The following

outline Outline or outlining may refer to: * Outline (list), a document summary, in hierarchical list format * Code folding, a method of hiding or collapsing code or text to see content in outline form * Outline drawing, a sketch depicting the outer edge ...

is provided as an overview of and topical guide to immunology:

Immunology Immunology is a branch of medicineImmunology for Medical Students, Roderick Nairn, Matthew Helbert, Mosby, 2007 and biology that covers the medical study of immune systems in humans, animals, plants and sapient species. In such we can see there ...

is the study of all aspects of the

immune system The immune system is a network of biological processes that protects an organism from diseases. It detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, as well as cancer cells and objects such as wood splinte ...

in all

organism In biology, an organism () is any living system that functions as an individual entity. All organisms are composed of cells (cell theory). Organisms are classified by taxonomy into groups such as multicellular animals, plants, and ...

s. It deals with the

physiological Physiology (; ) is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system. As a sub-discipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical ...

functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (

autoimmune diseases An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a functioning body part. At least 80 types of autoimmune diseases have been identified, with some evidence suggesting that there may be more than 100 types. Nearly a ...

, hypersensitivities,

immune deficiency Immunodeficiency, also known as immunocompromisation, is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that a ...

transplant rejection Transplant rejection occurs when Organ transplant, transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue. Transplant rejection can be lessened by determining the molecular similitude between don ...

); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system

in vitro ''In vitro'' (meaning in glass, or ''in the glass'') studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context. Colloquially called "test-tube experiments", these studies in biology an ...

in situ ''In situ'' (; often not italicized in English) is a Latin phrase that translates literally to "on site" or "in position." It can mean "locally", "on site", "on the premises", or "in place" to describe where an event takes place and is used in ...

, and

in vivo Studies that are ''in vivo'' (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and ...

Essence of immunology

* Branch of

Biomedical science Biomedical sciences are a set of sciences applying portions of natural science or formal science, or both, to develop knowledge, interventions, or technology that are of use in healthcare or public health. Such disciplines as medical microbio ...

Immune system The immune system is a network of biological processes that protects an organism from diseases. It detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, as well as cancer cells and objects such as wood splinte ...

Immunity Immunity may refer to: Medicine * Immunity (medical), resistance of an organism to infection or disease * ''Immunity'' (journal), a scientific journal published by Cell Press Biology * Immune system Engineering * Radiofrequence immunity desc ...

Branches of immunology

* Classical immunology *

Clinical immunology Immunology is a branch of medicineImmunology for Medical Students, Roderick Nairn, Matthew Helbert, Mosby, 2007 and biology that covers the medical study of immune systems in humans, animals, plants and sapient species. In such we can see there ...

Computational immunology In academia, computational immunology is a field of science that encompasses high-throughput genomic and bioinformatics approaches to immunology. The field's main aim is to convert immunological data into computational problems, solve these problem ...

* Diagnostic immunology * Evolutionary immunology * Systems immunology *

Immunomics Immunomics is the study of immune system regulation and response to pathogens using genome-wide approaches. With the rise of genomic and proteomic technologies, scientists have been able to visualize biological networks and infer interrelationshi ...

Immunoproteomics Immunoproteomics is the study of large sets of proteins (proteomics) involved in the immune response. Examples of common applications of immunoproteomics include: * The isolation and mass spectrometric identification of MHC (major histocompatibil ...

* Immunophysics *

Immunochemistry Immunochemistry is the study of the chemistry of the immune system. This involves the study of the properties, functions, interactions and production of the chemical components (antibodies/immunoglobulins, toxin, epitopes of proteins like CD4, a ...

* Ecoimmunology *

Immunopathology Immunopathology is a branch of medicine that deals with immune responses associated with disease. It includes the study of the pathology of an organism, organ system, or disease with respect to the immune system, immunity, and immune responses. In ...

* Nutritional immunology *

Psychoneuroimmunology Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), also referred to as psychoendoneuroimmunology (PENI) or psychoneuroendocrinoimmunology (PNEI), is the study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body. It is ...

* Reproductive immunology * Circadian immunology *

Immunotoxicology Immunotoxicology (sometimes abbreviated as ITOX) is the study of the toxicity of foreign substances called xenobiotics and their effects on the immune system. Some toxic agents that are known to alter the immune system include: industrial chemicals, ...

* Palaeoimmunology * Tissue-based immunology :* Testicular immunology -

Testes A testicle or testis (plural testes) is the male reproductive gland or gonad in all bilaterians, including humans. It is homologous to the female ovary. The functions of the testes are to produce both sperm and androgens, primarily testoster ...

Immunodermatology Immunodermatology studies skin as an organ of immunity in health and disease. Several areas have special attention, such as photo-immunology (effects of UV light on skin defense), inflammatory diseases such as Hidradenitis suppurativa, allergic co ...

Skin Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation. Other cuticle, animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton, have diffe ...

:* Intravascular immunology -

Blood Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Blood in the c ...

Osteoimmunology Osteoimmunology (όστέον, ''osteon'' from Greek, “bone”; ''immunitas'' from Latin, “immunity”; and λόγος, ''logos'', from Greek “study”) is a field that emerged about 40 years ago that studies the interface between the skeletal ...

Bone A bone is a Stiffness, rigid Organ (biology), organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. Bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce red blood cell, red and white blood cells, store minerals, provid ...

Mucosal immunology Mucosal immunology is the study of immune system responses that occur at mucosal membranes of the intestines, the urogenital tract, and the respiratory system. The mucous membranes are in constant contact with microorganisms, food, and inhaled a ...

- Mucosal surfaces ::* Respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system -

Respiratory tract The respiratory tract is the subdivision of the respiratory system involved with the process of respiration in mammals. The respiratory tract is lined with respiratory epithelium as respiratory mucosa. Air is breathed in through the nose to th ...

Neuroimmunology Neuroimmunology is a field combining neuroscience, the study of the nervous system, and immunology, the study of the immune system. Neuroimmunologists seek to better understand the interactions of these two complex systems during development, home ...

Neuroimmune system The neuroimmune system is a system of structures and processes involving the biochemical and electrophysiological interactions between the nervous system and immune system which protect neurons from pathogens. It serves to protect neurons against d ...

in the

Central nervous system The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is so named because the brain integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all par ...

:* Ocularimmunology - Ocular immune system in the

Eye Eyes are organs of the visual system. They provide living organisms with vision, the ability to receive and process visual detail, as well as enabling several photo response functions that are independent of vision. Eyes detect light and conv ...

Cancer immunology Cancer immunology is an interdisciplinary branch of biology that is concerned with understanding the role of the immune system in the progression and development of cancer; the most well known application is cancer immunotherapy, which utilises ...

Immunooncology Cancer immunotherapy (sometimes called immuno-oncology) is the stimulation of the immune system to treat cancer, improving on the immune system's natural ability to fight the disease. It is an application of the fundamental research of cancer ...

Tumor A neoplasm () is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue. The process that occurs to form or produce a neoplasm is called neoplasia. The growth of a neoplasm is uncoordinated with that of the normal surrounding tissue, and persists ...

History of immunology

History of immunology The following are notable events in the Timeline of immunology: * 2600 BCE – Imhotep uses poultice on an open wound in breast cancer to induce infection and destroy the tumor. * 1549 – The earliest account of inoculation of smallpox (vario ...

Timeline of immunology The following are notable events in the Timeline of immunology: * 2600 BCE – Imhotep uses poultice on an open wound in breast cancer to induce infection and destroy the tumor. * 1549 – The earliest account of inoculation of smallpox (variol ...

General immunological concepts

: :* Immunity against: ::*

Pathogen In biology, a pathogen ( el, πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of") in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ ...

s ::**

Pathogenic bacteria Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease. This article focuses on the bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Most species of bacteria are harmless and are often Probiotic, beneficial but others can cause infectious diseases. The n ...

::**

Virus A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1 ...

es ::**

Fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...

::**

Protozoa Protozoa (singular: protozoan or protozoon; alternative plural: protozoans) are a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris. Histo ...

::*

Parasite Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has ...

s ::*

Allergen An allergen is a type of antigen that produces an abnormally vigorous immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body. Such reactions are called allergies. In technical terms ...

s ::*

Self-protein Self-protein refers to all proteins endogenously produced by DNA-level transcription and translation within an organism of interest. This does not include proteins synthesized due to viral infection, but may include those synthesized by commensal b ...

s :*

Autoimmunity In immunology, autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells, tissues and other normal body constituents. Any disease resulting from this type of immune response is termed an "autoimmune disease". ...

Alloimmunity Alloimmunity (sometimes called isoimmunity) is an immune response to nonself antigens from members of the same species, which are called alloantigens or isoantigens. Two major types of alloantigens are blood group antigens and histocompatibility ...

Cross-reactivity Cross-reactivity, in a general sense, is the reactivity of an observed agent which initiates reactions outside the main reaction expected. This has implications for any kind of test or assay, including diagnostic tests in medicine, and can be a ...

Tolerance Tolerance or toleration is the state of tolerating, or putting up with, conditionally. Economics, business, and politics * Toleration Party, a historic political party active in Connecticut * Tolerant Systems, the former name of Veritas Software ...

Central tolerance In immunology, central tolerance (also known as negative selection) is the process of eliminating any ''developing'' T or B lymphocytes that are autoreactive, i.e. reactive to the body itself. Through elimination of autoreactive lymphocytes, tol ...

Peripheral tolerance In immunology, peripheral tolerance is the second branch of immunological tolerance, after central tolerance. It takes place in the immune periphery (after T and B cells egress from primary lymphoid organs). Its main purpose is to ensure that ...

Clonal anergy In immunology, anergy is a lack of reaction by the body's defense mechanisms to foreign substances, and consists of a direct induction of peripheral lymphocyte tolerance. An individual in a state of anergy often indicates that the immune system ...

Clonal deletion In immunology, clonal deletion is the removal through apoptosis of B cells and T cells that have expressed receptors for self before developing into fully immunocompetent lymphocytes. This prevents recognition and destruction of self host cells, m ...

Tolerance in pregnancy Immune tolerance in pregnancy or maternal immune tolerance is the immune tolerance shown towards the fetus and placenta during pregnancy. This tolerance counters the immune response that would normally result in the rejection of something foreign i ...

Immunodeficiency Immunodeficiency, also known as immunocompromisation, is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases are acquired ("secondary") due to extrinsic factors that a ...

Antigen In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule or molecular structure or any foreign particulate matter or a pollen grain that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor. The presence of antigens in the body may trigger an immune response. ...

:* Antigenicity :*

Immunogen An immunogen is any substance that generates B-cell (humoral/antibody) and/or T-cell (cellular) adaptive immune responses upon exposure to a host organism. Immunogens that generate antibodies are called antigens ("antibody-generating"). Immunogen ...

Superantigen Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system. Specifically it causes non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release. SAgs are p ...

Hapten In immunology, haptens are small molecules that elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one that also does not elicit an immune response by itself (in general, only large molecules, i ...

Epitope An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. The epitope is the specific piece of the antigen to which an antibody binds. The p ...

::*

Linear Linearity is the property of a mathematical relationship (''function'') that can be graphically represented as a straight line. Linearity is closely related to '' proportionality''. Examples in physics include rectilinear motion, the linear r ...

::* Conformational ::*

Mimotope A mimotope is often a peptide, and mimics the structure of an epitope. Because of this property it causes an antibody response similar to the one elicited by the epitope. An antibody for a given epitope antigen will recognize a mimotope which mimics ...

Tumor antigen Tumor antigen is an antigenic substance produced in tumor cells, i.e., it triggers an immune response in the host. Tumor antigens are useful tumor markers in identifying tumor cells with diagnostic tests and are potential candidates for use in c ...

Antigen-antibody interaction Antigen-antibody interaction, or antigen-antibody reaction, is a specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B cells of the white blood cells and antigens during immune reaction. The antigens and antibodies combine by a process ca ...

Immunogenetics Immunogenetics or immungenetics is the branch of Medical Immunology and Medical Genetics that explores the relationship between the immune system and genetics. Autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, are complex genetic traits which result ...

Affinity maturation In immunology, affinity maturation is the process by which TFH cell-activated B cells produce antibodies with increased affinity for antigen during the course of an immune response. With repeated exposures to the same antigen, a host will produce ...

::*

Somatic hypermutation Somatic hypermutation (or SHM) is a cellular mechanism by which the immune system adapts to the new foreign elements that confront it (e.g. microbes), as seen during class switching. A major component of the process of affinity maturation, SHM dive ...

::*

Clonal selection In immunology, clonal selection theory explains the functions of cells of the immune system (lymphocytes) in response to specific antigens invading the body. The concept was introduced by Australian doctor Frank Macfarlane Burnet in 1957, in an ...

V(D)J recombination V(D)J recombination is the mechanism of somatic recombination that occurs only in developing lymphocytes during the early stages of T and B cell maturation. It results in the highly diverse repertoire of antibodies/immunoglobulins and T cell rece ...

::*

Artemis complex The Artemis complex is a protein complex that functions in V(D)J recombination, the somatic recombination process which generates diversity in T cell receptors and immunoglobulins. Mutations in the Artemis complex results in hypersensitivity to DNA ...

::*

Recombination-activating gene The recombination-activating genes (RAGs) encode parts of a protein complex that plays important roles in the rearrangement and recombination of the genes encoding immunoglobulin and T cell receptor molecules. There are two recombination-activa ...

:::*

RAG1 Recombination activating gene 1 also known as RAG-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RAG1'' gene. The RAG1 and RAG2 genes are largely conserved in humans. 55.99% and 55.98% of the encoded amino acids contain no reported variants, re ...

:::*

RAG2 Recombination activating gene 2 protein (also known as RAG-2) is a lymphocyte-specific protein encoded by RAG2 gene on human chromosome 11. Together with RAG1 protein, RAG2 forms a V(D)J recombinase, a protein complex required for the process of V( ...

::*

Recombination signal sequences Recombination signal sequences are conserved sequences of noncoding DNA that are recognized by the Recombination-activating gene, RAG1/RAG2 enzyme complex during V(D)J recombination in immature B cells and T cells. Recombination signal sequences g ...

Junctional diversity Junctional diversity describes the DNA sequence variations introduced by the improper joining of gene segments during the process of V(D)J recombination. This process of V(D)J recombination has vital roles for the vertebrate immune system, as it ...

Immunoglobulin class switching Immunoglobulin class switching, also known as isotype switching, isotypic commutation or class-switch recombination (CSR), is a biological mechanism that changes a B cell's production of immunoglobulin from one type to another, such as from the ...

