Delhi
Delhi (/ˈdɛli/, Hindustani pronunciation: [d̪ɪlliː] Dilli),
officially the
National Capital Territory of Delhi
National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is a city
and a union territory of India.[16][17] It is bordered by
Haryana
Haryana on
three sides and by
Uttar Pradesh
.jpeg/500px-Taj_Mahal_(Edited).jpeg)
Uttar Pradesh to the east. The NCT covers an area
of 1,484 square kilometres (573 sq mi). According to the
2011 census,
Delhi
Delhi city proper's population was over 11 million,[9]
the second-highest in
India
.jpg/580px-Renumbered_National_Highways_map_of_India_(Schematic).jpg)
India after Mumbai, while the whole NCT's
population was about 16.8 million.[10] Delhi's urban area is now
considered to extend beyond the NCT boundary to include an estimated
population of over 26 million people, making it the world's
second-largest urban area.[11] As of 2016[update] recent estimates of
the metro economy of its urban area have ranked
Delhi
Delhi either the most
or second-most productive metro area of India.[13][14][18][15] Delhi
is the second-wealthiest city after
Mumbai
Mumbai in India, with a total
wealth of $450 billion and home to 18 billionaires and 23,000
millionaires.[19]
Delhi
Delhi has been continuously inhabited since the 6th century BC.[20]
Through most of its history,
Delhi
Delhi has served as a capital of various
kingdoms and empires. It has been captured, ransacked and rebuilt
several times, particularly during the medieval period, and modern
Delhi
Delhi is a cluster of a number of cities spread across the
metropolitan region. A union territory, the political administration
of the NCT of
Delhi
Delhi today more closely resembles that of a state of
India, with its own legislature, high court and an executive council
of ministers headed by a Chief Minister.
New Delhi
New Delhi is jointly
administered by the federal government of
India
India and the local
government of Delhi, and is the capital of the NCT of Delhi. Delhi
hosted the first and ninth
Asian Games
Asian Games in 1951 and 1982, respectively,
1983 NAM Summit, 2010 Men's Hockey World Cup, 2010 Commonwealth Games,
2012 BRICS Summit and was one of the major host cities of the 2011
Cricket
Cricket World Cup.
Delhi
Delhi is also the centre of the
National Capital Region (NCR), which
is a unique 'interstate regional planning' area created by the
National Capital Region Planning Board Act of 1985.[21][22]
Contents
1 Toponymy
2 History
3 Ecology
3.1 Climate
3.2 Air pollution
4 Civic administration
5 Government and politics
6 Economy
7 Utility services
8 Transport
8.1 Air
8.2 Road
8.3 Railway
8.4 Metro
8.5 Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS)
8.6 Roads of 2006 and 2007
9 Demographics
9.1 Religion
9.2 Languages
9.3 Slums
10 Culture
10.1 Festivals
10.2 Cuisine
11 Tourism
12 Education
13 Media
14 Sports
15 World Heritage status
16 Notable people
17 International relations
18 See also
19 References
20 Further reading
21 External links
Toponymy[edit]
There are a number of myths and legends associated with the origin of
the name Delhi. One of them is derived from Dhillu or Dilu, a king who
built a city at this location in 50 BC and named it after
himself.[23][24][25] Another legend holds that the name of the city is
based on the Hindi/
Prakrit
Prakrit word dhili (loose) and that it was used by
the Tomaras to refer to the city because the iron pillar of
Delhi
Delhi had
a weak foundation and had to be moved.[25] The coins in circulation in
the region under the Tomaras were called dehliwal.[26] According to
the Bhavishya Purana, King Prithiviraja of
Indraprastha
Indraprastha built a new
fort in the modern-day
Purana Qila
Purana Qila area for the convenience of all
four castes in his kingdom. He ordered the construction of a gateway
to the fort and later named the fort dehali.[27] Some historians
believe that the name is derived from Dilli, a corruption of the
Hindustani words dehleez or dehali—both terms meaning 'threshold' or
'gateway'—and symbolic of the city as a gateway to the Gangetic
Plain.[28][29] Another theory suggests that the city's original name
was Dhillika.[30]
The people of
Delhi
Delhi are referred to as Delhiites or Dilliwalas.[31]
The city is referenced in various idioms of the Northern Indo-Aryan
languages. Examples include:
Abhi Dilli door hai (अभी दिल्ली दूर है) or
its Persian version, Hanouz Dehli dour ast (هنوز دلی دور
است), literally meaning
Delhi
Delhi is still far away, which is
generically said about a task or journey still far from
completion.[32][33]
Dilli dilwalon ka shehr or Dilli Dilwalon ki meaning
Delhi
Delhi belongs to
the large-hearted/daring.[34]
Aas-paas barse, Dilli pani tarse, literally meaning it pours all
around, while
Delhi
Delhi lies parched. An allusion to the sometimes
semi-arid climate of Delhi, it idiomatically refers to situations of
deprivation when one is surrounded by plenty.[33]
History[edit]
Main articles:
History of Delhi
History of Delhi and Old Delhi
The ancient Yogmaya Temple, claimed to be one of the five temples from
the era of
Mahabharata
Mahabharata in Indraprastha.[35]
The area around
Delhi
Delhi was probably inhabited before the second
millennium BC and there is evidence of continuous inhabitation since
at least the 6th century BC.[20] The city is believed to be the site
of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the
Pandavas
Pandavas in the Indian
epic Mahabharata.[23] According to Mahabharata, this land was
initially a huge mass of forests called 'Khandavaprastha' which was
burnt down to build the city of Indraprastha. The earliest
architectural relics date back to the Maurya period (c. 300 BC); in
1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor
Ashoka
Ashoka (273–235 BC) was
discovered near Srinivaspuri. Remains of eight major cities have been
discovered in Delhi. The first five cities were in the southern part
of present-day Delhi. King Anang Pal of the
Tomara dynasty
.svg/440px-Haryana_in_India_(claims_hatched).svg.png)
Tomara dynasty founded the
city of Lal Kot in AD 736.
Prithviraj Chauhan
.jpg/440px-Prithvi_Raj_Chauhan_(Edited).jpg)
Prithviraj Chauhan conquered Lal Kot in
1178 and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora.
The iron pillar of
Delhi
Delhi is said to have been fashioned at the time of
Chandragupta Vikramaditya (375–413) of the Gupta Empire.[36][37]
The king
Prithviraj Chauhan
Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori, a
Muslim invader from Afghanistan, who made a concerted effort to
conquer northern India.[23] By 1200, native Hindu resistance had begun
to crumble, the dominance of foreign Turkic Muslim dynasties in north
India
India was to last for the next five centuries. The slave general of
Ghori, Qutb-ud-din Aibak was given the responsibility of governing the
conquered territories of
India
India and then Ghori returned to his capital,
Ghor. He died in 1206 AD. He had no heirs and so his generals declared
themselves independent in different parts of his empire. Qutb-ud-din
assumed control of Ghori's Indian possessions. He laid the foundation
of the
Delhi Sultanate
Delhi Sultanate and the Mamluk dynasty. he began construction
of the
Qutb Minar
Qutb Minar and Quwwat-al-
Islam
Islam (Might of Islam) mosque, the
earliest extant mosque in India. It was his successor, Iltutmish
(1211–36), who consolidated the Turkic conquest of northern
India.[23][38] Razia Sultan, daughter of Iltutmish, succeeded him as
the Sultan of Delhi. She is the first and only woman to rule over
Delhi.
At 72.5 m (238 ft), a
UNESCO
UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Qutub
Minar is the world's tallest free-standing brick minaret.[39]
For the next three hundred years,
Delhi
Delhi was ruled by a succession of
Turkic and an Afghan, Lodi dynasty. They built several forts and
townships that are part of the seven cities of Delhi.[40]
Delhi
Delhi was a
major centre of
Sufism
Sufism during this period.[41] The Mamluk Sultanate
(Delhi) was overthrown in 1290 by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji
(1290–1320). Under the second Khalji ruler, Ala-ud-din Khalji, the
Delhi
Delhi sultanate extended its control south of the
Narmada River
Narmada River in the
Deccan. The
Delhi
Delhi sultanate reached its greatest extent during the
reign of
Muhammad bin Tughluq
Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325–1351). In an attempt to bring
the whole of the Deccan under control, he moved his capital to
Daulatabad, Maharashtra
Daulatabad, Maharashtra in central India. However, by moving away from
Delhi
Delhi he lost control of the north and was forced to return to Delhi
to restore order. The southern provinces then broke away. In the years
following the reign of
Firoz Shah Tughlaq
Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388), the Delhi
Sultanate rapidly began to lose its hold over its northern provinces.
