A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, a transitional government or provisional leadership, is a temporary government formed to manage a period of transition, often following state collapse,

revolution In political science, a revolution (, 'a turn around') is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's class, state, ethnic or religious structures. According to sociologist Jack Goldstone, all revolutions contain "a common set of elements ...

civil war A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...

, or some combination thereof. Provisional governments generally come to power in connection with a grave crisis that has caused the previous government to suddenly and irreversibly collapse, such as

economic collapse Economic collapse, also called economic meltdown, is any of a broad range of poor economic conditions, ranging from a severe, prolonged depression with high bankruptcy rates and high unemployment (such as the Great Depression of the 1930s), t ...

, defeat in a foreign war,

, or the death of a long-serving authoritarian ruler. Questions of

democratic transition A democratic transition describes a phase in a country's political system as a result of an ongoing change from an authoritarian regime to a Democracy, democratic one. The process is known as democratisation, political changes moving in a democrat ...

and state-building are often fundamental to the formation and policies of such governments. Provisional governments maintain power until a new government can be appointed by a regular political process, which is generally an

election An election is a formal group decision-making process whereby a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold Public administration, public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative d ...

. They may be involved with defining the legal structure of subsequent regimes, guidelines related to

human rights Human rights are universally recognized Morality, moral principles or Social norm, norms that establish standards of human behavior and are often protected by both Municipal law, national and international laws. These rights are considered ...

and

political freedom Political freedom (also known as political autonomy or political agency) is a central concept in history and political thought and one of the most important features of democratic societies.Hannah Arendt, "What is Freedom?", ''Between Past and ...

s, the structure of the

economy An economy is an area of the Production (economics), production, Distribution (economics), distribution and trade, as well as Consumption (economics), consumption of Goods (economics), goods and Service (economics), services. In general, it is ...

, government institutions, and international alignment. Provisional governments differ from

caretaker government A caretaker government, also known as a caretaker regime, is a temporary ''ad hoc'' government that performs some governmental duties and functions in a country until a regular government is elected or formed. Depending on specific practice, it co ...

s, which are responsible for governing within an established

parliamentary system A parliamentary system, or parliamentary democracy, is a form of government where the head of government (chief executive) derives their Election, democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of a majority of t ...

and serve temporarily after an election,

vote of no confidence A motion or vote of no confidence (or the inverse, a motion or vote of confidence) is a motion and corresponding vote thereon in a deliberative assembly (usually a legislative body) as to whether an officer (typically an executive) is deemed fi ...

or cabinet crisis, until a new government can be appointed. Caretaker governments operate entirely within the existing constitutional framework and most countries tightly circumscribe their authority, in contrast to provisional governments, which often operate in the absence of any elected legislature and usually enjoy expansive, if temporary, powers. In opinion of Yossi Shain and Juan J. Linz, provisional governments can be classified to four groups:Yossi Shain, Juan J. Linz, "Between States: Interim Governments in Democratic Transitions", 1995,

, p. 5 # Revolutionary provisional governments (when the former regime is overthrown and the power belongs to the people who have overthrown it). # Power sharing provisional governments (when the power is shared between former regime and the ones who are trying to change it). # Incumbent provisional governments (when the power during transitional period belongs to the former regime). # International provisional governments (when the power during the transitional period belongs to the international community). The establishment of provisional governments is frequently tied to the implementation of

transitional justice Transitional justice is a process which responds to human rights violations through judicial redress, political reforms and cultural healing efforts and other measures in order to prevent the recurrence of human rights abuse in a region or countr ...

. Provisional governments may be responsible for implementing transitional justice measures as part of the path to establishing a permanent government structure. The early provisional governments were created to prepare for the return of royal rule. Irregularly convened assemblies during the English Revolution, such as

Confederate Ireland Confederate Ireland, also referred to as the Irish Catholic Confederation, was a period of Irish Catholic Church, Catholic self-government between 1642 and 1652, during the Irish Confederate Wars, Eleven Years' War. Formed by Catholic aristoc ...

(1641–49), were described as "provisional". The

Continental Congress The Continental Congress was a series of legislature, legislative bodies, with some executive function, for the Thirteen Colonies of British America, Great Britain in North America, and the newly declared United States before, during, and after ...

, a convention of delegates from 13 British colonies on the east coast of North America became the provisional government of the

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

in 1776, during the

American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was the armed conflict that comprised the final eight years of the broader American Revolution, in which Am ...

. The government shed its provisional status in 1781, following ratification of the

Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation, officially the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement and early body of law in the Thirteen Colonies, which served as the nation's first Constitution, frame of government during the Ameri ...

, and continued in existence as the

Congress of the Confederation The Congress of the Confederation, or the Confederation Congress, formally referred to as the United States in Congress Assembled, was the governing body of the United States from March 1, 1781, until March 3, 1789, during the Confederation ...

until it was supplanted by the

United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature, legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. It is a Bicameralism, bicameral legislature, including a Lower house, lower body, the United States House of Representatives, ...

in 1789. The practice of using "provisional government" as part of a formal name can be traced to Talleyrand's government in France in 1814. In 1843, American pioneers in the Oregon Country, in the

Pacific Northwest The Pacific Northwest (PNW; ) is a geographic region in Western North America bounded by its coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean to the west and, loosely, by the Rocky Mountains to the east. Though no official boundary exists, the most common ...

region of North America established the Provisional Government of Oregon—as the U.S. federal government had not yet extended its jurisdiction over the region—which existed until March 1849. The numerous provisional governments during the

Revolutions of 1848 The revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the springtime of the peoples or the springtime of nations, were a series of revolutions throughout Europe over the course of more than one year, from 1848 to 1849. It remains the most widespre ...

gave the word its modern meaning: A liberal government established to prepare for elections. Numerous provisional governments have been established since the 1850s.

Africa

As of 2024, seven African countries currently have provisional governments:

Libya Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to Egypt–Libya border, the east, Sudan to Libya–Sudan border, the southeast, Chad to Chad–L ...

Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...

South Sudan South Sudan (), officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the north by Sudan; on the east by Ethiopia; on the south by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Kenya; and on the ...

Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa, bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Ivory Coast to the southwest. It covers an area of 274,223 km2 (105,87 ...

Guinea Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country in West Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Côte d'Ivoire to the southeast, and Sier ...

Mali Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is the List of African countries by area, eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over . The country is bordered to the north by Algeria, to the east b ...

and

Niger Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is a unitary state Geography of Niger#Political geography, bordered by Libya to the Libya–Niger border, north-east, Chad to the Chad–Niger border, east ...

. * Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (1958–1962) (guerrilla movement) * The Derg (1974–1987), formed during the

Ethiopian Civil War The Ethiopian Civil War was a civil war in Ethiopia and present-day Eritrea, fought between the Ethiopian military junta known as the Derg and Ethiopian-Eritrean anti-government rebels from 12 September 1974 to 28 May 1991. The Derg overthre ...

following the overthrow of emperor

Haile Selassie Haile Selassie I (born Tafari Makonnen or ''Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Lij, Lij'' Tafari; 23 July 189227 August 1975) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. He rose to power as the Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles, Rege ...

. Ultimately absorbed into the

People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE; ) was a socialist state that existed in Ethiopia and present-day Eritrea from 1987 to 1991. The PDRE was established in February 1987 as a Marxism-Leninism, Marxist-Leninist one-party state upo ...

. * Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979–1980), a short-lived yet internationally unrecognized sovereign state formed in the waning years of the

Rhodesian Bush War The Rhodesian Bush War, also known as the Rhodesian Civil War, Second as well as the Zimbabwe War of Independence, was a civil conflict from July 1964 to December 1979 in the List of states with limited recognition, unrecognised country U.D.I. ...

, in contrast with the reestablished

Southern Rhodesia Southern Rhodesia was a self-governing British Crown colony in Southern Africa, established in 1923 and consisting of British South Africa Company (BSAC) territories lying south of the Zambezi River. The region was informally known as South ...

. Ultimately dissolved in favor of granting independence to Southern Rhodesia as

Zimbabwe file:Zimbabwe, relief map.jpg, upright=1.22, Zimbabwe, relief map Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country in Southeast Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Bots ...

. * Transitional Military Council (1985–1986), interim government of Sudan following the 1985 Sudanese coup d'état, dissolved following the 1986 Sudanese parliamentary election. * Transitional Government of National Unity (Namibia) (1985–1989), interim government during the end of the South African Border War * Political Bureau of the Central Committee of FRELIMO (1986), interim ruling body of the People's Republic of Mozambique following the death of president Samora Machel in the 1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash. Dissolved following the election of Joaquim Chissano as Machel's successor later that year. * Transitional Government of Ethiopia (1991–1995), established upon the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front's overthrow of the

at the end of the

. Succeeded by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. * Interim Government of Somalia (1991–1997), established after the collapse of the

Somali Democratic Republic The Somali Democratic Republic (; , ; ) was a socialist state in Somalia that existed from 1969 to 1991. Established in October 1969, the Somali Democratic Republic emerged following a 1969 Somali coup d'état, coup d'état led by Major General ...

and the onset of the

Somali Civil War The Somali Civil War (; ) is an List of ongoing armed conflicts, ongoing civil war that is taking place in Somalia. It grew out of resistance to the military junta which was led by Siad Barre during the 1980s. From 1988 to 1990, the Somali Armed ...

. * Provisional Government of Eritrea (1993), established after

independence Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state, in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the status of ...

from

Ethiopia Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Ken ...

* Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (1994–1996), interim ruling body of

the Gambia The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. Geographically, The Gambia is the List of African countries by area, smallest country in continental Africa; it is surrounded by Senegal on all sides except for ...

following the 1994 Gambian coup d'état. Dissolved after

Yahya Jammeh Yahya Abdul-Aziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh (born 25 May 1965) is a Gambian politician and former soldier, who served as President of the Gambia from 1996 to 2017. He was the Chairman of the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC) from 1994 ...