Allelic exclusion Allelic exclusion is a process by which only one allele of a gene is expressed while the other allele is silenced. This phenomenon is most notable for playing a role in the development of B lymphocytes, where allelic exclusion allows for each matur ...

Polyclonal response Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of ...

Phagocytosis Phagocytosis () is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle (≥ 0.5 μm), giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. It is one type of endocytosis. A cell that performs phagocytosis is ...

Opsonin Opsonins are extracellular proteins that, when bound to substances or cells, induce phagocytes to phagocytose the substances or cells with the opsonins bound. Thus, opsonins act as tags to label things in the body that should be phagocytosed (i.e. ...

Intrinsic immunity Intrinsic immunity refers to a set of cellular-based anti-viral defense mechanisms, notably genetically encoded proteins which specifically target eukaryotic retroviruses. Unlike adaptive and innate immunity effectors, intrinsic immune proteins are ...

Leukocyte extravasation Leukocyte extravasation (also commonly known as leukocyte adhesion cascade or diapedesis – the passage of cells through the intact vessel wall) is the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system and towards the site of tissue damage or ...

Cross-presentation Cross-presentation is the ability of certain professional antigen-presenting cells (mostly dendritic cells) to take up, process and present ''extracellular'' antigens with MHC class I molecules to CD8 T cells (cytotoxic T cells). Cross-priming, the ...

* Immune repertoire *

Original antigenic sin Original antigenic sin, also known as antigenic imprinting, the Hoskins effect, or immunological imprinting, is the propensity of the immune system to preferentially use immunological memory based on a previous infection when a second slightly di ...

Antigen presentation Antigen presentation is a vital immune process that is essential for T cell immune response triggering. Because T cells recognize only fragmented antigens displayed on cell surfaces, antigen processing must occur before the antigen fragment, now ...

Immunological synapse In immunology, an immunological synapse (or immune synapse) is the interface between an antigen-presenting cell or target cell and a lymphocyte such as a T/B cell or Natural Killer cell. The interface was originally named after the neuronal syn ...

Co-stimulation Co-stimulation is a secondary signal which immune cells rely on to activate an immune response in the presence of an antigen-presenting cell. In the case of T cells, two stimuli are required to fully activate their immune response. During the activa ...

Components of the immune system

Adaptive immune system

Adaptive immune system The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune system, is a subsystem of the immune system that is composed of specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth. The acquired immune system ...

Humoral immunity Humoral immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules - including secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides - located in extracellular fluids. Humoral immunity is named so because it in ...

::*

Antibodies An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the ...

:::* Kinds of antibodies ::::*

Monoclonal antibodies A monoclonal antibody (mAb, more rarely called moAb) is an antibody produced from a cell Lineage made by cloning a unique white blood cell. All subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies ca ...

::::*

Polyclonal antibodies Polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) are antibodies that are secreted by different B cell lineages within the body (whereas monoclonal antibodies come from a single cell lineage). They are a collection of immunoglobulin molecules that react against a ...

::::*

Autoantibody An autoantibody is an antibody (a type of protein) produced by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins. Many autoimmune diseases (notably lupus erythematosus) are associated with such antibodies. Pr ...

::::* Microantibody ::::*

Neutralizing antibody A neutralizing antibody (NAb) is an antibody that defends a cell from a pathogen or infectious particle by neutralizing any effect it has biologically. Neutralization renders the particle no longer infectious or pathogenic. Neutralizing antibod ...

:::* Classification ::::* Allotype ::::* Isotype ::::*

Idiotype In immunology, an idiotype is a shared characteristic between a group of immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor (TCR) molecules based upon the antigen binding specificity and therefore structure of their variable region. The variable region of antigen ...

:::* Functions ::::*

Antibody opsonization Antibody opsonization is a process by which a pathogen is marked for phagocytosis. Given normal inflammatory circumstances, microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) bind with the endocytic pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of ...

::::* Neutralisation :::* Regions ::::*

Paratope In immunology, a paratope, also known as an antigen-binding site, is the part of an antibody which recognizes and binds to an antigen. It is a small region at the tip of the antibody's antigen-binding fragment and contains parts of the antibody's ...

::::*

Complementarity-determining region Complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are part of the variable chains in immunoglobulins (antibodies) and T cell receptors, generated by B-cells and T-cells respectively, where these molecules bind to their specific antigen. A set of CDRs co ...

(CDRs) ::::*

Hypervariable region A hypervariable region (HVR) is a location within nuclear DNA or the D-loop of mitochondrial DNA in which base pairs of nucleotides repeat (in the case of nuclear DNA) or have substitutions (in the case of mitochondrial DNA). Changes or repeats in ...

::::*

Framework region In molecular biology, a framework region is a subdivision of the variable region (Fab) of the antibody. The variable region is composed of seven amino acid regions, four of which are framework regions and three of which are hypervariable regions. ...

::::*

Fab Region Fab or FAB may refer to: Commerce * Fab (brand), a frozen confectionery * Fab (website), an e-commerce design web site * The FAB Awards, a food and beverage award * FAB Link, a European electricity link * Flavoured alcoholic beverage or alcopop ...

::::*

Fc Region The fragment crystallizable region (Fc region) is the tail region of an antibody that interacts with cell surface receptors called Fc receptors and some proteins of the complement system. This property allows antibodies to activate the immune s ...

::*

Polyclonal B cell response Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of ...

Cell-mediated immunity Cell-mediated immunity or cellular immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in ...

Innate immune system

Innate immune system The innate, or nonspecific, immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies (the other being the adaptive immune system) in vertebrates. The innate immune system is an older evolutionary defense strategy, relatively speaking, and is the ...

Complement system The complement system, also known as complement cascade, is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism, promote inflammation, and at ...

::*

Classical complement pathway The classical complement pathway is one of three pathways which activate the complement system, which is part of the immune system. The classical complement pathway is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes with the antibody isotypes IgG and IgM ...

::*

Mannan-binding lectin pathway The lectin pathway or lectin complement pathway is a type of cascade reaction in the complement system, similar in structure to the classical complement pathway, in that, after activation, it proceeds through the action of C4 and C2 to produce acti ...

::* Alternate complement pathway ::*

Complement membrane attack complex The membrane attack complex (MAC) or terminal complement complex (TCC) is a complex of proteins typically formed on the surface of pathogen cell membranes as a result of the activation of the host's complement system, and as such is an effector ...

:* Surface barriers – Physical or chemical barriers that prevent infection (i.e.

skin Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation. Other cuticle, animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton, have diffe ...

tears Tears are a clear liquid secreted by the lacrimal glands (tear gland) found in the eyes of all land mammals. Tears are made up of water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, and mucins that form layers on the surface of eyes. The different types of ...

mucus Mucus ( ) is a slippery aqueous secretion produced by, and covering, mucous membranes. It is typically produced from cells found in mucous glands, although it may also originate from mixed glands, which contain both serous and mucous cells. It is ...

saliva Saliva (commonly referred to as spit) is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth. In humans, saliva is around 99% water, plus electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells (from which DNA can be ...

Gastric acid Gastric acid, gastric juice, or stomach acid is a digestive fluid formed within the stomach lining. With a pH between 1 and 3, gastric acid plays a key role in digestion of proteins by activating digestive enzymes, which together break down the ...

, etc.) ::*

Antimicrobial peptides Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also called host defence peptides (HDPs) are part of the innate immune response found among all classes of life. Fundamental differences exist between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that may represent targets for a ...

::*

Defensins Defensins are small cysteine-rich cationic proteins across cellular life, including vertebrate and invertebrate animals, plants, and fungi. They are host defense peptides, with members displaying either direct antimicrobial activity, immune sig ...

::*

Lysozyme Lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17, muramidase, ''N''-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase; systematic name peptidoglycan ''N''-acetylmuramoylhydrolase) is an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system. It is a glycoside ...

Inflammation Inflammation (from la, wikt:en:inflammatio#Latin, inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or Irritation, irritants, and is a protective response involving im ...

::*

Inflammatory reflex The inflammatory reflex is a neural circuit that regulates the immune response to injury and invasion. All reflexes have an afferent and efferent arc. The Inflammatory reflex has a sensory afferent arc, which is activated by cytokines, and a ...

::*

Inflammasome Inflammasomes are cytosolic multiprotein oligomers of the innate immune system responsible for the activation of inflammatory responses. Activation and assembly of the inflammasome promotes proteolytic cleavage, maturation and secretion of pro-in ...

::*

Granuloma A granuloma is an aggregation of macrophages that forms in response to chronic inflammation. This occurs when the immune system attempts to isolate foreign substances that it is otherwise unable to eliminate. Such substances include infectious ...

::*

Acute-phase protein Acute-phase proteins (APPs) are a class of proteins whose concentrations in blood plasma either increase (positive acute-phase proteins) or decrease (negative acute-phase proteins) in response to inflammation. This response is called the ''acute-p ...

s :::*

Amyloid Amyloids are aggregates of proteins characterised by a Fibril, fibrillar morphology of 7–13 Nanometer, nm in diameter, a beta sheet (β-sheet) Secondary structure of proteins, secondary structure (known as cross-β) and ability to be Staining, ...

SAP Sap is a fluid transported in xylem cells (vessel elements or tracheids) or phloem sieve tube elements of a plant. These cells transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Sap is distinct from latex, resin, or cell sap; it is a separa ...

* SAA :::* Positive *

Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (symbol α1AC, A1AC, or a1ACT) is an alpha globulin glycoprotein that is a member of the serpin superfamily. In humans, it is encoded by the ''SERPINA3'' gene. Function Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin inhibits the activity o ...

Alpha 1-antitrypsin Alpha-1 antitrypsin or α1-antitrypsin (A1AT, α1AT, A1A, or AAT) is a protein belonging to the serpin superfamily. It is encoded in humans by the ''SERPINA1'' gene. A protease inhibitor, it is also known as alpha1–proteinase inhibitor (A1PI) ...

Alpha 2-macroglobulin α2-Macroglobulin (α2M), or alpha-2-macroglobulin, is a large (720 KDa) plasma protein found in the blood. It is mainly produced by the liver, and also locally synthesized by macrophages, fibroblasts, and adrenocortical cells. In humans it is e ...

C-reactive protein C-reactive protein (CRP) is an annular (ring-shaped) pentameric protein found in blood plasma, whose circulating concentrations rise in response to inflammation. It is an acute-phase protein of hepatic origin that increases following interleukin-6 ...

Ceruloplasmin Ceruloplasmin (or caeruloplasmin) is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CP'' gene. Ceruloplasmin is the major copper-carrying protein in the blood, and in addition plays a role in iron metabolism. It was first described in 194 ...

* C3 *

Ferritin Ferritin is a universal intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion. The protein is produced by almost all living organisms, including archaea, bacteria, algae, higher plants, and animals. It is the primary ' ...

Fibrin Fibrin (also called Factor Ia) is a fibrous, non-globular protein involved in the clotting of blood. It is formed by the action of the protease thrombin on fibrinogen, which causes it to polymerize. The polymerized fibrin, together with platele ...

Haptoglobin Haptoglobin (abbreviated as Hp) is the protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HP'' gene. In blood plasma, haptoglobin binds with high affinity to ''free'' hemoglobin released from erythrocytes, and thereby inhibits its deleterious oxidative ...

Hemopexin Hemopexin (or haemopexin; Hpx; Hx), also known as beta-1B-glycoprotein, is a glycoprotein that in humans is encoded by the ''HPX'' gene and belongs to the hemopexin family of proteins. Hemopexin is the plasma protein with the highest binding affi ...

Orosomucoid Orosomucoid (ORM) or alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (''α1AGp'', ''AGP'' or ''AAG'') is an acute phase protein found in plasma. It is an alpha-globulin glycoprotein and is modulated by two polymorphic genes. It is synthesized primarily in hepatocyt ...

:::* Negative *

Serum albumin Serum albumin, often referred to simply as blood albumin, is an albumin (a type of globular protein) found in vertebrate blood. Human serum albumin is encoded by the ''ALB'' gene. Other mammalian forms, such as bovine serum albumin, are chemical ...

Transferrin Transferrins are glycoproteins found in vertebrates which bind to and consequently mediate the transport of iron (Fe) through blood plasma. They are produced in the liver and contain binding sites for two Fe3+ ions. Human transferrin is encode ...

Organs of the immune system

Lymphatic system The lymphatic system, or lymphoid system, is an organ system in vertebrates that is part of the immune system, and complementary to the circulatory system. It consists of a large network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic or lymphoid o ...

Primary lymphoid organs

Primary lymphoid organs The lymphatic system, or lymphoid system, is an organ system in vertebrates that is part of the immune system, and complementary to the circulatory system. It consists of a large network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic or lymphoid o ...

Thymus The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, thymus cell lymphocytes or ''T cells'' mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts to specific foreign invaders. ...

- Site of

T cell A T cell is a type of lymphocyte. T cells are one of the important white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response. T cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell r ...

maturation :*

Bone marrow Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy (also known as cancellous) portions of bones. In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production (or haematopoiesis). It is composed of hematopoietic ce ...

- Site of

haematopoiesis Haematopoiesis (, from Greek , 'blood' and 'to make'; also hematopoiesis in American English; sometimes also h(a)emopoiesis) is the formation of blood cellular components. All cellular blood components are derived from haematopoietic stem cells. ...

and

B cell B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system. B cells produce antibody molecules which may be either secreted or ...

maturation

Secondary lymphoid organs

Secondary lymphoid organs The lymphatic system, or lymphoid system, is an organ system in vertebrates that is part of the immune system, and complementary to the circulatory system. It consists of a large network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic or lymphoid o ...

Spleen The spleen is an organ found in almost all vertebrates. Similar in structure to a large lymph node, it acts primarily as a blood filter. The word spleen comes .

:**

White pulp White pulp is a histological designation for regions of the spleen (named because it appears whiter than the surrounding red pulp on gross section), that encompasses approximately 25% of splenic tissue. White pulp consists entirely of lymphoid ti ...

:**

Red pulp The red pulp of the spleen is composed of connective tissue known also as the cords of Billroth and many splenic sinusoids that are engorged with blood, giving it a red color. Its primary function is to filter the blood of antigens, microorgani ...

:**

Marginal zone The marginal zone is the region at the interface between the non-lymphoid red pulp and the lymphoid white-pulp of the spleen. (Some sources consider it to be the part of red pulp which borders on the white pulp, while other sources consider it to ...

Lymph node A lymph node, or lymph gland, is a kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system and the adaptive immune system. A large number of lymph nodes are linked throughout the body by the lymphatic vessels. They are major sites of lymphocytes that inclu ...

s :*

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue The mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), also called mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue, is a diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various submucosal membrane sites of the body, such as the gastrointestinal trac ...