Delhi
Delhi was captured and sacked by
Timur
Timur in 1398,[42] who massacred
100,000 captives.[43] Delhi's decline continued under the Sayyid
dynasty (1414–1451), until the sultanate was reduced to
Delhi
Delhi and
its hinterland. Under the
Afghan
Lodi dynasty
Lodi dynasty (1451–1526), the Delhi
sultanate recovered control of the Punjab and the Gangetic plain to
once again achieve domination over Northern India. However, the
recovery was short-lived and the sultanate was destroyed in 1526 by
Babur, founder of the Mughal dynasty.
Babur
Babur was a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur, from the Fergana
Valley in modern-day Uzbekistan. In 1526, he invaded India, defeated
the last Lodhi sultan in the
First Battle of Panipat
First Battle of Panipat and founded the
Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire that ruled from
Delhi
Delhi and Agra.[23] The Mughal dynasty
ruled
Delhi
Delhi for more than three centuries, with a sixteen-year hiatus
during the reigns of
Sher Shah Suri
Sher Shah Suri and
Hemu
Hemu from 1540 to 1556.[44] In
1553, the Hindu king
Hemu
Hemu acceded to the throne of
Delhi
Delhi by defeating
forces of Mughal Emperor Humayun at
Agra
Agra and Delhi. However, the
Mughals re-established their rule after Akbar's army defeated Hemu
during the Second Battle of
Panipat
Panipat in 1556.[45][46][47] Shah Jahan
built the seventh city of
Delhi
Delhi that bears his name Shahjahanabad,
which served as the capital of the
Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire from 1638 and is
today known as the Old City or Old Delhi.[48]
A
UNESCO
UNESCO World Heritage Site,
Red Fort
Red Fort is the location from which the
Prime Minister
Prime Minister of
India
India addresses the nation on Independence Day
After the death of
Aurangzeb
Aurangzeb in 1707, the Mughal Empire's influence
declined rapidly as the Hindu
Maratha Empire
Maratha Empire from
Deccan Plateau
Deccan Plateau rose
to prominence.[49] In 1737, Maratha forces sacked
Delhi
Delhi following
their victory against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi. In
1739, the
Mughal Empire
Mughal Empire lost the huge
Battle of Karnal
Battle of Karnal in less than
three hours against the numerically outnumbered but militarily
superior Persian army led by
Nader Shah
Nader Shah of Persia. After his invasion,
he completely sacked and looted Delhi, carrying away immense wealth
including the Peacock Throne, the Daria-i-Noor, and Koh-i-Noor. The
Mughals, severely further weakened, could never overcome this crushing
defeat and humiliation which also left the way open for more invaders
to come, including eventually the British.[50][51][52] Nader
eventually agreed to leave the city and
India
India after forcing the Mughal
emperor
Muhammad Shah
Muhammad Shah I to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys
of the city and the royal treasury.[53] A treaty signed in 1752 made
Marathas the protectors of the Mughal throne in Delhi.[54]
A
UNESCO
UNESCO World Heritage Site, built in 1560,
Humayun's Tomb
Humayun's Tomb is the
first example of Mughal tomb complexes.[55]
In 1757, the
Afghan ruler, Ahmad Shah Durrani, sacked Delhi. He
returned to
Afghanistan
Afghanistan leaving a Mughal puppet ruler in nominal
control. The Marathas again occupied
Delhi
Delhi in 1758, and were in
control until their defeat in 1761 at the third battle of
Panipat
Panipat when
the city was captured again by Ahmad Shah.[56] However, in 1771, the
Marathas established a protectorate over
Delhi
Delhi when the Maratha ruler,
Mahadji Shinde, recaptured
Delhi
Delhi and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II
was installed as a puppet ruler in 1772.[57] In 1783, Sikhs under
Baghel Singh
Baghel Singh captured
Delhi
Delhi and
Red Fort
Red Fort but due to the treaty signed,
Sikhs withdrew from
Red Fort
Red Fort and agreed to restore
Shah Alam II
Shah Alam II as the
emperor. In 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the forces of
British East
India
India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Battle
of Delhi.[58]
During the Indian Rebellion of 1857,
Delhi
Delhi fell to the forces of East
India
India Company after a bloody fight known as the Siege of Delhi. The
city came under the direct control of the
British Government
British Government in 1858.
It was made a district province of the Punjab.[23] In 1911, it was
announced that the capital of British held territories in
India
India was to
be transferred from
Calcutta
Calcutta to Delhi.[59] The name "New Delhi" was
given in 1927, and the new capital was inaugurated on 13 February
1931. New Delhi, also known as Lutyens' Delhi,[60] was officially
declared as the capital of the Union of
India
India after the country gained
independence on 15 August 1947.[61] During the partition of India,
thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees, mainly from West Punjab fled to
Delhi, while many Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan.
Migration to
Delhi
Delhi from the rest of
India
India continues (as of
2013[update]), contributing more to the rise of Delhi's population
than the birth rate, which is declining.[62]
Aerial view of
Delhi
Delhi in April 2016 with river
Yamuna
Yamuna in top-right.
The
States Reorganisation Act, 1956
States Reorganisation Act, 1956 and the States Reorganisation Act,
1956 created the Union Territory of
Delhi
Delhi from the its predecessor the
Chief Commissioner's Province of Delhi.[1][2] The Constitution
(Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of
Delhi
Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory of
Delhi.[3] The Act gave
Delhi
Delhi its own legislative assembly along Civil
lines, though with limited powers.[3]
In December 2001, the Parliament of
India
India building in
New Delhi
New Delhi was
attacked by armed militants, killing six security personnel.[63] India
suspected Pakistan-based militant groups were behind the attack, which
caused a major diplomatic crisis between the two countries.[64] There
were further terrorist attacks in
Delhi
Delhi in October 2005 and September
2008, resulting in a total of 103 deaths.[65]
Ecology[edit]
Main articles:
Environment of Delhi
Environment of Delhi and Geography of Delhi
Local symbols of Delhi
Animal
Nilgai[66]
Bird
House sparrow[67][68]
Tree
Not designated[69]
Flower
Alfalfa[66]
Delhi
Delhi is located at 28°37′N 77°14′E / 28.61°N 77.23°E
/ 28.61; 77.23, and lies in Northern India. It borders the Indian
states of
Haryana
Haryana on the north, west and south and
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh (UP)
to the east. Two prominent features of the geography of
Delhi
Delhi are the
Yamuna
Yamuna flood plains and the
Delhi
Delhi ridge. The
Yamuna
Yamuna river was the
historical boundary between Punjab and UP, and its flood plains
provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone
to recurrent floods. The Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is the
only major river flowing through Delhi. The
Hindon River
Hindon River separates
Ghaziabad from the eastern part of Delhi. The
Delhi ridge
Delhi ridge originates
from the
Aravalli Range
Aravalli Range in the south and encircles the west,
north-east and north-west parts of the city. It reaches a height of
318 m (1,043 ft) and is a dominant feature of the
region.[70]
The
National Capital Territory of Delhi
National Capital Territory of Delhi covers an area of
1,484 km2 (573 sq mi), of which 783 km2
(302 sq mi) is designated rural, and 700 km2
(270 sq mi) urban therefore making it the largest city in
terms of area in the country. It has a length of 51.9 km
(32 mi) and a width of 48.48 km (30 mi).