, the head of the ruling council, was elected and inaugurated as president. * Transitional National Government of Somalia (2000–2004), established at the Somalia National Peace Conference in opposition to the Somalia Reconciliation and Restoration Council, formed by rival political factions. Succeeded by the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia. * Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2003–2006), established in 2003 following the conclusion of the

Second Congo War The Second Congo War, also known as Africa's World War or the Great War of Africa, was a major conflict that began on 2 August 1998, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, just over a year after the First Congo War. The war initially erupted ...

. * National Transitional Legislative Assembly of Liberia (2003–2006),

Liberia Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to Liberia–Sierra Leone border, its northwest, Guinea to Guinea–Liberia border, its north, Ivory Coast to Ivory Coast–Lib ...

's legislative body during the country's transition from civil war to democratic rule. * Transitional Federal Government of Somalia (2004–2012), established as the successor to the Transitional National Government of Somalia as part of an effort to end the Islamic Courts Union's rule over the nation. Dissolved following the ratification of a new constitution which declared Somalia an

Islamic state The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadism, Salafi jihadist organization and unrecognized quasi-state. IS ...

. * Darfur Regional Government (2007–present), established in the Darfur region of

following the 2006 Abuja Agreement during the

War in Darfur The War in Darfur, also nicknamed the Land Cruiser War, was a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army, Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equalit ...

. * High Transitional Authority (2009–2014), established following Marc Ravalomanana's overthrow and the end of the Third Republic of Madagascar during the 2009 Malagasy political crisis. Dissolved following the 2013 Malagasy general election, which established the Fourth Republic of Madagascar. * Kabyle Provisional Government (2010–present), formed as a provisional government-in-exile, in opposition to the incumbent government of Algeria, with the intent of establishing an independent nation in Kabylia. * Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (2011–2012), interim government of

Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...

formed following the resignation of president

Hosni Mubarak Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (; 4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020) was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the fourth president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011 and the 41st Prime Minister of Egypt, prime minister from 1981 to ...

during the 2011 Egyptian revolution. Dissolved following the

and inauguration of Mohamed Morsi as president. * National Transitional Council of Libya (2011–2012), formed during the 2011 civil war in

against the Gaddafi-led government * Interim government of

(2013–2014), established following the June 2013 Egyptian protests and subsequent coup * Government of National Accord (2015–2021), interim ruling body of

formed upon the signing of the Skhirat agreement. Ultimately merged with the rival Second Al-Thani Cabinet to form the Government of National Unity following the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum. * Interim Government of Ambazonia (2017–'' de facto'' 2019), formed as a provisional government-in-exile in opposition to the government of

Cameroon Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa. It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the R ...

shortly after the onset of the Anglophone Crisis. Later splintered into four opposing cabinets in 2019, each claiming to be the sole legitimate representative of an independent Ambazonia. * The UN-supported Government of National Unity in

(2021–present), a merger of the Government of National Accord and the rival Second Al-Thani Cabinet formed following the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum in Sirte. * Transitional Sovereignty Council (2019–2021, 2021–present), established in August 2019 after 8 month-long protests against President Bashir and a subsequent military coup. * Revitalized Transitional Government of National Unity (2020-present), transitional government formed in 2020 * Transitional Military Council (2021–2022), formed in 2021 following the

death Death is the end of life; the irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Death eventually and inevitably occurs in all organisms. The remains of a former organism normally begin to decompose sh ...

of Chadian President

Idriss Déby Idriss Déby Itno ( '; 18 June 1952 – 20 April 2021) was a Chadian politician and military officer who was the sixth List of heads of state of Chad, president of Chad from 1991 until his death in 2021 during the 2021 Northern Chad offensive, No ...

. * National Committee of Reconciliation and Development (2021-present), formed in 2021 following the ousting of president Alpha Condé by the military. * Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration in

(2022–present), formed on 24 January 2022, the group took over after a coup in January. Its leader Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba suffered a coup himself later that year. Afterwards, Ibrahim Traoré took power as the leader of the military junta and interim president of Burkina Faso. *

National Transitional Council The National Transitional Council (NTC) was a transitional government established in the 2011 Libyan civil war. After rebel forces overthrew the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya of Muammar Gaddafi in August 2011, the NTC governed Libya for a further ...

Chad Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North Africa, North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to Chad–Libya border, the north, Sudan to Chad–Sudan border, the east, the Central Afric ...

(2022–2024), formed in 2022 to replace the Transitional Military Council * Interim Regional Administration of Tigray (2023–present), a successor to the Transitional Government of Tigray established as a provision of the Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement which ended the Tigray war. * National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland (CNSP) (2023–present) * Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions (2023–2025), established following the 2023 Gabonese coup d'état, dissolved following the 2025 Gabonese presidential election. * Transitional government of Sudan (2025–present), announced by the Transitional Sovereignty Council in February 2025 following widespread territorial gains during the third Sudanese civil war. Intended as a

technocracy Technocracy is a form of government in which decision-makers appoint knowledge experts in specific domains to provide them with advice and guidance in various areas of their policy-making responsibilities. Technocracy follows largely in the tra ...

, the government's stated goal is to lay groundwork for free and fair elections in the country.

Americas

As of 2024 in the Americas, only

Haiti Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti, is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of the Bahamas. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island, which it shares with the Dominican ...

is formally administered by a provisional government. *

Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress (1775–1781) was the meetings of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that united in support of the American Revolution and American Revolutionary War, Revolutionary War, which established American independence ...

(1775–1781), interim ruling body of the United Colonies and

immediately before and after declaring independence from the

British Empire The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, colonies, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, mandates, and other Dependent territory, territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It bega ...

. Following the ratification of the

, the Continental Congress was absorbed into the

, which subsequently became the

upon ratification of the

Constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. When these pri ...

. * Primera Junta (1810), interim ruling body of the

Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata or Viceroyalty of Buenos Aires ( or Virreinato de Buenos Aires or ) meaning "River of the Silver", also called the "Viceroyalty of River Plate" in some scholarly writings, in southern South America, was ...

following Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros' resignation during the May Revolution. Succeeded by the Junta Grande after seven months in power. * Junta Grande (1810–1811), successor to the Primera Junta. Aimed to facilitate the transition to a junta that represented all cities in the

, only to meet limited recognition within its own territory. Succeeded by the First Triumvirate. * Government Junta of Chile (1810), interim government of Chile following the deposition and imprisonment of King Ferdinand VII of Spain by

Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...

. * Provisional Government of Mexico (1823–1824), interim ruling body of

Mexico Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...

following the dissolution of the

First Mexican Empire The Mexican Empire (, ) was a constitutional monarchy and the first independent government of Mexico. It was also the only former viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire to establish a monarchy after gaining independence. The empire existed from 18 ...

. Succeeded by the First Mexican Republic following the ratification of the 1824 Constitution. * Provisional governorship of José Rondeau (1828–1830), interim ruling body of

Uruguay Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast, while bordering the Río de la Plata to the south and the A ...

following the Preliminary Peace Convention, in which the

Empire of Brazil The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and Uruguay until the latter achieved independence in 1828. The empire's government was a Representative democracy, representative Par ...

and the

United Provinces of the Río de la Plata The United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (), earlier known as the United Provinces of South America (), was a name adopted in 1816 by the Congress of Tucumán for the region of South America that declared independence in 1816, with the Sove ...

recognized the country's independence. Dissolved following Rondeau's resignation. * Texian Consultation (1835–1836), interim ruling body of Mexican Texas during the

Texas Revolution The Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) was a rebellion of colonists from the United States and Tejanos (Hispanic Texans) against the Centralist Republic of Mexico, centralist government of Mexico in the Mexican state of ...

. Ultimately collapsed due to political tensions following the Matamoros Expedition. * Provisional Government of Oregon (''1841''/1843–1849), interim ruling body of Oregon Country formed by settling pioneers in the midst of the Oregon boundary dispute. While the government was established during the Champoeg Meetings in 1841, it did not exercise rule until the adoption of the Organic Laws of Oregon and the meetings' conclusion two years later, with the organic laws specifying that the government would only administer the territory "until such time as the United States of America extend their jurisdiction over us." While the 1846

Oregon Treaty The Oregon Treaty was a treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States that was signed on June 15, 1846, in Washington, D.C. The treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to ...

resolved the boundary dispute by formally partitioning the region between the US-administered

Oregon Territory The Territory of Oregon was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from August 14, 1848, until February 14, 1859, when the southwestern portion of the territory was admitted to the United States, Union as the Oreg ...

and unorganized UK-administered territory (later restructured as the

Colony of British Columbia The Colony of British Columbia refers to one of two colonies of British North America, located on the Pacific coast of modern-day Canada: * Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866) * Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871) See also * History of ...

), the provisional government remained in place until the appointment of Joseph Lane as

governor A governor is an politician, administrative leader and head of a polity or Region#Political regions, political region, in some cases, such as governor-general, governors-general, as the head of a state's official representative. Depending on the ...

. * Interim government of California (1846–1850), military government of

California California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...

established during the

Mexican–American War The Mexican–American War (Spanish language, Spanish: ''guerra de Estados Unidos-México, guerra mexicano-estadounidense''), also known in the United States as the Mexican War, and in Mexico as the United States intervention in Mexico, ...

