Conidae, with the current

common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrast ...

of " cone snails", is a

taxonomic Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

family (previously subfamily) of predatory

sea snail Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is esti ...

s in the superfamily Conoidea. The 2014 classification of the superfamily Conoidea, groups only cone snails in the family Conidae. Some previous classifications grouped the cone snails in a subfamily, Coninae. As of March 2015 Conidae contained over 800 recognized species. Working in 18th-century Europe, Carl Linnaeus knew of only 30 species that are still considered valid. The snails within this family are sophisticated predatory animals. They hunt and immobilize prey using a modified

radula The radula (, ; plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food ...

r tooth along with a venom gland containing

neurotoxin Neurotoxins are toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue (causing neurotoxicity). Neurotoxins are an extensive class of exogenous chemical neurological insultsSpencer 2000 that can adversely affect function in both developing and mature ner ...

s; the tooth is launched out of the snail's mouth in a harpoon-like action. Because all cone snails are venomous and capable of "stinging" humans, live ones should be handled with great care or preferably not at all.

Current taxonomy

In the ''Journal of Molluscan Studies'', in 2014, Puillandre, Duda, Meyer, Olivera & Bouchet presented a new classification for the old genus ''

Conus ''Conus'' is a genus of predatory sea snails, or cone snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015). Conus Linnaeus, 1758. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ...

''. Using 329 species, the authors carried out molecular phylogenetic analyses. The results suggested that the authors should place all living cone snails in a single family, Conidae, containing the following genera: * '' Californiconus'' J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * '' Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * † '' Conilithes'' Swainson, 1840 * † ''

Contraconus ''Contraconus'' is an extinct genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae Conidae, with the current common name of "cone snails", is a taxonomic family (previously subfamily) of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod ...

'' Olsson & Harbison, 1953 * ''

'' Linnaeus,

1758 Events January–March * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the sta ...

* † '' Eoconus'' J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * † ''

Hemiconus ''Hemiconus'' is an extinct genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, in the family Conidae the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessarily, ci ...

'' Cossmann, 1889 * † '' Herndliconus'' Petuch & Drolshagen, 2015 * '' Kenyonia'' Brazier, 1896 * '' Lilliconus'' G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1994 * '' Malagasyconus'' Monnier & Tenorio, 2015 * † '' Papilliconus'' Tracey & Craig, 2017 * '' Profundiconus'' Kuroda, 1956 * '' Pseudolilliconus'' J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * ''

Pygmaeconus ''Pygmaeconus'' is a genus of predatory sea snails, or cone snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae Conidae, with the current common name of "cone snails", is a taxonomic family (previously subfamily) of predatory sea snails, ...

'' Puillandre & Tenorio, 2017 * † ''

Tequestaconus ''Tequestaconus'' is an extinct genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae Conidae, with the current common name of "cone snails", is a taxonomic family (previously subfamily) of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod ...

'' Petuch & Drolshagen, 2015 † The authors grouped 85% of all known cone snail species under ''Conus''. They recognized 57 subgenera within ''Conus'', and 11 subgenera within the genus ''Conasprella''.

History of the taxonomy

Overview

Prior to 1993, the family Conidae contained only ''Conus'' species. In 1993 significant taxonomic changes were proposed by Taylor, et al.,:Taylor J. D., Kantor Y. I. & Sysoev A. V. (1993). "Foregut anatomy, feeding mechanisms, relationships and classification of Conoidea (Toxoglossa) (Gastropoda)." Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. 59: 125–169. the family Conidae was redefined as several subfamilies. The subfamilies included many subfamilies that had previously been classified in the family

Turridae Turridae is a taxonomic family name for a number of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. MolluscaBase (2018). Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Specie ...

, and the ''Conus'' species were moved to the subfamily

Coninae Coninae, or as it is more recently (February 2015) represented as a family, Conidae, common names the cone snails, cone shells or cones, is a taxonomic group of small to large predatory sea snails with cone-shaped shells, marine gastropod mollus ...

. In further taxonomic changes that took place in 2009 and 2011, based upon molecular phylogeny (see below), the subfamilies that were previously in the family

were elevated to the status of families in their own right. This left the family Conidae once again containing only those species that were traditionally placed in that family: the cone snail species.

1993, Taylor et al., Bouchet & Rocroi

According to Taylor, et al. (1993), and the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, this family consisted of seven subfamilies. *

Fleming, 1822 — synonyms: Conulinae Rafinesque, 1815 (inv.); Textiliinae da Motta, 1995 (n.a.) *

Clathurellinae Clathurellinae was a subfamily of small to quite large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.) (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". '' Malacologia'' 47(1-2). . 397 pp ...

H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858 — synonyms: Defranciinae Gray, 1853 (inv.); Borsoniinae A. Bellardi, 1875; Pseudotominae A. Bellardi, 1888; Diptychomitrinae L. Bellardi, 1888; Mitrolumnidae Sacco, 1904; Mitromorphinae Casey, 1904; Lorinae Thiele, 1925 *

Conorbiinae Conorbiinae was a subfamily of small to quite large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.) (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". ''Malacologia'' 47(1-2). . 397 ...

de Gregorio, 1880—synonym: Cryptoconinae Cossmann, 1896 *

Mangeliinae Mangeliidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized, predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. Bouchet, P. (2011). Mangeliidae P. Fischer, 1883. In: MolluscaBase (2016). Accessed through: World Re ...

