Under the

Whyte notation Whyte notation is a classification method for steam locomotives, and some internal combustion locomotives and electric locomotives, by wheel arrangement. It was devised by Frederick Methvan Whyte, and came into use in the early twentieth ce ...

for the classification of

steam locomotive A steam locomotive is a locomotive that provides the force to move itself and other vehicles by means of the expansion of steam. It is fuelled by burning combustible material (usually coal, oil or, rarely, wood) to heat water in the locomot ...

s, represents the

wheel arrangement In rail transport, a wheel arrangement or wheel configuration is a system of classifying the way in which wheels are distributed under a locomotive. Several notations exist to describe the wheel assemblies of a locomotive by type, position, and c ...

of four

leading wheel The leading wheel or leading axle or pilot wheel of a steam locomotive is an unpowered wheel or axle located in front of the driving wheels. The axle or axles of the leading wheels are normally located on a leading truck. Leading wheels are used ...

s on two axles, six powered and coupled

driving wheel On a steam locomotive, a driving wheel is a powered wheel which is driven by the locomotive's pistons (or turbine, in the case of a steam turbine locomotive). On a conventional, non-articulated locomotive, the driving wheels are all coupled ...

s on three axles and two

trailing wheel On a steam locomotive, a trailing wheel or trailing axle is generally an unpowered wheel or axle ( wheelset) located behind the driving wheels. The axle of the trailing wheels is usually located in a trailing truck. On some large locomotives, ...

s on one axle. The locomotive became almost globally known as a Pacific type.

Overview

The introduction of the design in 1901 has been described as "a veritable milestone in locomotive progress". On many railways worldwide, Pacific steam locomotives provided the motive power for

express passenger train Inter-city rail services are express passenger train services that run services that connect cities over longer distances than commuter or regional trains. There is no precise definition of inter-city rail; its meaning may vary from country ...

s throughout much of the early to mid-20th century, before either being superseded by larger types in the late 1940s and 1950s, or replaced by

electric Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by ...

or diesel-electric locomotives during the 1950s and 1960s. Nevertheless, new Pacific designs continued to be built until the mid-1950s. The type is generally considered to be an enlargement of the Atlantic type, although its

prototype A prototype is an early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process. It is a term used in a variety of contexts, including semantics, design, electronics, and Software prototyping, software programming. A prototyp ...

had a direct relationship to the Ten-wheeler and Prairie, effectively being a combination of the two types. The success of the type can be attributed to a combination of its four-wheel leading truck which provided better stability at speed than a Prairie, the six driving wheels which allowed for a larger boiler and the application of more tractive effort than the earlier Atlantic, and the two-wheel trailing truck, first used on the New Zealand Prairie of 1885. This permitted the

firebox Firebox may refer to: *Firebox (steam engine), the area where the fuel is burned in a steam engine *Firebox (architecture), the part of a fireplace where fuel is combusted *Firebox Records, a Finnish 8101705801record label * Firebox.com, an electro ...

to be located behind the high driving wheels and thereby allowed it to be both wide and deep, unlike the Ten-wheeler which had either a narrow and deep firebox between the driving wheels or a wide and shallow one above. The type is well-suited to high speed running. The world speed record for steam traction of has been held by a British Pacific locomotive, the ''Mallard'', since 3 July 1938.

Development

The two earliest locomotives, both created in the United States of America, were experimental designs which were not perpetuated. In 1887, the

Lehigh Valley Railroad The Lehigh Valley Railroad was a railroad built in the Northeastern United States to haul anthracite coal from the Coal Region in Pennsylvania. The railroad was authorized on April 21, 1846 for freight and transportation of passengers, goods, w ...

experimented with a Ten-wheeler design with a Strong's patent firebox, a cylindrical device behind the cab which required an extension of the frame and the addition of two trailing wheels to support it. In 1889, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul Railway rebuilt a conventional with trailing wheels as a means of reducing its axle load.Ellis, Hamilton. (1981). ''The Pictorial Encyclopaedia of Railways''. Hamlyn. pp.104–105. In 1896, six Q class tank locomotives were introduced on the

Western Australian Government Railways Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) was the operator of railway services in the state of Western Australia between October 1890 and June 2003. Owned by the state government, it was renamed a number of times to reflect extra responsi ...

. The first true Pacific, designed as such with a large firebox aft of the coupled wheels, was ordered in 1901 by the

New Zealand Railways Department The New Zealand Railways Department, NZR or NZGR (New Zealand Government Railways) and often known as the "Railways", was a government department charged with owning and maintaining New Zealand's railway infrastructure and operating the railway ...

(NZR) from the

Baldwin Locomotive Works The Baldwin Locomotive Works (BLW) was an American manufacturer of railroad locomotives from 1825 to 1951. Originally located in Philadelphia, it moved to nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania, in the early 20th century. The company was for decades t ...

of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The NZR Chief Mechanical Engineer,

Alfred Beattie Alfred Luther Beattie (1852 – 2 May 1920), typically referred to as A. L. Beattie, was a pioneering locomotive engineer. Born in Yorkshire, England,The Rock, September 2010 http://www.stpeterscaversham.org.nz/The%20Rock/1009.pdf he gained fame ...

, ordered thirteen new Q class locomotives with a sufficiently large

that would be able to efficiently burn poor grade

lignite coal Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, is a soft, brown, combustible, sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat. It has a carbon content around 25–35%, and is considered the lowest rank of coal due to its relatively low heat ...

from eastern

South Island The South Island, also officially named , is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand in surface area, the other being the smaller but more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasman ...

mines. Even before they had completed the order from New Zealand, the Baldwin engineers realised the advantages of this new type, and incorporated it into standard designs for other customers. The design was soon widely adopted by designers throughout the world.

Origin of the name

There are different opinions concerning the origin of the name Pacific. The design was a natural enlargement of the existing Baldwin Atlantic type, but the type name may also be in recognition of the fact that a New Zealand designer had first proposed it. Usually, however, new wheel arrangements were named for, or named by, the railroad which first used the type in the United States. In the case of the Pacific, that was the

Missouri Pacific Railroad The Missouri Pacific Railroad , commonly abbreviated as MoPac, was one of the first railroads in the United States west of the Mississippi River. MoPac was a Class I railroad growing from dozens of predecessors and mergers. In 1967, the railroad ...

in 1902. In the

Cape of Good Hope The Cape of Good Hope ( af, Kaap die Goeie Hoop ) ;''Kaap'' in isolation: pt, Cabo da Boa Esperança is a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula in South Africa. A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is t ...

in South Africa, the first Pacifics were delivered from

Kitson & Company Kitson and Company was a locomotive manufacturer based in Hunslet, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Early history The company was started in 1835 by James Kitson at the Airedale Foundry, off Pearson Street, Hunslet, with Charles Todd as a part ...

in 1903 and designated the Karoo Class, from the region of the Cape Western System of the

Cape Government Railways The Cape Government Railways (CGR) was the government-owned railway operator in the Cape Colony from 1874 until the creation of the South African Railways (SAR) in 1910. History Private railways The first railways at the Cape were privately own ...

that they were designed to work in.