Delhi
Delhi is included in India's seismic zone-IV, indicating its
vulnerability to major earthquakes.[71]
Climate[edit]
See also: Climate of Delhi
Delhi
Delhi features an atypical version of the humid subtropical climate
(Köppen Cwa) bordering a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh). The
warm season lasts from 21 March to 15 June with an average daily high
temperature above 39 °C (102 °F). The hottest day of the
year is 22 May, with an average high of 40 °C (104 °F) and
low of 28 °C (82 °F).[72] The cold season lasts from 26
November to 9 February with an average daily high temperature below
20 °C (68 °F). The coldest day of the year is 4 January,
with an average low of 2 °C (36 °F) and high of
14 °C (57 °F).[72] In early March, the wind direction
changes from north-westerly to south-westerly. From April to October
the weather is hot. The monsoon arrives at the end of June, along with
an increase in humidity.[73] The brief, mild winter starts in late
November, peaks in January and heavy fog often occurs.[74]
Temperatures in
Delhi
Delhi usually range from 2 to 47 °C (35.6 to
116.6 °F), with the lowest and highest temperatures ever
recorded being −2.2 and 48.4 °C (28.0 and 119.1 °F),
respectively.[75] The annual mean temperature is 25 °C
(77 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 13 to 32 °C
(55 to 90 °F). The highest temperature recorded in July was
45 °C (113 °F) in 1931.[76][77] The average annual
rainfall is approximately 886 mm (34.9 in), most of which
falls during the monsoon in July and August.[23] The average date of
the advent of monsoon winds in
Delhi
Delhi is 29 June.[78]
Climate data for
Delhi
Delhi (Safdarjung) 1971–1990
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
30.0
(86)
34.1
(93.4)
40.6
(105.1)
45.6
(114.1)
47.2
(117)
46.7
(116.1)
45.0
(113)
42.0
(107.6)
40.6
(105.1)
39.4
(102.9)
36.1
(97)
29.3
(84.7)
47.2
(117)
Average high °C (°F)
21.0
(69.8)
23.5
(74.3)
29.2
(84.6)
36.0
(96.8)
39.2
(102.6)
38.8
(101.8)
34.7
(94.5)
33.6
(92.5)
34.2
(93.6)
33.0
(91.4)
28.3
(82.9)
22.9
(73.2)
31.2
(88.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)
14.3
(57.7)
16.8
(62.2)
22.3
(72.1)
28.8
(83.8)
32.5
(90.5)
33.4
(92.1)
30.8
(87.4)
30.0
(86)
29.5
(85.1)
26.3
(79.3)
20.8
(69.4)
15.7
(60.3)
25.1
(77.2)
Average low °C (°F)
7.6
(45.7)
10.1
(50.2)
15.3
(59.5)
21.6
(70.9)
25.9
(78.6)
27.8
(82)
26.8
(80.2)
26.3
(79.3)
24.7
(76.5)
19.6
(67.3)
13.2
(55.8)
8.5
(47.3)
19.0
(66.2)
Record low °C (°F)
−0.6
(30.9)
1.6
(34.9)
4.4
(39.9)
10.7
(51.3)
15.2
(59.4)
18.9
(66)
20.3
(68.5)
20.7
(69.3)
17.3
(63.1)
9.4
(48.9)
3.9
(39)
1.1
(34)
−0.6
(30.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
19
(0.75)
20
(0.79)
15
(0.59)
21
(0.83)
25
(0.98)
70
(2.76)
237
(9.33)
235
(9.25)
113
(4.45)
17
(0.67)
9
(0.35)
9
(0.35)
790
(31.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
1.7
2.5
2.5
2.0
2.8
5.5
13.0
12.1
5.7
1.7
0.6
1.6
51.7
Average relative humidity (%)
63
55
47
34
33
46
70
73
62
52
55
62
54
Mean monthly sunshine hours
214.6
216.1
239.1
261.0
263.1
196.5
165.9
177.0
219.0
269.3
247.2
215.8
2,684.6
Source #1: NOAA[79]
Source #2: Indian Meteorological Department (record high and low up to
2010)[80]
Air pollution[edit]
See also:
Environmental issues in Delhi
Environmental issues in Delhi and Air quality in Delhi
A dense toxic smog in
New Delhi
New Delhi blocks out the sun. In November 2017,
Delhi's chief minister described the city as a "gas chamber".[81]
According to the
World Health Organization
World Health Organization (WHO)
Delhi
Delhi was the most
polluted[82] city in the world in 2014. In 2016 WHO downgraded Delhi
to eleventh-worst in the urban air quality database.[83] According to
one estimate, air pollution causes the death of about 10,500 people in
Delhi
Delhi every year.[84][85][86] During 2013–14, peak levels of fine
particulate matter (PM) in
Delhi
Delhi increased by about 44%, primarily due
to high vehicular and industrial emissions, construction work and crop
burning in adjoining states.[84][87][88][89] It has the highest level
of the airborne particulate matter,
PM2.5
PM2.5 considered most harmful to
health, with 153 micrograms.[90] Rising air pollution level has
significantly increased lung-related ailments (especially asthma and
lung cancer) among Delhi's children and women.[91][92] The dense smog
in
Delhi
Delhi during winter season results in major air and rail traffic
disruptions every year.[93] According to Indian meteorologists, the
average maximum temperature in
Delhi
Delhi during winters has declined
notably since 1998 due to rising air pollution.[94]
Dense smog blankets Connaught Place, Delhi
Environmentalists have criticised the
Delhi
Delhi government for not doing
enough to curb air pollution and to inform people about air quality
issues.[85] Most of Delhi's residents are unaware of alarming levels
of air pollution in the city and the health risks associated with
it;[88][89] however, as of 2015[update], awareness, particularly among
the foreign diplomatic community and high-income Indians, was
noticeably increasing.[95] Since the mid-1990s,
Delhi
Delhi has undertaken
some measures to curb air pollution—
Delhi
Delhi has the third-highest
quantity of trees among Indian cities[96] and the
Delhi
Delhi Transport
Corporation operates the world's largest fleet of environmentally
friendly compressed natural gas (CNG) buses.[97] In 1996, the Centre
for Science and Environment (CSE) started a public interest litigation
in the Supreme Court of
India
India that ordered the conversion of Delhi's
fleet of buses and taxis to run on compressed natural gas (CNG) and
banned the use of leaded petrol in 1998. In 2003,
Delhi
Delhi won the United
States Department of Energy's first 'Clean Cities International
Partner of the Year' award for its "bold efforts to curb air pollution
and support alternative fuel initiatives".[97] The
Delhi Metro
Delhi Metro has
also been credited for significantly reducing air pollutants in the
city.[98]
However, according to several authors, most of these gains have been
lost, especially due to stubble burning, a rise in the market share of
diesel cars and a considerable decline in bus ridership.[99][100]
According to CSE and System of Air Quality Weather Forecasting and
Research (SAFAR), burning of agricultural waste in nearby Punjab,
Haryana
Haryana and
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh regions results in severe intensification of
smog over Delhi.[101][102] The state government of
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh is
considering imposing a ban on crop burning to reduce pollution in
Delhi
Delhi NCR and an environmental panel has appealed to India's Supreme
Court to impose a 30% cess on diesel cars.[103][104]
Urban sustainability analysis of the greater urban area of the city
using the 'Circles of Sustainability' method of the UN Global Compact
Cities Programme
The
Circles of Sustainability
.jpg/440px-Circles_of_Sustainability_image_(assessment_-_Melbourne_2011).jpg)
Circles of Sustainability assessment of
Delhi
Delhi gives a marginally
more favourable impression of the ecological sustainability of the
city only because it is based on a more comprehensive series of
measures than only air pollution. Part of the reason that the city
remains assessed at basic sustainability is because of the low
resource-use and carbon emissions of its poorer neighbourhoods.[105]
Civic administration[edit]
See also: Divisions of Delhi, Districts of Delhi, and List of towns in
National Capital Territory of Delhi
As of July 2007, the
National Capital Territory of Delhi
National Capital Territory of Delhi comprises
nine districts, 27 tehsils, 59 census towns,
300 villages,[106] and three statutory towns, the Municipal
Corporation of
Delhi
Delhi (MCD) – 1,397.3 km2 or
540 sq mi, the
New Delhi
New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) –
42.7 km2 or 16 sq mi and the
Delhi Cantonment
Delhi Cantonment Board
(DCB) – 43 km2 or 17 sq mi).[107][108]
Since the trifurcation of the DMC at the start of 2012,
Delhi
Delhi has been
run by five local municipal corporations: the North Delhi, South Delhi
and
East Delhi
East Delhi Municipal Corporations, the
New Delhi
New Delhi Municipal Council
and
Delhi Cantonment
Delhi Cantonment Board.[109] In July of that year, shortly after
the MCD trifurcation, the
Delhi
Delhi Government increased the number of
districts in
Delhi
Delhi from nine to eleven.[110]
Delhi
Delhi (civic administration) was ranked 5th out of 21 Cities for best
governance & administrative practices in
India
India in 2014. It scored
3.6 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.[111]
Delhi
Delhi houses the Supreme Court of
India
India and the regional
Delhi
Delhi High
Court along with the
Small Causes Court for civil cases; the
Magistrate Court and the
Sessions Court for criminal cases has
jurisdiction over Delhi. The city is administratively divided into
eleven police-zones which are subdivided into 95 local police
stations.[112]
Government and politics[edit]
Main articles:
Government of Delhi
Government of Delhi and Government of India
Supreme Court is the apex court in the country
The Parliament House
As a first-level administrative division, the National Capital
Territory of
Delhi
Delhi has its own Legislative Assembly, Lieutenant
Governor, council of ministers and Chief Minister. Members of the
legislative assembly are directly elected from territorial
constituencies in the NCT. The legislative assembly was abolished in
1956, after which direct federal control was implemented until it was
re-established in 1993. The Municipal corporation handles civic.