P. Fischer, 1883—synonym: Cytharinae Thiele, 1929 * Oenopotinae Bogdanov, 1987—synonym: Lorinae Thiele, 1925 sensu Thiele * Raphitominae A. Bellardi, 1875—synonyms: Daphnellinae Casey, 1904; Taraninae Casey, 1904; Thatcheriidae Powell, 1942; Pleurotomellinae F. Nordsieck, 1968; Andoniinae Vera-Pelaez, 2002 * † Siphopsinae Le Renard, 1995

2009, Tucker & Tenorio

In 2009 John K. Tucker and Manuel J. Tenorio proposed a classification system for the cone shells and their allies (which resorb their inner walls during growth) was based upon a cladistical analysis of anatomical characters including the radular tooth, the morphology (i.e., shell characters), as well as an analysis of prior molecular phylogeny studies, all of which were used to construct phylogenetic trees.Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp., at p. 133 In their phylogeny, Tucker and Tenorio noted the close relationship of the cone species within the various clades, corresponding to their proposed families and genera; this also corresponded to the results of prior molecular studies by Puillandre ''et al.'' and others.P.K. Bandyopadhyay, B.J. Stevenson, J.P. Ownby, M.T. Cady, M. Watkins, & B. Olivera (2008), ''The mitochondrial genome of Conus textile, coxI-conII intergenic sequences and conoidean evolution.'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 215-223.S.T. Williams & T.F. Duda, Jr. (2008), ''Did tectonic activity stimulate Oligo-Miocene speciation in the Indo-West Pacific?'' Evolution 62:1618-1634.R.L. Cunha, R. Castilho, L. Ruber, & R. Zardoya (2005), ''Patterns of cladogenesis in the venomous marine gastropod genus Conus from the Cape Verde Islands'' Systematic Biology 54(4):634-650.T.F. Duda, Jr. & A.J. Kohn (2005), ''Species-level phylogeography and evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse marine gastropod genus Conus'', Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34:257-272.T.F. Duda, Jr. & E. Rolan (2005), ''Explosive radiation of Cape Verde Conus, a marine species flock'', Molecular Ecology 14:267-272.B. Vallejo, Jr. (2005), ''Inferring the mode of speciation in the Indo-West Pacific Conus (Gastropoda: Conidae)'', Journal of Biogeography 32:1429-1439. This 2009 proposed classification system also outlined the taxonomy for the other clades of Conoidean gastropods (that do ''not'' resorb their inner walls), also based upon morphological, anatomical, and molecular studies, and removes the turrid snails (which are a distinct large and diverse group) from the cone snails, and creates a number of new families. Tucker and Tenorio’s proposed classification system for the cone shells and their allies (and the other clades of Conoidean gastropods ) is shown in Tucker & Tenorio cone snail taxonomy 2009.

2011, Bouchet et al.

In 2011 Bouchet et al. proposed a new classification in which several subfamilies were raised to the rank of family: * Clathurellinae was split into three families:

Borsoniidae Borsoniidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet, P. (2011). Borsoniidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.or ...

(also including species from

Mitromorphidae Mitromorphidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet, P. (2011). Mitromorphidae Casey, 1904. In: MolluscaBase (2018). Accessed through: World Register of Marin ...

and

Clathurellidae Clathurellidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011). "A new operational classification of the Conoidea". '' ...

(all previously lumped under the

). * Conorbiinae was raised to the rank of family

Conorbidae Conorbidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: ...

, consisting of three genera: ''

Artemidiconus ''Artemidiconus'' is a monospecific genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conorbidae.Bouchet, P. (2011). Artemidiconus da Motta, 1991. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia ...

'' da Motta, 1991, ''

Benthofascis ''Benthofascis'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conorbidae.Bouchet, P. (2011). Benthofascis Iredale, 1936. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetail ...

'' Iredale, 1936, and '' Conorbis'' Swainson, 1840. * Mangeliinae and Oenopotinae were combined and raised to the rank of family Mangeliidae, which had previously been lumped in the

). * Raphitominae was raised to the rank of family

Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.) (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". '' Malacologia'' 47(1-2). . 3 ...

(also previously lumped in the

). The classification by Bouchet et al. (2011) was based on mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA testing, and built on the prior work by J.K. Tucker & M.J. Tenorio (2009), but did not include fossil taxa. Molecular phylogeny, particularly with the advent of nuclear DNA testing in addition to the mDNA testing (testing in the Conidae initially began by Christopher Meyer and Alan Kohn), is continuing on the Conidae.N. Puillandre, S. Samadi, M. Boesselier, A. Sysoev, Y. Kantor, C. Cruaud, A. Couloux, & P. Bouchett (2008), ''Starting to unravel the toxoglossan knot: molecular phylogeny of the "turrid" (Neogastropoda: Conoidea),'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47:1122-1134.Tucker, J. K. & Stahlschmidt, P. (2010) ''A second species of Pseudoconorbis (Gastropoda: Conoidea) from India. Miscellanea Malacologica'' 4(3):31-34.Tucker, J. K., Tenorio, M. J. & Stahlschmidt, P. (2011) ''The genus Benthofascis (Gastropoda: Conoidea): a revision with descriptions of new species.'' Zootaxa 2796:1-14.Tucker, J. K. & Tenorio, M. J. (2011) ''New species of Gradiconus and Kohniconus from the western Atlantic (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Conidae, Conilithidae).''

Miscellanea Malacologica ''Miscellanea Malacologica'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering malacology, specifically papers on the taxonomy, nomenclature, and zoogeography of mollusks. The journal is published by Marien Faber (Duivendrecht, the Netherlands) and ...