Global popularity

The Pacific type was used on mainline railways around the world. The railways of New Zealand and Australia were the first in the world to run large numbers of Pacific locomotives, having introduced types in 1901 and 1902 respectively and operating them until the 1960s. During the first half of the 20th century, the Pacific rapidly became the predominant passenger steam power in North America. Between 1902 and 1930, about 6,800 locomotives of the type were built by North American manufacturers for service in the United States and Canada. With exported locomotives included, about 7,300 were built in total. About 45% of these were built by the

American Locomotive Company The American Locomotive Company (often shortened to ALCO, ALCo or Alco) was an American manufacturer of locomotives, diesel generators, steel, and tanks that operated from 1901 to 1969. The company was formed by the merger of seven smaller locomo ...

(ALCO) which became the main builder of the type, and 28% by Baldwin. Large numbers were also used in South America, most of which were supplied by manufacturers in the United Kingdom, the United States and Germany. SAR Class 5 (4-6-2)

Africa was the third continent upon which the Pacific was regularly used, following the introduction of the Karoo class on the

in the Cape of Good Hope in 1903. The earliest African examples were built in the United Kingdom by

. The earliest examples of the Pacific in Europe were two French prototypes, introduced in 1907 and designed by the ''

Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans The ''Compagnie du chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans'' (PO) was an early French railway company. It merged with the ''Chemins de fer du Midi'' to form the ''Chemins de fer de Paris à Orléans et du Midi'' (PO-Midi) in 1934. In 1938 the PO-Midi ...

'' (PO) to overcome the insufficient power of their . Within a few weeks, these were followed by a German Pacific type that, although already designed in 1905, only entered service in late 1907. The next was a British type, introduced in January 1908. By the outbreak of

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

, the type was being widely used on the railways of

Continental Europe Continental Europe or mainland Europe is the contiguous continent of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands. It can also be referred to ambiguously as the European continent, – which can conversely mean the whole of Europe – and, by ...

. The Pacific type was introduced into Asia in 1907, the same year that it was first used in Europe. By the 1920s, Pacifics were being used by many railways throughout the Asian continent. In 1923, the Pacific gave its name to

Arthur Honegger Arthur Honegger (; 10 March 1892 – 27 November 1955) was a Swiss composer who was born in France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. A member of Les Six, his best known work is probably ''Antigone'', composed between 1924 and 1927 to ...

's orchestral work, ''

Pacific 231 ''Pacific 231'' is an orchestral work by Arthur Honegger, written in 1923. It is one of his most frequently performed works. Description The popular interpretation of the piece is that it depicts a steam locomotive, one that is supported by th ...

'', which successfully reflectively interprets the emotive sounds of a steam locomotive. (231 after the French system of counting axles rather than wheels.)

Tank locomotives

During the first two decades of the 20th century, the Pacific wheel arrangement enjoyed limited popularity on

tank locomotives A tank locomotive or tank engine is a steam locomotive that carries its water in one or more on-board water tanks, instead of a more traditional tender. Most tank engines also have bunkers (or fuel tanks) to hold fuel; in a tender-tank locomot ...

. On a locomotive, the trailing wheels support the

coal bunker A coal bin, coal store or coal bunker is a storage container for coal awaiting use or transportation. This can be either in domestic, commercial or industrial premises, or on a ship or locomotive tender, or at a coal mine or processing plant. D ...

rather than an enlarged firebox and such a locomotive is therefore actually a tank engine version of the Ten-wheeler tender locomotive. Indeed, many of the earliest examples were either rebuilt from tender locomotives or shared their basic design. Around 1920, it became apparent to designers that the wheel arrangement allowed a too limited bunker size for most purposes, with the result that most later designs of large suburban tank classes were of the Hudson or Adriatic wheel arrangement.

Lifespan

The Pacific became the major express passenger locomotive type on many railways throughout the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s. Examples were also built for fast

freight Cargo consists of bulk goods conveyed by water, air, or land. In economics, freight is cargo that is transported at a freight rate for commercial gain. ''Cargo'' was originally a shipload but now covers all types of freight, including transp ...

and

mixed traffic Mixed traffic is a term that may refer to: *A mixed-traffic locomotive. *A street running train A street running train is a train which runs on a track built on public streets. The rails are embedded in the roadway, and the train shares the str ...

duties. However, due to the increasing weight of trains during the 1940s, larger developments of the type became necessary in the United States and elsewhere. The most notable of these was the Hudson or Baltic type, which had a four-wheel trailing bogie that permitted an even larger firebox, albeit at a loss of some

adhesive weight Adhesive weight is the weight on the driving wheels of a locomotive, which determines the frictional grip between wheels and rail, and hence the drawbar pull which a locomotive can exert. See also *Factor of adhesion *Tractive effort As used in ...

, and the Mountain type which used an extra pair of driving wheels to deliver more tractive effort to the rails. Nevertheless, the Pacific type remained widely used on express passenger trains until the end of steam traction. The last examples were built in the United Kingdom and Japan in the mid-1950s.

British Rail British Railways (BR), which from 1965 traded as British Rail, was a state-owned company that operated most of the overground rail transport in Great Britain from 1948 to 1997. It was formed from the nationalisation of the Big Four British rai ...

ways introduced its

BR Standard Class 6 The Standard class 6, otherwise known as the ''Clan'' Class, was a class of 4-6-2, 4-6-2 ''Pacific'' Tender (railroad car), tender steam locomotive designed by Robert Riddles for use by British Railways. Ten locomotives were constructed betwee ...

and

BR Standard Class 7 The BR Standard Class 7, otherwise known as the ''Britannia'' Class, is a class of 4-6-2 ''Pacific'' steam locomotive designed under Robert Riddles for use by British Railways for mixed-traffic duties. 55 were constructed between 1951 and ...

designs in 1951 and 1952, and the final United Kingdom design, the

BR Standard Class 8 The BR Standard Class 8 was a class of a single 4-6-2 ''Pacific'' steam locomotive designed by Robert Riddles for use by British Railways. Only the prototype was constructed, named ''Duke of Gloucester''. Constructed at Crewe Works in 1954, t ...

, in 1954.Bruce, Alfred. (1952). ''The Steam Locomotive in America: Its Development in the Twentieth Century''. W.W. Norton. However, the story of the type did not end in the 1960s. One further mainline example of the

LNER Peppercorn Class A1 The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) Peppercorn Class A1 is a type of express passenger steam locomotive. Forty-nine original Peppercorn Class A1s were built to the design of Arthur Peppercorn (who was the last Chief Mechanical Engi ...

, No. 60163 ''Tornado'', was completed at

Darlington Darlington is a market town in the Borough of Darlington, County Durham, England. The River Skerne flows through the town; it is a tributary of the River Tees. The Tees itself flows south of the town. In the 19th century, Darlington underwen ...

by the

A1 Steam Locomotive Trust The A1 Steam Locomotive Trust is a Darlington, England based charitable trust formed in 1990 for the primary purpose of completing the next stage of the locomotive heritage movement, the building of a new steam locomotive from scratch (i.e. not a ...

in 2008. Designed to meet modern safety and certification standards, Tornado runs on the United Kingdom's rail network and on mainline-connected

heritage railway A heritage railway or heritage railroad (US usage) is a railway operated as living history to re-create or preserve railway scenes of the past. Heritage railways are often old railway lines preserved in a state depicting a period (or periods) i ...

s.The Railway Magazine, 50 Great British Locomotives, Autumn/Winter 2008 special, p98, A bonus 51st entry: The 21st century steam miracle

Usage

Argentina

The

Vulcan Foundry The Vulcan Foundry Limited was an English locomotive builder sited at Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire (now Merseyside). History The Vulcan Foundry opened in 1832, as Charles Tayleur and Company to produce girders for bridges, switches, crossi ...

built twenty Pacific locomotives for the former

Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway The Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway (BAGS) ( es, Ferrocarril del Sud) was one of the ''Big Four'' Indian gauge, broad gauge, , British-owned companies that built and operated railway networks in Argentina. The company was founded by Edward ...