administration for the city as part of the Panchayati Raj Act. The
Government of
India
India and the Government of National Capital Territory
of
Delhi
Delhi jointly administer New Delhi, where both bodies are located.
The Parliament of India, the
Rashtrapati Bhavan
Rashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace),
Cabinet Secretariat and the Supreme Court of
India
India are located in the
municipal district of New Delhi. There are 70 assembly constituencies
and seven
Lok Sabha
Lok Sabha (Indian parliament's lower house) constituencies
in Delhi.[113][114] The
Indian National Congress
Indian National Congress (Congress) formed all
the governments in
Delhi
Delhi until the 1990s, when the Bharatiya Janata
Party (BJP), led by
Madan Lal Khurana, came to power.[115] In 1998,
the Congress returned to power under the leadership of Sheila Dikshit,
who was subsequently re-elected for 3 consecutive terms. But in 2013,
the Congress was ousted from power by the newly formed Aam Aadmi Party
(AAP) led by
Arvind Kejriwal
.jpg/440px-Arvind_Kejriwal_(potrait).jpg)
Arvind Kejriwal forming the government with outside
support from the Congress.[116] However, that government was
short-lived, collapsing only after 49 days.[117]
Delhi
Delhi was then under
President's rule till February 2015.[118] On 10 February 2015, the Aam
Aadmi Party returned to power after a landslide victory, winning 67
out of the 70 seats in the
Delhi
Delhi Legislative Assembly.[119]
Since 2011
Delhi
Delhi has three municipal bodies[120]
SDMC having jurisdiction over South and
West Delhi
West Delhi areas including
Mahipalpur, Rajouri Garden, Janakpuri, Hari Nagar, Tilak Nagar,
Dwarka, Jungpura, Greater Kailash, R K Puram, Malvya Nagar, Kalkaji,
Ambedkar Nagar
Ambedkar Nagar and Badarpur.
NDMC has jurisdiction over areas such as Badli, Rithala, Bawana,
Kirari, Mangolpuri, Tri nagar, Model Town, Sadar Bazar, Chandni Chowk,
Matia Mahal, Karol Bagh, Moti Nagar
EDMC has jurisdiction over areas such as Patparganj, Kondli, Laxmi
Nagar, Seemapuri, Gonda, Karawal Nagar, Babarpur and Shahadra
In 2017 BJP became victorious in all the three corporations[121]
Economy[edit]
Main article: Economy of Delhi
Connaught Place in
New Delhi
New Delhi is an important economic hub of the
National Capital Region
Delhi
Delhi is the largest commercial centre in northern India. As of
2016[update] recent estimates of the economy of the
Delhi
Delhi urban area
have ranged from $167 to $370 billion (PPP metro GDP) ranking it
either the most or second-most productive metro area of
India.[13][14][18][15] The nominal GSDP of the NCT of
Delhi
Delhi for
2016-17 was estimated at ₹6,224 billion (US$95 billion), 13%
higher than in 2015–16.[122]
As per the Economic survey of
Delhi
Delhi (2005–2006), the tertiary sector
contributes 70.95% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by secondary and
primary sectors with 25.20% and 3.85% contributions,
respectively.[123] Delhi's workforce constitutes 32.82% of the
population, and increased by 52.52% between 1991 and 2001.[124]
Delhi's unemployment rate decreased from 12.57% in 1999–2000 to
4.63% in 2003.[124] In December 2004, 636,000 people were registered
with various employment exchange programmes in Delhi.[124] In 2001 the
total workforce in national and state governments and the
quasi-government sector was 620,000, and the private sector employed
219,000.[124] Key service industries are information technology,
telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism.[125]
Construction, power, health and community services and real estate are
also important to the city's economy.
Delhi
Delhi has one of India's largest
and fastest growing retail industries.[126] Manufacturing also grew
considerably as consumer goods companies established manufacturing
units and headquarters in the city. Delhi's large consumer market and
the availability of skilled labour has also attracted foreign
investment. In 2001, the manufacturing sector employed 1,440,000
workers and the city had 129,000 industrial units.[127]
Utility services[edit]
Delhi's municipal water supply is managed by the
Delhi
Delhi Jal Board
(DJB). As of June 2005[update], it supplied 650 million
gallons per day (MGD), whereas the estimated consumption requirement
is 963 MGD.[128] The shortfall is met by private and public tube
wells and hand pumps. At 240 MGD, the Bhakra storage is DJB's
largest water source, followed by the
Yamuna
Yamuna and
Ganges
Ganges rivers.
Delhi's groundwater level is falling and its population density is
increasing, so residents often encounter acute water shortage.[128]
Research on
Delhi
Delhi suggests that up to half of the city's water use is
unofficial groundwater.[129]
In Delhi, daily domestic solid waste production is 8000 tonnes
which is dumped at three landfill locations by MCD.[130] The daily
domestic waste water production is 470 MGD and industrial waste
water is 70 MGD.[131] A large portion of the sewage flows
untreated into the
Yamuna
Yamuna river.[131]
The city's electricity consumption is about 1,265 kWh per capita
but the actual demand is higher.[132] In
Delhi
Delhi power distribution is
managed by Tata Power Distribution and BSES
Yamuna
Yamuna & Rajdhani
since 2002. The
Delhi Fire Service runs 43 fire stations that attend
about 15,000 fire and rescue calls per year.[133] The state-owned
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
.svg/440px-Mahanagar_Telephone_Nigam_Limited_(emblem).svg.png)
Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and private enterprises such
as Vodafone, Airtel, Idea Cellular, Reliance Infocomm, Aircel,
Reliance Jio and
Tata Docomo provide telephone and cell phone services
to the city. Cellular coverage is available in GSM, CDMA, 3G and 4G.
Transport[edit]
Main article: Transport in Delhi
Indira Gandhi International Airport's new terminal in Delhi. It is the
busiest airport in South Asia.[134] Shown here is the immigration
counter at Terminal 3 of the airport.
Anand Vihar Terminal railway station, opened in 2009
The
Delhi
Delhi Metro
A view of
Delhi
Delhi
Faridabad
Faridabad Skyway
The Delhi-
Gurgaon
Gurgaon Expressway, connecting
Delhi
Delhi to the Indira Gandhi
International Airport
A
Delhi
Delhi underground metro station
Air[edit]
Indira Gandhi International Airport, situated to the southwest of
Delhi, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international
civilian air traffic. In 2015–16, the airport handled more than 48
million passengers,[136][137] making it the busiest airport in India
and South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost ₹96.8 billion
(US$1.5 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an
additional 37 million passengers annually.[138]
The
Delhi
Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth
aircraft named
Delhi
Delhi and Roshanara, was based at Safdarjung Airport
which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport
and the second in India.[139] The airport functioned until 2001;
however, in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying
activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks
in September 2001. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft
maintenance courses and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi
International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime
minister.[139][140]
A second airport open for commercial flights has been suggested either
by expansion of
Meerut Airport
Meerut Airport or construction of a new airport in
Greater Noida.[141] The
Taj International Airport project in
Jewar
Jewar has
been approved by the
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh government.[142]
Road[edit]
Delhi
Delhi has the highest road density of 2103 km/100 km2 in
India.[143]
Buses are the most popular means of road transport catering to about
60% of Delhi's total demand.[144]
Delhi
Delhi has one of India's largest bus
transport systems. Buses are operated by the state-owned Delhi
Transport Corporation (DTC), which owns the largest fleet of
compressed natural gas (CNG)-fueled buses in the world.[145] Personal
vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on
Delhi
Delhi roads.