. Dissolved following the ratification of the California Statehood Act, which admitted California to the Union as the 31st state. * U.S. provisional government of New Mexico (1846–1850), interim ruling body of

New Mexico New Mexico is a state in the Southwestern United States, Southwestern region of the United States. It is one of the Mountain States of the southern Rocky Mountains, sharing the Four Corners region with Utah, Colorado, and Arizona. It also ...

following the region's occupation by the

during the

. Succeeded by the New Mexico Territory in 1850 before being admitted to the Union as the 47th state in 1912. * Provisional Congress of the Confederate States (1861–1862), interim ruling body of the

Confederate States of America The Confederate States of America (CSA), also known as the Confederate States (C.S.), the Confederacy, or Dixieland, was an List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies, unrecognized breakaway republic in the Southern United State ...

following the member states'

secession Secession is the formal withdrawal of a group from a Polity, political entity. The process begins once a group proclaims an act of secession (such as a declaration of independence). A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful, but the goal i ...

from the

United States of America The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguo ...

. Dissolved following the

and inauguration of

Jefferson Davis Jefferson F. Davis (June 3, 1808December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as the only President of the Confederate States of America, president of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1865. He represented Mississippi in the Unite ...

as President of the Confederate States of America. * Georgia Constitutional Convention of 1861, interim ruling body of the

State of Georgia Georgia is a state in the Southeastern United States. It borders Tennessee and North Carolina to the north, South Carolina and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Florida to the south, and Alabama to the west. Of the 50 U.S. states, Georgia i ...

during the leadup to its secession from the United States. *

Confederate government of Kentucky The Confederate government of Kentucky was a government-in-exile, shadow government established for the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Kentucky by a self-constituted group of Confederate States of America, Confederate sympathizer ...

(1861–), a shadow government formed by pro-Confederate state legislators in

Kentucky Kentucky (, ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north, West Virginia to the ...

. Though it never replaced the official state government, it was recognized by and admitted to the

. No documentation exists regarding when the provisional government dissolved, but historians assume that it did so upon the conclusion of the

American Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861May 26, 1865; also known by Names of the American Civil War, other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (American Civil War), Union ("the North") and the Confederate States of A ...

. * Missouri Constitutional Convention of 1861–1863, formed as a

constituent assembly A constituent assembly (also known as a constitutional convention, constitutional congress, or constitutional assembly) is a body assembled for the purpose of drafting or revising a constitution. Members of a constituent assembly may be elected b ...

to vote on whether or not to secede from the

during the

before restructuring itself as a provisional state government following the outbreak of violence between pro-Union and pro- Confederacy factions. *

Provisional Government of Saskatchewan The Provisional Government of Saskatchewan was an independent state declared during the North-West Rebellion of 1885 in the District of Saskatchewan of the North-West Territories. The name was given by Louis Riel. Although Riel initially hop ...

(1885), formed by revolting

Métis The Métis ( , , , ) are a mixed-race Indigenous people whose historical homelands include Canada's three Prairie Provinces extending into parts of Ontario, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories and the northwest United States. They ha ...

during the North-West Rebellion. Dissolved following Canada's victory in the

Battle of Batoche A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...

. * United States Military Government in Cuba (1898–1902), established after Spain ceded Cuba to the United States following the

Spanish–American War The Spanish–American War (April 21 – August 13, 1898) was fought between Restoration (Spain), Spain and the United States in 1898. It began with the sinking of the USS Maine (1889), USS ''Maine'' in Havana Harbor in Cuba, and resulted in the ...

. Dissolved following the ratification of the Platt Amendment and the establishment of the Republic of Cuba. * United States Military Government of Porto Rico (1898–1900), established after Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the United States following the

. Dissolved following the ratification of the Foraker Act, which established the Insular Government of Porto Rico. * Provisional Government of Cuba (1906–1909), a military occupation government established by the United States following the collapse of Tomás Estrada Palma's administration. Dissolved following the election of José Miguel Gómez, after which American officials deemed the country sufficiently restabilized. * Socialist Republic of Chile (1932), formed by the government junta which overthrew president Juan Esteban Montero. Dissolved shortly after its establishment due to widespread public opposition. * Pentarchy of 1933, interim ruling body of

Cuba Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the ...

following the deposition of Gerardo Machado. Ousted after five days in power by the

Directorio Estudiantil Universitario The Directorio Estudiantil Universitario (DEU; ) was founded in 1927 by University of Havana students against the backdrop of a power grab by President Gerardo Machado consisting of constitutional reforms designed to prolong his presidential term by ...

, which appointed the One Hundred Days Government in their place. * One Hundred Days Government (1933–1934), interim ruling body of

after the Pentarchy of 1933 was ousted by the

. Overthrown in a military coup by Fulgencio Batista, who installed Carlos Mendieta as

president of Cuba The president of Cuba (), officially the president of the Republic of Cuba (), is the head of state of Cuba. The office in its current form was established under the Constitution of 2019. The President is the second-highest office in Cuba and ...

. * Government Junta of Bolivia (1946–1947), established following the ousting of Gualberto Villarroel and the

Revolutionary Nationalist Movement The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement ( , MNR) is a centre-right, conservative political party in Bolivia. It was the leading force behind the Bolivian National Revolution from 1952 to 1964. It influenced much of the country's history since 19 ...

in the 1946 La Paz riots. Dissolved following the

and inauguration of Enrique Hertzog as President of Bolivia. * Founding Council (1948–1949), interim government of

Costa Rica Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica, is a country in Central America. It borders Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the northeast, Panama to the southeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, as well as Maritime bo ...

led by president José Figueres Ferrer, established following the overthrow of Teodoro Picado Michalski in the Costa Rican Civil War. Dissolved after Ferrer stepped down in favor of Otilio Ulate Blanco. * Republic of New Afrika (1968–present), established as a black nationalist and black separatist provisional government in opposition to the

federal government of the United States The Federal Government of the United States of America (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the Federation#Federal governments, national government of the United States. The U.S. federal government is composed of three distinct ...

, with the intent of creating an independent country in present-day East Texas,

Louisiana Louisiana ( ; ; ) is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States. It borders Texas to the west, Arkansas to the north, and Mississippi to the east. Of the 50 U.S. states, it ranks 31st in area and 25 ...

Mississippi Mississippi ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Deep South regions of the United States. It borders Tennessee to the north, Alabama to the east, the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Louisiana to the s ...

Alabama Alabama ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Deep South, Deep Southern regions of the United States. It borders Tennessee to the north, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gu ...

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the South Caucasus * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the southeastern United States Georgia may also refer to: People and fictional characters * Georgia (name), a list of pe ...

South Carolina South Carolina ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders North Carolina to the north and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, and Georgia (U.S. state), Georg ...

, and North Florida. * People's Revolutionary Government (1979–1983), interim ruling body of

Grenada Grenada is an island country of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea. The southernmost of the Windward Islands, Grenada is directly south of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and about north of Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad and the So ...

following the New Jewel Movement's takeover of the government. Overthrown in the United States invasion of Grenada, which installed the Interim Advisory Council, headed by Paul Scoon, with Nicholas Brathwaite as prime minister. * Junta of National Reconstruction (1979–1985), interim ruling body of

Nicaragua Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the geographically largest Sovereign state, country in Central America, comprising . With a population of 7,142,529 as of 2024, it is the third-most populous country in Central America aft ...

after the overthrow of

Anastasio Somoza Debayle Anastasio "Tachito" Somoza Debayle (; 5 December 1925 – 17 September 1980) was a Nicaraguan politician who served as the 53rd President of Nicaragua from 1967 to 1972 and again from 1974 to 1979. As head of the National Guard (Nicaragu ...

during the Nicaraguan Revolution. Dissolved following the

and inauguration of

Daniel Ortega José Daniel Ortega Saavedra (; ; born 11 November 1945) is a Nicaraguan politician and dictator who has been the president of Nicaragua, co-president of Nicaragua since 18 February 2025, alongside his wife Rosario Murillo. He was the 54th an ...

as president. * Interim Advisory Council (1983–1984), interim ruling body of

following the deposition of the People's Revolutionary Government during the American invasion. Dissolved following the 1984 Grenadian general election, which resulted in the formation of a new cabinet headed by Herbert Blaize as prime minister. * National Council of Government (1986–1988), interim ruling body of

, after the departure of Jean-Claude Duvalier. * Venezuelan transitional government (2019–2022), established in January 2019 by the

National Assembly In politics, a national assembly is either a unicameral legislature, the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or both houses of a bicameral legislature together. In the English language it generally means "an assembly composed of the repr ...

led by Juan Guaidó, in dispute with the incumbent government of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela led by Nicolás Maduro. The transitional government was supported and recognized by the United States, the European Union, the Lima Group, and many other Western countries, ultimately dissolving in 2022 upon declaring that it had failed to achieve its goals. * Presidency of Francisco Sagasti (2020–2021), established on November 17, 2020, as a result of various political and economic hardships during the Peruvian political crisis and the

COVID-19 pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an disease outbreak, outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December ...

, including two presidential impeachments and one presidential resignation. Political analysts in Peru characterized the administration as a "transitional government" and an "emergency government," which was eventually succeeded by the Bellido cabinet following the inauguration of Pedro Castillo on July 28, 2021. * Transitional Presidential Council (2024–present), established in April 2024 to exercise the powers and duties of the

President of Haiti The president of Haiti (, ), officially called the president of the Republic of Haiti (, , ), is the head of state of Haiti. Executive power in Haiti is divided between the president and the government, which is headed by the prime minister of ...

either until an elected president is inaugurated or until 7 February 2026. The council was officially sworn in as the

head of state A head of state is the public persona of a sovereign state.#Foakes, Foakes, pp. 110–11 " he head of statebeing an embodiment of the State itself or representative of its international persona." The name given to the office of head of sta ...

of Haiti following the resignation of acting prime minister Ariel Henry on 24 April.