5(1):1-16.Petuch, E. J. & Sargent, D. M. (2011) ''New species of Conidae and Conilithidae (Gastropoda) from the tropical Americas and Philippines. With notes on some poorly-known Floridian species.'' Visaya 3(3):116-137.Petuch & Drolshage (2011) ''Compendium of Florida Fossil Shells, Volume 1'' MDM Publications, Wellington, Florida, 432 pp.C.M.L. Afonso & M.J. Tenorio (August 2011), ''A new, distinct endemic Africonus species (Gastropoda, Conidae) from Sao Vicente Island, Cape Verde Archipelago, West Africa'', Gloria Maris 50(5): 124-135

2009, 2011, list of genera from Tucker & Tenorio, and Bouchet et al

This is a list of what were recognized extant genera within Conidae as per J.K. Tucker & M.J. Tenorio (2009), and Bouchet et al. (2011): However, all these genera have become synonyms of subgenera within the genus ''Conus'' as per the revision of the taxonomy of the Conidae in 2015 * ''

Afonsoconus ''Conus'' is a genus of predatory sea snails, or cone snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015). Conus Linnaeus, 1758. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Afonsoconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Africonus ''Africonus'' is a taxon of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae. Although originally described as a distinct subgenus, it is currently considered as an alternative representation of the cone snail genus, ''Conus''. Distin ...

'' Petuch, 1975: synonym of ''Conus (Lautoconus)'' Monterosato, 1923 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Arubaconus ''Conus'' is a genus of predatory sea snails, or cone snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015). Conus Linnaeus, 1758. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species a ...

'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Ductoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Asprella'' Schaufuss, 1869: synonym of ''Conus (Asprella)'' Schaufuss, 1869 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Atlanticonus ''Conus'' (''Atlanticonus'') is a taxon of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae. Although formerly described as a distinct subgenus, it is currently considered as an alternative representation of the cone snail genus, ''Con ...

'' Petuch & Sargent, 2012: synonym of ''Conus (Atlanticonus)'' Petuch & Sargent, 2012 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Attenuiconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Attenuiconus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Austroconus ''Conus'' (''Austroconus'') is a taxon of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Conidae. Although formerly described as a distinct subgenus, it is currently considered as an alternative representati ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 synonym of ''Conus (Austroconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Bathyconus ''Bathyconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, cone snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus Conasprella, family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Bathyconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009. Accessed through: World Regis ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Fusiconus)'' Thiele, 1929, represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * ''

Bermudaconus ''Conus'' is a genus of predatory sea snails, or cone snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015). Conus Linnaeus, 1758. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at h ...

'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Bermudaconus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Boucheticonus ''Conasprella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ap ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conasprella (Boucheticonus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * ''

Brasiliconus ''Conus'' is a genus of predatory sea snails, or cone snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015). Conus Linnaeus, 1758. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at h ...

'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Brasiliconus) Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Calamiconus ''Calamiconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the new classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Lividoconus)'' Wils, 1970 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Calibanus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Calibanus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Cariboconus'' Petuch, 2003: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Californiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * ''

Chelyconus ''Conus'' is a genus of predatory sea snails, or cone snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015). Conus Linnaeus, 1758. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species a ...

'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Chelyconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Cleobula'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''

Dendroconus ''Dendroconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the new classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B ...

'' Swainson, 1840 * ''Coltroconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conasprella (Coltroconus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929: accepted name * ''

Conasprelloides ''Conasprelloides'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the new classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouche ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * † '' Conilithes'' Swainson, 1840 * '' Continuconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 *''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758: accepted name * ''Cornutoconus'' Suzuki, 1972: synonym of ''

Taranteconus ''Taranteconus'' is a synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852. This was a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoot ...

'' Azuma, 1972 * ''Coronaxis'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Conus)'' Linnaeus, 1758 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Cucullus'' Röding, 1798: synonym of ''Conus (Conus)'' Linnaeus, 1758 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Cylinder'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Conus (Cylinder)'' Montfort, 1810 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Cylindrella'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Asprella'' Schaufuss, 1869synonym of ''Conus (Asprella)'' Schaufuss, 1869 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Cylindrus'' Batsch, 1789: synonym of ''Cylinder'' Montfort, 1810synonym of ''Conus (Cylinder)'' Montfort, 1810 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Dalliconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Dalliconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 synonym of ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * ''

Darioconus ''Darioconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the new classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. ...

'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Darioconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Dauciconus ''Dauciconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the new classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M ...

'' Cotton, 1945: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Dendroconus)'' Swainson, 1840 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Ductoconus ''Ductoconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the latest classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Oliver ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Ductoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Duodenticonus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conasprella (Conasprella)'' Thiele, 1929 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * ''

Dyraspis ''Dyraspis'' is no longer accepted as a genus. It has become a synonym of the subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks ''Conus (Virroconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 in the family Conidae, the cone snails ...

'' Iredale, 1949: synonym of ''Conus (Virroconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Elisaconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Elisaconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Embrikena'' Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Conus (Embrikena)'' Iredale, 1937 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Endemoconus'' Iredale, 1931: synonym of ''Conasprella (Endemoconus)'' Iredale, 1931 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * ''

Eremiconus ''Eremiconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the latest classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Eremiconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Erythroconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Darioconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Eugeniconus ''Eugeniconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the latest classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Eugeniconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Floraconus ''Floraconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the latest classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera ...

