|
NKG2D
NKG2D is an activating receptor (transmembrane protein) belonging to the NKG2 family of C-type lectin, C-type lectin-like receptors. NKG2D is encoded by ''KLRK1'' (killer cell lectin like receptor K1) gene which is located in the NK-gene complex (NKC) situated on chromosome 6 in mice and chromosome 12 in humans. In mice, it is expressed by Natural killer cell, NK cells, Natural killer T cell, NK1.1+ T cells, Gamma delta T cell, γδ T cells, activated Cytotoxic T cell, CD8+ αβ T cells and activated macrophages. In humans, it is expressed by Natural killer cell, NK cells, Gamma delta T cell, γδ T cells and Cytotoxic T cell, CD8+ αβ T cells. NKG2D recognizes Induced-self antigen, induced-self proteins from MIC and RAET1/ULBP families which appear on the surface of stressed, malignant transformed, and infected cells. Structure Human NKG2D receptor complex assembles into a hexameric structure. NKG2D itself forms a homodimer whose ectodomains serve for ligand binding. Each NKG ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NKG2
NKG2 also known as CD159 (Cluster of Differentiation 159) is a receptor for natural killer cells (NK cells). There are 7 NKG2 types: A, B, C, D, E, F and H. NKG2D is an activating receptor on the NK cell surface. NKG2A dimerizes with CD94 to make an inhibitory receptor (CD94/NKG2). IPH2201 is a monoclonal antibody targeted at NKG2A. Gene expression In both humans and mice, genes encoding the ''NKG2'' family are clustered – in human genome on chromosome 12, in mouse on chromosome 6. They are generally expressed on NK cells and a subset of CD8+ T cells, although the expression of ''NKG2D'' was also confirmed on γδ T cells, NKT cells, and even on some subsets of CD4+ T cells or myeloid cells. ''NKG2D'' expression can also be present on cancer cells and is proven to stimulate oncogenic bioenergetic metabolism, proliferation and metastases generation. On NK cells, ''NKG2'' genes are expressed through the ontogeny as well as in adulthood. As about 90% of fetal NK cells expre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natural Killer Cell
Natural killer cells, also known as NK cells or large granular lymphocytes (LGL), are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system that belong to the rapidly expanding family of known innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and represent 5–20% of all circulating lymphocytes in humans. The role of NK cells is analogous to that of cytotoxic T cells in the vertebrate adaptive immune response. NK cells provide rapid responses to virus-infected cell and other intracellular pathogens acting at around 3 days after infection, and respond to tumor formation. Typically, immune cells detect the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) presented on infected cell surfaces, triggering cytokine release, causing the death of the infected cell by lysis or apoptosis. NK cells are unique, however, as they have the ability to recognize and kill stressed cells in the absence of antibodies and MHC, allowing for a much faster immune reaction. They were named "natural killers" because ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ULBP1
UL16 binding protein 1 (ULBP1) is a cell surface glycoprotein encoded by ''ULBP1'' gene located on the chromosome 6. ULBP1 is related to MHC class I molecules, but its gene maps outside the MHC locus. The domain structure of ULBP1 differs significantly from those of conventional MHC class I molecules. It does not contain the α3 domain and the transmembrane segment. ULBP1 is thus composed of only the α1α2 domain which is linked to the cell membrane by the GPI anchor. It functions as a stress-induced ligand for NKG2D receptor. ULBP1 is, for example, upregulated during HCMV ''Human betaherpesvirus 5'', also called human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), is species of virus in the genus ''Cytomegalovirus'', which in turn is a member of the viral family known as ''Herpesviridae'' or herpesviruses. It is also commonly called ... infection. Binding of HCMV-encoded UL16 glycoprotein to ULBP1 interferes with cell surface localization of ULBP1; this represents another mechanism by which HCMV- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HCST (gene)
Hematopoietic cell signal transducer is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''HCST'' gene. This gene encodes a transmembrane signaling adaptor that contains a YxxM motif in its cytoplasmic domain. The encoded protein may form part of the immune recognition receptor complex with the C-type lectin-like receptor NKG2D. As part of this receptor complex, this protein may activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase dependent signaling pathways through its intracytoplasmic YxxM motif. This receptor complex may have a role in cell survival and proliferation by activation of NK and T cell A T cell is a type of lymphocyte. T cells are one of the important white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response. T cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell r ... responses. Alternative splicing results in two transcript variants encoding different isoforms. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ULBP2
UL16 binding protein 2 (ULBP2) is a cell surface glycoprotein encoded by ''ULBP2'' gene located on the chromosome 6. ULBP2 is related to MHC class I molecules, but its gene maps outside the MHC locus. The domain structure of ULBP2 differs significantly from those of conventional MHC class I molecules. It does not contain the α3 domain and the transmembrane segment. ULBP2 is thus composed of only the α1α2 domain which is linked to the cell membrane by the GPI anchor. ULBP2 functions as a stress-induced ligand for the NKG2D killer activation receptor on natural killer cell Natural killer cells, also known as NK cells or large granular lymphocytes (LGL), are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system that belong to the rapidly expanding family of known innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and repres ...s. References Further reading * * * * * * * * * {{gene-6-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ULBP3