Asia

* Judean provisional government (66–68), formed by rebelling

Pharisees The Pharisees (; ) were a Jews, Jewish social movement and school of thought in the Levant during the time of Second Temple Judaism. Following the Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70), destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD, Pharisaic beliefs became ...

and

Sadducees The Sadducees (; ) were a sect of Jews active in Judea during the Second Temple period, from the second century BCE to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. The Sadducees are described in contemporary literary sources in contrast to ...

during the First Jewish–Roman War with the intent of establishing a

Halachic state The term "halachic state" ( ) refers to a sovereign state that endorses Judaism in an official capacity and governs by Jewish religious law. It has been a subject of discussion among Orthodox Jews, particularly with regard to modern Israel, which, ...

Judea Judea or Judaea (; ; , ; ) is a mountainous region of the Levant. Traditionally dominated by the city of Jerusalem, it is now part of Palestine and Israel. The name's usage is historic, having been used in antiquity and still into the pres ...

. Dissolved following the massacre of its members during the Zealot Temple siege. * Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899), established in the

Spanish East Indies The Spanish East Indies were the colonies of the Spanish Empire in Asia-Pacific, Asia and Oceania from 1565 to 1901, governed through the Captaincy General of the Philippines, captaincy general in Manila for the Monarchy of Spain, Spanish Crown, i ...

during the

. Succeeded by the

First Philippine Republic The Philippine Republic (), now officially remembered as the First Philippine Republic and also referred to by historians as the Malolos Republic, was a state established in Malolos, Bulacan, during the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish ...

following the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution. * United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands (1898–1902), established after the United States' military victory in the Battle of Manila and formalized by the Treaty of Paris, which officially ceded the territory from Spain. Succeeded by the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands following the

Philippine–American War The Philippine–American War, known alternatively as the Philippine Insurrection, Filipino–American War, or Tagalog Insurgency, emerged following the conclusion of the Spanish–American War in December 1898 when the United States annexed th ...

and the passage of the Philippine Organic Act. * Tianjin Provisional Government (1900–1902), formed by the Eight-Nation Alliance to administer territory recaptured from the Boxer movement during the

Boxer Rebellion The Boxer Rebellion, also known as the Boxer Uprising, was an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-Christian uprising in North China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty, by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious F ...

. Dissolved after ceding control of the

Tianjin Tianjin is a direct-administered municipality in North China, northern China on the shore of the Bohai Sea. It is one of the National Central City, nine national central cities, with a total population of 13,866,009 inhabitants at the time of the ...

area back to the

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...

, though the Eight-Nation Alliance maintained a military presence to ensure open access to Beijing. * Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912), established after the success of the Wuchang uprising

World War I and Interbellum

* Provisional Government of India (1915),

government-in-exile A government-in-exile (GiE) is a political group that claims to be the legitimate government of a sovereign state or semi-sovereign state, but is unable to exercise legal power and instead resides in a foreign country. Governments in exile usu ...

based in

Kabul Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. Located in the eastern half of the country, it is also a municipality, forming part of the Kabul Province. The city is divided for administration into #Districts, 22 municipal districts. A ...

Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the Durand Line, east and south, Iran to the Afghanistan–Iran borde ...

* Republic of Van (1915), established as a puppet government of the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

in occupied Western Armenia. Dissolved in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk following the

February Revolution The February Revolution (), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and sometimes as the March Revolution or February Coup was the first of Russian Revolution, two revolutions which took place in Russia ...

and the

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and the Russian Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the labo ...

's withdrawal from

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

. * Alash Orda (1917–1918), established as the interim governing body of the newly formed Alash Autonomy in opposition to rival

Bolshevik The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, were a radical Faction (political), faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, ...

councils aligned with

Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ( 187021 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the first head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 until Death and state funeral of ...

. * South West Caucasian Republic (1919), established in Kars *

Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea The Korean Provisional Government (KPG), formally the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (), was a Korean government-in-exile based in Republic of China (1912–1949), China during Korea under Japanese rule, Japanese rule over K ...

(1919), established in exile based in

Shanghai Shanghai, Shanghainese: , Standard Chinese pronunciation: is a direct-administered municipality and the most populous urban area in China. The city is located on the Chinese shoreline on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the ...

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

and later in

Chongqing ChongqingPostal Romanization, Previously romanized as Chungking ();. is a direct-administered municipality in Southwestern China. Chongqing is one of the four direct-administered municipalities under the State Council of the People's Republi ...

, during the Japanese occupation of Korea * Jewish National Council (1920–1948), established by the Assembly of Representatives in

Mandatory Palestine Mandatory Palestine was a British Empire, British geopolitical entity that existed between 1920 and 1948 in the Palestine (region), region of Palestine, and after 1922, under the terms of the League of Nations's Mandate for Palestine. After ...

as the main executive body of the entity's Jewish community. Succeeded by the provisional government of Israel after declaring independence in 1948. * Government of the Grand National Assembly (1920–1923), established as an alternative government to the Allied-occupied

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

during the

Turkish War of Independence , strength1 = May 1919: 35,000November 1920: 86,000Turkish General Staff, ''Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi'', Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225August 1922: 271,000Celâl Erikan, Rıdvan Akın: ''Kurtuluş Savaşı tarih ...

* Provisional Government of Mongolia (1921–1924), established by the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Party upon the organization's formation in Kyakhta. Succeeded by the

Mongolian People's Republic The Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) was a socialist state that existed from 1924 to 1992, located in the historical region of Outer Mongolia. Its independence was officially recognized by the Nationalist government of Republic of China (1912� ...

following the ratification of the first constitution.

World War II

* Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–40), established by the

Empire of Japan The Empire of Japan, also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was the Japanese nation state that existed from the Meiji Restoration on January 3, 1868, until the Constitution of Japan took effect on May 3, 1947. From Japan–Kor ...

after its invasion of Eastern China * Provisional Government of Free India (1943–1945), commonly known as ''Azad Hind'', established by Indian nationalists in southeast Asia, had nominal sovereignty over Axis-controlled Indian territories, and had diplomatic relationships with eleven countries including Germany, Italy, Japan, Philippines, and the Soviet Union. It was headed by

Subhas Chandra Bose Subhas Chandra Bose (23 January 1897 – 18 August 1945) was an Indian independence movement, Indian nationalist whose defiance of British raj, British authority in India made him a hero among many Indians, but his wartime alliances with ...

, who was the Head of the State and Prime Minister, who was also Supreme Commander of the Indian National Army. The government had its own cabinet and banks, and was the first government to recruit women for combat roles.

Cold War and aftermath

* People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946), a provisional government established following the

surrender of Japan The surrender of the Empire of Japan in World War II was Hirohito surrender broadcast, announced by Emperor Hirohito on 15 August and formally Japanese Instrument of Surrender, signed on 2 September 1945, End of World War II in Asia, ending ...

at the conclusion of

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

, which resulted in the restoration of Korean independence. Following the

division of Korea The division of Korea began at the end of World War II on 2 September 1945, with the establishment of a Soviet occupation zone and a US occupation zone. These zones developed into separate governments, named the Democratic People's Republic of ...

, the PRK was outlawed by the United States in favor of the American military government, while the

Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

incorporated it into the Provisional People's Committee of North Korea. *

United States Army Military Government in Korea The United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) was the official ruling body of the southern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula from 9 September 1945 to 15 August 1948. The country during this period was plagued with political a ...

(1945–1948), an interim government formed by the

concurrently with the People's Republic of Korea following the peninsula's independence from Japan. Later incorporated into

South Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the southern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and borders North Korea along the Korean Demilitarized Zone, with the Yellow Sea to the west and t ...

following the

and the American ban on the People's Republic. * Provisional People's Committee of North Korea (1946–1947), an interim government formed by the

Soviet Civil Administration The Soviet Civil Administration (SCA) was the government of the northern half of Korea from 24 August 1945 to 9 September 1948 though governed concurrently after the setup of the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea in 1946. Even thou ...

following the

and the absorption of the People's Republic of Korea. Succeeded by the People's Committee of North Korea. * Interim Government of India (1946–1947), an interim government formed by the newly created

Constituent Assembly of India Constituent Assembly of India was partly elected and partly nominated body to frame the Constitution of India. It was elected by the Provincial assemblies of British India following the Provincial Assembly elections held in 1946 and nominated ...

to administer what would become the Dominion of India and the

Dominion of Pakistan The Dominion of Pakistan, officially Pakistan, was an independent federal dominion in the British Commonwealth of Nations, which existed from 14 August 1947 to Pakistan Day, 23 March 1956. It was created by the passing of the Indian Independence ...

in the transitional period between British rule and independence. * People's Committee of North Korea (1947–1948), the successor government to the Provisional People's Committee of North Korea during the latter period of Soviet occupation. Ultimately incorporated into

North Korea North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and borders China and Russia to the north at the Yalu River, Yalu (Amnok) an ...

. * Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (1948–1949), an emergency government established by Sjafruddin Prawiranegara in

Sumatra Sumatra () is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the list of islands by area, sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi. ...

following the capture of

Yogyakarta Yogyakarta is the capital city of the Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by Hamengkubuwono, a monarchy, Yogyakarta is regarded as an importan ...

, the then-Indonesian capital, by the

Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...

. Dissolved following the Roem–Van Roijen Agreement. * Provisional government of Israel (1948–1949), successor to the Jewish National Council, established after Israel's

declaration of independence A declaration of independence is an assertion by a polity in a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another state or failed state, or are breaka ...

and in place until after the first Knesset elections. * Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948–1949), established as a puppet government by French during the

First Indochina War The First Indochina War (generally known as the Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam, and alternatively internationally as the French-Indochina War) was fought between French Fourth Republic, France and Việ ...