(BAGSR) in 1926, two of which still survive. A further single 12B class locomotive was built in 1930, and the 12K class of twelve Pacific locomotives was built for the BAGSR by Vulcan in 1938.Vulcan Foundry Photographic Loco List
/ref> In 1930, the

Central Argentine Railway The Central Argentine Railway, referred to as CA below, (in Spanish: Ferrocarril Central Argentino) was one of the ''Big Four'' broad gauge, British companies that built and operated railway networks in Argentina. The company had been establish ...

(''Ferrocarril Central Argentino'' or FCCA) ordered twenty large three-cylinder PS11 class Pacific locomotives with

Caprotti valve gear The Caprotti valve gear is a type of steam engine valve gear invented in the early 1920s by Italian architect and engineer Arturo Caprotti. It uses camshafts and poppet valves rather than the piston valves used in other valve gear. While basi ...

, which were at the time the most powerful locomotives on the FCCA. In 1939, one of these set up a South American speed record, averaging on the ''El Cordobes'' express across the non-stop run from

Rosario Rosario () is the largest city in the central provinces of Argentina, Argentine province of Santa Fe Province, Santa Fe. The city is located northwest of Buenos Aires, on the west bank of the Paraná River. Rosario is the third-most populous ci ...

Buenos Aires Buenos Aires ( or ; ), officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( es, link=no, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), is the capital and primate city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata, on South ...

, hauling a 500-ton train and at times attaining a maximum speed of nearly . The

built a further fifty locomotives of a modernised PS12 class version of this design for the nationalised ''

Ferrocarriles Argentinos Ferrocarriles Argentinos (abbreviated as FA; ) was a state-owned company that managed the entire Argentine railway system for nearly 45 years. It was formed in 1948 when all the private railway companies were nationalised during Juan Perón's fir ...

'' (FCA) between 1950 and 1953.

Australia

In Australia, the first known example of the wheel arrangement was the Q class tank locomotive of the gauge

(WAGR). The six locomotives were introduced in 1896, but four of them were soon converted to a Hudson configuration. The WAGR was the largest user of Pacific tender types in Australia. In total, the WAGR operated at least 223 locomotives, acquired between 1902 and 1950, making it by far its most numerous wheel arrangement. * The first simple expansion (simplex) tender locomotives in Australia were ordered from British manufacturers for the WAGR. However, due to slow delivery times by the British companies as a result of full order books and their preference for larger orders, twenty compound expansion locomotives were also ordered from

in Pennsylvania and placed in service in 1902, designated the Ec class. From 1923, these locomotives, designed for heavy goods and passenger traffic, were converted into light-lines L class engines, but without altering their wheel arrangement. * The British-built locomotives, the

WAGR E class The WAGR E class were a class of 4-6-2 steam locomotives built for the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) by English manufacturers Nasmyth, Wilson & Co, Vulcan Foundry and North British Locomotive Company, from 1902. The locomotive ...

, were built by Nasmyth, Wilson & Company,

North British Locomotive Company The North British Locomotive Company (NBL, NB Loco or North British) was created in 1903 through the merger of three Glasgow locomotive manufacturing companies; Sharp, Stewart and Company (Atlas Works), Neilson, Reid and Company (Hyde Park Wor ...

(NBL) and

between 1902 and 1912. These were the first of the type to be introduced in quantity, with 65 locomotives in the class. * Other Pacific type locomotives operated by the WAGR included the twenty-strong C class, introduced in 1902, which were converted from a to a wheel arrangement from 1909. Steam p508

* It was not until the introduction of the WAGR P class in 1924 that

Western Australia Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to th ...

received what many considered a true Pacific, a large, well balanced locomotive designed primarily for fast passenger traffic. The P class consisted of 25 locomotives, built in 1924 and 1925 by NBL as well as locally at the WAGR's

Midland Railway Workshops The Midland Railway Workshops in Midland, Western Australia, were the main workshops for the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) for over 80 years. History The first railway workshops in Western Australia were located at Fremantle an ...

. The P class engines revolutionised express passenger travel in Western Australia by drastically reducing passenger travel times between destinations. * The first batch of ten WAGR Pr ''River'' class locomotives, named after prominent rivers in Western Australia and with a boiler pressure rating of compared to the of the P class, were built in 1938 at the Midland Railway Workshops. Between 1941 and 1944, eight of the P class locomotives were also converted to Pr class. One of them was preserved. * The

WAGR U class The WAGR U class was a class of 4-6-2 steam locomotives operated by the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) between 1946 and the late 1960s. One was rebuilt as a 4-6-4 tank locomotive. History In 1942, the North British Locomotive ...

of fourteen oil burning locomotives, one of which was preserved, were purchased from NBL in 1946 as surplus war-work engines, following the World War II. * The WAGR's final Pacific design was its Pm and Pmr classes of 35 locomotives, introduced in 1950, five of which have been preserved. These locomotives were intended to replace the Pr class, but were quickly relegated to goods workings after proving to be rigid steamers.McNicol, S., ''WAGR Steam Locomotives in Preservation'' (1994), Pm and Pmr class entries, pp. 23-27 The

Midland Railway of Western Australia The Midland Railway of Western Australia (MRWA) was a railway company that built and operated the Midland line in Western Australia. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange. Although having its headquarters in London, it had no association ...

, one of the longest-lived privately owned railways in Australia, followed the WAGR's example by introducing five class C locomotives which were built by

to the Karoo design of the

as basis. In the 1920s, heavy Pacific locomotives were introduced by both

South Australian Railways South Australian Railways (SAR) was the statutory corporation through which the Government of South Australia built and operated railways in South Australia from 1854 until March 1978, when its non-urban railways were incorporated into Austr ...

(SAR) and

Victorian Railways The Victorian Railways (VR), trading from 1974 as VicRail, was the state-owned operator of most rail transport in the Australian state of Victoria from 1859 to 1983. The first railways in Victoria were private companies, but when these companie ...

(VR), in response to increasingly heavy passenger trains and the demand for faster services. Although similar in size, power and top speed, their designs reflected different approaches. * The SAR 600 class reflected contemporary American locomotive practice, both in design features and appearance, with two large cylinders. The SAR owned altogether twenty Pacific locomotives, of which the first ten were of the 600 class, supplied by

Armstrong Whitworth Sir W G Armstrong Whitworth & Co Ltd was a major British manufacturing company of the early years of the 20th century. With headquarters in Elswick, Newcastle upon Tyne, Armstrong Whitworth built armaments, ships, locomotives, automobiles and a ...

of the United Kingdom in 1922. The remainder were of the 620 class, built at

Islington Railway Workshops The Islington Railway Workshops are railway workshops in the northern suburbs of Adelaide, South Australia. They were the chief railway workshops of the South Australian Railways, and are still in operation today. * The VR S class, on the other hand, showed a strong British

London & North Eastern Railway London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major se ...

influence, with three cylinders and with

Gresley conjugated valve gear The Gresley conjugated valve gear is a valve gear for steam locomotives designed by Sir Nigel Gresley, chief mechanical engineer of the LNER, assisted by Harold Holcroft. It enables a three-cylinder locomotive to operate with only the two set ...

driving the third inside cylinder. The VR's four S class locomotives were built at Newport Works between 1928 and 1930. Dde702

The VR also built a locomotive class, the Dde class that was developed from a successful Dd class design in 1908, intended for outer suburban passenger services in

Melbourne Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...