'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Floraconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Fraterconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Fraterconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Fulgiconus ''Fulgiconus'' is a synonym of ''Conus (Phasmoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 This name was used for a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Specie ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus ''(Phasmoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Fumiconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conasprella (Fusiconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Fusiconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conasprella (Fusiconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Gastridium'' Modeer, 1793: synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Genuanoconus ''Genuanoconus'' has become a synonym of ''Conus (Kalloconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 It was a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Distingu ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Kalloconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Gladioconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Monteiroconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Globiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Ximeniconus)'' Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *''

Gradiconus ''Gradiconus'' is a synonym of a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. T In the new classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Graphiconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Phasmoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Harmoniconus ''Harmoniconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies. In the new classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T. ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Harmoniconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Hermes'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Conus (Hermes)'' Montfort, 1810 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Heroconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Isoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Jaspidiconus'' Petuch, 2004: synonym of ''Conasprella (Ximeniconus)'' Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Kalloconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Kalloconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Kellyconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Kellyconus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Kenyonia'' Brazier, 1896: genus incertae sedis * ''Kermasprella'' Powell, 1958: synonym of ''Conasprella (Endemoconus)'' Iredale, 1931 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *''

Ketyconus ''Ketyconus'' is a synonym of the subgenus ''Conus (Floraconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758. These are sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Distinguishing c ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Floraconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Kioconus ''Kioconus'' is a synonym of the subgenus ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758. These are sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Distinguishing c ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Klemaeconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Klemaeconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Kohniconus ''Kohniconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conasprella'', family Conilithidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Kohniconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Kohniconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *''

Kurodaconus ''Kurodaconus'' is a synonym of the subgenus ''Conus (Turriconus)'' Shikama & Habe, 1968,n represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758. These are of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. ...

'' Shikama & Habe, 1968: synonym of ''Conus (Turriconus)'' Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Lamniconus ''Lamniconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the latest classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P. ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Lamniconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Lautoconus ''Lautoconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the latest classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B. ...

'' Monterosato, 1923: synonym of ''Conus (Lautoconus)'' Monterosato, 1923 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Leporiconus ''Leporiconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the latest classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B ...

'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Leporiconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Leptoconus'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Leptoconus)'' Swainson, 1840 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Lilliconus'' Raybaudi Massilia, 1994: synonym of ''Conasprella (Lilliconus)'' G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1994 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Lindaconus'' Petuch, 2002: synonym of ''Conus (Lindaconus)'' Petuch, 2002 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Lithoconus'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Lithoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Lividoconus ''Lividoconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the latest classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B ...

'' Wils, 1970: synonym of ''Conus (Lividoconus)'' Wils, 1970 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Lizaconus'' da Motta, 1991synonym of '' Profundiconus'' Kuroda, 1956 * ''Magelliconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Malagasyconus'' Monnier & Tenorio, 2015 * ''Mamiconus'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1932: synonym of ''Endemoconus'' Iredale, 1931synonym of ''Conasprella (Endemoconus)'' Iredale, 1931 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *''

Miliariconus ''Miliariconus'' has become a synonym of the subgenus ''Conus (Virroconus)'' Iredale, 1930, represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758, as shown in In the latest classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B. ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Virroconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Mitraconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Turriconus)'' Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Monteiroconus ''Monteiroconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Monteiroconus'' da Motta, 1991. Acc ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Monteiroconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Nataliconus ''Nataliconus'' has become a synonym of the subgenus ''Conus (Leptoconus)'' Swainson, 1840 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758as stated the latest classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bou ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Leptoconus)'' Swainson, 1840 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Nimboconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Phasmoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Nitidoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Ongoconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Papyriconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Papyriconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Parviconus ''Parviconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conasprella'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella (Parviconus) Cotton & Godfrey, 1932. Accessed through: World Reg ...

'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1932: synonym of ''Conasprella (Parviconus)'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1932 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *''

Perplexiconus ''Perplexiconus'' has become a synonym of Conasprella (Ximeniconus) Emerson & Old, 1962, a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Perplexiconus Tucker & Tenor ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Ximeniconus)'' Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *''

Phasmoconus ''Phasmoconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Phasmoconus'' Mörch, 1852. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spec ...

'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Phasmoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Pionoconus ''Pionoconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Pionoconus'' Mörch, 1852. Accessed thro ...

'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Plicaustraconus ''Plicaustraconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Plicaustraconus'' Moolenbeek, 2008. Accessed through: World Register of Ma ...

'' Moolenbeek, 2008: synonym of ''Conus (Plicaustraconus)'' Moolenbeek, 2008 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Poremskiconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Profundiconus'' Kuroda, 1956: accepted name *''Protoconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''

Tenorioconus ''Tenorioconus'' is a synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852,: synonym of ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758. These are sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Tenor ...

'' Petuch & Drolshagen, 2011 *'' Protostrioconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Pseudoconorbis ''Pseudoconorbis'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. This species has become a synonym of '' Conasprella'' Species Species within the genus ''Pseudoconorbis'' inclu ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Pseudoconorbis)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * ''Pseudohermes'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Virgiconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Pseudolilliconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Pseudolilliconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Pseudonoduloconus ''Pseudonoduloconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Pseudonoduloconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009. Accessed through: World Regi ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Pseudonoduloconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Pseudopterygia'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Pseudopterygia)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Puncticulis ''Puncticulis'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Puncticulis'' Swainson, 1840. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Speci ...

'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Puncticulis)'' Swainson, 1840 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Purpuriconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

'' Puillandre & Tenorio, 2017 *''

Pyruconus ''Pyruconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Pyruconus'' Olsson, 1967. Accessed throu ...

'' Olsson, 1967: synonym of ''Conus (Pyruconus)'' Olsson, 1967 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Quasiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Quasiconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Regiconus'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Darioconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Rhizoconus ''Rhizoconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Rhizoconus'' Mörch, 1852. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species a ...

'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Rhizoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Rhombiconus ''Rhombiconus'' is a synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758. These are sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geome ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Rhombus'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Rolaniconus ''Rolaniconus'' is a synonym of ''Conus (Strategoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758. These consist of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone sna ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Strategoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Rollus'' Montfort, 1810 :synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Rubroconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Rubroconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Sandericonus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Sandericonus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Sciteconus ''Sciteconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Sciteconus'' da Motta, 1991. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spec ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Sciteconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Seminoleconus ''Seminoleconus'' is a synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758. These are sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Semi ...