::*

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is a component of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) which works in the immune system to protect the body from invasion in the gut. Owing to its physiological function in food absorption, the mucosa ...

::* Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue

Cells of the immune system

White blood cells White blood cells, also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. All white blood cells are produced and derived from mult ...

Myeloid cells

: : :*

Granulocyte Granulocytes are cells in the innate immune system characterized by the presence of specific granules in their cytoplasm. Such granules distinguish them from the various agranulocytes. All myeloblastic granulocytes are polymorphonuclear. They ha ...

s :**

Neutrophil Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes or heterophils) are the most abundant type of granulocytes and make up 40% to 70% of all white blood cells in humans. They form an essential part of the innate immune system, with their functions varying in ...

s :**

Eosinophil Eosinophils, sometimes called eosinophiles or, less commonly, acidophils, are a variety of white blood cells (WBCs) and one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. A ...

s :**

Basophil Basophils are a type of white blood cell. Basophils are the least common type of granulocyte, representing about 0.5% to 1% of circulating white blood cells. However, they are the largest type of granulocyte. They are responsible for inflammator ...

s :**

Mast cells A mast cell (also known as a mastocyte or a labrocyte) is a resident cell of connective tissue that contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin. Specifically, it is a type of granulocyte derived from the myeloid stem cell that is a par ...

Monocyte Monocytes are a type of leukocyte or white blood cell. They are the largest type of leukocyte in blood and can differentiate into macrophages and conventional dendritic cells. As a part of the vertebrate innate immune system monocytes also inf ...

s :*

Macrophage Macrophages (abbreviated as M φ, MΦ or MP) ( el, large eaters, from Greek ''μακρός'' (') = large, ''φαγεῖν'' (') = to eat) are a type of white blood cell of the immune system that engulfs and digests pathogens, such as cancer cel ...

s ::*

Histiocyte A histiocyte is a vertebrate cell that is part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (also known as the reticuloendothelial system or lymphoreticular system). The mononuclear phagocytic system is part of the organism's immune system. The histiocyt ...

s (Tissue resident macrophages) :::*

Adipose tissue macrophages Adipose tissue macrophages (abbr. ATMs) comprise tissue resident macrophages present in adipose tissue. Adipose tissue apart from adipocytes is composed of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells including preadipocytes, fibroblasts, vascular ...

:::*

Kupffer cell Kupffer cells, also known as stellate macrophages and Kupffer–Browicz cells, are specialized cells localized in the liver within the lumen of the liver sinusoids and are adhesive to their endothelial cells which make up the blood vessel walls. Ku ...

Liver The liver is a major Organ (anatomy), organ only found in vertebrates which performs many essential biological functions such as detoxification of the organism, and the Protein biosynthesis, synthesis of proteins and biochemicals necessary for ...

:::*

Alveolar macrophage An alveolar macrophage, pulmonary macrophage, (or dust cell) is a type of macrophage, a professional phagocyte, found in the airways and at the level of the alveoli in the lungs, but separated from their walls. Activity of the alveolar macroph ...

(Dust cell) -

Lung The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory system in humans and most other animals, including some snails and a small number of fish. In mammals and most other vertebrates, two lungs are located near the backbone on either side of t ...

:::*

Langerhans cell A Langerhans cell (LC) is a tissue-resident macrophage of the skin. These cells contain organelles called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis and are most prominent in the stratum spinosum. They also occur in the ...

:::* Dermal macrophage -

Dermis The dermis or corium is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the cutis) and subcutaneous tissues, that primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. It is divided i ...

:::*

Microglia Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord. Microglia account for about 7% of cells found within the brain. As the resident macrophage cells, they act as the first and main form of active immune de ...

- CNS :::* Perivascular macrophage :::* Meningeal macrophage -

Meninges In anatomy, the meninges (, ''singular:'' meninx ( or ), ) are the three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord. In mammals, the meninges are the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid is located in th ...

:::*

Hofbauer cell Hofbauer cells are oval eosinophilic histiocytes with granules and vacuoles found in the placenta, which are of mesenchymal origin, in mesoderm of the chorionic villus, particularly numerous in early pregnancy. Etymology They are named after J. I ...

Placenta The placenta is a temporary embryonic and later fetal organ that begins developing from the blastocyst shortly after implantation. It plays critical roles in facilitating nutrient, gas and waste exchange between the physically separate mater ...

:::*

Osteoclasts An osteoclast () is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue. This function is critical in the maintenance, repair, and remodeling of bones of the vertebral skeleton. The osteoclast disassembles and digests the composite of hydrated prote ...

:::* Bone marrow macrophage -

:::* Marginal zone macrophage -

Spleen The spleen is an organ found in almost all vertebrates. Similar in structure to a large lymph node, it acts primarily as a blood filter. The word spleen comes .

:::* Metallophilic macrophage - Spleen :::* Red pulp macrophage - Splenic red pulp :::*

Tingible body macrophage A tingible body macrophage (TBMs) is a type of macrophage predominantly found in germinal centers, containing many phagocytized, apoptotic cells in various states of degradation, referred to as tingible bodies (tingible meaning stainable). Tingi ...

(White pulp macrophage) - Splenic white pulp ::*

Giant cell A giant cell (also known as multinucleated giant cell, or multinucleate giant cell) is a mass formed by the union of several distinct cells (usually histiocytes), often forming a granuloma. Although there is typically a focus on the pathological ...

s :::*

Foreign-body giant cell A foreign-body giant cell is a collection of fused macrophages (giant cell) which are generated in response to the presence of a large foreign body. This is particularly evident with catheters, parasites, or biomaterials that are inserted into the ...

:::*

Langhans giant cell Langhans giant cells are large cells found in granulomatous conditions. They are formed by the fusion of epithelioid cells ( macrophages), and contain nuclei arranged in a horseshoe-shaped pattern in the cell periphery. Although traditionally ...

:::* Touton giant cells ::*

Epithelioid cell According to a common point of view epithelioid cells (also called epithelioid histiocytes) are derivatives of activated macrophages resembling epithelial cells. Structure and function Structurally, epithelioid cells (when examined by light mi ...

s ::* Bone marrow-derived macrophages - Generated

Dendritic Cell Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (also known as ''accessory cells'') of the mammalian immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system. ...

s ::*

Conventional Dendritic Cell Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (also known as ''accessory cells'') of the mammalian immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system. The ...

s ::*

Plasmacytoid dendritic cell Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a rare type of immune cell that are known to secrete large quantities of type 1 interferon (IFNs) in response to a viral infection. They circulate in the blood and are found in peripheral lymphoid organs. Th ...

Lymphoid cells

Lymphoid cells A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in the immune system of most vertebrates. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity), T cells (for cell-mediated, cytotoxic adapt ...

s :**

Plasma B cell Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells or effector B cells, are white blood cells that originate in the lymphoid organs as B lymphocytes and secrete large quantities of proteins called antibodies in response to being presented specific substan ...

s :**

Memory B cell In immunology, a memory B cell (MBC) is a type of B lymphocyte that forms part of the adaptive immune system. These cells develop within germinal centers of the secondary lymphoid organs. Memory B cells circulate in the blood stream in a quiescen ...

s :**

B-1 cell B1 cells are a sub-class of B cell lymphocytes that are involved in the humoral immune response. They are not part of the adaptive immune system, as they have no memory, but otherwise, B1 cells perform many of the same roles as other B cells: makin ...

s :** B-2 cells (the conventional B cells most texts refer to) :**

Marginal-zone B cell Marginal zone B cells (MZ B cells) are noncirculating mature B cells that in humans segregate anatomically into the marginal zone (MZ) of the spleen and certain other types of lymphoid tissue. The MZ B cells within this region typically express lo ...

s :**

Follicular B cell Within the immune system, Follicular B cells (FO B cells) are a type of B cell that reside in primary and secondary lymphoid follicles (containing germinal centers) of secondary and tertiary lymphoid organs, including spleen and lymph nodes. Antibod ...

s :*

s :**

Naive T cell In immunology, a naive T cell (Th0 cell) is a T cell that has differentiated in the thymus, and successfully undergone the positive and negative processes of central selection in the thymus. Among these are the naive forms of helper T cells ( CD ...

s :**

Helper T cell The T helper cells (Th cells), also known as CD4+ cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines. They are considere ...

s - Commonly termed CD4+ T cells :***

Th1 cell The T helper cells (Th cells), also known as CD4+ cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role in the adaptive immune system. They aid the activity of other immune cells by releasing cytokines. They are consider ...

s :*** Th2 cells :*** Th3 cells :***

Th17 cell T helper 17 cells (Th17) are a subset of pro-inflammatory T helper cells defined by their production of interleukin 17 (IL-17). They are related to T regulatory cells and the signals that cause Th17s to differentiate actually inhibit Treg different ...

s :*** T_FH cells - Follicular helper T cells :**

Cytotoxic T cell A cytotoxic T cell (also known as TC, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL, T-killer cell, cytolytic T cell, CD8+ T-cell or killer T cell) is a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected by intracellular pa ...

s - Commonly termed CD8+ T cells :**

Memory T cells Memory T cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that might have some of the same functions as memory B cells. Their lineage is unclear. Function Antigen-specific memory T cells specific to viruses or other microbial molecules can be found in both ...

:**

Regulatory T cell The regulatory T cells (Tregs or Treg cells), formerly known as suppressor T cells, are a subpopulation of T cells that modulate the immune system, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, and prevent autoimmune disease. Treg cells are immunosup ...

s :**

Natural Killer T cell Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a heterogeneous group of T cells that share properties of both T cells and natural killer cells. Many of these cells recognize the non-polymorphic CD1d molecule, an antigen-presenting molecule that binds self and ...

s (NKT cells) :** γδ T cells :** Mucosal associated invariant T cells :*

Innate lymphoid cell Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are the most recently discovered family of innate immune cells, derived from common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs). In response to pathogenic tissue damage, ILCs contribute to immunity via the secretion of signalling mo ...

s (ILC) :** Group 1 ILC :***

Natural killer cell Natural killer cells, also known as NK cells or large granular lymphocytes (LGL), are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system that belong to the rapidly expanding family of known innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and repres ...

s (NK cells) :** Group 2 ILC :***

Nuocyte The nuocyte is a cell of the innate immune system that plays an important role in type 2 immune responses that are induced in response to helminth worm infection or in conditions such as asthma and atopic disease. Nuocytes are amongst the first c ...

:** Group 3 ILC :*** Lymphoid Tissue inducer cells (LTi cells)

Others

:(Non-hematopoietic cells with immune functions) :*

Stromal cell Stromal cells, or mesenchymal stromal cells, are differentiating cells found in abundance within bone marrow but can also be seen all around the body. Stromal cells can become connective tissue cells of any organ, for example in the uterine mucos ...

s ::*

Lymph node stromal cell Lymph node stromal cells are essential to the structure and function of the lymph node whose functions include: creating an internal tissue scaffold for the support of hematopoietic cells; the release of small molecule chemical messengers that facil ...

s ::*

Follicular dendritic cell Follicular dendritic cells (FDC) are cells of the immune system found in primary and secondary lymph follicles (lymph nodes) of the B cell areas of the lymphoid tissue. Unlike dendritic cells (DC), FDCs are not derived from the bone-marrow hema ...

s :*

Epithelial cell Epithelium or epithelial tissue is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. It is a thin, continuous, protective layer of compactly packed cells with a little intercellula ...

s :*

Pericyte Pericytes (previously known as Rouget cells) are multi-functional mural cells of the microcirculation that wrap around the endothelial cells that line the capillaries throughout the body. Pericytes are embedded in the basement membrane of blood ca ...

s :*

Microfold cell Microfold cells (or M cells) are found in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of the Peyer's patches in the small intestine, and in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. These cells are kno ...

s (M cells)

Hematopoiesis

: : :*

Lymphopoiesis Lymphopoiesis (lĭm'fō-poi-ē'sĭs) (or lymphocytopoiesis) is the generation of lymphocytes, which are one of the five types of white blood cells (WBCs). It is more formally known as lymphoid hematopoiesis. Disruption in lymphopoiesis can lead t ...

::*

Lymphoblast __NOTOC__ A lymphoblast is a modified naive lymphocyte with altered cell morphology. It occurs when the lymphocyte is activated by an antigen (from antigen-presenting cells) and increased in volume by nucleus and cytoplasm growth as well as new mRN ...

::*

Prolymphocyte A prolymphocyte is a white blood cell with a certain state of cellular differentiation in lymphocytopoiesis. In the 20th century it was believed that a sequence of general maturation changed cells from lymphoblasts to prolymphocytes and then t ...

:::* T cell development ::::*

Thymocyte A Thymocyte is an immune cell present in the thymus, before it undergoes transformation into a T cell. Thymocytes are produced as stem cells in the bone marrow and reach the thymus via the blood. Thymopoiesis describes the process which turns thymo ...

:::* B cell development ::::* Pre-pro-B cell ::::*

Early pro-B cell Early may refer to: History * The beginning or oldest part of a defined historical period, as opposed to middle or late periods, e.g.: ** Early Christianity ** Early modern Europe Places in the United States * Early, Iowa * Early, Texas * Early ...

::::*

Late pro-B cell Late may refer to: * LATE, an acronym which could stand for: ** Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, a proposed form of dementia ** Local-authority trading enterprise, a New Zealand business law ** Local average treatment effect, ...

::::* Large pre-B cell ::::* Small pre-B cell ::::* Immature B cell :*

Myelopoiesis In hematology, myelopoiesis in the broadest sense of the term is the production of bone marrow and of all cells that arise from it, namely, all blood cells. In a narrower sense, myelopoiesis also refers specifically to the regulated formation of m ...

::*

Common myeloid progenitor CFU-GEMM is a colony forming unit that generates myeloid cells. CFU-GEMM cells are the oligopotential progenitor cells for myeloid cells; they are thus also called common myeloid progenitor cells or myeloid stem cells. "GEMM" stands for granulocy ...

(CFU-GEMM) :::*

Granulocyte-macrophage progenitor CFU-GM, also known as granulocyte–macrophage progenitor (GMP), is a colony forming unit. It is derived from CFU-GEMM. The "GM" stands for "granulocyte, monocyte". It is the precursor for monoblasts and myeloblasts. Production is stimulated by ...

(CFU-GM) ::::*

Granulopoiesis Granulopoiesis (or granulocytopoiesis) is a part of haematopoiesis, that leads to the production of granulocytes. A granulocyte, also referred to as a polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN), is a type of white blood cell that has multi lobed nuclei, u ...