. Succeeded by the State of Vietnam. * Provisional Government of the Syrian Arab Republic (1949), established by national consensus to draft a new constitution and reintroduce civilian rule after a series of military governments. * State of Vietnam (1949–1955), formed as a successor to the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam during the

. Succeeded by

South Vietnam South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (RVN; , VNCH), was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975. It first garnered Diplomatic recognition, international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the ...

following the 1954 Geneva Conference, which ceded the northern half of the country to

North Vietnam North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV; ; VNDCCH), was a country in Southeast Asia from 1945 to 1976, with sovereignty fully recognized in 1954 Geneva Conference, 1954. A member of the communist Eastern Bloc, it o ...

. * Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (1958–1961), established in opposition to the

Sukarno Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independenc ...

administration. Dissolved following the withdrawal of American support and the failure of its and the Permesta's rebellion against the government. * National Council for the Revolutionary Command (1963), interim ruling body of

Syria Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to Syria–Turkey border, the north, Iraq to Iraq–Syria border, t ...

following the 1963 Syrian coup d'état. * Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (1969–1976), established during the

Vietnam War The Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) was an armed conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia fought between North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) and their allies. North Vietnam w ...

against the United States and Republic of Vietnam * Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (1970–1972), established after the declaration of freedom of Bengalis exiled to

Calcutta Kolkata, also known as Calcutta (List of renamed places in India#West Bengal, its official name until 2001), is the capital and largest city of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of West Bengal. It lies on the eastern ba ...

. * Sayem ministry (1975–1978), interim government of Bangladesh following the assassination of Khaled Mosharraf. Dissolved after Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem's successor,

Ziaur Rahman Ziaur Rahman (19 January 193630 May 1981) was a Bangladeshi military officer and politician who served as the sixth president of Bangladesh from 1977 until Assassination of Ziaur Rahman, his assassination in 1981. One of the leading figures of t ...

, formed a provisional Council of Ministers in advance of the 1979 Bangladeshi general election. * Provisional Government of East Timor (1975–1976), established as a

puppet state A puppet state, puppet régime, puppet government or dummy government is a State (polity), state that is ''de jure'' independent but ''de facto'' completely dependent upon an outside Power (international relations), power and subject to its ord ...

following the success of the Indonesian invasion of East Timor. Ultimately dissolved following the country's annexation as a province of Indonesia. * Interim Government of Iran (1979) (1979), a provisional government established after the

Iranian Revolution The Iranian Revolution (, ), also known as the 1979 Revolution, or the Islamic Revolution of 1979 (, ) was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement of the Impe ...

. Dissolved and replaced by the Council of the Islamic Revolution following the onset of the

Iran hostage crisis The Iran hostage crisis () began on November 4, 1979, when 66 Americans, including diplomats and other civilian personnel, were taken hostage at the Embassy of the United States in Tehran, with 52 of them being held until January 20, 1981. Th ...

. * Interim Government of Iran (1979–80) formed by the Council of the Islamic Revolution to succeede the Interim Government of Iran (1979) in the wake of the

. Dissolved upon the establishment of the first

Islamic Consultative Assembly The Islamic Consultative Assembly (), also called the Iranian Parliament, the Iranian Majles (Arabicised spelling Majlis) or ICA, is the unicameral national legislative body of Iran. The parliament currently consists of 290 representatives, an i ...

. * National Council of Resistance of Iran (1981–present), formed by the People's Mujahedin of Iran based in

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...

and later Albania. It serves as a government-in-exile opposing the clerical government. * South Lebanon security belt administration (1985–2000), established to administer Israeli-occupied Lebanon following the dissolution of the State of Free Lebanon during the 1982 Lebanon War. Dissolved following Hezbollah's victory in the South Lebanon conflict and the subsequent collapse of the

South Lebanon Army The South Lebanon Army or South Lebanese Army (SLA; , ), also known as the Lahad Army () or as the De Facto Forces (DFF), was a Christianity in Lebanon, Christian-dominated militia in Lebanon. It was founded by Lebanese military officer Saad H ...

. * Provisional Government of the Philippines (1986–1987), established after the People Power Revolution. Dissolved following the

ratification Ratification is a principal's legal confirmation of an act of its agent. In international law, ratification is the process by which a state declares its consent to be bound to a treaty. In the case of bilateral treaties, ratification is usuall ...

of the current

Constitution of the Philippines The Constitution of the Philippines (Filipino language, Filipino: ''Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas'' or ''Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas'') is the Constitution, supreme law of the Philippines. Its final draft was completed by the Philippine Constitution ...

. * Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization (1988–present), after it was entrusted with the powers and responsibilities of the Provisional Government of the

State of Palestine Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a country in West Asia. Recognized by International recognition of Palestine, 147 of the UN's 193 member states, it encompasses the Israeli-occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and th ...

. "The Palestinian National Council also empowered the central council to form a government-in-exile when appropriate, and the executive committee to perform the functions of government until such time as a government-in-exile was established." * Shahabuddin Ahmed ministry (1990–1991), interim government of

Bangladesh Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, eighth-most populous country in the world and among the List of countries and dependencies by ...

formed following the resignation of Hussain Muhammad Ershad during the 1990 uprising. Dissolved following the

and inauguration of Khaleda Zia as prime minister. * Republic of Kuwait (1990), established as a puppet state by

Ba'athist Iraq Ba'athist Iraq, officially the Iraqi Republic (1968–1992) and later the Republic of Iraq (1992–2003), was the Iraqi state between 1968 and 2003 under the one-party rule of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region, Iraqi regional bra ...

during the

Gulf War , combatant2 = , commander1 = , commander2 = , strength1 = Over 950,000 soldiers3,113 tanks1,800 aircraft2,200 artillery systems , page = https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-PEMD-96- ...

. Subsequently annexed and divided into the Kuwait Governorate and the Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District before Iraq's withdrawal at the end of the war. * United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (1992–1993), formed following the 1991 Paris Peace Agreements to govern and stabilize Cambodia following the

Cambodian–Vietnamese War The Cambodian–Vietnamese War was an armed conflict between Democratic Kampuchea, controlled by Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge, and the Vietnam, Socialist Republic of Vietnam. It began in December 1978, with a Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia which to ...

and the Third Indochina War. Dissolved following the restoration of the Cambodian monarchy and consequent reestablishment of the Kingdom of Cambodia. * Khmer Rouge unrecognized government (1994–1998), an opposition government formed by remnants of the

Khmer Rouge The Khmer Rouge is the name that was popularly given to members of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), and by extension to Democratic Kampuchea, which ruled Cambodia between 1975 and 1979. The name was coined in the 1960s by Norodom Sihano ...

following the establishment of the Kingdom of Cambodia and the withdrawal of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia. Dissolved due to widespread pro-peace sentiment among those left in the Khmer Rouge after the death of

Pol Pot Pol Pot (born Saloth Sâr; 19 May 1925 – 15 April 1998) was a Cambodian politician, revolutionary, and dictator who ruled the communist state of Democratic Kampuchea from 1976 until Cambodian–Vietnamese War, his overthrow in 1979. During ...

. * Palestinian National Authority (1994–present), the administrative organization, established to govern parts of the

West Bank The West Bank is located on the western bank of the Jordan River and is the larger of the two Palestinian territories (the other being the Gaza Strip) that make up the State of Palestine. A landlocked territory near the coast of the Mediter ...

and

Gaza Strip The Gaza Strip, also known simply as Gaza, is a small territory located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea; it is the smaller of the two Palestinian territories, the other being the West Bank, that make up the State of Palestine. I ...

, following the Oslo Accords. * Provisional Legislative Council (''1996''/1997–1998), interim legislature of

Hong Kong Hong Kong)., Legally Hong Kong, China in international treaties and organizations. is a special administrative region of China. With 7.5 million residents in a territory, Hong Kong is the fourth most densely populated region in the wor ...

in the leadup to and immediately following the handover to China. While the council was formed in 1996, it did not exercise rule until the following January.

21st century

As of 2024 in Asia,

Myanmar Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has ...

, the

(under both Fatah and

Hamas The Islamic Resistance Movement, abbreviated Hamas (the Arabic acronym from ), is a Palestinian nationalist Sunni Islam, Sunni Islamism, Islamist political organisation with a military wing, the Qassam Brigades. It has Gaza Strip under Hama ...

, and

Yemen Yemen, officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country in West Asia. Located in South Arabia, southern Arabia, it borders Saudi Arabia to Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, the north, Oman to Oman–Yemen border, the northeast, the south-eastern part ...

currently have provisional governments. * Afghan Interim Administration (2001–2002), established following the overthrow of the first Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan during the War in Afghanistan. Succeeded by the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan. * Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (2002–2004), formed as the successor to the Afghan Interim Administration. Succeeded by the

Islamic Republic of Afghanistan The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was a presidential republic in Afghanistan from 2004 to 2021. The state was established to replace the Afghan Afghan Interim Administration, interim (2001–2002) and Transitional Islamic State of Afghanist ...

following the

and inauguration of the First Karzai cabinet. *

Coalition Provisional Authority The Coalition Provisional Authority (; , CPA) was a Provisional government, transitional government of Iraq established following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, invasion of the country on 19 March 2003 by Multi-National Force – Iraq, U.S.-led Co ...

in Iraq (2003–2004) with the Iraqi Interim Governing Council, established to act as a caretaker administration in Iraq following the 2003 invasion of Iraq pending the hand over of power to the Iraqi people and the creation of a democratically elected civilian government. * Iraqi Interim Government (2004–2005) and the Iraqi Transitional Government (2005–2006) were both provisional authorities established after the hand over of power to the Iraqi people following the 2003 invasion of Iraq to govern pending the adoption of a permanent constitution. * 2006 Thai interim civilian government, established by the

Council for National Security The Council for National Security (; ; abbreviated CNS (), was the military junta that ruled Thailand between its 2006 Thai coup d'état, coup d'état against Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra on 19 September 2006 until the later coup d'état on ...

following the 2006 Thai coup d'état. Dissolved following the enacting of the 2007 constitution of Thailand. *

Syrian Interim Government The Syrian Interim Government (Arabic: الحكومة السورية المؤقتة; ''Ḥukūmat as-Sūriyya al-Muwaqqata'') was a government-in-exile and later a quasi-state in Syria formed on 18 March 2013 by the National Coalition of Syria ...