'' Petuch, 2003: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Socioconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Splinoconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''Spuriconus'' Petuch, 2003: synonym of ''Conus (Lindaconus)'' Petuch, 2002 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Stellaconus ''Stellaconus'' is a synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758. These are sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and thei ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Stephanoconus ''Stephanoconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Stephanoconus'' Mörch, 1852. Accessed through: World Register of Marine ...

'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Strategoconus ''Strategoconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Strategoconus'' da Motta, 1991. Acce ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Strategoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Strioconus'' Thiele, 1929: synonym of ''

'' Mörch, 1852, synonym of ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Sulciconus'' Bielz, 1869: synonym of ''Asprella'' Schaufuss, 1869, synonym of ''Conus (Asprella)'' Schaufuss, 1869 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

'' Azuma, 1972: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

'' Petuch & Drolshagen, 2011: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Tesselliconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Tesselliconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Textilia ''Textilia'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Textilia'' Swainson, 1840. Accessed thro ...

'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Textilia)'' Swainson, 1840 represented ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Thalassiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Calibanus'' da Motta, 1991, synonym of ''Conus (Calibanus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Theliconus'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of Hermes Montfort, 1810, synonym of ''Conus (Hermes)'' Montfort, 1810 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Thoraconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''

'' da Motta, 1991, synonym of ''Conus (Phasmoconus'') Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Trovaoconus ''Trovaoconus'' is a synonym of ''Conus (Kalloconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758. It consists of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails a ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, synonym of ''Conus (Kalloconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Tuckericonus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Tuliparia'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Gastridium'' Modeer, 1793, synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Turriconus ''Turriconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Turriconus'' Shikama & Habe, 1968. Accessed through: World Register of Ma ...

'' Shikama & Habe, 1968, synonym of ''Conus (Turriconus)'' Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Utriculus'' Schumacher, 1817: synonym of ''Gastridium'' Modeer, 1793, synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Varioconus ''Varioconus'' is a synonym of ''Conus (Lautoconus)'' Monterosato, 1923: synonym of ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758. These are sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and the ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Lautoconus)'' Monterosato, 1923 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Viminiconus ''Viminiconus'' is subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conasprella'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Viminiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009. Accessed through: World Register of ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Fusiconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *''

Virgiconus ''Virgiconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Virgiconus'' Cotton, 1945. Accessed thr ...

'' Cotton, 1945: synonym of ''Conus (Virgiconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Virroconus ''Virroconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Virroconus'' Iredale, 1930. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Speci ...

'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Virroconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Vituliconus ''Vituliconus'' is a synonym of ''Conus (Strategoconus)'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 proposed genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snail ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Strategoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Ximeniconus'' Emerson & Old, 1962: synonym of ''Conasprella (Ximeniconus)'' Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *''

Yeddoconus ''Yeddoconus'' is subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conasprella'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Yeddoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009. Accessed through: World Register of Ma ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Endemoconus)'' Iredale, 1931 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929

1993 to 2011 list of genera

Following Taylor et al., from 1993 to 2011, the family Conidae was defined as including not only the cone snails, but also a large number of other genera which are commonly known as "turrids". However, as a result of molecular phylogeny studies in 2011, many of those genera were moved back to the

, or were placed in new "turrid" families within the superfamily Conoidea. The following list of genera that used to be included in Conidae is retained as a historical reference: * ''

Abyssobela ''Abyssobela'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (E ...

'' Kantor & Sysoev, 1986 * '' Acamptodaphne'' Shuto, 1971 * ''

Agathotoma ''Agathotoma'' is a genus of minute sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family (biology), family Mangeliidae. Description Typical character of this genus: the spiral Sculpture (mollusc), sculpture consis ...

'' Cossman, 1899 * '' Aliceia'' Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1897 * ''

Antimitra ''Metula '' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Colubrariidae.Bouchet, P. (2010). Metula H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through ...

'' Iredale, 1917 * ''

Asperdaphne ''Asperdaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description This genus resembles '' Daphnella'' in form and general appearance, but differs in having the protoconch spirally grooved instead of bein ...

'' Hedley, 1922 * ''Asprella'' (considered a synonym of ''Conus'' by some authors) * ''

Austrodaphnella ''Austrodaphnella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P ...

'' Laseron, 1954 * ''

Bactrocythara ''Bactrocythara'' is a genus of small sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Mangeliidae. Species Species within the genus ''Bactrocythara'' include: * ''Bactrocythara agachada'' Rolán, Otero-Schmit ...

'' Woodring, 1928 * ''

Bathybela ''Bathybela'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. It has four described species. Species Species within the genus ''Bathybela'' include: * ''Bathybela nudator'' (Locard, 1897) * '' Bathybela papyra ...

'' Kobelt, 1905 * ''

Bathytoma ''Bathytoma'' is a genus of deep-water sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Borsoniidae. Fossil records This genus is known in the fossil records from the Paleocene to the Quaternary (age range: from 55.8 to 0.781 million years ...

'' Harris & Burrows 1891 * '' Bela'' Gray, 1847 * ''

Belaturricula ''Belaturricula'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Borsoniidae. Species Species within the genus ''Belaturricula'' include: * ''Belaturricula dissimilis'' (Watson, 1886) * ''Bela ...

'' Powell, 1951 * '' Benthomangelia'' Thiele, 1925 * ''

Borsonella ''Borsonella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Borsoniidae. Description (Original description) The shell has a small, blunt nucleus of one or two whorls. The sculpture is chiefly spiral, feeble, except for one ...