Delhi
Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared
to any other metropolitan city in India. Taxis, auto rickshaws, and
cycle rickshaws also ply on
Delhi
Delhi roads in large numbers.
Important Roads in Delhi
Some roads and expressways serve as important pillars of Delhi's road
infrastructure:
The Inner Ring Road is one of the most important "state highways" in
Delhi. It is a 51 km long circular road which connects important
areas in Delhi. Owing to more than 2 dozen grade-separators/flyovers,
the road is almost signal-free.
The Outer Ring Road is another major artery in
Delhi
Delhi that links
far-flung areas of Delhi.
The
Delhi
Delhi
Noida
Noida Direct Flyway or
DND Flyway
.jpg/440px-Delhi_Noida_Direct_flyway_(Uttar_Pradesh_-_2011-06-18).jpg)
DND Flyway is an eight-laned access
controlled tolled expressway which connects
Delhi
Delhi to
Noida
Noida (an
important satellite city of Uttar Pradesh).
The
Delhi Gurgaon Expressway
Delhi Gurgaon Expressway is a 28 km (17 mi) expressway
connecting
Delhi
Delhi to Gurgaon, an important satellite city of Haryana.
The
Delhi Faridabad Skyway
Delhi Faridabad Skyway is controlled tolled expressway which
connects
Delhi
Delhi to Faridabad, an important satellite city of Haryana.
National Highways Passing Through Delhi
Delhi
Delhi is connected by Road to various parts of the country through
several National Highways:
National Highway 1 (India)
National Highway 1 (India) or (NH 1) is a National Highway in Northern
India
India that links the National capital
New Delhi
New Delhi to the town of Attari
in Punjab near the Indo-
Pakistan
Pakistan border.
National Highway 2 (India)
National Highway 2 (India) (NH 2) commonly referred as Delhi-Kolkata
Road is a busy Indian National Highway that runs through the states of
Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Jharkhand
Jharkhand and West Bengal.
National Highway 8 (India)
National Highway 8 (India) (NH 8) is a National Highway in
India
India that
connects the Indian capital city of
New Delhi
New Delhi with the Indian
Financial capital city of Mumbai.
National Highway 10 (India)
National Highway 10 (India) (NH 10) is a National Highway in northern
India
India that originates at
Delhi
Delhi and ends at the town of Fazilka in
Punjab near the Indo-
Pakistan
Pakistan border.
National Highway 24 (India)
National Highway 24 (India) (NH 24) is a National Highway in India
that connects the National capital
Delhi
Delhi to
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh state
capital
Lucknow
Lucknow running 438 kilometres (272 miles) in length.
Railway[edit]
Delhi
Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the
headquarters of the Northern Railway. The five main railway stations
are
New Delhi
New Delhi railway station,
Old Delhi
Old Delhi Railway Station, Hazrat
Nizamuddin Railway Station,
Anand Vihar Railway Terminal
Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Sarai
Rohilla.[146] The
Delhi
Delhi Metro, a mass rapid transit system built and
operated by
Delhi Metro
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of
Delhi
Delhi and the neighbouring cities Faridabad, Gurgaon,
Noida
Noida and
Ghaziabad.[147] As of August 2011, the metro consists of six
operational lines with a total length of 189 km (117 mi) and
146 stations, and several other lines are under construction.[148] The
Phase-I was built at a cost of US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II
was expected to cost an additional ₹216 billion
(US$3.3 billion).[149] Phase-II has a total length of 128 km
and was completed by 2010.[150]
Delhi Metro
Delhi Metro completed 10 years of
operation on 25 December 2012. It carries millions of passengers every
day.[151] In addition to the
Delhi
Delhi Metro, a suburban railway, the
Delhi Suburban Railway
Delhi Suburban Railway exists.[152]
Metro[edit]
The
Delhi Metro
Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, Faridabad,
Gurgaon,
Noida
Noida and Ghaziabad in the
National Capital Region of India.
Delhi Metro
Delhi Metro is the world's tenth-largest metro system in terms of
length.
Delhi Metro
Delhi Metro was India's second modern public transportation
system, which has revolutionised travel by providing a fast, reliable,
safe, and comfortable means of transport. The network consists of six
lines with a total length of 189.63 kilometres (117.83 miles) with 142
stations, of which 35 are underground, five are at-grade, and the
remainder are elevated. All stations have escalators, lifts, and
tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to
trains. There are 18 designated parking sites at Metro stations to
further encourage use of the system. In March 2010, DMRC partnered
with Google
India
India (through Google Transit) to provide train schedule
and route information to mobile devices with Google Maps. It has a
combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses
both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of
rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier
MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard
gauge. The Phase-I of
Delhi Metro
Delhi Metro was built at a cost of
US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II was expected to cost an
additional ₹216 billion (US$3.3 billion).[149] Phase-II has a
total length of 128 km and was completed by 2010.[150] Delhi
Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012. It
carries millions of passengers every day.[151] In addition to the
Delhi
Delhi Metro, a suburban railway, the
Delhi
Delhi Suburban Railway
exists.[152]
Delhi Metro
Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the
Delhi Metro
Delhi Metro Rail
Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity
participation from Government of
India
India and Government of National
Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organisation is under the
administrative control of Ministry of Urban Development, Government of
India. Besides construction and operation of
Delhi
Delhi Metro, DMRC is also
involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail,
and high-speed rail projects in
India
India and providing consultancy
services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The
Delhi Metro
Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by
Padma Vibhushan
Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan,
the Managing Director of DMRC and popularly known as the "Metro Man"
of India. He famously resigned from DMRC taking moral responsibility
for a metro bridge collapse, which took five lives. Sreedharan was
awarded the prestigious
Legion of Honour
Legion of Honour by the French Government for
his contribution to
Delhi
Delhi Metro.
Metro services are being extended to important hubs in the cities that
are close to offices, colleges, and tourist spots. This will
facilitate easy conveyance for the citizens, who otherwise have to
rely on public buses that are heavily crowded and are often stuck in
traffic jams.
Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS)[edit]
The 08 RRTS Corridors have been proposed by National Capital Region
Planning Board (NCRPB) to facilitate the people travelling from nearby
cities in NCR to Delhi. The three main corridors in the first phase
are as follows which are expected to become operational before 2019:
Delhi
Delhi –
Alwar
Alwar via Gurugram - 180.50 km
Delhi
Delhi –
Panipat
Panipat via Sonepat - 111 km
Delhi
Delhi –
Meerut
Meerut via Ghaziabad - 92.05 km
Remaining five corridors are also approved by National Capital Region
Planning Board but are planned in the second phase.
Roads of 2006 and 2007[edit]
As of 2007[update], private vehicles account for 30% of the total
demand for transport.[146]
Delhi
Delhi has 1922.32 km of road length
per 100 km2, one of the highest road densities in India.[146] It
is connected to other parts of
India
India by five National Highways: NH 1,
2, 8, 10 and 24. The city's road network is maintained by MCD, NDMC,
Delhi Cantonment
Delhi Cantonment Board, Public Works Department (PWD) and Delhi
Development Authority.[153] The
Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway
Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway connects
Delhi
Delhi with
Gurgaon
Gurgaon and the international airport. "The Delhi-Faridabad
Skyway". connects
Delhi
Delhi with the neighbouring industrial town of
Faridabad. The
DND Flyway
DND Flyway and Noida-
Greater Noida
Greater Noida Expressway connect
Delhi
Delhi with the suburbs of
Noida
Noida and Greater Noida.[154][155] Delhi's
rapid rate of economic development and population growth has resulted
in an increasing demand for transport, creating excessive pressure on
the city's transport infrastructure. As of 2008[update], the number of
vehicles in the metropolitan region,
Delhi
Delhi NCR, is 11.2 million
(11.2 million).[156] In 2008, there were 85 cars in
Delhi
Delhi for
every 1,000 of its residents.[157]
To meet the transport demand, the State and Union government
constructed a mass rapid transit system, including the Delhi
Metro.[146] In 1998, the Supreme Court of
India
India ordered that all
public transport vehicles in
Delhi
Delhi must be fuelled by compressed
natural gas (CNG).[158] Buses are the most popular means of public
transport, catering to about 60% of the total demand.[146] The
state-owned
Delhi Transport Corporation
Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) is a major bus service
provider which operates the world's largest fleet of CNG-fuelled
buses.[159]
Delhi Bus Rapid Transit System
Delhi Bus Rapid Transit System runs between Ambedkar Nagar
and
Delhi
Delhi Gate.