(2013–2025), established by the Syrian National Coalition during the Syrian Civil War. Ultimately absorbed into the Syrian caretaker government following the

fall of the Assad regime On 8 December 2024, the Assad regime collapsed during a 2024 Syrian opposition offensives, major offensive by Syrian opposition, opposition forces. The offensive was spearheaded by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) and supported mainly by the Turk ...

. * Supreme Political Council of Yemen (2015–present), established by the Houthi Movement after the 2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état, currently participating in the Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) against the governments of Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi and the Presidential Leadership Council * Southern Transitional Council of South Yemen (2016–present), established by the Southern Movement - a separatist group in southern Yemen - during the Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) * Syrian Salvation Government (2017–2024), established by Hayat Tahrir al-Sham in the Idlib Governorate. Ultimately absorbed into the Syrian caretaker government following the

. * Interim government of Kyrgyzstan (2020–2021), established in 2020 in the aftermath of the 2020 Kyrgyzstani protests * National Unity Government of Myanmar (2021–present), established in exile by the Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw in opposition to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état * Provisional Government of Myanmar (2021–present), established by the State Administration Council as a formalization of its rule six months after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état * Presidential Leadership Council (2022–present), established by internationally recognized outgoing president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi to seek a "comprehensive political solution" to the Yemeni Civil War * Israeli war cabinet (2023–2024), established following the outbreak of the

Gaza war The Gaza war is an armed conflict in the Gaza Strip and southern Israel fought since 7 October 2023. A part of the unresolved Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Israeli–Palestinian and Gaza–Israel conflict, Gaza–Israel conflicts dating ...

and Israeli prime minister

Benjamin Netanyahu Benjamin Netanyahu (born 21 October 1949) is an Israeli politician who has served as the prime minister of Israel since 2022, having previously held the office from 1996 to 1999 and from 2009 to 2021. Netanyahu is the longest-serving prime min ...

's declaration of a state of emergency. The war cabinet was later dissolved after former ministers Benny Gantz and Gadi Eisenkott left the coalition. * Karenni State Interim Executive Council (2023–present), formed by Karenni resistance groups during the Myanmar civil war in opposition to the State Administration Council. * Hamas temporary committee (2024–present), established following the assassination of Ismail Haniyeh to facilitate communication with chairman Yahya Sinwar and maintain governance of Hamas during the

. Later transitioned to committee rule following Sinwar's own killing, pending elections in March 2025. * Interim government of Muhammad Yunus (2024–present), formed following the expulsion of prime minister Sheikh Hasina and consequent dissolution of the 12th Jatiya Sangsad during the Student–People's uprising. The interim government is expected to remain in office until the appointment of a new Prime Minister of Bangladesh following the next Bangladeshi general election. * Syrian caretaker government (2024–2025), established following the

during the Syrian civil war. Syrian Salvation Government leader Ahmed al-Sharaa announced the transitional administration's formation on

Telegram Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus flag semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas pi ...

, while National Coalition president Hadi al-Bahra stated that the government's goals are to draft a new constitution and establish "a safe, neutral, and quiet environment" for free elections within 18 months. Succeeded by the Syrian transitional government in 2025. * Syrian transitional government (2025–present), established by Syrian president Ahmed al-Sharaa to implement the five-year transitional period dictated by the 2025 Interim Constitution of Syria.

Europe

(1642–1652), formed by Catholic aristocrats,

landed gentry The landed gentry, or the gentry (sometimes collectively known as the squirearchy), is a largely historical Irish and British social class of landowners who could live entirely from rental income, or at least had a country estate. It is t ...

, clergy, and military leaders after the

Irish Rebellion of 1641 The Irish Rebellion of 1641 was an uprising in Kingdom of Ireland, Ireland, initiated on 23 October 1641 by Catholic gentry and military officers. Their demands included an end to anti-Catholic discrimination, greater Irish self-governance, and ...

. Overthrown by the

Commonwealth of England The Commonwealth of England was the political structure during the period from 1649 to 1660 when Kingdom of England, England and Wales, later along with Kingdom of Ireland, Ireland and Kingdom of Scotland, Scotland, were governed as a republi ...

in the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. *

National Convention The National Convention () was the constituent assembly of the Kingdom of France for one day and the French First Republic for its first three years during the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the ...

(1792–1795), interim ruling body of the

Kingdom of France The Kingdom of France is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the Middle Ages, medieval and Early modern France, early modern period. It was one of the most powerful states in Europe from th ...

and the

French First Republic In the history of France, the First Republic (), sometimes referred to in historiography as Revolutionary France, and officially the French Republic (), was founded on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted un ...

during the French Revolution. Succeeded by the

French Directory The Directory (also called Directorate; ) was the system of government established by the Constitution of the Year III, French Constitution of 1795. It takes its name from the committee of 5 men vested with executive power. The Directory gov ...

following the fall of Maximilien Robespierre and the drafting of a new constitution. * Provisional Council of the Duchy of Masovia (1794), interim government of the

Masovian Voivodeship Masovian Voivodeship or Mazowieckie Province (, ) and any variation thereof, is a Voivodeships of Poland, voivodeship (province) in east-central Poland, containing Poland's capital Warsaw. Masovian Voivodeship has an area of and had a 2019 po ...

established during the Kościuszko Uprising. Ultimately subordinated to the Supreme National Council. * Provisional Representatives of the People of Holland (1795–1796), interim government of the

Batavian Republic The Batavian Republic (; ) was the Succession of states, successor state to the Dutch Republic, Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. It was proclaimed on 19 January 1795 after the Batavian Revolution and ended on 5 June 1806, with the acce ...

following the abolition of the

Dutch Republic The United Provinces of the Netherlands, commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation that existed from 1579 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. It was a predecessor state of the present-day Netherlands ...

in the Batavian Revolution. Abolished following the States General of the Batavian Republic's replacement by the

. * Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission (1812–1813), established by

during the French invasion of Russia. Merged with the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland to create the united Kingdom of Poland. * Provisional Government of Belgium (1814–1815), interim ruling body of the Southern Netherlands following the collapse of French rule during the

War of the Sixth Coalition In the War of the Sixth Coalition () (December 1812 – May 1814), sometimes known in Germany as the Wars of Liberation (), a coalition of Austrian Empire, Austria, Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia, Russian Empire, Russia, History of Spain (1808– ...

. Dissolved following the annexation of the region by the

United Kingdom of the Netherlands The United Kingdom of the Netherlands is the unofficial name given to the Kingdom of the Netherlands as it existed from 1815 to 1839. The United Netherlands was created in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars through the fusion of territories t ...

. * French Provisional Government of 1814, interim ruling body of the

First French Empire The First French Empire or French Empire (; ), also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from ...

following the surrender of Paris and deposition of

during the

. Succeeded by the government of the first Bourbon restoration following

Louis XVIII Louis XVIII (Louis Stanislas Xavier; 17 November 1755 – 16 September 1824), known as the Desired (), was King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a brief interruption during the Hundred Days in 1815. Before his reign, he spent 23 y ...

's return to the throne and the reestablishment of the

. * First Hellenic Republic (1822–1832), established by anti-Ottoman rebels during the

Greek War of Independence The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution or the Greek Revolution of 1821, was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. In 1826, the Greeks were assisted ...

. Succeeded by the

Kingdom of Greece The Kingdom of Greece (, Romanization, romanized: ''Vasíleion tis Elládos'', pronounced ) was the Greece, Greek Nation state, nation-state established in 1832 and was the successor state to the First Hellenic Republic. It was internationally ...

following the assassination of Augustinos Kapodistrias and subsequent intervention by

Great Britain Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland, and Wales. With an area of , it is the largest of the British Isles, the List of European ...

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

and

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

. * Provisional Government of Belgium (1830–1831), established as a successor to the Revolutionary Committee following the success of the

Belgian Revolution The Belgian Revolution (, ) was a conflict which led to the secession of the southern provinces (mainly the former Southern Netherlands) from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Belgium. The ...

. Dissolved following the proclamation of the

Constitution of Belgium The Constitution of Belgium (; ; ) dates back to 1831. Since then Belgium has been a parliamentary monarchy that applies the principles of ministerial responsibility for the government policy and the separation of powers. The most recent major ...

and the consequent establishment of the

Kingdom of Belgium Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the Low Countries, it is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southe ...

. * Wellington caretaker ministry (1834), interim ruling body of the

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the union of the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into one sovereign state, established by the Acts of Union 1800, Acts of Union in 1801. It continued in this form until ...

following William IV's dismissal of William Lamb's administration. Arthur Wellesley recommended Robert Peel as Lamb's successor; because Peel was in the

Kingdom of Sardinia The Kingdom of Sardinia, also referred to as the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica among other names, was a State (polity), country in Southern Europe from the late 13th until the mid-19th century, and from 1297 to 1768 for the Corsican part of ...

at the time, Wellesley headed a caretaker administration until Peel's return to Britain. * French Provisional Government of 1848, interim ruling body of the

French Second Republic The French Second Republic ( or ), officially the French Republic (), was the second republican government of France. It existed from 1848 until its dissolution in 1852. Following the final defeat of Napoleon, Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle ...

established after the French Revolution of 1848, which ended the

July Monarchy The July Monarchy (), officially the ''Kingdom of France'' (), was a liberalism, liberal constitutional monarchy in France under , starting on 9 August 1830, after the revolutionary victory of the July Revolution of 1830, and ending 26 Februar ...