'' Dall, 1908 * ''

Brachycythara ''Brachycythara'' is a genus of very small predatory sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Mangeliidae. Description (Original description) The shell is small, stout and biconic. The protoconch is s ...

'' Woodring, 1928 * ''

Buccinaria ''Buccinaria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Buccinaria'' include: * † ''Buccinaria guacoldae'' Nielsen, 2003 * † ''Buccinaria hoheneggeri'' Kittl, 1887 ...

'' Kittl, 1887 * ''

Cenodagreutes ''Raphitoma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. The type species ''Pleurotoma hystrix'' Cristofori and Jan, 1832 is a nomen nudum. It has been validated by Bellardi, 1847 as “''Pleurotoma histr ...

'' E.H. Smith, 1967 * ''Chelyconus'' (synonym of'' Conus'') * '' Clathromangelia'' Monterosato, 1884 * '' Clathurella'' Carpenter, 1857 * ''Cleobula'' (synonym of'' Conus'') * ''

Clinura ''Clinura'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. This genus was only known from fossils from the Cenozoic era until 1997 when Sysoev found a specimen of ''Clinura vitrea'' off the Taninbar Islands, I ...

'' Bellardi, 1875 * ''

Clinuropsis ''Clinuropsis'' is a genus of extinct sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks unassigned in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet, P. (2015). Clinuropsis Vincent, 1913 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespeci ...

'' Vincent, 1913 * '' Columbarium'' Martens, 1881 * ''Conasprella'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''

Conopleura ''Conopleura'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Drilliidae The Drilliidae are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small predatory sea snails with high-spired shells. They are classified ...

'' Hinds, 1844 * '' Conorbis'' Swainson, 1840 * '' Conospirus'' Gregorio, 1890 * ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Crockerella ''Crockerella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Clathurellidae Clathurellidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P., Ka ...

'' Hertlein & Strong 1951 * ''

Cryoturris ''Cryoturris'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Mangeliidae. Description The shell is small or medium-sized, slender or moderately slender. The Whorl (mollusc), whorls are angula ...

'' Woodring, 1928 * ''

Cryptodaphne ''Cryptodaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Cryptodaphne'' include: * ''Cryptodaphne adiaphora'' Morassi & Bonfitto, 2010 * ''Cryptodaphne affinis'' (Sche ...

'' Powell, 1942 * '' Curtitoma'' Bartsch, 1941 * '' Daphnella'' Hinds 1844 * ''

Daphnellopsis ''Daphnellopsis'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises sna ...

'' Schepman, 1913 * ''Darioconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''Dauciconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''Dendroconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''

Diaugasma ''Diaugasma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description The minute shell is oliviform, smoother microscopically spirally striolate, mainly on each side of the sutures, leaving the central port ...

'' Melvill, 1917 * '' Drilliola'' Locard, 1897 * ''Endemoconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''

Eubela ''Eubela'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description The shell is smooth, glossy, with a sutural band. The outer lip is sharp. A shallow anal sinus and a short angular siphonal canal recall ...

'' Dall, 1889 * ''

Eucyclotoma ''Eucyclotoma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Eucyclotoma'' include: * ''Eucyclotoma albomacula'' Kay, 1979 * ''Eucyclotoma bicarinata'' (Peas ...

'' Boettger, 1895 * ''

Euryentmema ''Euryentmema'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae Mangeliidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized, predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. Bouchet ...

'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Exomilus'' Hedley, 1918 * '' Fehria'' van Aartsen, 1988 * ''

Fusidaphne ''Pleurotomella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description (Original description by Verrill) As at present understood, this genus is intended to include those species which have a rather broad ...

'' Laseron, 1954 * '' Gastridium'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''

Glyphostoma ''Glyphostoma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Clathurellidae. Description The shell has a fusiform shape. The siphonal canal is rather long. The genus is characterized by a ve ...

'' Gabb, 1872 * '' Glyphostomops'' Bartsch, 1934 * ''

Glyphoturris ''Glyphoturris'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae. Species Species within the genus ''Glyphoturris'' include: * '' Glyphoturris eritima'' (Bush, 1885) * † '' Glyphoturris lampra'' Woodring 1928 ...

'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Glyptaesopus'' Pilsbry & Olsson 1941 * ''

Granoturris ''Granoturris'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae. Species Species within the genus ''Granoturris'' include: * '' Granoturris padolina'' Fargo, 1953 * '' Granoturris presleyi'' Lyons, 1972 ; Speci ...

'' Fargo, 1953 * ''

Gymnobela ''Gymnobela'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. This genus can sometimes be hardly differentiated from species in the genera ''Spergo'' Dall, 1895, '' Theta'' Clarke, 1959 and ''Speoides yoshidae' ...

'' Verrill, 1884 * ''

Isodaphne ''Isodaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. ...

'' Laseron, 1954 * '' Ithycythara'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Jaspidiconus'' Clench, 1942 * ''

Kermia ''Kermia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. This genus is closely related to '' Pseudodaphnella'' Boettger, 1895. They form together a genus-complex with a highly underestimated diversity, leadin ...

'' Oliver, 1915 * ''

Kuroshiodaphne ''Kuroshiodaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Kuroshiodaphne'' include: *''Kuroshiodaphne aurea'' Stahlschmidt, Poppe & Tagaro, 2018 *''Kur ...

'' Shuto, 1965 * '' Kurtzia'' Bartsch, 1944 * '' Kurtziella'' Dall, 1918 * ''

Leufroyia ''Leufroyia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae.MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Leufroyia Monterosato, 1884. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/ap ...

'' Monterosato 1884 * ''Lithoconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * '' Mangelia'' Risso, 1826 * ''

Microdaphne ''Microdaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Microdaphne'' include: * † '' Microdaphne indohystrix'' Harzhauser, 2014 * '' Microdaphne morrisoni'' Rehder ...