:::::*

Myeloblast The myeloblast is a unipotent stem cell which differentiates into the effectors of the granulocyte series. It is found in the bone marrow. Stimulation of myeloblasts by G-CSF and other cytokines triggers maturation, differentiation, proliferation a ...

(CFU-G) :::::*

Promyelocyte A promyelocyte (or progranulocyte) is a granulocyte precursor, developing from the myeloblast and developing into the myelocyte. Promyelocytes measure 12-20 microns in diameter. The nucleus of a promyelocyte is approximately the same size as a m ...

:::::*

Myelocyte A myelocyte is a young cell of the granulocytic series, occurring normally in bone marrow (can be found in circulating blood when caused by certain diseases). Structure When stained with the usual dyes, the cytoplasm is distinctly basophilic ...

:::::*

Metamyelocyte A metamyelocyte is a cell undergoing granulopoiesis, derived from a myelocyte, and leading to a band cell. It is characterized by the appearance of a bent cell nucleus, nucleus, cytoplasmic granules, and the absence of visible nucleoli. (If the ...

:::::*

Band cell A band cell (also called band neutrophil, band form or stab cell) is a cell undergoing granulopoiesis, derived from a metamyelocyte, and leading to a mature granulocyte. It is characterized by having a curved but not lobular nucleus. The term ...

::::* Monocytopoiesis :::::*

Monoblast Monoblasts are the committed progenitor cells that differentiated from a committed macrophage or dendritic cell precursor (MDP) in the process of hematopoiesis. They are the first developmental stage in the monocyte series leading to a macrophage. ...

(CFU-M) ::::::*

CFU-DL CFU-DL is a colony forming unit that gives rise to Langerhans cell A Langerhans cell (LC) is a tissue-resident macrophage of the skin. These cells contain organelles called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis and ...

Dendritic cell Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (also known as ''accessory cells'') of the mammalian immune system. Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system. ...

precursor :::::*

Promonocyte A promonocyte (or premonocyte) is a cell arising from a monoblast and developing into a monocyte. See also * Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the stem cells that give rise to other blood cells. This proc ...

:::* CFU-Baso (Basophil precursor) :::*

CFU-Eos CFU-Eo is a colony forming unit that gives rise to eosinophil Eosinophils, sometimes called eosinophiles or, less commonly, acidophils, are a variety of white blood cells (WBCs) and one of the immune system components responsible for combating m ...

(Eosinophil precursor) :::* Megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell (MEP) ::::* Megakaryocytopoiesis :::::*

CFU-Meg CFU-Meg is a colony forming unit. Haematopoiesis in the bone marrow starts off from a haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and this can differentiate into the myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages. In order to eventually produce a megakaryocyte, the haemato ...

:::::*

Megakaryoblast A megakaryoblast is a precursor cell to a promegakaryocyte, which in turn becomes a megakaryocyte during haematopoiesis. It is the beginning of the thrombocytic series. Development The megakaryoblast derives from a CFU-Meg colony unit of pluripote ...

:::::*

Promegakaryocyte A promegakaryocyte is a precursor cell for a megakaryocyte. It arises from a megakaryoblast, into a promegakaryocyte and then into a megakaryocyte, which will eventually break off and become a platelet. The developmental stages of the megakaryocy ...

:::::*

Megakaryocyte A megakaryocyte (''mega-'' + '' karyo-'' + '' -cyte'', "large-nucleus cell") is a large bone marrow cell with a lobated nucleus responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes (platelets), which are necessary for normal blood clotting. In hum ...

:::::*

Thrombopoiesis Thrombopoiesis is the formation of thrombocytes (blood platelets) in the bone marrow. Thrombopoietin is the main regulator of thrombopoiesis. Thrombopoietin affects most aspects of the production of platelets. This includes self-renewal and expans ...

::::::*

Thrombocyte Platelets, also called thrombocytes (from Greek θρόμβος, "clot" and κύτος, "cell"), are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby ini ...

(

Platelet Platelets, also called thrombocytes (from Greek θρόμβος, "clot" and κύτος, "cell"), are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby ini ...

s) ::::*

Erythropoiesis Erythropoiesis (from Greek 'erythro' meaning "red" and 'poiesis' "to make") is the process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes), which is the development from erythropoietic stem cell to mature red blood cell. It is stimulated by decrea ...

:::::*

Proerythroblast A proerythroblast (or rubriblast, or pronormoblast) is the earliest of four stages in development of the normoblast. In histology, it is very difficult to distinguish it from the other "-blast" cells (lymphoblast, myeloblast, monoblast, and mega ...

:::::*

Normoblast A nucleated red blood cell (NRBC), also known by several other names, is a red blood cell that contains a cell nucleus. Almost all vertebrate organisms have hemoglobin-containing cells in their blood, and with the exception of mammals, all of the ...

:::::*

Reticulocyte Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells (RBCs). In the process of erythropoiesis (red blood cell formation), reticulocytes develop and mature in the bone marrow and then circulatory system, circulate for about a day in the blood stream before ...

:::* CFU-Mast ::::* Mast cell precursors

Molecules of the immune system

Immune receptors

Antigen receptors

s ::* Antigen receptor -

B cell receptor The B cell receptor (BCR) is a transmembrane protein on the surface of a B cell. A B cell receptor is composed of a membrane-bound immunoglobulin molecule and a signal transduction moiety. The former forms a type 1 transmembrane receptor protein, ...

(BCR) ::* Subunits-

Immunoglobulin heavy chain The immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) is the large polypeptide subunit of an antibody (immunoglobulin). In human genome, the IgH gene loci are on chromosome 14. A typical antibody is composed of two immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains and two Ig li ...

Immunoglobulin light chain ] The immunoglobulin light chain is the small Peptide, polypeptide subunit of an antibody (immunoglobulin). A typical antibody is composed of two immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains and two Ig light chains. In humans There are two types of light ...

::* Co-receptors :::* Stimulatory ::::*

CD21 Complement receptor type 2 (CR2), also known as complement C3d receptor, Epstein-Barr virus receptor, and CD21 (cluster of differentiation 21), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CR2 gene. CR2 is involved in the complement system. It ...

::::*

CD19 B-lymphocyte antigen CD19, also known as CD19 molecule ( Cluster of Differentiation 19), B-Lymphocyte Surface Antigen B4, T-Cell Surface Antigen Leu-12 and CVID3 is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the gene ''CD19''. In humans, ...

::::* CD81 :::* Inhibitory ::::*

CD22 CD22, or cluster of differentiation-22, is a molecule belonging to the SIGLEC family of lectins. It is found on the surface of mature B cells and to a lesser extent on some immature B cells. Generally speaking, CD22 is a regulatory molecule that ...

::* Accessory molecule (

CD79 Introduction CD79 ( Cluster of Differentiation 79) is a transmembrane protein that forms a complex with the B-cell receptor (BCR) and generates a signal following recognition of antigen by the BCR. CD79 is composed of two distinct chains call ...

) :::* Ig-α (CD79A) :::* Ig-β (CD79B) :*

s ::* Antigen receptor -

T cell receptor The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells, or T lymphocytes, that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The binding b ...

(TCR) :::* Subunits -

TRA@ Female-specific protein transformer is a protein that in ''Drosophila melanogaster'' is encoded by the tra gene. Unlike the related tra2 protein, it is only produced in females. The transformer protein controls female somatic sexual differe ...

/ TRB@ / TRD@ / TRG@ ::* Co-receptors :::*

CD8 CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor (TCR). Along with the TCR, the CD8 co-receptor plays a role in T cell signaling and aiding with cytotoxic T cell-antigen in ...

(

CD8α CD8a (Cluster of Differentiation 8a), is a human gene. Function The CD8 antigen is a cell surface glycoprotein found on most cytotoxic T lymphocytes that mediates efficient cell-cell interactions within the immune system. The CD8 antigen, acti ...

/ CD8β) :::*

CD4 In molecular biology, CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) is a glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor (TCR). CD4 is found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic ...

::* Accessory molecules :::* CD3 ::::* Subunits - one CD3γ / one CD3δ / two CD3ε :::*

ζ-chain T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 zeta chain also known as T-cell receptor T3 zeta chain or CD247 (Cluster of Differentiation 247) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CD247'' gene. Some older literature mention a similar protein called " ...

(CD247, CD3ζ, TCRζ)

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Pattern recognition receptor Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in the proper function of the innate immune system. PRRs are germline-encoded host sensors, which detect molecules typical for the pathogens. They are proteins expressed, mainly, by cells of ...

:* Membrane-bound PRRs ::*

Toll-like receptor Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are Bitopic protein, single-pass membrane-spanning Receptor (biochemistry), receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophage ...

s (TLRs) *

TLR1 Toll-like receptor 1 (TIL) is a member of the toll-like receptor family (TLR) of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system. TIL recognizes pathogen-associated molecular pattern with a specificity for gram-positive bacteria. TIL has ...

TLR2 Toll-like receptor 2 also known as TLR2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TLR2'' gene. TLR2 has also been designated as CD282 (cluster of differentiation 282). TLR2 is one of the toll-like receptors and plays a role in the immune sys ...

TLR3 Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) also known as CD283 (cluster of differentiation 283) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TLR3'' gene. TLR3 is a member of the toll-like receptor family of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune s ...

TLR4 Toll-like receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TLR4'' gene. TLR4 is a transmembrane protein, member of the toll-like receptor family, which belongs to the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family. Its activation leads to an ...

TLR5 Toll-like receptor 5, also known as TLR5, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''TLR5'' gene. It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family. TLR5 is known to recognize bacterial flagellin from invading mobile bacteria. It has bee ...

TLR6 Toll-like receptor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TLR6'' gene. TLR6 is a transmembrane protein, member of toll-like receptor family, which belongs to the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family. TLR6 acts in a heterodimer form ...

TLR7 Toll-like receptor 7, also known as TLR7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TLR7'' gene. Orthologs are found in mammals and birds. It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family and detects single stranded RNA. Function T ...

TLR8 Toll-like receptor 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TLR8'' gene. TLR8 has also been designated as CD288 (cluster of differentiation 288). It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Function TLR8 seems to function d ...

TLR9 Toll-like receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TLR9'' gene. TLR9 has also been designated as CD289 (cluster of differentiation 289). It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family. TLR9 is an important receptor expresse ...

TLR10 Toll-like receptor 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TLR10'' gene. TLR10 has also been designated as CD290 (cluster of differentiation 290). TLR10 has not been extensively studied because it is a pseudogene in mice, though all oth ...

TLR11 Toll-like receptor 11 (TLR11) is a protein that in mice and rats is encoded by the gene ''TLR11'', whereas in humans it is represented by a pseudogene. TLR11 belongs to the toll-like receptor (TLR) family and the interleukin-1 receptor/toll-like re ...

TLR12 Toll-like receptor 1 (TIL) is a member of the toll-like receptor family (TLR) of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system. TIL recognizes pathogen-associated molecular pattern with a specificity for gram-positive bacteria. TIL ha ...

* TLR13 ::*

C-type lectin receptor Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in the proper function of the innate immune system. PRRs are germline-encoded host sensors, which detect molecules typical for the pathogens. They are proteins expressed, mainly, by cells of ...

s (CLRs) ::: :::* Group 1 CLRs -

Mannose receptor The mannose receptor (Cluster of Differentiation 206, CD206) is a C-type lectin primarily present on the surface of macrophages, immature dendritic cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, but is also expressed on the surface of skin cells ...

s * MRC1 * MRC2 * DEC205 (CD205) :::* Group 2 CLRs -

Asialoglycoprotein If terminal sialic acid residues are removed from glycoproteins, the resulting proteins are known as asialoglycoproteins. The exposure of the subterminal galactose residues results in rapid clearance of the glycoproteins from the circulation th ...

receptor family *

DC-SIGN DC-SIGN (Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin) also known as CD209 ( Cluster of Differentiation 209) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CD209'' gene. DC-SIGN is a C-type lectin receptor pr ...

(CD209) *

Langerin Langerin (CD207) is a type II transmembrane protein which is encoded by the ''CD207'' gene in humans. It was discovered by scientists Sem Saeland and Jenny Valladeau as a main part of Birbeck granules. Langerin is C-type lectin receptor on Langer ...

(CD207) *

CLEC10A C-type lectin domain family 10 member A (CLEC10A) also designated as CD301 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CLEC10A'' gene. CLEC10A is part of the C-type lectin superfamily and binds to ''N''-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). It is m ...

(CD301, MGL) *

CLEC5A C-type lectin domain family 5 member A (CLEC5A), also known as C-type lectin superfamily member 5 (CLECSF5) and myeloid DAP12-associating lectin 1 (MDL-1) is a C-type lectin that in humans is encoded by the ''CLEC5A'' gene. Structurally MDL-1 is ...

(MDL1) ::::* Dectin 1 subfamily *

Dectin 1 C-type lectin domain family 7 member A or Dectin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CLEC7A'' gene. CLEC7A is a member of the C-type lectin/C-type lectin-like domain (CTL/CTLD) superfamily. The encoded glycoprotein is a small type II ...

(CLEC7A) *

MICL The enzyme methylisocitrate lyase () catalyzes the chemical reaction :(2''S'',3''R'')-3-hydroxybutane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate \rightleftharpoons pyruvate + succinate The reaction is similar to that of isocitrate lyase, except that an additional ...

(CLEC12A) * CLEC2 * DNGR1 (CLEC9A) ::::* DCIR subfamily * Dectin 2 (CLEC6A) * BDCA2 (CD303) * Mincle (CLEC4E) * DCIR (CLEC4A) ::* Scavenger receptors :::* Class A - Trimers *

MSR1 Macrophage scavenger receptor 1, also known as MSR1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''MSR1'' gene. MSR1 has also been designated CD204 (cluster of differentiation 204). Function This gene encodes the class A macrophage scaven ...

(SCARA1) *

MARCO Marco may refer to: People * Marco (given name), people with the given name Marco * Marco (actor) (born 1977), South Korean model and actor * Georg Marco (1863–1923), Romanian chess player of German origin * Tomás Marco (born 1942), Spanish c ...

(SCARA2) * SCARA3 * SCARA4 (COLEC12) * SCARA5 :::* Class B - Two transmembrane domains *

SCARB1 Scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SRB1) also known as SR-BI is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SCARB1'' gene. SR-BI functions as a receptor for high-density lipoprotein. Function Scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) is an i ...

SCARB2 Lysosomal integral membrane protein 2 (LIMP-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SCARB2'' gene. LIMP-2 is expressed in brain, heart, liver, lung and kidney, mainly in the membrane of lysosome organelles; however, in cardiac muscle, LI ...

