam in 1595 CE under the title ''Tirukkural Bhasha'' by an unknown author. It was a prose rendering of the entire Kural, written closely to the spoken Malayalam of that time. However, again, this unpublished manuscript remained obscure until it was first reported by the Annual Report of the Cochin Archeological ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kabir
Kabir Das (1398–1518) was a 15th-century Indian mystic poet and saint. His writings influenced Hinduism's Bhakti movement, and his verses are found in Sikhism's scripture Guru Granth Sahib, the Satguru Granth Sahib of Saint Garib Das, and Kabir Sagar. Born in the city of Varanasi in what is now Uttar Pradesh, he is known for being critical of both organized religion and religions. He questioned what he regarded to be the meaningless and unethical practices of all religions, primarily what he considered to be the wrong practices in the Hindu and Muslim religions. During his lifetime, he was threatened by both Hindus and Muslims for his views. When he died, several Hindus and the Muslims he had inspired claimed him as theirs. Kabir suggested that "Truth" is with the person who is on the path of righteousness, considered everything, living and non living, as divine, and who is passively detached from the affairs of the world. To know the Truth, suggested Kabir, drop the " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tirukkural Translations Into Sanskrit
As of 2015, there were at least five Sanskrit translations available of the Tirukkural. History of translations Despite its thin popularity as a spoken and colloquial language, Sanskrit is considered divine and a language of revelation by scholars. This resulted in more than five translations available of the Kural text in Sanskrit. Unlike in other languages where maiden attempts of translating the Kural text is widely made in prose, all translations in Sanskrit are made in verse in the form of typical ''slokas''. This is because historically Sanskrit literature has been in verse, for which it has gained renown. It is believed that in the 18th century, Thyagasamudram Shri Chakrapani Iyer, a relative of the eminent Tamil scholar U. V. Swaminatha Iyer, translated the Kural text into Sanskrit for the first time. Per available records, the Kural was translated into Sanskrit for the first time in 1922 by Appa Vajapeyin. It was published by Gururajachariar under the title ''Suniti Kus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Lazarus (Christian Missionary)
John Lazarus (1845–1925) was a Christian missionary to India who rendered the Tirukkural into English. He revised the work of his predecessor William Henry Drew, who had already translated the first 63 chapters (out of the total of 133 chapters) of the Tirukkural, and translated the remaining portion of the Kural text. Work John Lazarus completed his graduation from the University of Madras. His first work was in 1878 when he published ''Nannul'', a grammatical text, with an English translation meant for students. However, scholars consider his Tirukkural translation of chapters 64 through 133 (furthering the work of William Henry Drew) in 1885 ''A Dictionary of Tamil Proverbs with Introduction, Notes, Texts and Translation'' in 1894 as his greatest contributions to the Tamil literature. His Tirukkural work made him the first person to render into English prose the chapters 64 through 133 of the Kural text. The ''Dictionary of Tamil Proverbs'' contained 10,000 proverbs which re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Henry Drew (Christian Missionary)
William Henry Drew was a 19th-century Christian missionary to India who rendered the Tirukkural into English. However, he translated only the first 630 couplets of the Tirukkural. Work William Henry Drew rendered the Tirukkural into English in prose form and first published it in 1840. Of the 133 chapters of the Kural text, Drew translated only the first 63 chapters. The first edition also included the original Tamil text, Parimelazhagar's commentary, Ramanuja Kavirayar's amplification of the commentary, in addition to Drew's English prose renderings. Drew's rendering closely followed the commentary of Parimelalakar and thus almost remained close to the original work of Valluvar. In 1852, John Lazarus revised Drew's work (Chapters 1 through 63) and published it after completing the remaining portion of the Kural text, beginning from Chapter 64 through Chapter 133. Thus, Drew and Lazarus together made the first complete prose translation of the Tirukkural available in English. As R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tirukkural Translations Into English
Tirukkural remains one of the most widely translated non-religious works in the world. As of 2014, there were at least 57 versions available in the English language alone. English, thus, continues to remain the language with most number of translations available of the Kural text. List of translations Below is a list of English translations of the Tirukkural till date: History of English translations Following the translation of the Kural text into Latin by Constantius Joseph Beschi in 1730, Nathaniel Edward Kindersley attempted the first ever English translation of the Kural text in 1794, translating select couplets in verse. Francis Whyte Ellis attempted the second English translation, who translated only 120 of the 1330 couplets of the Kural text—69 in verse and 51 in prose. In 1840, William Henry Drew translated the first book of the Tirukkural in prose. In 1852, he partially completed the second book, too, in prose. Along with his own English prose translation, his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sahitya Akademi
The Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters, is an organisation dedicated to the promotion of literature in the languages of India. Founded on 12 March 1954, it is supported by, though independent of, the Indian government. Its office is located in Rabindra Bhavan near Mandi House in Delhi. The Sahitya Akademi organises national and regional workshops and seminars; provides research and travel grants to authors; publishes books and journals, including the ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature''; and presents the annual Sahitya Akademi Award of INR. 100,000 in each of the 24 languages it supports, as well as the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship for lifetime achievement. The Sahitya Akademi Library is one of the largest multi-lingual libraries in India, with a rich collection of books on literature and allied subjects. It publishes two bimonthly literary journals: '' Indian Literature'' in English and ''Samkaleen Bharatiya Sahitya'' in Hindi. Languages The Sahitya Akad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Delhi
Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, primarily its western or right bank, Delhi shares borders with the state of Uttar Pradesh in the east and with the state of Haryana in the remaining directions. The NCT covers an area of . According to the 2011 census, Delhi's city proper population was over 11 million, while the NCT's population was about 16.8 million. Delhi's urban agglomeration, which includes the satellite cities of Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida in an area known as the National Capital Region (NCR), has an estimated population of over 28 million, making it the largest metropolitan area in India and the second-largest in the world (after Tokyo). The topography of the medieval fort Purana Qila on the banks of the river Yamuna matches the literary description of the citadel Indraprastha in the Sanskrit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cuttack
Cuttack (, or officially Kataka ) in Odia is the former capital and the second largest city in the Indian state of Odisha. It is the headquarters of the Cuttack district. The name of the city is an anglicised form of ''Kataka'' which literally means ''The Fort'', a reference to the ancient Barabati Fort around which the city initially developed. Cuttack is known as the ''Millennium City'' as well as the ''Silver City'' due to its history of 1000 years and famous silver filigree works. The Orissa High Court is located there. It is the commercial capital of Odisha which hosts many trading and business houses in and around the city. Cuttack is famous for its Durga puja which is one of the most important festivals of Odisha. Cuttack is also the birthplace of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. The city is categorised as a Tier-II city as per the ranking system used by Government of India. The old and the most important part of the city is centred on a strip of land between the Kathajod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