'' McLean, 1971 * ''

Microgenia Microgenia is the medical term for an unusually small or deformed chin. The contrasting condition, an enlarged chin, is called "macrogenia". Causes Can occur in anyone, but is often a sign of Down syndrome Down syndrome or Down's syndrome, ...

'' Laseron, 1954 * ''

Mioawateria ''Mioawateria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae.Bouchet, P. (2014). Mioawateria Vella, 1954. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia ...

'' Vella, 1954 * '' Mitramorpha'' Adams, 1865 * ''

Mitrolumna ''Miltromorpha'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mitromorphidae, in the superfamily Conoidea the cone snails and their allies.MolluscaBase (2018). Mitromorpha Carpenter, 1865. Accessed through: World Register ...

'' Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus 1883 * ''

Mitromorpha ''Miltromorpha'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mitromorphidae, in the superfamily Conoidea the cone snails and their allies.MolluscaBase (2018). Mitromorpha Carpenter, 1865. Accessed through: World Register ...

'' Adams, 1865 * ''

Nannodiella ''Nannodiella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Clathurellidae. Species Species within the genus ''Nannodiella'' include: * ''Nannodiella acricula'' (Hedley, 1922) * ''Nannodi ...

'' Dall, 1918 * ''

Neopleurotomoides ''Neopleurotomoides'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Neopleurotomoides'' include: * ''Neopleurotomoides aembe'' Figueira & Absalão, 2012 * ''N ...

'' Shuto, 1971 * ''

Nepotilla ''Nepotilla'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description This genus is allied to ''Eucyclotoma'' by its spirally grooved protoconch, but distinguished there from by its minute size, turreted s ...

'' Hedley, 1918 * ''

Nipponaphera ''Nipponaphera'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails. Species Species within the genus ''Nipponaphera'' include: * '' Nipponaphera agastor'' Bouchet & Petit, 2008 * '' Nipponaphera ...

'' Habe, 1961 * '' Obesotoma'' Bartsch, 1941 * '' Oenopota'' Mörch, 1852 * ''

Ophiodermella ''Ophiodermella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Borsoniidae. Species Species within the genus ''Ophiodermella'' include: * ''Ophiodermella akkeshiensis'' (Habe, 1958) * ''Ophio ...

'' Bartsch, 1944 * '' Pagodidaphne'' Shuto, 1983 * ''

Perplicaria ''Perplicaria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine Gastropod mollusks in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails. Species Species within the genus ''Perplicaria'' include: * † ''Perplicaria aquitanica'' (Peyrot, 1928) * ''Perplicaria bo ...

'' Dall, 1890 * ''

Phymorhynchus ''Phymorhynchus'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description The fusiform shell is thin, smooth, or spirally sculptured. The axial sculpture is less conspicuous. The siphonal canal is nearly obsol ...

'' Dall, 1908 * ''

Platycythara ''Platycythara'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae. Species Species within the genus ''Platycythara'' include: * '' Platycythara curta'' (Dall, 1919) * ''Platycythara elata ''Platycythara elata ...

'' Woodring, 1928 * ''

Pleurotomella ''Pleurotomella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description (Original description by Verrill) As at present understood, this genus is intended to include those species which have a rather bro ...

'' verrill, 1873 * ''

Pontiothauma ''Pontiothauma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description The fusiform shell is not umbilicate, anteriorly rostrate and obliquely folded. The shell is spirally furrowed by lirae. The apertur ...

'' E.A. Smith, 1895 * '' Propebela'' Iredale, 1918 * ''

Pseudodaphnella ''Pseudodaphnella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. In the past this generic name, ''Pseudodaphnella'', has been refused recognition by most modern writers, who have distributed its constituents ...

'' Boettger, 1895 * ''

'' Swainson, 1840 * ''

Pyrgocythara ''Pyrgocythara'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae. The type species is the Pliocene: ''Pyrgocythara eminula'' , which is probably the same as the Recent '' Pleurotoma trilineata'' (synonym of '' Cry ...

'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Raphitoma'' Bellardi, 1847 * ''Rhizoconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''

Rimosodaphnella ''Rimosodaphnella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description (Original description) The diagnosis that Cossmann previously provided in support of ''Bellardiella'' does not apply - as we have see ...

'' Cossmann, 1915 * ''

Rocroithys ''Rocroithys'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Rocroithys'' include: * '' Rocroithys niveus'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001 * ''Rocroithys perissus ''Rocroithys pe ...

'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001 * ''

Rubellatoma ''Rubellatoma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae Mangeliidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized, predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. Bouchet ...

'' Bartsch & Rehder 1939 * '' Rugobela'' Finlay, 1924 * ''

Scalptia ''Scalptia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails. Species Species within the genus ''Scalptia'' include: * '' Scalptia aliguayensis'' Verhecken, 2008 * '' Scalptia androyensis'' ...

'' Jousseaume 1887 * ''

Spergo ''Spergo'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description The large, thin shell is nearly destitute of sculpture. It shows an unrecurved columella, a short, wide, straight siphonal canal, a wide ...

'' Dall, 1895 * ''Stephanoconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''

Stilla ''Stilla'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Distribution This genus occurs off New Zealand. Species Species within the genus ''Stilla'' include: * ''Stilla anomala'' Powell, 1955 ...

'' Finlay, 1926 * '' Suavodrillia'' Dall, 1918 * ''

Taranidaphne ''Taranidaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Taranidaphne'' include: * '' Taranidaphne amphitrites'' (Melvill & Standen, 1903) * '' Taranidaphne beblammena ...