CD36 CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36), also known as platelet glycoprotein 4, fatty acid translocase (FAT), scavenger receptor class B member 3 (SCARB3), and glycoproteins 88 (GP88), IIIb (GPIIIB), or IV (GPIV) is a protein that in humans is enco ...

(SCARB3) :::* Others *

CD68 CD68 ( Cluster of Differentiation 68) is a protein highly expressed by cells in the monocyte lineage (e.g., monocytic phagocytes, osteoclasts), by circulating macrophages, and by tissue macrophages (e.g., Kupffer cells, microglia). Structure a ...

LOX-1 Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (Ox-LDL receptor 1) also known as lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''OLR1'' gene. LOX-1 is the main receptor for oxidized LDL on endothelium, endo ...

::*

Formyl peptide receptor The formyl peptide receptors (FPR) belong to a class of G protein-coupled receptors involved in chemotaxis. In humans, there are three formyl peptide receptor isoforms, each encoded by a separate gene that are named FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3. The ...

s (FPRs) *

FPR1 Formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1, FPR1 receptor, fMet-Leu-Phe receptor 1, FMLP receptor 1, or N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine receptor 1) is a cell surface receptor protein that in humans is encoded by the ''formyl peptide receptor 1'' (''F ...

FPR2 N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) located on the surface of many cell types of various animal species. The human receptor protein is encoded by the ''FPR2'' gene and is activated to regulate cell function b ...

* FPR3 :* Cytoplasmic PRRs ::*

NOD-like receptor The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors, or NOD-like receptors (NLRs) (also known as nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors), are intracellular sensors of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that enter the ...

s (NLRs) :::* NLRA (A for acidic transactivating domain) ::::*

CIITA CIITA is a human gene which encodes a protein called the class II, major histocompatibility complex, transactivator. Mutations in this gene are responsible for the bare lymphocyte syndrome in which the immune system is severely compromised and ca ...

:::* NLRB (B for BIR, or

Inhibitor of apoptosis domain The inhibitor of apoptosis domain -- also known as IAP repeat, Baculovirus Inhibitor of apoptosis protein Repeat, or BIR -- is a structural motif found in proteins with roles in apoptosis, cytokine production, and chromosome segregation. Proteins ...

) ::::* NAIP :::* NLRC (C for

CARD domain Caspase recruitment domains, or caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs), are interaction motifs found in a wide array of proteins, typically those involved in processes relating to inflammation and apoptosis. These domains mediate th ...

) *

NOD1 Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 (NOD1) is a protein receptor that in humans is encoded by the ''NOD1'' gene. It recognizes bacterial molecules and stimulates an immune reaction . NOD1 protein contains a caspase recr ...

NOD2 Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), also known as caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 15 (CARD15) or inflammatory bowel disease protein 1 (IBD1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NOD2'' g ...

NLRC3 NLRC3, short for NOD-like receptor family CARD domain containing 3, is an intracellular protein that plays a role in the immune system. It was previously known as ''nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and CARD domain c ...

NLRC4 NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NLRC4'' gene. Structure The NLRC4 protein is highly conserved across mammalian species. It bears homology to the ''C. elegans'' Ced4 protein. It contai ...

(IPAF) *

NLRC5 NLRC5, short for NOD-like receptor family CARD domain containing 5, is an intracellular protein that plays a role in the immune system. NLRC5 is a pattern recognition receptor implicated in innate immunity to viruses potentially by regulating in ...

:::* NLRP (P for

Pyrin domain A pyrin domain (PYD, also known as PAAD/DAPIN) is a protein domain and a subclass of protein motif known as the death fold, the 4th and most recently discovered member of the death domain superfamily (DDF). It was originally discovered in the pyr ...

) *

NLRP1 NLRP1 encodes NACHT, LRR, FIIND, CARD domain and PYD domains-containing protein 1 in humans. NLRP1 was the first protein shown to form an inflammasome. Material was copied from this source, which is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4. ...

NLRP2 NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NLRP2'' gene. NALP proteins, such as NALP2, are characterized by an N-terminal pyrin domain (PYD) and are involved in the activation of caspase-1 (CA ...

NLRP3 NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) (previously known as NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3 ALP3and cryopyrin), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NLRP3'' gene located on the long arm of chromosome 1. NLRP3 is ...

NLRP4 NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NLRP4'' gene. NALPs are cytoplasmic proteins that form a subfamily within the larger CATERPILLER protein family. Most short NALPs, such as NALP4, have ...

NLRP5 NLRP5, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 5, is an intracellular protein that plays a role in early embryogenesis. NLRP5 is also known as NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 5 (NALP5), Mater protein homolog (MAT ...

NLRP6 NLRP6, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 6, is an intracellular protein that plays a role in the immune system. It is also known as NALP6, PYPAF5, PAN3, and CLR11.4, and is one of 14 pyrin domain containing members of the ...

* NLRP7 * NLRP8 *

NLRP9 NLRP9, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 9, is an intracellular protein that is expressed in the ovaries, testes, oocytes, and pre implantation embryos of mammals that is likely involved in reproductive processes. It is ...

NLRP10 NLRP10, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 10, is an intracellular protein of mammals that functions in apoptosis and the immune system. It is also known as NALP10, NOD8, PAN5, Pynod, and CLR11.1, and is one of 14 pyrin d ...

* NLRP11 *

NLRP12 NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NLRP12'' gene. NALPs are cytoplasmic proteins that form a subfamily within the larger CATERPILLER protein family. Most short NALPs, such as NALP12, ...

NLRP13 NLRP13, short for NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 13, is an intracellular protein of mammals. It is also known as NALP13, NOD14, PAN13, and CLR19.7, and is one of 14 pyrin domain containing members of the NOD-like receptor famil ...

* NLRP14 :::* NLRX ::::*

NLRX1 NLRX1 or NLR family member X1, short for ''nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat containing X1'' is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NLRX1'' gene. It is also known as ''NOD-like receptor X1'', ''NLR family, X1' ...

::*

RIG-I-like receptor RIG-like receptors (retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors, RLRs) are a type of intracellular pattern recognition receptor involved in the recognition of viruses by the innate immune system. RIG-I (retinoic-acid inducible gene or DDX58) is t ...

s (RLRs) - Intracellular sensors of viral replication by direct interaction with

dsRNA Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) are nucleic acids. Along with lipids, proteins, and carbohydra ...

RIG-I RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I) is a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) responsible for the type-1 interferon (IFN1) response. RIG-I is an essential molecule in the innate immune system for recognizing cells that have been infect ...

MDA5 MDA5 (melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5) is a RIG-I-like receptor dsRNA helicase Helicases are a class of enzymes thought to be vital to all organisms. Their main function is to unpack an organism's genetic material. Helicases are m ...

LGP2 Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX58 also known as RIG-I-like receptor 3 (RLR-3) or RIG-I-like receptor LGP2 (RLR) is a RIG-I-like receptor dsRNA helicase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''DHX58'' gene. The protein encoded by the gen ...

:* Secreted PRRs ::*

(see complement proteins section) ::*

Collectin Collectins (collagen-containing C-type lectins) are a part of the innate immune system. They form a family of collagenous Ca2+-dependent defense lectins, which are found in animals. Collectins are soluble pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Their ...

s *

Mannan-binding lectin Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), also called mannan-binding lectin or mannan-binding protein (MBP), is a lectin that is instrumental in innate immunity as an opsonin and via the lectin pathway. Structure MBL has an oligomeric structure (400-700 kDa) ...

(MBL) *

Surfactant protein A Surfactant protein A is an innate immune system collectin. It is water-soluble and has collagen-like domains similar to SP-D. It is part of the innate immune system and is used to opsonize bacterial cells in the alveoli marking them for phagocyt ...

(SP-A) *

Surfactant protein D Surfactant protein D, also known as SP-D, is a lung surfactant protein part of the collagenous family of proteins called collectin. In humans, SP-D is encoded by the ''SFTPD'' gene and is part of the innate immune system. Each SP-D subunit is com ...

(SP-D) * CL-L1 * CL-P1 * CL-K1 ::* Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) * PGLYRP1 * PGLYRP2 * PGLYRP3 * PGLYRP4 ::*

Ficolin Ficolins are pattern recognition receptors that bind to acetyl groups present in the carbohydrates of bacterial surfaces and mediate activation of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade. Structure Ficolins (Fi+Col+Lin) are a group of oligo ...

s *

FCN1 Ficolin-1, and also commonly termed M-ficolin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FCN1'' gene. Proteins of the Ficolin, ficolin family consist of a leader peptide, a short N-terminus, N-terminal segment, followed by a Collagen, collag ...

* FCN2 * FCN3

Complement receptors

Complement receptor A complement receptor is a membrane-bound receptor belonging to the complement system, which is part of the innate immune system. Complement receptors bind effector protein fragments that are produced in response to antigen-antibody complexes ...

:* CR1 (CD35) :* CR2 (CD21) :* CR3 - Heterodimer:

CD11b Integrin alpha M (ITGAM) is one protein subunit that forms heterodimeric integrin alpha-M beta-2 (αMβ2) molecule, also known as ''macrophage-1 antigen'' (Mac-1) or ''complement receptor 3'' (CR3). ITGAM is also known as CR3A, and cluster of dif ...

CD18 In molecular biology, CD18 (Integrin beta chain-2) is an integrin beta chain protein that is encoded by the ''ITGB2'' gene in humans. Upon binding with one of a number of alpha chains, CD18 is capable of forming multiple heterodimers, which play ...

:* CR4 - Heterodimer:

CD11c CD11c, also known as Integrin, alpha X (complement component 3 receptor 4 subunit) (ITGAX), is a gene that encodes for CD11c . CD11c is an integrin alpha X chain protein. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alph ...

:* CRIg (Complement receptor of the immunoglobulin family) :*

Anaphylatoxin receptors The anaphylatoxin receptors are a group of G-protein coupled receptors which bind anaphylatoxins. Members of this family include: * C3a receptor * C5a receptor The C5a receptor also known as complement component 5a receptor 1 (C5AR1) or CD88 ...

::*

C3a receptor The C3a receptor also known as complement component 3a receptor 1 (C3AR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor protein involved in the complement system. The receptor binds to complement component C3a, although there is limited evidence that this rec ...

::*

C5a receptor The C5a receptor also known as complement component 5a receptor 1 (C5AR1) or CD88 (Cluster of Differentiation 88) is a G protein-coupled receptor for C5a. It functions as a complement receptor. C5a receptor modulates inflammatory responses, ob ...

(CD88) ::* C5AR2

Fc receptors

Fc receptor :* Fc-gamma receptors (FcγR) ::*

FcγRI CD64 (Cluster of Differentiation 64) is a type of integral membrane glycoprotein known as an Fc receptor that binds monomeric IgG-type antibodies with high affinity. It is more commonly known as Fc-gamma receptor 1 (FcγRI). After binding Ig ...

(CD64) ::*

FcγRIIA Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-a is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FCGR2A'' gene. Interactions FCGR2A has been shown to interact with PIK3R1 and Syk. See also * CD32 CD32 (cluster of differentiation 3 ...

(CD32A) ::* FcγRIIB (CD32B) ::*

FcγRIIIA Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor III-A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FCGR3A'' gene. It is also known as CD16a as it is part of the cluster of differentiation The cluster of differentiation (also known as clus ...

(CD16a) ::*

FcγRIIIB FCGR3B (Fc fragment of IgG, low affinity IIIb, receptor), also known as CD16b (Cluster of Differentiation 16b), is a human gene. Clinical relevance Mutations and copy-number variations in this gene have been associated to clinical cases of glomeru ...

(CD16b) ::* FcγRT (Neonatal Fc receptor) :* Fc-alpha receptors (FcαR) ::* FcαRI (CD89, FCAR) ::* Fcα/μR :* Fc-epsilon receptors (FcεR) ::*

FcεRI The high-affinity IgE receptor, also known as FcεRI, or Fc epsilon RI, is the high-affinity receptor for the Fc region of immunoglobulin E (IgE), an antibody isotype involved in the allergy disorder and parasites immunity. FcεRI is a tetrame ...

- Tetramer:

FCER1A Fc fragment of IgE, high affinity I, receptor for; alpha polypeptide, also known as FCER1A, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''FCER1A'' gene. Function The FcεRI, high affinity IgE receptor plays a central role in allergic diseas ...

/ FCER1B / two FCER1G ::*

FcεRII CD23, also known as Fc epsilon RII, or FcεRII, is the "low-affinity" receptor for IgE, an antibody isotype involved in allergy and resistance to parasites, and is important in regulation of IgE levels. Unlike many of the antibody receptors, CD23 ...

(CD23) :* Secreted Fc receptors ::*

Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PIGR'' gene. It is an Fc receptor which facilitates the transcytosis of the soluble polymeric isoforms of immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M ...

(poly-Ig) :*

Fc receptor-like molecule Fc receptor-like molecules (FCRLs) are a class of proteins that resemble Fc receptors. They have been characterized in a number of species, including humans and mice. They are preferentially expressed by B lymphocytes. Unlike the classical Fc r ...

Cytokine receptors

Cytokine receptor Cytokine receptors are receptors that bind to cytokines. In recent years, the cytokine receptors have come to demand the attention of more investigators than cytokines themselves, partly because of their remarkable characteristics, and partly bec ...

Type I cytokine receptor Type I cytokine receptors are transmembrane receptors expressed on the surface of cells that recognize and respond to cytokines with four α-helical strands. These receptors are also known under the name '' hemopoietin receptors'', and share a ...

s (

Hemopoietin Erythropoietin (; EPO), also known as erythropoetin, haematopoietin, or haemopoietin, is a glycoprotein cytokine secreted mainly by the kidneys in response to cellular hypoxia; it stimulates red blood cell production (erythropoiesis) in the b ...

receptors) - Share extracellular WSXWS motif, Grouped by common receptor subunits ::*

Common gamma chain The common gamma chain (γc) (or CD132), also known as interleukin-2 receptor subunit gamma or IL-2RG, is a cytokine receptor sub-unit that is common to the receptor complexes for at least six different interleukin receptors: IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, ...

(γ-chain, CD132) :::* IL2R - Heterotrimer:

IL2RA Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (also called CD25) is the human protein encoded by the ''IL2RA'' gene. The interleukin 2 (IL2) receptor alpha (IL2RA) and beta (IL2RB) chains, together with the common gamma chain (IL2RG), constitute the high-af ...

(CD25) /

IL2RB Interleukin-2 receptor subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IL2RB'' gene. Also known as CD122; IL15RB; P70-75. Function The interleukin 2 receptor, which is involved in T cell-mediated immune responses, is present in 3 ...