. Succeeded by the French Executive Commission of 1848. * Provisional Government of Milan (1848), formed by Milanese insurgents during the

First Italian War of Independence The First Italian War of Independence (), part of the ''Risorgimento'' or unification of Italy, was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861), Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont) and Italian volunteers against the Austrian Empire and other conse ...

. Dissolved following the

Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire, officially known as the Empire of Austria, was a Multinational state, multinational European Great Powers, great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the Habsburg monarchy, realms of the Habsburgs. Duri ...

's victory in the Battle of Custoza. * Dictator Executive Commission in Warsaw and National Civil Government (1863), interim ruling bodies of

Congress Poland Congress Poland or Congress Kingdom of Poland, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland, was a polity created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a semi-autonomous Polish state, a successor to Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw. It was established w ...

during the

January Uprising The January Uprising was an insurrection principally in Russia's Kingdom of Poland that was aimed at putting an end to Russian occupation of part of Poland and regaining independence. It began on 22 January 1863 and continued until the last i ...

, formed as the successor to the underground Polish National Government. The coexisting provisional governments were both ''

de jure In law and government, ''de jure'' (; ; ) describes practices that are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. The phrase is often used in contrast with '' de facto'' ('from fa ...

'' ruled by Marian Langiewicz, whose arrest led to their dissolution in favor of a single coalition government. * Provisional Government of Spain (1868–1871), established after the Spanish Glorious Revolution pending the election of a new Constitutional Monarch. * Government of National Defense (1870–1871), interim ruling body of the

French Third Republic The French Third Republic (, sometimes written as ) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France durin ...

following the collapse of the

Second French Empire The Second French Empire, officially the French Empire, was the government of France from 1852 to 1870. It was established on 2 December 1852 by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, president of France under the French Second Republic, who proclaimed hi ...

during the

Franco-Prussian War The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. Lasting from 19 July 1870 to 28 Janua ...

. Replaced by the Cabinet Dufaure I following the

1871 French legislative election Legislative elections were held in France on 8 February 1871 to elect the first legislature of the Third French Republic, the unicameral National Assembly (1871), National Assembly. The elections were held during a situation of crisis in the coun ...

. * Provisional Government of the Portuguese Republic (1910–1911), established in the aftermath of the Republican Revolution that overthrow the Portuguese monarchy.

World War I and Interbellum

* Provisional Government of Albania (1912–1914), established after the

First Balkan War The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan League (the Kingdoms of Kingdom of Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Kingdom of Serbia, Serbia, Kingdom of Greece, Greece and Kingdom of Montenegro, Montenegro) agai ...

* Provisional Government of Western Thrace (1913), established in modern Greece in opposition to annexation by

Bulgaria Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern portion of the Balkans directly south of the Danube river and west of the Black Sea. Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey t ...

during the Second Balkan War. * Provisional Government of Northern Epirus (1914), established against annexation to

Albania Albania ( ; or ), officially the Republic of Albania (), is a country in Southeast Europe. It is located in the Balkans, on the Adriatic Sea, Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to ...

. * Provisional Government of the Irish Republic (1916), a title adopted by the leadership of the short-lived

Easter Rising The Easter Rising (), also known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week in April 1916. The Rising was launched by Irish republicans against British rule in Ireland with the aim of establishing an ind ...

. * Provisional Government of National Defence (1916), alternative government established in the city of

Thessaloniki Thessaloniki (; ), also known as Thessalonica (), Saloniki, Salonika, or Salonica (), is the second-largest city in Greece (with slightly over one million inhabitants in its Thessaloniki metropolitan area, metropolitan area) and the capital cit ...

in northern Greece * Provisional Council of State (1917), interim government of the

Kingdom of Poland The Kingdom of Poland (; Latin: ''Regnum Poloniae'') was a monarchy in Central Europe during the Middle Ages, medieval period from 1025 until 1385. Background The West Slavs, West Slavic tribe of Polans (western), Polans who lived in what i ...

based on the Act of 5th November. Collapsed following the resignation of Józef Piłsudski and the subsequent oath crisis, resulting in the Temporary Committee of the Provisional Council of State forming to replace it. * Russian Provisional Government (1917), established as a result of the

which led to the abdication of

Tsar Tsar (; also spelled ''czar'', ''tzar'', or ''csar''; ; ; sr-Cyrl-Latn, цар, car) is a title historically used by Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word '' caesar'', which was intended to mean ''emperor'' in the Euro ...

Nicholas II. * Czechoslovak National Council (1918), interim ruling body of the

First Czechoslovak Republic The First Czechoslovak Republic, often colloquially referred to as the First Republic, was the first Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovak state that existed from 1918 to 1938, a union of ethnic Czechs and Slovaks. The country was commonly called Czechosl ...

following its independence from

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe#Before World War I, Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military ...

. *

State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs ( / ; ) was a political entity that was constituted in October 1918, at the end of World War I, by Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (Prečani (Serbs), Prečani) residing in what were the southernmost parts of th ...

, (1918) established in 1918 as the unrecognized first incarnation of

Yugoslavia , common_name = Yugoslavia , life_span = 1918–19921941–1945: World War II in Yugoslavia#Axis invasion and dismemberment of Yugoslavia, Axis occupation , p1 = Kingdom of SerbiaSerbia , flag_p ...

and later merged with the Kingdoms of Serbia and

Montenegro , image_flag = Flag of Montenegro.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Montenegro.svg , coa_size = 80 , national_motto = , national_anthem = () , image_map = Europe-Mont ...

to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. * Estonian Provisional Government (1918–1919) * Council of the People's Deputies (1918–1919), formed by the

German Empire The German Empire (),; ; World Book, Inc. ''The World Book dictionary, Volume 1''. World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany. also referred to as Imperia ...

's main socialist parties during the German Revolution before adopting a big tent policy and facilitating the transition to a republican government. Succeeded by the Scheidemann cabinet, the first government of the

Weimar Republic The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was the German Reich, German state from 1918 to 1933, during which it was a constitutional republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclai ...

, following the 1919 German federal election. * Latvian Provisional Government (1918–1920) * Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland (1918), established following

's Parliamentary motion in favor of restoring Polish independence. Dissolved following the ascension of Józef Piłsudski as head of state and the establishment of the

Second Polish Republic The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939. The state was established in the final stage of World War I ...

. * Provisional All-Russian Government (1918), a short-lived anti-communist government formed during the

Russian Civil War The Russian Civil War () was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the 1917 overthrowing of the Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. I ...

. Overthrown by the

white movement The White movement,. The old spelling was retained by the Whites to differentiate from the Reds. also known as the Whites, was one of the main factions of the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922. It was led mainly by the Right-wing politics, right- ...

in the Kolchak Coup and replaced by the 1918—1919 Russian government. * Russian Government (1918—1919), a military government formed by the

following the overthrow of the Provisional All-Russian Government in the Kolchak Coup. Dissolved during the fall of Omsk, with its members forming the South Russian Government and Eastern Okraina the following year. * Ukrainian Provisional Government (1918) * Provisional Regional Government of the Urals (1918), a short-lived anti-Bolshevik state within the territory of the

. Voluntarily dissolved after two months, ceding power to the Provisional All-Russian Government. * Provisional Government of the Northern Region (1918–1920) * Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919), established as a revolutionary committee, under patronage from the

, with the intent of creating a Soviet republic in Bessarabia. Dissolved after Anton Denikin captured

Odesa Odesa, also spelled Odessa, is the third most populous List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern ...

, where the BSSR operated. * Security Council of the Northern Caucasus and Dagestan (1919–1920), interim government of Dagestan following the collapse and exodus of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus. Dissolved following the Bolshevik takeover and the 11th Army's capture of the Northern Caucasus. * Provisional Governing Commission (1920–1922), established as the ruling body of the Republic of Central Lithuania, a puppet state of the

formed during the Polish–Lithuanian War. Dissolved after the Legislative Sejm voted to absorb the state into Poland. *

Provisional Government of Ireland (1922) The Provisional Government of Ireland () was the provisional government for the administration of Southern Ireland from 16 January 1922 to 5 December 1922. It was a transitional administration for the period between the ratification of the Anglo ...

, established by the

Anglo-Irish Treaty The 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty (), commonly known in Ireland as The Treaty and officially the Articles of Agreement for a Treaty Between Great Britain and Ireland, was an agreement between the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain an ...

between the British government and Irish revolutionaries, in order to pave the way for the establishment of the

Irish Free State The Irish Free State (6 December 192229 December 1937), also known by its Irish-language, Irish name ( , ), was a State (polity), state established in December 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921. The treaty ended the three-ye ...

in the same year. * Tungus Republic (1924–1925), a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state formed within Okhotsky and the eastern Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Dissolved and reabsorbed into the

following peace talks between the two. * Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic (1931), interim ruling body of the

Second Spanish Republic The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of democratic government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931 after the deposition of Alfonso XIII, King Alfonso XIII. ...

following the deposition of King

Alfonso XIII Alfonso XIII (Spanish language, Spanish: ''Alfonso León Fernando María Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena''; French language, French: ''Alphonse Léon Ferdinand Marie Jacques Isidore Pascal Antoine de Bourbon''; 17 May ...

. Dissolved following the establishment of a regular government by the Spanish Constitution of 1931.

World War II

Vichy France Vichy France (; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was a French rump state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II, established as a result of the French capitulation after the Battle of France, ...

(1940–1944), established as a puppet government of

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...

following the

Battle of France The Battle of France (; 10 May – 25 June 1940), also known as the Western Campaign (), the French Campaign (, ) and the Fall of France, during the Second World War was the Nazi Germany, German invasion of the Low Countries (Belgium, Luxembour ...

and Armistice of 22 June 1940. Dissolved following the liberation of France and the installation of the Provisional Government of the French Republic. *

Provisional Government of Lithuania The Provisional Government of Lithuania () was an attempted temporary government, provisional government to form an independent Lithuanian state in June Uprising in Lithuania, the last days of the Soviet occupation of Lithuania (1940), first Sovi ...