'' Morassi & Bonfitto, 2001 * ''

Taranis In Celtic mythology, Taranis (Proto-Celtic: *''Toranos'', earlier ''*Tonaros''; Latin: Taranus, earlier Tanarus) is the god of thunder, who was worshipped primarily in Gaul, Hispania, Britain, and Ireland, but also in the Rhineland and Danube reg ...

'' Jeffreys, 1870 * ''

Tasmadaphne ''Pleurotomella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description (Original description by Verrill) As at present understood, this genus is intended to include those species which have a rather bro ...

'' Laseron, 1954 * ''

Teleochilus ''Teleochilus'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description (Original description) The protoconch is large, with 1½ depressed whorls, spirally and longitudinally striated from the initial portion ...

'' Harris, 1897 * ''

Tenaturris ''Tenaturris'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae. Species Species within the genus ''Tenaturris'' include: * '' Tenaturris bartlettii'' (Dall, 1889) * '' Tenaturris concinna'' (Adams C. B., 1852) * '' ...

'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Teretia'' Norman, 1888 * '' Teretiopsis'' Kantor & Sysoev, 1989 * ''

Thatcheria ''Thatcheria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description (Original description) The solid shell is angularly pyriform. The spire is prominent, shorter than the aperture. It is many-whorled w ...

'' Angas, 1877 * ''

Thatcheriasyrinx ''Thatcheriasyrinx'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi ...

'' Powell, 1969 * ''

Thatcherina ''Thatcherina'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. ...

'' Vera-Pelaez, 1998 * ''

Thelecythara ''Thelecythara'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pseudomelatomidae Pseudomelatomidae is a family of predatory sea snails, marine gastropods included in the superfamily Conoidea (previously Conacea) and pa ...

'' Woodring, 1928 * ''

Thesbia ''Thesbia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family Raphitomidae. This genus was named after Thesbia, one of the Sea-nymphs of Hesiod. Description the original description of this genus notes that it feat ...

'' Jeffreys, 1867 * '' Theta'' A.H. Clarke, 1959 * '' Tritonoturris'' Dall, 1924 * '' Truncadaphne'' McLean, 1971 * ''

Tuskaroria ''Tuskaroria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. ...

'' Sysoev, 1988 * '' Typhlodaphne'' Powell, 1951 * ''

Typhlomangelia ''Typhlomangelia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Borsoniidae, the cone snails and their allies. Species Species within the genus ''Typhlomangelia'' include: * '' Typhlomangelia adenica'' Sysoev, 1996 * ''Ty ...

'' Sars G.O., 1878 * '' Veprecula'' Melvill, 1917 * '' Vepridaphne'' Shuto, 1983 * ''Virgiconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''Virroconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''

Xanthodaphne ''Xanthodaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Xanthodaphne'' include: * '' Xanthodaphne agonia'' (Dall, 1890) * '' Xanthodaphne alessandropaglii'' Nappo & Pagl ...

'' Powell, 1942 * ''

Zenepos ''Zenepos'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Zenepos'' include: * † ''Zenepos lacunosa'' (Hutton, 1885) * ''Zenepos totolirata'' (Suter, 1908) * '' Zenepos z ...

'' Finlay, 1928 * ''

Zierliana ''Vexillum'' is a genus of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Costellariidae. This genus is not monophyletic. It is considered a "dumping ground" for an array of unrelated forms.Cernohorsky WO. 1966. '' ...

'' Gray, 1847

Cone snail venom characteristics and biotech

There are approximately 30 records of humans killed by cone snails. Human victims suffer little pain, because the venom contains an analgesic component. Some species reportedly can kill a human in under five minutes, thus the name "cigarette snail" as supposedly one only has time to smoke a cigarette before dying. Cone snails can sting through a wetsuit with their harpoon-like radular tooth, which resembles a transparent needle. Normally, cone snails (and many species in the superfamily Conoidea) use their venom to immobilize prey before engulfing it. The venom consists of a mixture of peptides, called conopeptides. The venom is typically made up of 10 to 30 amino acids, but in some species as many as 60. The venom of each cone snail species may contain as many as 200 pharmacologically active components. It is estimated that more than 50,000 conopeptides can be found, because every species of cone snail is thought to produce its own specific venom. Cone-snail venom has come to interest biotechnologists and pharmacists because of its potential medicinal properties. Production of synthetic conopeptides has started, using solid-phase peptide synthesis. W-conopeptide, from the species '' Conus magus'' is the basis of the

analgesic An analgesic drug, also called simply an analgesic (American English), analgaesic (British English), pain reliever, or painkiller, is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve relief from pain (that is, analgesia or pain management). It ...

drug Prialt, an approved treatment for pain said to be 1000 times as powerful as morphine and used as a last resort in specific application. Conopeptides are also being looked at as anti-epileptic agents and to help stop nerve-cell death after a stroke or head injury. Conopeptides also have potential in helping against spasms due to spinal cord injuries, and may be helpful in diagnosing and treating small cell

carcinoma Carcinoma is a malignancy that develops from epithelial cells. Specifically, a carcinoma is a cancer that begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body, and that arises from cells originating in the endodermal, mesodermal ...

s in the lung. The biotechnology surrounding cone snails and their venom has promise for medical breakthroughs; with more than 50,000 conopeptides to study, the possibilities are numerous.

References

External links

{{taxonbar, from=Q140435 Gastropod families

Current taxonomy

History of the taxonomy

Overview

1993, Taylor et al., Bouchet & Rocroi

2009, Tucker & Tenorio

2011, Bouchet et al.

2009, 2011, list of genera from Tucker & Tenorio, and Bouchet et al

1993 to 2011 list of genera

Cone snail venom characteristics and biotech

See also

References

Further reading

External links