(CD122) / γ_c :::*

IL4R The interleukin 4 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor. IL4R is its human gene. Function This gene encodes the alpha chain of the interleukin-4 receptor, a type I transmembrane protein that can bind interleukin 4 and interleukin 13 to regu ...

/ IL13R - Heterodimer: IL4RA / (

IL13RA1 Interleukin 13 receptor, alpha 1, also known as IL13RA1 and CD213A1 (cluster of differentiation 213A1), is a human gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of here ...

IL13RA2 Interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (IL-13Rα2), also known as CD213A2 (cluster of differentiation 213A2), is a membrane bound protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IL13RA2'' gene. Function IL-13Rα2 is closely related to IL-13Rα1, ...

) :::* IL7R - Heterodimer: IL7RA (CD127) / γ-chain :::* IL9R - Heterodimer: IL9R / γ-chain :::* IL15R - Heterotrimer: IL15RA /

/ γ-chain :::* IL21R - Heterodimer: IL21R / γ-chain ::* Common beta chain (β-chain, CD131) :::* IL3R - Heterodimer:

IL3RA Interleukin 3 receptor, alpha (low affinity) (IL3RA), also known as CD123 (Cluster of Differentiation 123), is a human gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is an interleukin 3 specific subunit of a heterodimeric cytokine receptor. Th ...

/ β-chain :::* IL5R - Heterodimer: IL5RA / β-chain :::* GM-CSFR (CD116) - Heterdimer: GM-CSFRA / β-chain ::* Common gp130 subunit (gp130, CD130) :::* IL6R - Heterodimer: IL6RA / gp130 :::* IL11R - Heterodimer: IL11RA / gp130 :::* IL27R - Heterodimer: IL27RA / gp130 :::* OSMR - Heterodimer: OSMR / gp130 :::*

LIFR LIFR also known as CD118 (Cluster of Differentiation 118), is a subunit of a receptor for leukemia inhibitory factor. Function The leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a polyfunctional cytokine that affects the differentiation, survival, and ...

(CD118) - Heterodimer:

/ gp130 ::* IL12 receptor beta 1 subunit (IL12RB1) :::* IL12R - Heterodimer: IL12RB1 / IL12RB2 :::*

IL23R The interleukin-23 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor. It is encoded in human by the ''IL23R'' gene. In complex with the interleukin-12 receptor β1 subunit ( IL-12Rβ1), it is activated by the cytokine interleukin 23 (IL-23). The ''IL23R'' mR ...

- Heterodimer: IL23RA / IL12RB1 ::* Others :::* EPOR (Erythropoietin receptor) - Homodimer :::* G-CSFR (CD114) - Homodimer upon ligand binding :::* MPL (CD110, Thrombopoietin receptor) - Homodimer upon ligand binding :::* GHR (Growth hormone receptor) - Homodimer upon ligand binding :::* PRLR (Prolactin receptor) :*

Type II cytokine receptor Type II cytokine receptors, also commonly known as class II cytokine receptors, are transmembrane proteins that are expressed on the surface of certain cells. They bind and respond to a select group of cytokines including interferon type I, i ...

- Lack WSXWS motif ::*

Interferon receptors Type II cytokine receptors, also commonly known as class II cytokine receptors, are transmembrane proteins that are expressed on the surface of certain cells. They bind and respond to a select group of cytokines including interferon type I, i ...

:::* Interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) - Heterodimer:

IFNAR1 Interferon-alpha/beta receptor alpha chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IFNAR1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a type I membrane protein that forms one of the two chains of a receptor for type I interfer ...

IFNAR2 Interferon-alpha/beta receptor beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IFNAR2'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a type I membrane protein that forms one of the two chains of a receptor for interferons alp ...

:::* Interferon-γ receptor (IFNGR) - Heterodimer:

IFNGR1 Interferon gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1) also known as CD119 (Cluster of Differentiation 119), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IFNGR1'' gene. Function The gene ''IFNGR1'' encodes IFN-γR1, which is the ligand-binding chain (alpha) o ...

IFNGR2 Interferon gamma receptor 2 also known as IFN-γR2 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''IFNGR2'' gene. Function This gene (''IFNGR2'') encodes the non-ligand-binding beta chain of the gamma interferon receptor. Human interferon-ga ...

::* Interleukin receptors :::* IL10R - Heterodimer: IL10RA / IL10RB :::* IL20R - Heterodimer: IL20RA / IL20RB :::* IL22R - Heterodimer:

IL22RA1 Interleukin 22 receptor, alpha 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL22RA1 gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the class II cytokine receptor Cytokine receptors are receptors that bind to cytokines. In re ...

/ IL10RB :::* IL28R - Heterodimer: IL28RA / IL10RB :*

Immunoglobulin superfamily The immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) is a large protein superfamily of cell surface and soluble proteins that are involved in the recognition, binding, or adhesion processes of cells. Molecules are categorized as members of this superfamily ba ...

(Some members) ::*

CSF1 The colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), is a secreted cytokine which causes hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into macrophages or other related cell types. Eukaryotic cells also ...

::*

CD117 Proto-oncogene c-KIT is the gene encoding the receptor tyrosine kinase protein known as tyrosine-protein kinase KIT, CD117 (cluster of differentiation 117) or mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (SCFR). Multiple transcript variants encoding diff ...

(c-KIT) ::* IL1 receptor family ( IL1R) :::* IL1R type 1 (CD121a) :::* IL1R type 2 (CD121b) :::* IL1R accessory protein (IL1RAP) :::*

IL1RL1 Interleukin 1 receptor-like 1, also known as IL1RL1 and ST2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IL1RL1'' gene. Function IL1RL1 is a member of the Toll-like receptor superfamily based on the function of its intracellular TIR domain, ...

(IL33R, ST2) ::* IL18R - Heterodimer:

IL18R1 The interleukin-18 receptor 1 (IL-18R1) is an interleukin receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily. IL18R1 is its human gene. IL18R1 is also known as CDw218a (cluster of differentiation w218a). The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine rece ...

/ IL18RAP :* IL17 family ::*

IL17RA Interleukin 17 receptor A, also known as IL17RA and CDw217 (cluster of differentiation w217), is a human gene. Interleukin 17A (IL17A)is a proinflammatory cytokine secreted by activated T-lymphocytes. It is a potent inducer of the maturation of CD ...

::*

IL17RB Interleukin-17 receptor B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IL17RB'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine receptor. This receptor specifically binds to IL17B and IL17E (IL25), but does not bind to IL17(A) or IL17C ...

::*

IL17RC Interleukin-17 receptor C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IL17RC'' gene. Function This gene encodes a single-pass transmembrane protein that shares limited similarity with the interleukin-17 receptor. Multiple alternatively spli ...

::*

IL17RD Interleukin 17 receptor D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL17RD gene. Function This gene encodes a membrane protein belonging to the interleukin-17 receptor (IL-17R) protein family. The encoded protein is a component of the int ...

::* IL17RE :* Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family - Trimeric cytokine receptors :::*

TNFRSF1A Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (TNFRSF1A) and CD120a, is a ubiquitous membrane receptor that binds tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). Function The protein encoded b ...

(CD120a) :::*

TNFRSF1B Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B (TNFRSF1B) and CD120b, is one of two membrane receptors that binds tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). Like its counterpart, tumor necro ...

(CD120b) :::* TNFRSF3 (Lymphotoxin βR) :::*

TNFRSF4 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 4 (TNFRSF4), also known as CD134 and OX40 receptor, is a member of the TNFR-superfamily of receptors which is not constitutively expressed on resting naïve T cells, unlike CD28. OX40 is a seconda ...

(CD134, OX40) :::* TNFRSF5 (CD40) :::*

TNFRSF6 The Fas receptor, also known as Fas, FasR, apoptosis antigen 1 (APO-1 or APT), cluster of differentiation 95 (CD95) or tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (TNFRSF6), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FAS'' gene. Fas ...

(FAS) :::*

TNFRSF6B Decoy receptor 3 (Dcr3), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6B (TNFRSF6B), TR6 and M68, is a soluble protein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily which inhibits Fas ligand-induced apoptosis. Discovery D ...

:::* TNFRSF7 (CD27) :::* TNFRSF8 (CD30) :::*

TNFRSF9 CD137 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family. Its alternative names are ''tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9'' (TNFRSF9), 4-1BB and ''induced by lymphocyte activation'' (ILA). It is of interest to immunolog ...

(CD137) :::*

TNFRSF10A Death receptor 4 (DR4), also known as TRAIL receptor 1 (TRAILR1) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10A (TNFRSF10A), is a cell surface receptor of the TNF-receptor superfamily that binds TRAIL and mediates apoptosis. Function ...

(CD261) :::*

TNFRSF10B Death receptor 5 (DR5), also known as TRAIL receptor 2 (TRAILR2) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10B (TNFRSF10B), is a cell surface receptor of the TNF-receptor superfamily that binds TRAIL and mediates apoptosis. Function ...

(CD262) :::* TNFRSF10C (CD263) :::* TNFRSF10D (CD264) :::*

TNFRSF11A Rank is the relative position, value, worth, complexity, power, importance, authority, level, etc. of a person or object within a ranking, such as: Level or position in a hierarchical organization * Academic rank * Diplomatic rank * Hierarchy * H ...

(CD265, RANK) :::* TNFRSF11B (Osteoprotegerin) :::* TNFRSF12A (CD266) :::*

TNFRSF13B Transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13B (TNFRSF13B) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFRSF13B gene. TNFRSF13B is a transmembrane protein of the TNF re ...

(CD267) :::*

TNFRSF13C BAFF receptor (B-cell activating factor receptor, BAFF-R), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13C (TNFRSF13C) and BLyS receptor 3 (BR3), is a membrane protein of the TNF receptor superfamily which recognizes BAFF, an e ...

:::*

TNFRSF14 Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14 (TNFRSF14), is a human cell surface receptor of the TNF-receptor superfamily. Nomenclature This protein was originally known as herpesvirus entr ...

(CD268) :::* TNFRSF16 (LNGRF) :::* TNFRSF17 (CD269) :::* TNFRSF18 :::*

TNFRSF19 Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 19, also known as TNFRSF19 and TROY is a human gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor is highly expressed during embryonic development. I ...

:::* TNFRSF21 :::*

TNFRSF25 Death receptor 3 (DR3), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 25 (TNFRSF25), is a cell surface receptor of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily which mediates apoptotic signalling and differentiation. Its only ...

:::* TNFRSF27 :*

Chemokine receptors Chemokine receptors are cytokine receptors found on the surface of certain cells that interact with a type of cytokine called a chemokine. There have been 20 distinct chemokine receptors discovered in humans. Each has a rhodopsin-like 7-trans ...

- 7-transmembrane

G protein-coupled receptors G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily-related p ...

::*

CC chemokine receptors CC chemokine receptors (or beta chemokine receptors) are integral membrane proteins that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CC chemokine family. They represent one subfamily of chemokine receptors, a large family ...

(CCRs) :::*

CCR1 C-C chemokine receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCR1'' gene. CCR1 has also recently been designated CD191 (cluster of differentiation 191). Function This gene encodes a member of the beta chemokine receptor family ...

:::*

CCR2 C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2 or CD192 (cluster of differentiation 192) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCR2'' gene. CCR2 is a CC chemokine receptor. Gene This CCR2 gene is located in the chemokine receptor gene cluster ...

:::* CCR3 :::*

CCR4 C-C chemokine receptor type 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCR4'' gene. CCR4 has also recently been designated CD194 (cluster of differentiation 194). The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor f ...

:::*

CCR5 C-C chemokine receptor type 5, also known as CCR5 or CD195, is a protein on the surface of white blood cells that is involved in the immune system as it acts as a receptor for chemokines. In humans, the ''CCR5'' gene that encodes the CCR5 pro ...

:::*

CCR6 Chemokine receptor 6 also known as CCR6 is a CC chemokine receptor protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CCR6'' gene. CCR6 has also recently been designated CD196 (cluster of differentiation 196). The gene is located on the long arm of Chro ...

:::*

CCR7 C-C chemokine receptor type 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCR7'' gene. Two ligands have been identified for this receptor: the chemokines (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19/ELC) and (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL21). CCR7 has also recen ...

:::*

CCR8 Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 8, also known as CCR8, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CCR8'' gene. CCR8 has also recently been designated CDw198 (cluster of differentiation w198). Function This gene encodes a member of the bet ...

:::*

CCR9 C-C chemokine receptor type 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCR9'' gene. CCR9 has also recently been designated CDw199 (cluster of differentiation w199). The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the beta chemokine recept ...

:::*

CCR10 C-C chemokine receptor type 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCR10'' gene. Function Chemokines are a group of small (approximately 8 to 14 kD), mostly basic, structurally related molecules that regulate cell trafficking of va ...

::*

CXC chemokine receptors CXC chemokine receptors are integral membrane proteins that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CXC chemokine family. They represent one subfamily of chemokine receptors, a large family of G protein-linked receptors that are k ...

(CXCRs) :::*

CXCR1 Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha is a chemokine receptor. This name and the corresponding gene symbol IL8RA have been replaced by the HGNC approved name C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 1 and the approved symbol CXCR1. It has also been designated as CD ...

:::*

CXCR2 Interleukin 8 receptor, beta is a chemokine receptor. ''IL8RB'' is also known as ''CXCR2'', and CXCR2 is now the IUPHAR Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug classification-recommended name. Function The protein encoded by this gene is ...

:::*

CXCR3 Chemokine receptor CXCR3 is a Gαi protein-coupled receptor in the CXC chemokine receptor family. Other names for CXCR3 are G protein-coupled receptor 9 (GPR9) and CD183. There are three isoforms of CXCR3 in humans: CXCR3-A, CXCR3-B and chemoki ...

:::*

CXCR4 C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4) also known as fusin or CD184 (cluster of differentiation 184) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CXCR4'' gene. The protein is a CXC chemokine receptor. Function CXCR-4 is an alpha-chemokin ...

:::*

CXCR5 C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CXC-R5) also known as CD185 (cluster of differentiation 185) or Burkitt lymphoma receptor 1 (BLR1) is a G protein-coupled seven transmembrane receptor for chemokine CXCL13 (also known as BLC) and belongs to the C ...

:::*

CXCR6 C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CXCR6'' gene. CXCR6 has also recently been designated CD186 (cluster of differentiation The cluster of differentiation (also known as cluster of designation or classi ...

:::*

CXCR7 Atypical chemokine receptor 3 also known as C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) and G-protein coupled receptor 159 (GPR159) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ACKR3'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the G protein-coupled rec ...