. The gauge

Queensland Rail Queensland Rail (QR) is a railway operator in Queensland, Australia. Owned by the Queensland Government, it operates local and long-distance passenger services, as well as owning and maintaining approximately 6,600 kilometres of track and relate ...

ways (QR) had two Pacific locomotive classes. Between 1926 and 1947, 83 B18¼ class were introduced to haul mail trains. The prototype, built by QR's Ipswich Workshops, began trial runs on 16 July 1926 and was followed by two batches of eight locomotives in 1927 and 1929. The last locomotive of this class was delivered in 1947. In 1950, QR ordered 35 BB18¼ class locomotives from

, developed from the successful B18¼ class. Another twenty were built by

Walkers Limited Walkers Limited was an Australian engineering company, based in Maryborough, Queensland. It built ships and railway locomotives. The Walkers factory still produces railway locomotives and rolling stock as part of Downer Rail. History In ...

of Maryborough between 1955 and 1958. Of these, no. 1089 was the last mainline steam locomotive to be built in Australia. 3801 (NSW steam locomotive) 2

The

New South Wales Government Railways The New South Wales Government Railways (NSWGR) was the agency of the Government of New South Wales that administered rail transport in New South Wales, Australia, between 1855 and 1932. Management The agency was managed by a range of differe ...

(NSWGR) introduced its C38 class for express passenger service in 1943. These two-cylinder Pacifics had a free-steaming boiler and were renowned for their performance. Class leader

3801 3801 (pronounced Thirty-eight o-one) is a 4-6-2 steam locomotive operated by the New South Wales Government Railways between 1943 and 1974. It is arguably Australia's most famous steam locomotive, being the only one to have visited all mainla ...

achieved considerable fame in preservation, with notable feats such as hauling the ''

Western Endeavour The ''Western Endeavour'' was the first steam locomotive hauled train to operate across from Sydney on Australia's east coast to Perth on the west coast in 1970. History Following the completion of a project to convert the Sydney to Perth ra ...

'', a transcontinental journey from

Sydney Sydney ( ) is the capital city of the state of New South Wales, and the most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Sydney Harbour and extends about towards the Blue Mountain ...

Perth Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a population of 2.1 million (80% of the state) living in Greater Perth in 2020. Perth is ...

in 1970. The

Tasmanian Government Railways The Tasmanian Government Railways (TGR) was the former operator of the mainline railways in Tasmania, Australia. Formed in 1872, the railway company was managed by the Government of Tasmania, and existed until absorption into the Australian Na ...

owned fourteen Pacific locomotives. Four R class were built for passenger trains by

Perry Engineering Perry Engineering was a major foundry and steel engineering works in the state of South Australia. History Perry Engineering had its origins in 1899 when Samuel Perry purchased from the estate of James Wedlock the Cornwall Foundry on Hindley S ...

Adelaide Adelaide ( ) is the capital city of South Australia, the state's largest city and the fifth-most populous city in Australia. "Adelaide" may refer to either Greater Adelaide (including the Adelaide Hills) or the Adelaide city centre. The dem ...

and ten M class were built by

Robert Stephenson & Hawthorns Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns Ltd (RSH) was a locomotive builder with works in North East England. History The company was formed in September 1937 when Robert Stephenson and Company, which was based in Darlington, took over the locomotive ...

in 1951, and were used on all trains on major lines in northern

Tasmania ) , nickname = , image_map = Tasmania in Australia.svg , map_caption = Location of Tasmania in AustraliaCoordinates: , subdivision_type = Country , subdi ...

Austria

The only Pacific type to be built in Austria was the class 629

tank locomotive A tank locomotive or tank engine is a steam locomotive that carries its water in one or more on-board water tanks, instead of a more traditional tender. Most tank engines also have bunkers (or fuel tanks) to hold fuel; in a tender-tank locom ...

of the

Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways The Imperial-Royal State Railways (german: k.k. Staatsbahnen) abbr. ''kkStB'') or Imperial-Royal Austrian State Railways (''k.k. österreichische Staatsbahnen'',The name incorporating "Austrian" appears, for example, in the 1907 official state ha ...

(kkStB), later the ''Österreichische Bundesbahnen'' (ÖBB), of which 95 were built between 1913 and 1927.Jindřich Bek, Zdenek Bek (1999). ''Parní lokomotivy ČSD ' (ČSD steam locomotives , Prague, (in Czech), pp. 51–58. This highly successful locomotive remained in service until 1975. The class 629 was later also produced and developed in

Czechoslovakia , rue, Чеськословеньско, , yi, טשעכאסלאוואקיי, , common_name = Czechoslovakia , life_span = 1918–19391945–1992 , p1 = Austria-Hungary , image_p1 ...

as the class 354.1 of the

Czechoslovak State Railways Czechoslovak State Railways (''Československé státní dráhy'' in Czech or ''Československé štátne dráhy'' in Slovak, often abbreviated to ČSD) was the state-owned railway company of Czechoslovakia. The company was founded in 1918 a ...

(ČSD). Between 1921 and 1941, 219 of these locomotives were built there and, in addition, seventeen of the original Austrian class 629 locomotives were used there. They survived in service until 1978. Three examples have been preserved. (Also see

Czechoslovakia , rue, Чеськословеньско, , yi, טשעכאסלאוואקיי, , common_name = Czechoslovakia , life_span = 1918–19391945–1992 , p1 = Austria-Hungary , image_p1 ...

) The Pacific tender locomotives that worked passenger services in Austria between 1938 and 1945 all belonged to the railways of other countries, such as the

Deutsche Reichsbahn The ''Deutsche Reichsbahn'', also known as the German National Railway, the German State Railway, German Reich Railway, and the German Imperial Railway, was the German national railway system created after the end of World War I from the regiona ...

, the

and the Yugoslav State Railways. Stoomloc type 10

Belgium

In 1897, a Type 4

Prairie Prairies are ecosystems considered part of the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome by ecologists, based on similar temperate climates, moderate rainfall, and a composition of grasses, herbs, and shrubs, rather than trees, as the ...

tender locomotive, built in the 1880s, was fitted with a front bogie, making it the first Belgian Pacific. This rebuilt was not extended to the other 90 Type 4. Apart from several Pacifics built for foreign railways by Belgian locomotive builders, only two "true" Pacific classes were built for Belgian railways (Belgian State Railways, later SNCB). * The type 10 was a heavy 4-6-2 built between 1910 and 1912 and radically improved between the 1920s and the 1930s. These 59 engines were used on several main lines; they were the best passenger engines on the challenging until the line was electrified in 1956; * The type 1, built in 1935 (15 engines) and 1938 (20), were more modern and had a much wider firebox. They were mostly used on medium inclines and easier lines. They ran until 1962.

Bulgaria

The

Bulgarian State Railways The Bulgarian State Railways ( bg, Български държавни железници, translit=Balgarski darzhavni zheleznitsi, abbreviated as БДЖ, BDZ or BDŽ) are Bulgaria's state railway company and the largest railway carrier in the co ...