(1941), established when Lithuanians overthrew the Soviet occupation during the June Uprising. It functioned briefly until

annexed the country. * Provisional National Government of Hungary (1944–1945) (''Ideiglenes Nemzeti Kormány'') * Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1945) *

French Committee of National Liberation French may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France ** French people, a nation and ethnic group ** French cuisine, cooking traditions and practices Arts and media * The French (band) ...

(''Comité Français de Libération Nationale'', CFLN) (1943–1944), set up in

Algiers Algiers is the capital city of Algeria as well as the capital of the Algiers Province; it extends over many Communes of Algeria, communes without having its own separate governing body. With 2,988,145 residents in 2008Census 14 April 2008: Offi ...

, then a part of

metropolitan France Metropolitan France ( or ), also known as European France (), is the area of France which is geographically in Europe and chiefly comprises #Hexagon, the mainland, popularly known as "the Hexagon" ( or ), and Corsica. This collective name for the ...

. * Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) (1944–1946), government of the provisional Republic following the liberation of France and consequent dissolution of the Vichy government until the establishment of the Fourth Republic. * Italian partisan republics (1944), formed by various segments of the Italian resistance movement in opposition to the

Italian Social Republic The Italian Social Republic (, ; RSI; , ), known prior to December 1943 as the National Republican State of Italy (; SNRI), but more popularly known as the Republic of Salò (, ), was a List of World War II puppet states#Germany, German puppe ...

. Each of them were reconquered by the

Wehrmacht The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the German Army (1935–1945), ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmac ...

within weeks of their establishment. * Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946), formed by the National Liberation Movement following the successful expulsion of the German occupation. Succeeded by the

People's Republic of Albania The People's Socialist Republic of Albania, () was the Marxist-Leninist state that existed in Albania from 10 January 1946 to the 29 April 1991. Originally founded as the People's Republic of Albania from 1946 to 1976, it was governed by the P ...

after interim prime minister

Enver Hoxha Enver Halil Hoxha ( , ; ; 16 October 190811 April 1985) was an Albanian communist revolutionary and politician who was the leader of People's Socialist Republic of Albania, Albania from 1944 until his death in 1985. He was the Secretary (titl ...

's expulsion of king Zog I and the Democratic Front of Albania's dominance of the 1945 Albanian parliamentary election. * Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland (1944–1945), established by the

State National Council Krajowa Rada Narodowa in Polish language, Polish (translated as State National Council or Homeland National Council, abbreviated to KRN) was a parliament-like political body created during the later stages of World War II in Nazi Germany, German- ...

with the intention of creating a Soviet-aligned communist Poland, contrary to the western-aligned

Polish government-in-exile The Polish government-in-exile, officially known as the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile (), was the government in exile of Poland formed in the aftermath of the Invasion of Poland of September 1939, and the subsequent Occupation ...

(which it did not recognize). Succeeded by the Provisional Government of National Unity. * Flensburg Government (1945), established following the suicides of

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his suicide in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the lea ...

and Joseph Goebbels during the closing days of the

Third Reich Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictat ...

. * Provisional Government of National Unity (1945–1947), established as the successor to the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland. Dissolved following the establishment of the

Polish People's Republic The Polish People's Republic (1952–1989), formerly the Republic of Poland (1947–1952), and also often simply known as Poland, was a country in Central Europe that existed as the predecessor of the modern-day democratic Republic of Poland. ...

. * Interim National Assembly (1945–1946), provisional ruling body of the Third Czechoslovak Republic. Succeeded by the Constituent National Assembly following the 1946 election. Provisional governments were also established throughout Europe as occupied nations were liberated from Nazi occupation by the Allies.

Cold War

* Provisional Democratic Government (1947–1950), formed by the Communist Party of Greece during the

Greek Civil War The Greek Civil War () took place from 1946 to 1949. The conflict, which erupted shortly after the end of World War II, consisted of a Communism, Communist-led uprising against the established government of the Kingdom of Greece. The rebels decl ...

as the successor to the World War II-era Political Committee of National Liberation. Withdrew from their territories in northern Greece after their defeat during Operation Pyrsos in 1949 and continued as a

before dissolving fourteen months later. * Provisional Turkish Cypriot Administration (1967–1971), formed by

Turkish Cypriots Turkish Cypriots or Cypriot Turks ( or ; ) are so called ethnic Turks originating from Cyprus. Turkish Cypriots are mainly Sunni Muslims. Following the Ottoman conquest of the island in 1571, about 30,000 Turkish settlers were given land onc ...

in the wake of the 1967 Greek coup d'état and subsequent worsening of intercommunal violence. Dissolved four years after its establishment, but succeeded by the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus following the

Turkish invasion of Cyprus The Turkish invasion of Cyprus began on 20 July 1974 and progressed in two phases over the following month. Taking place upon a background of Cypriot intercommunal violence, intercommunal violence between Greek Cypriots, Greek and Turkish Cy ...

. * National Salvation Junta and six provisional governments that followed after the

Carnation Revolution The Carnation Revolution (), code-named Operation Historic Turn (), also known as the 25 April (), was a military coup by military officers that overthrew the Estado Novo government on 25 April 1974 in Portugal. The coup produced major socia ...

and until the first democratically elected government under the new

was sworn in (25 April 1974–23 July 1976)

Collapse of the USSR and aftermath

* Government of National Understanding, established in

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia ( ; Czech language, Czech and , ''Česko-Slovensko'') was a landlocked country in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland beca ...

after the Velvet Revolution of 1989. * National Salvation Front (1989–1990), established in

Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...

after the fall and execution of Nicolae Ceaușescu and

the end The End may refer to: Film * The End (1953 film), ''The End'' (1953 film), a film by Christopher Maclaine * The End (1978 film), ''The End'' (1978 film), a comedy by Burt Reynolds * ''The End'' (1995 film), a List of Canadian films of 1995, Cana ...

of the

Socialist Republic of Romania The Socialist Republic of Romania (, RSR) was a Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist One-party state, one-party socialist state that existed officially in Romania from 1947 to 1989 (see Revolutions of 1989). From 1947 to 1965, the state was ...

in 1989. Later restructured into a big tent political party following the establishment of a post-communist successor government in 1990, winning the

general election A general election is an electoral process to choose most or all members of a governing body at the same time. They are distinct from By-election, by-elections, which fill individual seats that have become vacant between general elections. Gener ...

that year before breaking up into the Democratic National Salvation Front and the Democratic Party in 1992. * Estonian restoration of Independence, Estonian Interim Government (1990–1992) * State Committee on the State of Emergency (1991), formed by the leaders of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt. Dissolved after the coup's failure, with Mikhail Gorbachev being reinstated as the Soviet head of state. * Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine, Ukraine's transitional government (1991–1996) formed after the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum, which dissolved the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and formalized Ukraine's independence from the

. Officially declared the legal successor of the Ukrainian SSR after Mykola Plaviuk, president of the Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile, government in exile, ceded his powers to Leonid Kravchuk, the winner of the 1991 Ukrainian presidential election. Ultimately succeeded by the current Government of Ukraine, government following a parliamentary motion to adopt Constitution of Ukraine, a new constitution, ending the post-Soviet transition. * United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (1999–'' de facto'' 2008), formed to stabilize Kosovo in the aftermath of the Kosovo War. Never formally dissolved, but '' de facto'' replaced by the Kosovo, Republic of Kosovo after 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, unilaterally declaring independence in 2008.

21st century

As of 2024 in Europe, only Belarus, South Ossetia, and territories of Russia and Ukraine occupied by each other during the Russian invasion of Ukraine have provisional governments. The former two were established by the opposition in parallel with the Government of South Ossetia, government of the Republic of South Ossetia–State of Alania and the Government of Belarus, government of the Republic of Belarus, while the latter two exist as a occupation governments in opposition to the government of Russia and the government of Ukraine, respectively. * Provisional Institutions of Self-Government (2002–'' de facto'' 2008), established by the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo to facilitate local governance. Like the UN administration, the provisional institutions were never formally dissolved, but were '' de facto'' replaced by the Kosovo, Republic of Kosovo following the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence. * Administration of South Ossetia (2007–present), appointed by the government of Georgia (country), Georgia as South Ossetia's official ruling body in opposition to secessionist movements in the region. After being driven out of the country during the Russo-Georgian War in 2008, it has operated as a government in exile in opposition to the current, Russian-backed government. * Coordination Council (Belarus), Belarusian Coordination Council (2020–present) and the United Transitional Cabinet of Belarus (2022–present), established in the aftermath of the 2020 Belarusian presidential election and during subsequent 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, protests. The transitional government is supported and recognized by Lithuania. * Russian temporary administrative agencies in occupied Ukraine (2022–present), a series of puppet governments installed in the Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. * Ukrainian occupation of Kursk Oblast, Military commandant's office for the Kursk region (2024–present), provisional administration established to administer parts of Kursk Oblast controlled by Ukraine.

Oceania

* Provisional Government of Hawaii (1893–1894), established in 1893 after the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and renamed to the Republic of Hawaii in 1894. * Naval Government of Guam (1898–1950), established by the United States following its Capture of Guam, capture during the

. Dissolved following the Guam Organic Act of 1950, which established Guam as an Territories of the United States, unincorporated organized territory. * Caretaker government of Australia#The 1901 caretaker government, 1901 caretaker government of Australia, established pending the 1901 Australian federal election, first election to the newly established Australia, Commonwealth of Australia.

International

* Provisional World Parliament, Provisional World Government (1977–present), established by the Second World Constituent Assembly after the adoption of a world constitution, Constitution for the Federation of Earth.

Notes

References

{{Authority control Government Provisional governments,