::* C chemokine receptors (XCRs) :::*

XCR1 The "C" sub-family of chemokine receptors contains only one member: XCR1, the receptor for XCL1 and XCL2 Chemokine (C motif) ligand 2 (XCL2) is a small cytokine belonging to the XC chemokine family that is highly related to another chemokine c ...

::* CX₃C chemokine receptors (CX₃CRs) :::* CX₃CR1 (Fractalkine receptor) :*

TGF beta receptors Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptors are single pass serine/threonine kinase receptors that belong to TGFβ receptor family. They exist in several different isoforms that can be homo- or heterodimeric. (free full text) The number ...

- Single transmembrane pass serine/threonine kinase receptors ::*

TGFBR1 Transforming growth factor beta receptor I (activin A receptor type II-like kinase, 53kDa) is a membrane-bound TGF beta receptor protein of the TGF-beta receptor family for the TGF beta superfamily of signaling ligands. ''TGFBR1'' is its human ge ...

::*

TGFBR2 Transforming growth factor, beta receptor II (70/80kDa) is a TGF beta receptor. ''TGFBR2'' is its human gene. It is a tumor suppressor gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family and the TGFB recepto ...

::*

TGFBR3 Betaglycan also known as Transforming growth factor beta receptor III (TGFBR3), is a cell-surface chondroitin sulfate / heparan sulfate proteoglycan >300 kDa in molecular weight. Betaglycan binds to various members of the TGF-beta superfamily of ...

Natural killer cell receptors

Natural killer cell receptors Natural killer cells, also known as NK cells or large granular lymphocytes (LGL), are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system that belong to the rapidly expanding family of known innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and represen ...

:* Killer activation receptors (KARs) ::* Natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) * NCR1 * NCR2 *

NCR3 Natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NCR3'' gene. NCR3 has also been designated as CD337 (cluster of differentiation 337) and as NKp30. NCR3 belongs to the family of NCR membrane receptors toget ...

::* Natural killer group 2 receptors (NKG2s) *

NKG2A NKG or nkg may refer to: * NKG, the IATA code for Nanjing Lukou International Airport Nanjing Lukou International Airport is the main airport serving Nanjing (the capital of Jiangsu Province) and a major airport serving the Yangtze River D ...

NKG2B NKG or nkg may refer to: * NKG, the IATA code for Nanjing Lukou International Airport Nanjing Lukou International Airport is the main airport serving Nanjing (the capital of Jiangsu Province) and a major airport serving the Yangtze River D ...

NKG2C NKG or nkg may refer to: * NKG, the IATA code for Nanjing Lukou International Airport Nanjing Lukou International Airport is the main airport serving Nanjing (the capital of Jiangsu Province) and a major airport serving the Yangtze River D ...

NKG2D NKG2D is an activating receptor (transmembrane protein) belonging to the NKG2 family of C-type lectin, C-type lectin-like receptors. NKG2D is encoded by ''KLRK1'' (killer cell lectin like receptor K1) gene which is located in the NK-gene complex ...

NKG2E NKG or nkg may refer to: * NKG, the IATA code for Nanjing Lukou International Airport Nanjing Lukou International Airport is the main airport serving Nanjing (the capital of Jiangsu Province) and a major airport serving the Yangtze River D ...

NKG2H NKG or nkg may refer to: * NKG, the IATA code for Nanjing Lukou International Airport Nanjing Lukou International Airport is the main airport serving Nanjing (the capital of Jiangsu Province) and a major airport serving the Yangtze River D ...

::* Activating KIRs :::*

KIR2DS1 Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, two domains, short cytoplasmic tail, 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIR2DS1 gene. Function Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed b ...

:* Killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs) ::* Two domains, long cytoplasmic tail *

KIR2DL1 Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KIR2DL1'' gene. Function Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subs ...

KIR2DL2 KIR, Kir or kir may refer to: Biology *Inward-rectifier potassium channel Kir *Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, a receptor protein expressed on the surface of natural killer cells and some T-cells Bodies of water *Kir (river), in northe ...

KIR2DL3 KIR, Kir or kir may refer to: Biology *Inward-rectifier potassium channel Kir *Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, a receptor protein expressed on the surface of natural killer cells and some T-cells Bodies of water *Kir (river), in northe ...

KIR2DL4 Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KIR2DL4'' gene. Function Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subs ...

KIR2DL5A KIR, Kir or kir may refer to: Biology *Inward-rectifier potassium channel Kir *Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, a receptor protein expressed on the surface of natural killer cells and some T-cells Bodies of water *Kir (river), in northe ...

KIR2DL5B KIR, Kir or kir may refer to: Biology *Inward-rectifier potassium channel Kir *Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, a receptor protein expressed on the surface of natural killer cells and some T-cells Bodies of water *Kir (river), in northe ...

::* Two domains, short cytoplasmic tail *

KIR2DS2 KIR, Kir or kir may refer to: Biology *Inward-rectifier potassium channel Kir *Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, a receptor protein expressed on the surface of natural killer cells and some T-cells Bodies of water *Kir (river), in northe ...

* KIR2DS3 * KIR2DS4 *

KIR2DS5 KIR, Kir or kir may refer to: Biology *Inward-rectifier potassium channel Kir *Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor, a receptor protein expressed on the surface of natural killer cells and some T-cells Bodies of water *Kir (river), in northe ...

::* Three domains, long cytoplasmic tail * KIR3DL1 *

KIR3DL2 Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KIR3DL2'' gene. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by natural killer cells and subsets of T cel ...

KIR3DL3 Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KIR3DL3'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." me ...

::* Three domains, short cytoplasmic tail :::* KIR3DS1

Others

Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor The leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILR) are a family of receptors possessing extracellular immunoglobulin domains. They are also known as CD85, ILTs and LIR, and can exert immunomodulatory effects on a wide range of immune cells.Damian ...

s (LILRs) ::* LILR subfamily A *

LILRA1 Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor, subfamily A (with TM domain), member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''LILRA1'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the M ...

* LILRA2 *

LILRA3 Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily A member 3 (LILR-A3) also known as CD85 antigen-like family member E (CD85e), immunoglobulin-like transcript 6 (ILT-6), and leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor 4 (LIR-4) is a protein that in huma ...

* LILRA4 * LILRA5 * LILRA6 ::* LILR subfamily B *

LILRB1 Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''LILRB1'' gene. Function This gene is a member of the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR) family, which is found in a gene clus ...

LILRB2 Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''LILRB2'' gene. This gene is a member of the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR) family, which is found in a gene cluster at chro ...

LILRB3 Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''LILRB3'' gene. This gene is a member of the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor (LIR) family, which is found in a gene cluster at chrom ...

* LILRB4 *

LILRB5 Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''LILRB5'' gene. This gene is a member of the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor The leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILR) ar ...

Eicosanoid receptor Most of the eicosanoid receptors are integral membrane protein G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that bind and respond to eicosanoid signaling molecules. Eicosanoids are rapidly metabolized to inactive products and therefore are short-lived. Acc ...

Antibodies

Immunoglobulin A Immunoglobulin A (Ig A, also referred to as sIgA in its secretory form) is an antibody that plays a role in the immune function of mucous membranes. The amount of IgA produced in association with mucosal membranes is greater than all other ty ...

(IgA) **

IgA1 Immunoglobulin A (Ig A, also referred to as sIgA in its secretory form) is an antibody that plays a role in the immune function of mucous membranes. The amount of IgA produced in association with mucosal membranes is greater than all other ty ...

** IgA2 *

Immunoglobulin D Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an antibody isotype that makes up about 1% of proteins in the plasma membranes of immature B-lymphocytes where it is usually co-expressed with another cell surface antibody called IgM. IgD is also produced in a secreted f ...

(IgD) *

Immunoglobulin E Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a type of antibody (or immunoglobulin (Ig) " isotype") that has been found only in mammals. IgE is synthesised by plasma cells. Monomers of IgE consist of two heavy chains (ε chain) and two light chains, with the ε c ...

(IgE) *

Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulin G (Ig G) is a type of antibody. Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in blood circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells. Each IgG a ...

(IgG) **

IgG1 Immunoglobulin G (Ig G) is a type of antibody. Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in blood circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells. Each IgG a ...

IgG2 Immunoglobulin G (Ig G) is a type of antibody. Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in blood circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells. Each IgG a ...

IgG3 Immunoglobulin G (Ig G) is a Antibody#Classes, type of antibody. Representing approximately 75% of blood plasma, serum immunoglobulins, antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in Circulatory system, blood circulation. I ...

IgG4 Immunoglobulin G (Ig G) is a type of antibody. Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in blood circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells. Each IgG a ...

Immunoglobulin M Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is one of several isotypes of antibody (also known as immunoglobulin) that are produced by vertebrates. IgM is the largest antibody, and it is the first antibody to appear in the response to initial exposure to an antig ...

(IgM)

Cytokines

Cytokine Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa) important in cell signaling. Cytokines are peptides and cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm. Cytokines have been shown to be involved in autocrin ...

Chemokine Chemokines (), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells. In additio ...

s : :* CC chemokines ::*

CCL1 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 (CCL1) is also known as small inducible cytokine A1 and I-309 in humans. CCL1 is a small glycoprotein that belongs to the CC chemokine family. Genomics CCL1 is encoded by CCL1 gene which is one of the several chem ...

::*

CCL2 ''For the ICAO airport code see Candle Lake Airpark, for the diradical compound see Dichlorocarbene.'' The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) is also referred to as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) and small inducible cytokine A2. CCL ...

::*

CCL3 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3) also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha (MIP-1-alpha) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCL3'' gene. Function CCL3 is a cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is i ...

::*

CCL4 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligands 4 (also CCL4) previously known as macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1β), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CCL4'' gene. ''CCL4'' belongs to a cluster of genes located on 17q11-q21 of the chromosom ...

::*

CCL5 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (also CCL5) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''CCL5'' gene. The gene has been discovered in 1990 by ''in situ'' hybridisation and it is localised on 17q11.2-q12 chromosome. It is also known as RANTES ...

::* CCL6 ::*

CCL7 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7) is a small cytokine that was previously called monocyte-chemotactic protein 3 (MCP3). CCL7 is a small protein that belongs to the CC chemokine family and is most closely related to CCL2 (previously called MCP ...

::*

CCL8 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8 (CCL8), also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein 2 (MCP2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCL8'' gene. CCL8 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. The CCL8 protein is produ ...

::*

CCL9 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 9 (CCL9) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. It is also called ''macrophage inflammatory protein-1 gamma'' (MIP-1γ), ''macrophage inflammatory protein-related protein-2'' (MRP-2) and CCF18, that ...

/CCL10 ::*

CCL11 C-C motif chemokine 11 also known as eosinophil chemotactic protein and eotaxin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL11 gene. This gene is encoded on three exons and is located on chromosome 17. Function CCL11 is a small cytokine ...

::* CCL12 ::*

CCL13 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 13 (CCL13) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. Its gene is located on human chromosome 17 within a large cluster of other CC chemokines. CCL13 induces chemotaxis in monocytes, eosinophils, T ly ...

::* CCL14 ::*

CCL15 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 15 (CCL15) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as leukotactin-1, MIP5 and HCC-2. CCL15 is expressed in liver, small intestine, colon, and in certain leukocytes and macrophages ...

::*

CCL16 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 16 (CCL16) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is known under several pseudonyms, including Liver-expressed chemokine (LEC) and Monotactin-1 (MTN-1). This chemokine is expressed by the liver ...

::*

CCL17 CCL17 is a powerful chemokine produced in the thymus and by antigen-presenting cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, and monocytes. CCL17 plays a complex role in cancer. It attracts Regulatory T cell, T-regulatory cells allowing for some cance ...

::*

CCL18 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 18 (CCL18) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. The functions of CCL18 have been well studied in laboratory settings, however the physiological effects of the molecule in living organisms have ...

::*

CCL19 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCL19'' gene. This gene is one of several CC cytokine genes clustered on the p-arm of chromosome 9. Cytokines are a family of secreted proteins involved in im ...

::*

CCL20 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20) or liver activation regulated chemokine (LARC) or Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-3 (MIP3A) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. It is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and weakly at ...

::*

CCL21 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL21) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. This chemokine is also known as 6Ckine (because it has six conserved cysteine residues instead of the four cysteines typical to chemokines), exodus- ...

::*

CCL22 C-C motif chemokine 22 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCL22'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is secreted by dendritic cells and macrophages, and elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with cell surface che ...

::*

CCL23 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 23 (CCL23) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as Macrophage inflammatory protein 3 (MIP-3) and Myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor 1 (MPIF-1). CCL23 is predominantly expresse ...

::*

CCL24 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 24 (CCL24) also known as myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor 2 (MPIF-2) or eosinophil chemotactic protein 2 (eotaxin-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCL24'' gene. This gene is located on human chrom ...

::*

CCL25 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 25 (CCL25) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as TECK (Thymus-Expressed Chemokine). CCL25 is believed to play a role in the development of T-cells. It is chemotactic for thymo ...

::*

CCL26 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 26 (CCL26) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also called Eotaxin-3, Macrophage inflammatory protein 4-alpha (MIP-4-alpha), Thymic stroma chemokine-1 (TSC-1), and IMAC. It is expressed by ...

::*

CCL27 C-C motif chemokine ligand 27 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL27 gene. Function This gene is one of several CC cytokine genes clustered on the p-arm of chromosome 9. Cytokines are a family of secreted proteins involved in ...

::*

CCL28 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 28 (CCL28), also known as mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine (MEC), CCK1 and SCYA28, is a chemokine. CCL28 regulates the chemotaxis of cells that express the chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR10. CCL28 is express ...

:* CXC chemokines ::*

CXCL1 The chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a small peptide belonging to the CXC chemokine family that acts as a chemoattractant for several immune cells, especially neutrophils or other non-hematopoietic cells to the site of injury or infecti ...

::* CXCL2 ::*

CXCL3 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 (CXCL3) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as ''GRO3 oncogene'' (GRO3), ''GRO protein gamma'' (GROg) and ''macrophage inflammatory protein-2-beta'' (MIP2b). CXCL3 controls ...

::*

CXCL4 Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 4 (CXCL4) . This chemokine is released from alpha-granules of activated platelets during platelet aggregation ...

::*

CXCL5 C-X-C motif chemokine 5 (CXCL5 or ENA78) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CXCL5'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene, CXCL5 is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as epithelial- ...

::*

CXCL6 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6 (CXCL6) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 (GCP-2). As its former name suggests, CXCL6 is a chemoattractant for neutrophilic granulo ...

::*

CXCL7 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7 (CXCL7) is a human gene. The encoded protein, Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. It is an isoform of Beta-Thromboglobulin or ''Pro-Platelet basic protein'' ( ...