Demographics[edit]
See also: Ethnic groups in Delhi
Population Growth of Delhi
Census
Pop.
%±
1901
405,819
—
1911
413,851
2.0%
1921
488,452
18.0%
1931
636,246
30.3%
1941
917,939
44.3%
1951
1,744,072
90.0%
1961
2,658,612
52.4%
1971
4,065,698
52.9%
1981
6,220,406
53.0%
1991
9,420,644
51.4%
2001
13,782,976
46.3%
2011
16,753,235
21.6%
source:[160]
† Huge population rise in 1951 due to large
scale migration after Partition of
India
India in 1947.
According to the 2011 census of India, the population of NCT of Delhi
is 16,753,235.[160] The corresponding population density was 11,297
persons per km2 with a sex ratio of 866 women per 1000 men, and a
literacy rate of 86.34%. In 2004, the birth rate, death rate and
infant mortality rate per 1000 population were 20.03, 5.59 and 13.08,
respectively.[161] In 2001, the population of
Delhi
Delhi increased by
285,000 as a result of migration and by 215,000 as a result of natural
population growth,[161] which made
Delhi
Delhi one of the fastest growing
cities in the world. Dwarka Sub City, Asia's largest planned
residential area, is located within the National Capital Territory of
Delhi.[162] Urban expansion has resulted in Delhi's urban area now
being considered as extending beyond NCT boundaries to incorporate
towns and cities of neighbouring states including
Gurgaon
Gurgaon and
Faridabad
Faridabad of Haryana, and Ghaziabad and
Noida
Noida of Uttar Pradesh, the
total population estimated by the
United Nations
United Nations at over 26 million.
According to the UN this makes
Delhi
Delhi urban area the world's
second-largest, after Tokyo,[11] although
Demographia declares the
Jakarta
Jakarta urban area to be the second-largest.[163] The 2011 census
provided two figures for urban area population: 16,314,838 within the
NCT boundary,[164] and 21,753,486 for the Extended Urban Area.[165]
Religion[edit]
Swaminarayan Akshardham in
Delhi
Delhi is the largest Hindu temple complexes
in the National Capital Territory.
Hinduism
Hinduism is the predominant faith
in Delhi.
Religion in NCT of
Delhi
Delhi (2011)[166]
Religion
Percent
Hinduism
81.68%
Islam
12.86%
Sikhism
3.40%
Jainism
0.99%
Christianity
0.87%
Buddhism
0.11%
Other or not stated
0.09%
Hinduism
Hinduism is Delhi's predominant religious faith, with 81.68% of
Delhi's population, followed by
Islam
Islam (12.86%),
Sikhism
Sikhism (3.40%),
Jainism
Jainism (0.99%),
Christianity
Christianity (0.87%), and
Buddhism
.jpeg/476px-Gandhara_Buddha_(tnm).jpeg)
Buddhism (0.11%).[167]
Other minority religions include Zoroastrianism,
Baha'ism
Baha'ism and
Judaism.[168]
Languages[edit]
Languages in
Delhi
Delhi (2001)[169]
Hindi
Hindi (80.94%)
Punjabi (7.14%)
Urdu
Urdu (6.31%)
Bengali (1.50%)
Other (4.11%)
According to the 50th report of the commissioner for linguistic
minorities in India, which was submitted in 2014,
Hindi
Hindi is Delhi's
most spoken language, with 80.94% speakers, followed by Punjabi
(7.14%),
Urdu
Urdu (6.31%) and Bengali (1.50%).
Hindi
Hindi is also the official
language of
Delhi
Delhi while
Urdu
Urdu and Punjabi have been declared as the
additional official languages. 5.61% of the Delhites speak different
languages.[169]
According to the Directorate of Education, GNCTD the following
languages are taught in schools in
Delhi
Delhi under the three-language
formula:[170]
First Language: Hindi/Urdu/English
Second Language: English
Third language: Urdu/Punjabi/Bengali/Sindhi/Tamil/Telugu/
Malayalam/Kannada/Gujarati/Marathi/Arabic/Persian
Slums[edit]
Around 52% of the population of
Delhi
Delhi lives in slum areas with
"inadequate provision of basic services".[171][172] Majority of these
slums has inadequate provisions to the basic facilities and according
to DUSIB report 16% of people don't use toilets and almost 22% of the
people do open defecation.[173]
Culture[edit]
See also: Culture of India
Traditional pottery on display in Dilli Haat
Delhi's culture has been influenced by its lengthy history and
historic association as the capital of India, Although a strong
Punjabi Influence can be seen in language, Dress and Cuisine brought
by the large number of refugees who came following the partition in
1947 the recent migration from other parts of
India
India has made it a
melting pot. This is exemplified by many significant monuments in the
city.
Delhi
Delhi is also identified as the location of Indraprastha, the
ancient capital of the Pandavas. The Archaeological Survey of India
recognises 1,200 heritage buildings[174] and 175 monuments as national
heritage sites.[175] In the Old City, the Mughals and the Turkic
rulers constructed several architecturally significant buildings, such
as the Jama Masjid—India's largest mosque[176] built in 1656[177]
and the Red Fort. Three World Heritage Sites—the Red Fort, Qutab
Minar and Humayun's Tomb—are located in Delhi.[178] Other monuments
include the
India
India Gate, the Jantar Mantar—an 18th-century
astronomical observatory—and the Purana Qila—a 16th-century
fortress. The Laxminarayan temple, Akshardham temple,Bangla Sahib the
Bahá'í Lotus temple and the ISKCON temple are examples of modern
architecture.
Raj Ghat and associated memorials
Raj Ghat and associated memorials houses memorials of
Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi and other notable personalities.
New Delhi
New Delhi houses
several government buildings and official residences reminiscent of
British colonial architecture, including the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the
Secretariat, Rajpath, the Parliament of
India
India and Vijay Chowk.
Safdarjung's Tomb
Safdarjung's Tomb is an example of the
Mughal gardens
_main_building.jpg/700px-Reflection_of_Farah_Baksh_Terrace_(Upper_Terrace)_main_building.jpg)
Mughal gardens style. Some
regal havelis (palatial residences) are in the Old City.[179]
Lotus Temple, is a
Bahá'í House of Worship
Bahá'í House of Worship completed in 1986.
Notable for its flowerlike shape, it serves as the Mother Temple of
the Indian subcontinent and has become a prominent attraction in the
city. The
Lotus Temple
Lotus Temple has won numerous architectural awards and been
featured in hundreds of newspaper and magazine articles. Like all
other Bahá'í Houses of Worship, is open to all regardless of
religion, or any other distinction, as emphasised in Bahá'í texts.
The Bahá'í laws emphasise that the spirit of the House of Worship be
that it is a gathering place where people of all religions may worship
God without denominational restrictions.[180] The Bahá'í laws also
stipulate that only the holy scriptures of the
Bahá'í Faith
Bahá'í Faith and
other religions can be read or chanted inside in any language; while
readings and prayers can be set to music by choirs, no musical
instruments can be played inside. Furthermore, no sermons can be
delivered, and there can be no ritualistic ceremonies practised.[180]
Chandni Chowk, a 17th-century market, is one of the most popular
shopping areas in
Delhi
Delhi for jewellery and Zari saris.[181] Delhi's
arts and crafts include, Zardozi[182]—an embroidery done with gold
thread—[183] and Meenakari[184]—the art of enamelling.