(BDZ) bought its first four-cylinder simple expansion Pacific type locomotive from John Cockerill of Belgium in 1912. This lone engine hauled express trains from

Sofia Sofia ( ; bg, София, Sofiya, ) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country. The city is built west of the Iskar river, and ha ...

Svilengrad Svilengrad ( bg, Свиленград; el, Σβίλενγκραντ; ota, Cisr-i Mustafapaşa) is a town in Haskovo Province, south-central Bulgaria, situated at the border of Bulgaria, Turkey and Greece. It is the administrative centre of the h ...

and was rebuilt in 1933. In 1938, BDZ improved its express service between Sofia and

Burgas Burgas ( bg, Бургас, ), sometimes transliterated as ''Bourgas'', is the second largest city on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast in the region of Northern Thrace and the fourth-largest in Bulgaria after Sofia, Plovdiv, and Varna, with a popu ...

and placed an order with

Krupp The Krupp family (see pronunciation), a prominent 400-year-old German dynasty from Essen, is notable for its production of steel, artillery, ammunition and other armaments. The family business, known as Friedrich Krupp AG (Friedrich Krup ...

in Germany for five three-cylinder Pacific type locomotives. Because of the disruption caused by

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

, the locomotives were only delivered to Bulgaria in 1941. They had cylinders, coupled wheels and were capable of a maximum speed of . They were initially designated class 07.01 to 07.05, but in 1942 their classification was changed to 05.01 to 05.05. They all survived until the end of steam traction in Bulgaria in the 1980s. Engine no. 05.01 has since been restored and, as of 2015, was in working order.

Burma

Burma Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

was administered as a province of British India from 1886 until 1937. In 1932, the

built three locomotives of the YC class for the

Burma Railways Rail transport in Myanmar consists of a railway network with 960 stations. The network, generally spanning north to south with branch lines to the east and west, is the second largest in Southeast Asia, and includes the Yangon Circular Railway ...

. Since most of Burma's locomotive stock was destroyed during the Japanese occupation of Burma in the World War II, Vulcan Foundry delivered sixty Pacific locomotives of the YB class in 1947, after the war.

Canada

Canadian Pacific The Canadian Pacific Railway (french: Chemin de fer Canadien Pacifique) , also known simply as CPR or Canadian Pacific and formerly as CP Rail (1968–1996), is a Canadian Class I railway incorporated in 1881. The railway is owned by Canadi ...

(CP) employed several Pacific classes, beginning with 39 G1 class locomotives, built between 1906 and 1914 by the CP at its

Angus Shops Angus may refer to: Media * ''Angus'' (film), a 1995 film * ''Angus Og'' (comics), in the ''Daily Record'' Places Australia * Angus, New South Wales Canada * Angus, Ontario, a community in Essa, Ontario * East Angus, Quebec Scotland * Angu ...

and by the

Montreal Locomotive Works Montreal Locomotive Works (MLW) was a Canadian railway locomotive manufacturer which existed under several names from 1883 to 1985, producing both steam and diesel locomotives. For a number of years it was a subsidiary of the American Locomotive ...

. After 1921, 166 examples of a new G2 class locomotive with a

superheater A superheater is a device used to convert saturated steam or wet steam into superheated steam or dry steam. Superheated steam is used in steam turbines for electricity generation, steam engines, and in processes such as steam reforming. There ar ...

were built by the

Schenectady Schenectady () is a city in Schenectady County, New York, United States, of which it is the county seat. As of the 2020 census, the city's population of 67,047 made it the state's ninth-largest city by population. The city is in eastern New Y ...

, Angus and Montreal. The last of these remained in service until 1961. After

, the CP needed heavier

mixed-traffic locomotive A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. If a locomotive is capable of carrying a payload, it is usually rather referred to as a multiple unit, motor coach, railcar or power car; the us ...

s since steel passenger cars replaced the older wooden ones on its mainlines. This resulted in the introduction in 1919 of 23 G3a class with

driving wheels On a steam locomotive, a driving wheel is a powered wheel which is driven by the locomotive's pistons (or turbine, in the case of a steam turbine locomotive). On a conventional, non-articulated locomotive, the driving wheels are all coupled tog ...

, built by Angus for service over flat terrain, and five G4 class locomotives with smaller drivers, built by Montreal for hilly terrain. A further 152 G3 class locomotives were built in batches between 1926 and 1948. These locomotives were withdrawn from service between 1954 and 1965. 102 examples of the G5 class locomotive were built after 1944. The first two were built by Angus and the rest by Montreal and the

Canadian Locomotive Company The Canadian Locomotive Company, commonly referred to as CLC, was a Canadian manufacturer of railway locomotives located in Kingston, Ontario. Its works were located on the south side of Ontario Street between William and Gore streets on Kingston' ...

. They were considered fast, efficient and handsome locomotives and remained in service on many secondary lines of the CP until the end of steam. The Reid-Newfoundland Company Limited, which operated the railways in

Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador (; french: Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador; frequently abbreviated as NL) is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region. The province comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region ...

, took delivery of ten Pacific locomotives with drivers between 1920 and 1929, built by Baldwin, Montreal and ALCO Schenectady. Numbered 190 to 199, they had two cylinders and weighed 56.3 tons. They all passed to the Government-owned

Newfoundland Railway The Newfoundland Railway operated on the island of Newfoundland from 1898 to 1988. With a total track length of , it was the longest narrow-gauge railway system in North America. Early construction ] In 1880, a committee of the Newfoundland Leg ...

, and then to

Canadian National The Canadian National Railway Company (french: Compagnie des chemins de fer nationaux du Canada) is a Canadian Class I railroad, Class I freight railway headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, which serves Canada and the Midwestern United States, M ...

(CN) when Newfoundland joined the

Confederation of Canada Canadian Confederation (french: Confédération canadienne, link=no) was the process by which three British North American provinces, the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, were united into one federation called the Dominion of ...

. CN renumbered them 591 to 599 and classified them as J-8-a (BLW 54398–54401 and 54466–54467 of 1920), J-8-b (BLW 59531 and MLW 67129, both of 1926) and J-8-c (ALCO-Schenectady 67941–67942 of 1929). They were the only Pacific-type locomotives built to operate on gauge in North America. The only surviving Newfoundland steam locomotive, the Newfoundland Railway no. 193, later CN no. 593, is preserved and on display at the Humbermouth Historic Train Site in Newfoundland. (Also see )

China

The Japanese introduced several classes of Pacific locomotive during their occupation of Manchuria, but the ''Pashiro'' became the standard and was China's most numerous class of steam passenger locomotive. Between 1933 and 1944, around 272 were built for the

South Manchuria Railway The South Manchuria Railway ( ja, 南満州鉄道, translit=Minamimanshū Tetsudō; ), officially , Mantetsu ( ja, 満鉄, translit=Mantetsu) or Mantie () for short, was a large of the Empire of Japan whose primary function was the operatio ...

(SMR), the Manchurian National Railway and the railways of occupied North China. They were built by various Japanese builders, including

Dalian Dalian () is a major sub-provincial port city in Liaoning province, People's Republic of China, and is Liaoning's second largest city (after the provincial capital Shenyang) and the third-most populous city of Northeast China. Located on the ...

and

Sifang Sifang () is a former district at the core of Qingdao, People's Republic of China. In 2003, it had an area of and around 383,700 inhabitants. In December 2012, it was merged into Shibei District Shibei District () is an urban district of Qingda ...