::*

CXCL8 Interleukin 8 (IL-8 or chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8, CXCL8) is a chemokine produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells, airway smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Endothelial cells store IL-8 in their storage ...

::* CXCL9 ::*

CXCL10 C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) also known as Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) or small-inducible cytokine B10 is an 8.7 kDa protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CXCL10'' gene. C-X-C motif chemokine 10 is a small cytokin ...

::*

CXCL11 C-X-C motif chemokine 11 (CXCL11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CXCL11'' gene. C-X-C motif chemokine 11 is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also called ''Interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattra ...

::*

CXCL12 The stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), also known as C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12), is a chemokine protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CXCL12'' gene on chromosome 10. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. Str ...

::*

CXCL13 Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13), also known as B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC) or B cell-attracting chemokine 1 (BCA-1), is a protein ligand that in humans is encoded by the ''CXCL13'' gene. Function CXCL13 is a small chemokine ...

::* CXCL14 ::* CXCL15 ::* CXCL16 ::* CXCL17 :* C chemokines ::* XCL1 ::*

XCL2 Chemokine (C motif) ligand 2 (XCL2) is a small cytokine belonging to the XC chemokine family that is highly related to another chemokine called XCL1. It is predominantly expressed in activated T cells, but can also be found at low levels in unst ...

:* CX₃C chemokines ::* CX₃CL1 (Fractalkine, Neurotactin) *

Interferons Interferons (IFNs, ) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten thei ...

Interferon type I The type-I interferons (IFN) are cytokines which play essential roles in inflammation, immunoregulation, tumor cells recognition, and T-cell responses. In the human genome, a cluster of thirteen functional IFN genes is located at the 9p21.3 cyto ...

***

IFN-α The type-I interferons (IFN) are cytokines which play essential roles in inflammation, immunoregulation, tumor cells recognition, and T cell, T-cell responses. In the human genome, a cluster of thirteen functional IFN genes is located at the 9p2 ...

***

IFN-β The type-I interferons (IFN) are cytokines which play essential roles in inflammation, immunoregulation, tumor cells recognition, and T-cell responses. In the human genome, a cluster of thirteen functional IFN genes is located at the 9p21.3 cyto ...

*** IFN-ω **

Interferon type II Interferons (IFNs, ) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten thei ...

***

IFN-γ Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a dimerized soluble cytokine that is the only member of the type II class of interferons. The existence of this interferon, which early in its history was known as immune interferon, was described by E. F. Wheelock ...

Interleukins Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that are expressed and secreted by white blood cells (leukocytes) as well as some other body cells. The human genome encodes more than 50 interleukins and relate ...

IL1A Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) also known as hematopoietin 1 is a cytokine of the interleukin 1 family that in humans is encoded by the ''IL1A'' gene. In general, Interleukin 1 is responsible for the production of inflammation, as well as the p ...

IL1B Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) also known as leukocytic pyrogen, leukocytic endogenous mediator, mononuclear cell factor, lymphocyte activating factor and other names, is a cytokine protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IL1B'' gene."Catabolin" ...

IL1RA The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1RN) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IL1RN'' gene. IL-1RN was initially called the IL-1 inhibitor and was discovered separately in 1984 by two independent laboratories. IL-1RN is a ...

:* IL2 :* IL3 :* IL4 :* IL5 :* IL6 :* IL7 :* IL8 :* IL9 :* IL10 :* IL11 :* IL12 :* IL13 :* IL14 :* IL15 :* IL16 :*

IL17A Interleukin-17A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IL17A'' gene. In rodents, IL-17A used to be referred to as CTLA8, after the similarity with a viral gene (). Function The protein encoded by this gene is a proinflammatory cytokin ...

IL17F Interleukin 17F (IL-17F) is signaling protein that is in human is encoded by the ''IL17F'' gene and is considered a pro-inflammatory cytokine. This protein belongs to the interleukin 17 family and is mainly produced by the T helper 17 cells after ...

:* IL18 :* IL19 :* IL20 :* IL21 :* IL22 :* IL23 :* IL24 :* IL25 :* IL26 :* IL27 :* IL28A :*

IL28B Interferon lambda 3 (gene symbol: ''IFNL3)'' encodes the IFNL3 protein. ''IFNL3'' was formerly named ''IL28B'', but the Human Genome Organization Gene Nomenclature Committee renamed this gene in 2013 while assigning a name to the then newly disc ...

:* IL29 :* IL30 :* IL31 :* IL32 :* IL33 :* IL34 :* IL35 :* IL36A :* IL36B :* IL36G :* IL36RA :* IL37 :* TSLP :* Leukemia inhibitory factor, LIF (Leukemia inhibitory factor) :* Oncostatin M, OSM (Oncostatin M) * Tumor necrosis factors :* TNFA :* TNFB (Lymphotoxin-α) :* Lymphotoxin beta, TNFC (Lymphotoxin-β) :* TNFSF4 (OX40L) :* TNFSF5 (CD40L) :* TNFSF6 (FasL) :* TNFSF7 (CD70, CD27L) :* TNFSF8 (CD153, CD30L) :* TNFSF9 (4-1BBL) :* TNFSF10 (TRAIL) :* TNFSF11 (RANK-L, OPG-L) :* TNFSF12 (TWEAK) :* TNFSF13 (APRIL, CD256) :* TNFSF13B (BAFF, CD257) :* TNFSF14 (LIGHT, CD258) :* TNFSF15 (VEGI) :* TNFSF18 :* EDA (gene), EDA * Colony stimulating factors :*

(M-CSF) :* CSF2 (GM-CSF) :* CSF3 (G-CSF)

MHCs

Major histocompatibility complex * MHC class I * HLA-A * HLA-B * HLA-C * HLA-E * HLA-F * HLA-G *MHC class II * HLA-DM ** HLA-DMA, α ** HLA-DMB, β * HLA-DO ** HLA-DOA, α ** HLA-DOB, β * HLA-DP ** HLA-DPA1, α1 ** HLA-DPB1, β1 * HLA-DQ ** HLA-DQA1, α1 ** HLA-DQA2, α2 ** HLA-DQB1, β1 ** HLA-DQB2, β2 ** HLA-DQB3, β3 * HLA-DR ** HLA-DRA, α ** HLA-DRB1, β1 ** HLA-DRB3 (gene), β3 ** HLA-DRB4, β4 ** HLA-DRB5, β5

Complement proteins

* Early stage (divided by pathway) :*

::* C1Q complex - Complement component 1R, C1R / Complement component 1S, C1S ::* Complement component 4, C4 - C4a ::* Complement component 2, C2 :*

::* MASP1 (protein), MASP1 / MASP2 (protein), MASP2 ::*

:* Alternative complement pathway ::* Complement factor B, Factor B ::* Factor D ::* Factor P (Properdin) * Middle stage :* Complement component 3, C3 - C3a (complement), C3a / C3b / iC3b :* Complement component 5, C5 - Complement component 5a, C5a :* C3-convertase :* C5-convertase * Late stage :* Membrane attack complex (MAC) ::* Complement component 6, C6 ::* Complement component 7, C7 ::* C8 complex, C8 ::* Complement component 9, C9 * Complement pathway inhibitors :* C1-inhibitor - Classical, Lectin, Alternate :* Decay-accelerating factor (CD59) - Classical, Lectin, Alternate :* Complement factor I, Factor I - Classical, Lectin, Alternate :* C4BP - Classical, Lectin :* Factor H - Alternate

Antimicrobial peptides

Transcription factors

* NF-κB * AP-1 transcription factor, AP-1 * Interferon regulatory factors (IRF) * NFAT * T-bet - T_H1 differentiation * GATA3 - T_H2 differentiation * RORγT - T_H17 differentiation * BCL6 - T_FH differentiation * FoxP3 - T_reg differentiation

Signaling pathways

* JAK-STAT signaling pathway * TGF beta signaling pathway * TLR signalling pathway

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

Cell adhesion molecules * Integrins - Obligate heterodimers of one alpha and one beta subunits :* Alpha subunits :* Beta subunits :* Dimers ::* Cytoadhesin receptor :::* Integrin alpha6beta4 :::* Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa - Heterodimer: ITGA2B / ITGB3 ::* Fibrinogen receptor :::* Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) - Heterodimer:

::* Fibronectin receptor: :::* Integrin alpha2beta1 :::* Integrin alpha4beta1 :::* Integrin alpha5beta1 ::* Leukocyte-adhesion receptor: :::* LFA-1 - Heterodimer: CD11a /

:::* Macrophage-1 antigen (CR3) - Heterodimer:

:::* Integrin alphaXbeta2 (CR4) - Heterodimer:

::* Very late antigen receptor: :::* Integrin alpha1beta1 :::* Integrin alpha2beta1 :::* Integrin alpha3beta1 :::* VLA-4 - Heterodimer: CD49d / CD29 :::* Alpha-5 beta-1 :::* Integrin alpha6beta1 ::* Vitronectin receptor: :::* Alpha-v beta-3 :::* Alpha-v beta-5 * Immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs ::* SynCAMs - Synaptic cell adhesion molecules ::* NCAMs - Neural cell adhesion molecules ::* Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) ::* VCAM-1 (CD106) ::* PECAM-1 (CD31) ::* L1 family ::* SIGLEC family - Sialic acid binding lectins ::* CTX family ::* Nectins ::* CD2 family :::* CD2 :::* CD58 :::* Signaling lymphocytic activation molecules (SLAMs) * Cadherins * Selectins :* E-selectin :* L-selectin :* P-selectin * Others :* Lymphocyte homing receptors ::* CD34 ::* GLYCAM-1 ::* Addressin (MAdCAM-1) :* CD44 :* Carcinoembryonic antigens :* CD24 :* CD44 :* CD146 :* CD164

Others

* CD69 * Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors * Co-stimulatory molecules :* CD80 - Expressed by APCs :* CD86 - Expressed by APCs :* CD28 family receptors ::* CD28 - Expressed by T Cells ::* CD278 (ICOS) - Homodimer, expressed by T Cells ::* CTLA-4 (CD152) ::* PD-1 (CD279)

Immune system disorders

Immune disorder

Hypersensitivity and Allergy

:* Type 1 hypersensitivity / Allergy / Atopy ::* Foreign (

) :::* Atopic eczema :::* Allergic urticaria :::* Allergic rhinitis (Hay fever) :::* Allergic asthma :::* Anaphylaxis :::* Food allergy ::::* Milk allergy ::::* Egg allergy ::::* Peanut allergy ::::* Tree nut allergy ::::* Seafood allergy ::::* Soy allergy ::::* Wheat allergy ::::* Garlic allergy :::* Penicillin allergy :* Type 2 hypersensitivity / Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) ::* Foreign :::* Pernicious anemia :::* Hemolytic disease of the newborn ::* Autoimmune :::* Cytotoxicity, Cytotoxic ::::* Autoimmune hemolytic anemia ::::* Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura ::::* Bullous pemphigoid ::::* Pemphigus vulgaris ::::* Rheumatic fever ::::* Goodpasture's syndrome :::* Hypersensitivity#Type V, Type 5 / Receptor mediated ::::* Graves' disease ::::* Myasthenia gravis :* Type 3 hypersensitivity / Immune complex ::* Foreign :::* Henoch–Schönlein purpura :::* Hypersensitivity vasculitis :::* Reactive arthritis :::* Farmer's lung :::* Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis :::* Serum sickness :::* Arthus reaction ::* Autoimmune :::* Systemic lupus erythematosus :::* Subacute bacterial endocarditis :::* Rheumatoid arthritis :* Type 4 hypersensitivity (Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity) ::* Foreign :::* Allergic contact dermatitis :::* Mantoux test ::* Autoimmune :::* Diabetes mellitus type 1 :::* Hashimoto's thyroiditis :::* Guillain–Barré syndrome :::* Multiple sclerosis :::* Coeliac disease :::* Giant-cell arteritis ::* GVHD (Graft-versus-host disease) :::* Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease :* Unknown/Multiple types ::* Foreign :::* Hypersensitivity pneumonitis :::* Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis :::* Transplant rejection :::* Latex allergy (I+IV) ::* Autoimmune :::* Sjögren's syndrome :::* Autoimmune hepatitis :::* Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS1 / APS2) :::* Autoimmune adrenalitis :::* Systemic autoimmune disease

Immunodeficiency

:* Primary immunodeficiency :* Acquired immunodeficiency :* Complement deficiency

Cancers of the immune system

Myeloid diseases

Inflammatory diseases

:* Sepsis :* Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) :* Cytokine storm

Immunoproliferative immunoglobulin disorders

Lymphatic organ disease

Immunologic techniques and tests

* Flow cytometry * Mass cytometry * Histology * Adoptive cell transfer * Experiments in immunology * Genetically modified mouse * Immunofluorescence * Immunofixation * Immunoadsorption * MHC multimer * Hybridoma technology :* Rabbit hybridoma :* Developmental studies hybridoma bank

Immunology and health

* Prevention (medical), Prevention * Immunostimulants * Immunotherapy :* Activation immunotherapy ::* Cancer immunotherapy ::* Autologous immune enhancement therapy :* Immunosuppression ::* Sublingual immunotherapy ::* Allergen immunotherapy ::* Immunosuppressive drug * Artificial induction of immunity * Immunization :* Active immunotherapy :* Passive immunity ::* Temporarily induced immunity ::* Adoptive immunity * Vaccination :* Vaccine-naive :* Vaccine :* Herd immunity :* Adjuvant * Organ transplantation :* Allotransplant :* Transplant rejection

Immunologists

List of immunologists

Immunology lists

* List of autoimmune diseases * List of immunologists * List of viruses * List of human clusters of differentiation * List of vaccine ingredients * List of allergens * List of cytokines * List of cytokine receptors * List of pattern recognition receptors * List of tissue-resident macrophages * List of branches of immunology * List of acute-phase proteins

References

External links

BMC: Immunology
BioMed Central:Immunology is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles. * Nature Reviews Immunology
journal home

Janeway's Immunobiology textbook
Searchable free online version at the National Center for Biotechnology Information
Overview
at Medical College of Georgia
MUGEN NoE
murine models for immunological disease
Transplantation Immunology
Interesting web site made by the faculty of medicine of the University of Geneva dealing with the immunological issues linked with the transplantation of materials genetically different between donor and recipient (hematopoietical stem cells, organs or the transfusion of blood).
Online lectures in immunology
University of South Carolina
BRT-Burleson Research Technologies
Tests the effects of pharmaceuticals in the developmental stage on the immune system. {{Outline footer Outlines of natural sciences, Immunology Immunology, * Immune system, Immunology lists, Outlines of health and fitness, Immunology Wikipedia outlines, Immunology