Festivals[edit]
Rashtrapati Bhavan
Rashtrapati Bhavan lit up for
Republic Day
Republic Day of India
Delhi's association and geographic proximity to the capital, New
Delhi, has amplified the importance of national events and holidays
like Republic Day, Independence Day (15 August) and Gandhi Jayanti. On
Independence Day, the
Prime Minister
Prime Minister addresses the nation from the Red
Fort. Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying kites, which are
considered a symbol of freedom.[185] The
Republic Day
Republic Day Parade is a
large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural
diversity and military strength.[186][187] Over the centuries, Delhi
has become known for its composite culture, and a festival that
symbolises this is the Phool Walon Ki Sair, which takes place in
September. Flowers and pankhe—fans embroidered with flowers—are
offered to the shrine of the 13th-century Sufi saint Khwaja Bakhtiyar
Kaki and the Yogmaya temple, both situated in Mehrauli.[188]
The
Pragati Maidan
Pragati Maidan in
Delhi
Delhi hosts the World
Book
.jpg/440px-Javier_Marías_(Feria_del_Libro_de_Madrid,_31_de_mayo_de_2008).jpg)
Book Fair biennially
Religious festivals include
Diwali
Diwali (the festival of lights), Mahavir
Jayanti, Guru Nanak's Birthday, Raksha Bandhan, Durga Puja, Holi,
Lohri, Chauth, Krishna Janmastami, Maha Shivratri, Eid ul-Fitr,
Moharram and Buddha Jayanti.[187] The
Qutub Festival
Qutub Festival is a cultural
event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over
India
India are showcased at night, with the
Qutub Minar
Qutub Minar as a backdrop.[189]
Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango
Festival and
Vasant Panchami
Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year
in Delhi. The Auto Expo, Asia's largest auto show,[190] is held in
Delhi
Delhi biennially. The
New Delhi
New Delhi World
Book
Book Fair, held biennially at
the Pragati Maidan, is the second-largest exhibition of books in the
world.[191]
Delhi
Delhi is often regarded as the "
Book
Book Capital" of India
because of high readership.[192]
India
India International Trade Fair
(IITF), organised by ITPO is the biggest cultural and shopping fair of
Delhi
Delhi which takes place in November each year and is visited by more
than 15 lakh people.[193]
Cuisine[edit]
Main article: Indian cuisine
Daulat
Chaat
Chaat is made using a complicated technique of condensing milk
foam on a cold night, this dish is only available during winters.[194]
As India's national capital and centuries old Mughal capital, Delhi
influenced the food habits of its residents and is where Mughlai
cuisine originated. Along with Indian cuisine, a variety of
international cuisines are popular among the residents.[195] The
dearth of food habits among the city's residents created a unique
style of cooking which became popular throughout the world, with
dishes such as Kebab, biryani, tandoori. The city's classic dishes
include butter chicken, dal makhani, shahi paneer, aloo chaat, chaat,
dahi bhalla, kachori, gol gappe, samosa, chole bhature, chole kulche,
gulab jamun, jalebi and lassi.[195][196]:40–50, 189–196
The fast living habits of Delhi's people has motivated the growth of
street food outlets.[196]:41 A trend of dining at local dhabas is
popular among the residents. High-profile restaurants have gained
popularity in recent years, among the popular restaurants are the
Karim Hotel, the Punjab Grill and Bukhara.[197] The Gali Paranthe Wali
(the street of fried bread) is a street in
Chandni Chowk
Chandni Chowk particularly
for food eateries since the 1870s. Almost the entire street is
occupied by fast food stalls or street vendors. It has nearly become a
tradition that almost every prime minister of
India
India has visited the
street to eat paratha at least once. Other Indian cuisines are also
available in this area even though the street specialises in north
Indian food .[196]:40–50[198]
Tourism[edit]
Jantar Mantar
Main article: List of tourist attractions in Delhi
See also: Shopping in Delhi
According to Euromonitor International,
Delhi
Delhi ranked as 28th-most
visited city in the world and first in
India
India by foreign visitors in
2015.[199] There are numerous tourist attractions in Delhi, both
historic and modern. The three
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Delhi,
Qutb Complex,
Red Fort
Red Fort and
Humayun's Tomb
Humayun's Tomb are among the finest
examples of Indo-Islamic architecture.[200] Another prominent landmark
of
Delhi
Delhi is
India
India Gate, a 1931 built war memorial to soldiers of
British Indian Army
British Indian Army who died during First World War.[201]
Delhi
Delhi has
several famous places of worship of various religions. One of the
largest Hindu temple complexes in the world,[202] Akshardham is a
major tourist attraction in the city. Other famous religious sites
include Lal Mandir, Laxminarayan Temple, Gurudwara Bangla Sahib, Lotus
Temple, Jama Masjid and ISKCON Temple.
Delhi
Delhi is also a hub for
shopping of all kinds. Connaught Place, Chandni Chowk,
Khan Market
Khan Market and
Dilli Haat
Dilli Haat are some of the major retail markets in Delhi.[203] Major
shopping malls include Select Citywalk, DLF Promenade, DLF Emporio,
Metro Walk and Ansal Plaza.[204]
Education[edit]
Main article: Education in Delhi
All
India
India Institute of Medical Sciences
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
National Law University, Delhi
Private schools in Delhi—which use either English or
Hindi
Hindi as the
language of instruction—are affiliated to one of three administering
bodies, the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations
(CISCE), the
Central Board for Secondary Education
Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE)[205] or the
National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). In 2004–05,
approximately 15.29 lakh (1.529 million) students were
enrolled in primary schools, 8.22 lakh (0.822 million) in
middle schools and 6.69 lakh (0.669 million) in secondary
schools across Delhi.[206] Female students represented 49% of the
total enrolment. The same year, the
Delhi
Delhi government spent between
1.58% and 1.95% of its gross state domestic product on education.[206]
University of Delhi
Schools and higher educational institutions in
Delhi
Delhi are administered
either by the Directorate of Education, the NCT government or private
organisations. In 2006,
Delhi
Delhi had 165 colleges, five medical colleges
and eight engineering colleges,[206] seven major universities and nine
deemed universities.[206]
The premier management colleges of
Delhi
Delhi such as Faculty of Management
Studies (Delhi) and
Indian Institute of Foreign Trade
Indian Institute of Foreign Trade rank the best in
India. All
India
India Institute of Medical Sciences
Delhi
Delhi is a premier
medical school for treatment and research. National Law University,
Delhi
Delhi is a prominent law school and is affiliated to the Bar Council
of India.
Delhi Technological University
Delhi Technological University (formerly
Delhi
Delhi College of
Engineering),
Indraprastha
Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Netaji
Subhas Institute of Technology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha
University and
National Law University, Delhi
National Law University, Delhi are the only state
universities.[207] University of Delhi, Jawaharlal Nehru University
and
Jamia Millia Islamia
Jamia Millia Islamia are the central universities, and Indira
Gandhi National Open University is for distance education.[208] As of
2008[update], about 16% of all
Delhi
Delhi residents possessed at least a
college graduate degree.[209]
Media[edit]
See also: Media of India
Pitampura TV Tower
Pitampura TV Tower broadcasts programming to Delhi
As the capital of India,
Delhi
Delhi is the focus of political reportage,
including regular television broadcasts of Parliament sessions. Many
national media agencies, including the state-owned Press Trust of
India, Media Trust of
India
India and Doordarshan, is based in the city.
Television programming includes two free terrestrial television
channels offered by Doordarshan, and several Hindi, English, and
regional-language cable channels offered by multi system operators.
Satellite television has yet to gain a large quantity of subscribers
in the city.[210]
Print journalism remains a popular news medium in Delhi. The city's
Hindi
Hindi newspapers include Navbharat Times, Hindustan Dainik, Punjab
Kesari, Pavitra Bharat, Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar,
Amar Ujala
Amar Ujala and
Dainik Desbandhu. Amongst the
English language
English language newspapers, The
Hindustan Times, with a daily circulation of over a million copies, is
the single largest daily.[211] Other major English newspapers include
Times of India, The Hindu, Indian Express, Business Standard, The
Pioneer, The Statesman, and The Asian Age. Regional language
newspapers include the Malayalam daily
Malayala Manorama
Malayala Manorama and the Tamil
dailies
Dinamalar and Dinakaran.