, while the SMR's own workshops were also involved in the construction. The Japanese-built ''Pashina'' locomotives were used on the

Asia Express The ''Asia Express'' ( ja, アジア号, translit=Ajia-gō, ) was a super express passenger train operated by the South Manchuria Railway (''Mantetsu'') from 1934 until 1943. This limited express, which began operation in November 1934 and was M ...

train between 1934 and 1943, during Japanese control of the SMR. These were built by Kawasaki and Dalian. RM1163 02

The name ''Shengli'' (Victory) was used for all classes of Pacific inherited by the new China in 1951. The ''Pashiro'' became the ''Shengli 6'' (SL6 class), while the ''Pashina'' locomotives were designated ''Shengli 7'' (SL7 class) under Chinese ownership. The Sifang works resumed production of SL6 class locomotives in 1956 and completed 151 locomotives before moving on to RM class construction in 1958. The inability of the class to haul the heavier passenger trains that were introduced in the 1970s and 1980s, saw them progressively being re-allocated to secondary duties. By 1990, most of the survivors were concentrated in Manchuria at the Dashiqiao, Jilin and Baicheng depots. The RM class was China's last steam passenger design. It was a late 1950s development of the successful pre-war SL6 class Pacific and became the standard passenger class. The class, numbered RM 1001 to 1258, entered service in 1958 and a total of 258 were built before production ceased in 1966. In the 1970s, they were gradually displaced from premier services by locomotives more suited to handling heavier trains and they ended their service lives on secondary passenger duties.

Czechoslovakia

Between 1926 and 1967, two Pacific tender locomotive classes were built in Czechoslovakia and operated by the

(''Československé státní dráhy'' or ČSD). These were the ČSD Class 387.0 and Class 399.0 express passenger locomotives. The 2100 horsepower Pacific Class 387.0 was the most successful of these, nicknamed ''Mikádo'' because of its short chimney. Between 1926 and 1937, 43 were built in five series by the

Škoda Works The Škoda Works ( cs, Škodovy závody, ) was one of the largest European industrial conglomerates of the 20th century, founded by Czech engineer Emil Škoda in 1859 in Plzeň, then in the Kingdom of Bohemia, Austrian Empire. It is the predece ...

Plzeň Plzeň (; German and English: Pilsen, in German ) is a city in the Czech Republic. About west of Prague in western Bohemia, it is the Statutory city (Czech Republic), fourth most populous city in the Czech Republic with about 169,000 inhabita ...

, intended for the heaviest long-distance express trains. This class is considered to have been among the most successful locomotives in Europe. The locomotives began to be withdrawn in 1967, with the last one being retired in 1974. One locomotive, no. 387.043, has been preserved. (Also see

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

)

Egypt

Prior to 1954, the

Egyptian State Railways Egyptian National Railways (ENR; ar, السكك الحديدية المصرية, Al-Sikak al-Ḥadīdiyyah al-Miṣriyyah) is the national railway of Egypt and managed by the parastatal Egyptian Railway Authority (ERA; ar, الهيئة الق� ...

used Atlantic or Ten-wheeler types on express passenger trains. However, in 1953 a requirement arose for a locomotive capable of hauling 550-tonne trains over the from

Cairo Cairo ( ; ar, القاهرة, al-Qāhirah, ) is the capital of Egypt and its largest city, home to 10 million people. It is also part of the largest urban agglomeration in Africa, the Arab world and the Middle East: The Greater Cairo metro ...

Alexandria Alexandria ( or ; ar, ٱلْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ ; grc-gre, Αλεξάνδρεια, Alexándria) is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in by Alexander the Great, Alexandria ...

in two hours. These were originally going to be Hudson locomotives, but the specification was eased to suit a 500-tonne train load, allowing a type to be used. They were ordered from Société Alsacienne (SACM) at Grafenstaden in France. The class was unusual in being designed for oil burning, with a long narrow firebox and combustion chamber fitted between the plate frames. They had a short lifespan in express train service, since the 1956 war put an end to fast train running in Egypt. The Pacifics were then transferred to haul slower night express trains to

Luxor Luxor ( ar, الأقصر, al-ʾuqṣur, lit=the palaces) is a modern city in Upper (southern) Egypt which includes the site of the Ancient Egyptian city of ''Thebes''. Luxor has frequently been characterized as the "world's greatest open-a ...

and

Aswan Aswan (, also ; ar, أسوان, ʾAswān ; cop, Ⲥⲟⲩⲁⲛ ) is a city in Southern Egypt, and is the capital of the Aswan Governorate. Aswan is a busy market and tourist centre located just north of the Aswan Dam on the east bank of the ...

. Some remained in service up to 1967.

Ethiopia

The French-owned

Imperial Railway Company of Ethiopia The Ethio-Djibouti Railway (french: Chemin de Fer Djibouto-Éthiopien, C.D.E.; ) is a metre gauge railway in the Horn of Africa that once connected Addis Ababa to the port city of Djibouti. The operating company was also known as the Ethio-Djib ...

, with of trackage, had four Pacific type locomotives on its roster. The first one was bought from ''Forges, Usines et Fonderies de Haine-Saint-Pierre'' in Belgium in 1923. This locomotive had been ordered by the Spanish railway ''Ferrocarril Madrid-Aragon'' in 1914, prior to the outbreak of the

, but it was never delivered for reasons unknown. The locomotive used saturated steam and had coupled wheels, which made it well suited to run the between

Addis Abeba Addis Ababa (; am, አዲስ አበባ, , new flower ; also known as , lit. "natural spring" in Oromo), is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia. It is also served as major administrative center of the Oromia Region. In the 2007 census, t ...

and

Dire Dawa Dire Dawa ( am, ድሬዳዋ, om, Dirree Dhawaa, 3=Place of Remedy; so, Diridhaba, meaning "where Dir hit his spear into the ground" or "The true Dir", ar, ديري داوا,) is a city in eastern Ethiopia near the Oromia and Somali Re ...

in Ethiopia. (Also see

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

) Three more similar Pacific locomotives, but

superheated A superheater is a device used to convert saturated steam or wet steam into superheated steam or dry steam. Superheated steam is used in steam turbines for electricity generation, steam engines, and in processes such as steam reforming. There are ...

, were ordered in 1936. They arrived after the Italian conquest of

Ethiopia Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the ...

and were allocated to the Addis Abeba and Dire Dawa sheds. They continued to haul passenger trains until the mainline diesels arrived in 1956, after which all were soon withdrawn from service and scrapped in the early 1960s.''

Continental Railway Journal This tabulation is for periodicals which do not have their own articles. Magazines ''Australian Railway'' * * Published Trade News Corporation * Feb-Mar 1988 is Vol. 2 No. 1. * Last issue about #23 in approximately Aug 1992. * Size = ~A4 ''A ...

'' articles

Finland

Twenty-two Pacific locomotives of the Class Hr1, numbers 1000 to 1021 and named ''Ukko-Pekka'' after the

nickname A nickname is a substitute for the proper name of a familiar person, place or thing. Commonly used to express affection, a form of endearment, and sometimes amusement, it can also be used to express defamation of character. As a concept, it is ...

of Finnish President

Pehr Evind Svinhufvud Pehr Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad (; 15 December 1861 – 29 February 1944) was the third president of Finland from 1931 to 1937. Serving as a lawyer, judge, and politician in the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, he played a major role in the ...