UL16 binding protein 3 (ULBP3) is a cell surface glycoprotein encoded by ''ULBP3'' gene located on the chromosome 6. ULBP3 is related to MHC class I molecules, but its gene maps outside the MHC locus. The domain structure of ULBP3 differs significantly from those of conventional MHC class I molecules. It does not contain the α3 domain and the transmembrane segment. ULBP3 is thus composed of only the α1α2 domain which is linked to the cell membrane by the GPI anchor. It functions as a stress-induced ligand for NKG2D NKG2D is an activating receptor (transmembrane protein) belonging to the NKG2 family of C-type lectin, C-type lectin-like receptors. NKG2D is encoded by ''KLRK1'' (killer cell lectin like receptor K1) gene which is located in the NK-gene complex ... receptor. References Further reading * * * * * {{gene-6-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RAET1E
Retinoic acid early transcript 1E (RAET1E) is a cell surface glycoprotein encoded by ''RAET1E'' gene located on the chromosome 6. RAET1E is related to MHC class I molecules, but its gene maps outside the MHC locus. RAET1E is composed of external α1α2 domain, transmembrane segment and C-terminal cytoplasmic tail. RAET1E functions as a Induced-self antigen, stress-induced ligand for NKG2D receptor. References Further reading * * * * * * {{gene-6-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Induced-self Antigen
Induced-self antigen is a marker of abnormal self, which can be recognized upon infected (in particular, virus-infected) and transformed cells. Therefore, the recognition of "induced self" is an important strategy for surveillance of infection or tumor transformation - it results in elimination of the affected cells by activated NK cells or other immunological mechanisms. Similarly γδ T cells can recognize induced-self antigens expressed on cells under stress conditions. Receptors Probably the most studied receptor involved in recognition of induced-self antigens is NKG2D NKG2D is an activating receptor (transmembrane protein) belonging to the NKG2 family of C-type lectin-like receptors. NKG2D is encoded by ''KLRK1'' (killer cell lectin like receptor K1) gene which is located in the NK-gene complex (NKC) situated .... It is an activating receptor which is expressed on NK cells and subsets of T and NKT cells. NKG2D can bind proteins at the surface of most cells that are not nor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
H60 Family
The histocompatibility 60 (H60) was originally identified as a transplant rejection antigen and it is a family of murine cell surface glycoproteins contains three members: H60a, H60b, H60c. The genes encoding these proteins are located on murine chromosome 10. H60 family members are related to MHC class I. H60a and H60b consist of external α1α2 domain, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic domain. H60c is made up of α1α2 domain which is linked to the cell membrane by GPI anchor. All these proteins function as stress-induced ligands for NKG2D NKG2D is an activating receptor (transmembrane protein) belonging to the NKG2 family of C-type lectin-like receptors. NKG2D is encoded by ''KLRK1'' (killer cell lectin like receptor K1) gene which is located in the NK-gene complex (NKC) situated ... receptor. References {{reflist, 2 Glycoproteins Immunology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murine UL16 Binding Protein-like Transcript
Murine UL16 binding protein-like transcript (MULT-1) is a murine cell surface glycoprotein encoded by ''MULT-1'' gene located on murine chromosome 10. MULT-1 is related to MHC class I and is composed of α1α2 domain, a transmembrane segment, and a large cytoplasmic domain. MULT-1 functions as a Induced-self antigen, stress-induced ligand for NKG2D receptor. References {{reflist Glycoproteins ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rae-1 Family
Retinoic acid early inducible 1 (RAE-1) family of murine cell surface glycoproteins is composed of at least five members (RAE-1α-ε). Genes encoding these proteins are located on mouse chromosome 10. RAE-1 proteins are related to MHC class I, they are made up of external α1α2 domain which is linked to the cell membrane by the GPI anchor. They function as stress-induced ligands for NKG2D receptor and their expression is low or absent on normal cells. However, they are constitutively expressed on some tumour cells and they can be upregulated by retinoic acid Retinoic acid (used simplified here for all-''trans''-retinoic acid) is a metabolite of vitamin A1 (all-''trans''-retinol) that mediates the functions of vitamin A1 required for growth and development. All-''trans''-retinoic acid is required in .... References {{reflist Glycoproteins Immunology ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cellular Senescence
Cellular senescence is a phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division. In their experiments during the early 1960s, Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead found that normal human fetal fibroblasts in culture reach a maximum of approximately 50 cell population doublings before becoming senescent. This process is known as "replicative senescence", or the Hayflick limit. Hayflick's discovery of mortal cells paved the path for the discovery and understanding of cellular aging molecular pathways. Cellular senescence can be initiated by a wide variety of stress inducing factors. These stress factors include both environmental and internal damaging events, abnormal cellular growth, oxidative stress, autophagy factors, among many other things. The physiological importance for cell senescence has been attributed to prevention of carcinogenesis, and more recently, aging, development, and tissue repair. Senescent cells contribute to the aging phenotype, including frailty syndrom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.svg "Click for more on -> Cellular Senescence")