Radio is a less popular mass medium in Delhi, although FM radio has
gained popularity[212] since the inauguration of several new stations
in 2006.[213] A number of state-owned and private radio stations
broadcast from Delhi.[214][215]
Sports[edit]
Main article: Sports in Delhi
Delhi
Delhi has hosted many major international sporting events, including
the first and also the ninth Asian Games,[216] the 2010 Hockey World
Cup, the
2010 Commonwealth Games
2010 Commonwealth Games and the 2011
Cricket
Cricket World Cup. Delhi
lost bidding for the 2014 Asian Games,[217] and considered making a
bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics.[218] However, sports minister
Manohar Singh Gill later stated that funding infrastructure would come
before a 2020 bid.[219] There are indications of a possible 2028 bid.
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
The 2010 Commonwealth Games, which ran from 3 to 14 October 2010, was
one of the largest sports event held in India.[220][221] The opening
ceremony of the
2010 Commonwealth Games
2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Jawaharlal
Nehru Stadium, the main stadium of the event, in
New Delhi
New Delhi at
7:00 pm
Indian Standard Time
Indian Standard Time on 3 October 2010.[222] The ceremony
featured over 8,000 performers and lasted for two and a half
hours.[223] It is estimated that ₹3.5 billion (US$54 million)
were spent to produce the ceremony.[224] Events took place at 12
competition venues. 20 training venues were used in the Games,
including seven venues within
Delhi
Delhi University.[225] The rugby stadium
in
Delhi University
Delhi University North Campus hosted rugby games for Commonwealth
Games.[225][226] The mess left behind after the Commonwealth Games
prompted
Prime Minister
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to replace Sports and Youth
Affairs minister
Manohar Singh Gill with Ajay Maken in 19 January 2011
Cabinet reshuffle.[227]
Cricket
Cricket and football are the most popular sports in Delhi.[228] There
are several cricket grounds, or maidans, located across the city. The
Feroz Shah Kotla Ground
Feroz Shah Kotla Ground (known commonly as the Kotla) is one of the
oldest cricket grounds in
India
India and is a venue for international
cricket matches. It is the home ground of the
Delhi
Delhi cricket team,
which represents the city in the Ranji Trophy, the premier Indian
domestic first-class cricket championship.[229] The
Delhi
Delhi cricket team
has produced several world-class international cricketers such as
Virender Sehwag, Virat Kohli,[230] Gautam Gambhir, Madan Lal, Chetan
Chauhan,
Ishant Sharma
Ishant Sharma and
Bishan Singh Bedi to name a few. The
Railways and Services cricket teams in the
Ranji Trophy
Ranji Trophy also play
their home matches in Delhi, in the
Karnail Singh Stadium and the
Harbax Singh Stadium, respectively. The city is also home to the
Indian Premier League
Indian Premier League team
Delhi
Delhi Daredevils, who play their home
matches at the Kotla.
Ambedkar Stadium, a football stadium in
Delhi
Delhi which holds 21,000
people, was the venue for the Indian football team's World Cup
qualifier against UAE on 28 July 2012.[231]
Delhi
Delhi hosted the Nehru Cup
in 2007[232] and 2009, in both of which
India
India defeated Syria
1–0.[233] In the Elite
Football
Football League of India, Delhi's first
professional
American football
American football franchise, the
Delhi Defenders played
its first season in Pune.[234]
Buddh International Circuit
Buddh International Circuit in Greater
Noida, a suburb of Delhi, formerly hosted the
Formula 1
Formula 1 Indian Grand
Prix.[235] The
Indira Gandhi Arena is also in Delhi.
Delhi
Delhi is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21.
Current Regional and Professional Sports Teams from Delhi
Team/Club
Tournament/League
Sport
Venue
Established
Delhi
Delhi cricket team
Ranji Trophy
Vijay Hazare Trophy Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy
Cricket
Feroz Shah Kotla Stadium
1934
Delhi
Delhi football team
Santosh Trophy
Football
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
1941
Delhi
Delhi Hurricanes RFC
All
India
India & South Asia Rugby Tournament
Rugby Union
B-7
Vasant Kunj
Vasant Kunj 110070 Delhi
2004
Delhi
Delhi Daredevils
Indian Premier League
Cricket
Feroz Shah Kotla Stadium
2008
Delhi
Delhi Wizards
World Series Hockey
Field Hockey
Dhyan Chand National Stadium
2011
Delhi
Delhi Defenders
Elite
Football
Football League of India
American Football
-
2012
Delhi
Delhi Waveriders
Hockey
India
India League
Field Hockey
Shivaji Stadium
2012
Delhi
Delhi Dynamos FC
Indian Super League
Football
Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
2013
Dabang Delhi
Pro
Kabaddi
Kabaddi League
Kabaddi
Thyagaraj Sports Complex
2014
Delhi
Delhi Dreams
Champions
Tennis
Tennis League
Tennis
R.K. Khanna
Tennis
Tennis Complex
2014
Indian Aces
International Premier
Tennis
Tennis League
Tennis
Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium
2014
Delhi
Delhi Capitals
UBA Pro
Basketball
Basketball League
Basketball
-
2015
Former Regional and Professional Sports Teams from Delhi
Team/Club
Tournament/League
Sport
Venue
Established
Ceased
Delhi
Delhi Giants
Indian
Cricket
Cricket League
Cricket
N/A
2007
2009
World Heritage status[edit]
In February 2014, the Government of
India
India approved Delhi's bid for
World Heritage City
World Heritage City status. The historical city of
Shahjahanabad
Shahjahanabad and
Lutyens' Bungalow Zone in
New Delhi
New Delhi were cited in the bid. A team from
UNESCO
UNESCO was scheduled to visit
Delhi
Delhi in September 2014 to validate its
claims. INTACH acted as the nodal agency for the bid. The announcement
of accepted cities was to be made in June 2015.[236] However, the
Government of
India
India withdrew its nomination on 21 May 2015.[237]
Notable people[edit]
Main article: List of people from Delhi
International relations[edit]
Main article: List of twin towns and sister cities in India
Sister cities[238]
New York City, United States
London, United Kingdom
Moscow, Russia
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Chicago, Illinois, United States
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia[239]
Tokyo, Japan[239]
Seoul, South Korea[239]
Fukuoka, Japan
Kabul,
Afghanistan
Afghanistan (proposed 2017)[240]
Partnerships
Yerevan, Armenia
See also[edit]
Book: Delhi
List of tourist attractions in Delhi
List of twin towns and sister cities in India
Delhi
Delhi portal
India
India portal
South Asia portal
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Machine.. Newsfeed.time.com (4 August 2011). Retrieved 24 October
2011.
^ "
India
India company says on track for 2011 F1 race". Reuters. 15 April
2009. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
^ "
UNESCO
UNESCO to examine Delhi's bid for
World Heritage City
World Heritage City in Sept". 29
June 2014. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015.
^ "Centre kills Delhi's heritage city dream". The Times of India.
Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 28 July
2015.
^ "SISTER-CITY AGREEMENTS/ MEMORANDUM". Department of Urban
Development, Government of Delhi. Archived from the original on 1 June
2016. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
^ a b c Arun Kumar Das (7 July 2002). "
Delhi
Delhi to London, it's a sister
act". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 25 September
2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 30 August 2017.
Retrieved 22 January 2018.
Further reading[edit]
Economic Survey of
Delhi
Delhi 2005–2006. Planning Department. Government
of National Capital Territory of Delhi. Retrieved on 12 February 2007
Dalrymple, W (2003). City of Djinns (1 ed.). Penguin Books.
ISBN 978-0-14-200100-4.
Dalrymple, W (2003). Vidhya Society, (2009). Vidhya Society (NGO) is a
leading charitable organization of
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh (India) established
under society registration act 21-1860 on the special occasion of
World Disable Year 2009. Director Mr. Pavan Upadhyay
www.vidhyasociety.com (1 ed.). Penguin Books.
ISBN 978-0-14-200100-4.
Prager, D (2013). Delirious
Delhi
Delhi (1 ed.). Arcade Publishing.
ISBN 978-1-61145-832-9.
Brown, L (2011). Lonely Planet Rajasthan,
Delhi
Delhi &
Agra
Agra (5 ed.).
Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN 978-1-74179-460-1.
Rowe, P; Coster, P (2004).
Delhi
Delhi (Great Cities of the World). World
Almanac Library. ISBN 978-0-8368-5197-7.
Four-part series on
Delhi
Delhi (30 May – 2 June 2012). "Metrocity
Journal: Delhi's Changing Landscape". The Wall Street Journal.
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