, were constructed in Finland by

Tampella Oy Tampella Ab was a Finnish heavy industry manufacturer, a maker of paper machines, locomotives, military weaponry, as well as wood-based products such as packaging. The company was based mainly in the Naistenlahti district of the city of ...

and

Lokomo Oy Lokomo Ab was a Finnish manufacturer of railroad equipment and steam locomotives, situated in Tampere, Finland. The company was founded in 1915 by a group of Finnish businesspeople, including Jalmar Castrén and Emil Aaltonen. The Lokomo fac ...

between 1937 and 1957. They were the largest passenger locomotives to be built and used in Finland and remained the primary locomotives on express trains for Southern Finland until 1963, when the class Hr12 diesel locomotives took over. Ukkopekka

The last two Class Hr1 locomotives to be built in 1957, numbers 1020 and 1021, Lokomo works numbers 474 and 475, were equipped throughout with

SKF AB SKF (Swedish: ''Svenska Kullagerfabriken''; 'Swedish Ball Bearing Factory') is a Swedish bearing and seal manufacturing company founded in Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1907. The company manufactures and supplies bearings, seals, lubrication and l ...

C-type roller bearings, even on the coupled rod big ends, and represented a fine combination of American and German locomotive building practices. They were, along with the

Deutsche Bundesbahn The Deutsche Bundesbahn or DB (German Federal Railway) was formed as the state railway of the newly established Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) on 7 September 1949 as a successor of the Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft (DRG). The DB remained ...

class 10, the last new-built Pacific type locomotives in Europe. When tested after delivery from Lokomo or Tampella, each locomotive reached , but in everyday service their speed was limited to . All the locomotives were initially located at Pasila depot in Helsinki, but in 1959 the last seven to be built were transferred to Kouvola depot. By European standards, Class Hr1 locomotives ran high annual kilometre figures, between per locomotive per year between 1937 and 1963. The two fully roller bearing-equipped locomotives even exceeded the mark in 1961, the highest annual kilometre figure to be obtained by a steam locomotive in Northern Europe. The only similar annual kilometres by European Pacific type locomotives were run in Germany and by the roller bearing-equipped Peppercorn Class A1 locomotives of the

London and North Eastern Railway The London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) was the second largest (after LMS) of the " Big Four" railway companies created by the Railways Act 1921 in Britain. It operated from 1 January 1923 until nationalisation on 1 January 1948. At th ...

in the United Kingdom. At least twelve class Hr1 locomotives were preserved as at April 2008, of which two were in operational condition. These were no. 1021, owned by the

VR Group VR-Group Plc ( fi, VR-Yhtymä Oyj, sv, VR-Group Abp), commonly known as VR, is a government-owned railway company in Finland. VR's most important function is the operation of Finland's passenger rail services with 250 long-distance and 800 co ...

, and the privately owned no. 1009. No. 1001 was reserved for the Railway Museum in Hyvinkää and no. 1002 was reserved for the city of Helsinki as a possible static monument.

France

France was a major user of the Pacific type. Following the introduction of two successful ''Paris à Orléans'' prototypes in 1907, a further 1,362 Pacific locomotives were built for or acquired by the major French railway companies, including those acquired from

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

following the terms of the

Armistice An armistice is a formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, as it may constitute only a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace. It is derived from the La ...

in 1918.

The ''Paris à Orléans'' ordered a further 98 Pacific locomotives that were delivered between 1908 and 1910, and another 89 in 1909 and 1910. Another fifty were ordered from the

in 1921 and forty of the type ''TP-État'' were bought in 1923. The company was particularly famous for the Chapelon Pacifics of 1929 to 1932. The '' L'Ouest'' followed with two prototype locomotives in 1908, but did not continue with the Pacific type. The Alsace-Lorraine built eight Pacific locomotives in 1909, at the time when the railway was still under German control. These became French locomotives in 1920. The '' Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée'' (PLM) was the largest French user of Pacific locomotives, owning 462, built between 1909 and 1932. These were both compound and simplex locomotives and were built both with and without

s. Large numbers were later rebuilt to compounds or to incorporate superheaters by both the PLM and the state-owned

Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français The Société nationale des chemins de fer français (; abbreviated as SNCF ; French for "National society of French railroads") is France's national state-owned railway company. Founded in 1938, it operates the country's national rail traffic ...

(SNCF).

The ''Nord'' built 139 Pacific locomotives from 1912, including the various so-called ''Superpacific'' types of 1923 to 1931. The company also ordered Chapelon type rebuilds from the ''Paris à Orléans'' in 1934, and new-built locomotives between 1936 and 1938. Pacific 231G 558 -photo -2

The ''L'État'' owned 352 Pacific locomotives, some of which were transferred from the Bavarian Railways and Württemberg Railways as Armistice reparations in 1918. The ''

Midi MIDI (; Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a technical standard that describes a communications protocol, digital interface, and electrical connectors that connect a wide variety of electronic musical instruments, computers, and re ...

'' likewise owned altogether forty Pacific locomotives, acquired in three batches. The eastern '' L'Est'' never built a , preferring its Ten-wheeler types until it progressed straight to the much larger Mountain type. The ''L'Est'' nevertheless bought Pacific locomotives to the designs of other companies, including forty ''TP-État'' type class 11 s locomotives between 1921 and 1923, and twelve class 12 s Chapelon rebuilds in 1934. After nationalisation in 1938, the

SNCF The Société nationale des chemins de fer français (; abbreviated as SNCF ; French for "National society of French railroads") is France's national state-owned railway company. Founded in 1938, it operates the country's national rail traffi ...

built no more Pacifics, although it continued to rebuild some of the existing stock running on lines already established by the private railway companies, particularly by continuing to apply the great improvements brought about by the work of

André Chapelon André Chapelon (26 October 1892 – 22 July 1978) was a French mechanical engineer and designer of advanced steam locomotives. A graduate engineer of Ecole Centrale Paris, he was one of very few locomotive designers who brought a rigorous scien ...

Germany

The first Pacific locomotive for a German railway was the

Baden IV f The class IV f locomotives of the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway (german: Großherzoglich Badische Staatseisenbahnen, G.Bad.St.E.) were express locomotives with a 4-6-2 (Pacific) wheel arrangement. They later passed to the Deutsche Reichs ...

class for the

Grand Duchy of Baden State Railways The Grand Duchy of Baden was an independent state in what is now southwestern Germany until the creation of the German Empire in 1871. It had its own state-owned railway company, the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railways (''Großherzoglich Badische ...

(), designed by Maffei in 1905. However, due to manufacturing delays, the first three locomotives were not introduced until 1907, shortly after the first French Pacifics. They were four-cylinder

compound locomotive A compound locomotive is a steam locomotive which is powered by a compound engine, a type of steam engine where steam is expanded in two or more stages. The locomotive was only one application of compounding. Two and three stages were used in shi ...

s of the Von Borries type. After the Maffei locomotives, a further 32 were built under license by

Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe The Maschinenbau-Gesellschaft Karlsruhe ('Karlsruhe Engineering Works') was a locomotive and railway wagon manufacturer in the early days of the German railways. It was based at Karlsruhe in what is now the state of Baden-Württemberg in southwes ...

and delivered between 1907 and 1913. While they were successful in the mountainous regions of the G.Bad.St.E., their small driving wheels led to overheating at high speed on level track. Consequently, a new design was created, the

Baden IV h The class IV h (four-h) locomotives of the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway (German: ''Großherzoglich Badische Staatseisenbahnen, G.Bad.St.E.'') were express locomotives with a 4-6-2 (Pacific) wheel arrangement. They later passed to the ...

, twenty of which were built by Maffei between 1918–1920. Most lasted to the end of World War II, with four surviving as test locomotives – three for

and one for

. Three of these four have survived into preservation. Steam Engine 18 478 S 3-6 2009-10-11

However, the most successful early German Pacific class was the

Bavarian S 3/6 The Class S 3/6 steam locomotives of the Royal Bavarian State Railways (later Class 18.4-5 of the Deutsche Reichsbahn) were express train locomotives with a 4-6-2 Pacific (Whyte notation) or 2'C1' (UIC classification) wheel arrangement. Of al ...

class of the

Royal Bavarian State Railways The Royal Bavarian State Railways (''Königliche Bayerische Staats-Eisenbahnen'' or ''K.Bay.Sts.B.'') was the state railway company for the Kingdom of Bavaria. It was founded in 1844. The organisation grew into the second largest of the German ...

(''Königliche Bayerische Staats-Eisenbahnen''), designed by Anton Hammel and Heinrich Leppla of Maffei. This was a larger development of the Baden IV f class, with a four-cylinder compound arrangement. Altogether 159 of them were built between 1908 and 1931, with the last one being retired from ordinary service in 1969. When the various pre-First World War Pacific locomotives from the different German state railway companies were grouped together by the

as the Class 18 with seven sub-classes, the Baden Class IV f became the DRG 18.2 class while the Bavarian S 3/6 class became the DRG 18.4-5 class.Horst J. Obermayer, Taschenbuch Deutsche Dampflokomotiven, Regelspur, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart, 1970, BR 01 519 plandampf schifferstadt 100 2076

BR 01 519 plandampf schifferstadt 100 2076

During the 1920s and 1930s the Deutsche Reichsbahn continued to build new Pacific designs, such as the Class 01.10 to Class 03.10 subclasses. * The Class 01, a two-cylinder standard type of the

introduced between 1926 and 1938, was the first standardised steam express passenger locomotive class to be built for the unified German railway system. * The Class 02 four-cylinder

version was less successful, being costly to maintain. Only ten were built and all of them were rebuilt into two-cylinder 01 class locomotives between 1937 and 1942. * The Class 03 was a lighter version of the 01 class, built between 1930 and 1938. Ten locomotives of the 03.10 class remained in Poland after

and were designated the

Polish State Railways (''PKP S.A.''; en, Polish State Railways, Inc.) is the dominant railway operator in Poland. The company was founded when the former state-owned enterprise was divided into several units based on the need for separation between infrastructure ...

(PKP) class Pm3. (Also see

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populous ...

) In 1957, only two prototypes of the streamlined Class 10 were built by

for the

. They were nicknamed ''Schwarze Schwäne'' (Black Swans) and survived until 1968.

Hungary

The Hungarian locomotive builder

MÁVAG MÁVAG (''Magyar Királyi Államvasutak Gépgyára''; ''Hungarian Royal State Railroads' Machine Factory'') was the largest Hungarian rail vehicle producer. MÁVAG company was the second largest industrial enterprise after the Manfréd Weiss Steel ...

(''Magyar Királyi Államvasutak Gépgyára'') built several classes of locomotives after 1914, both for the

Hungarian State Railways Hungarian State Railways ( hu, Magyar Államvasutak, MÁV) is the Hungarian national railway company, with divisions "MÁV START Zrt." (passenger transport), "MÁV-Gépészet Zrt." (maintenance), "MÁV-Trakció Zrt." and "MÁV Cargo Zrt" (freig ...

(''Magyar Államvasutak'' or MÁV) and for export elsewhere in Europe. MÁV Pacific number 301.016 has been preserved at the Hungarian Railway Heritage Park Museum in

Budapest Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population ...

India

The earliest Indian locomotives were two Class C locomotives, built for the narrow gauge

Darjeeling Himalayan Railway The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, also known as the DHR or the Toy Train, is a narrow-gauge, gauge railway that runs between New Jalpaiguri and Darjeeling in the Indian state of West Bengal. Built between 1879 and 1881, it is about long. It c ...

by the

in 1914. Both were retired in 1976. From the mid-1920s until the 1970s, the Pacific type became very common on both the

broad gauge A broad-gauge railway is a railway with a track gauge (the distance between the rails) broader than the used by standard-gauge railways. Broad gauge of , commonly known as Russian gauge, is the dominant track gauge in former Soviet Union (CIS ...

and

narrow gauge A narrow-gauge railway (narrow-gauge railroad in the US) is a railway with a track gauge narrower than standard . Most narrow-gauge railways are between and . Since narrow-gauge railways are usually built with tighter curves, smaller structu ...

lines in India.

Broad gauge

In 1924, the Locomotive Standards Committee of the Indian Government recommended eight basic types of locomotive for use on the sub-continent, three of which were . These were the XA class for branch line passenger working, the XB class for light passenger trains and the XC class for heavy passenger trains. The

built large numbers of all these classes for the different Indian railways between the late 1920s and early 1930s, beginning with fourteen each for the

East Indian Railway Company The East Indian Railway Company, operating as the East Indian Railway (reporting mark EIR), introduced railways to East India and North India, while the Companies such as the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, South Indian Railway, Bombay, Barod ...

(EIR) and the

Great Indian Peninsula Railway The Great Indian Peninsula Railway (reporting mark GIPR) was a predecessor of the Central Railway (and by extension, the current state-owned Indian Railways), whose headquarters was at the Boree Bunder in Mumbai (later, the Victoria Terminu ...

(GIPR) in 1927. In 1937, two XP class locomotives were built for the GIPR by Vulcan Foundry. These were experimental locomotives that formed the basis for India's renowned WP class, designed by Railway Board designers in India specifically to use low-calorie, high-ash Indian coal. The WP class was introduced after World War II and remained the most prestigious locomotive of the

Indian Railways Indian Railways (IR) is a statutory body under the ownership of Ministry of Railways, Government of India that operates India's national railway system. It manages the fourth largest national railway system in the world by size, with a tot ...

(IR) until the 1980s. A few reconditioned WP class locomotives were later sold to countries in the Middle East. There were also two WL classes. The first four locomotives, built in 1939 by Vulcan Foundry for the

North Western State Railway The North Western State Railway (NWR) was formed in January 1886 from the merger of the Scinde, Punjab & Delhi Railway, the Indus Valley State Railway, the Punjab Northern State Railway, the eastern section of the Sind–Sagar Railway and the ...

, went to Pakistan upon the India-Pakistan partition. A second Indian WL class was introduced in 1955 and ten of these locomotives were built by Vulcan Foundry.

Narrow gauge

The

Bengal Nagpur Railway The Bengal Nagpur Railway was one of the companies which pioneered development of the railways in eastern and central India. It was succeeded first by Eastern Railway and subsequently by South Eastern Railway. History The opening of the ...

had a saturated C class, a superheated CS class, and a CC class comprising C class locomotives that had been converted from saturated to superheated steam. SIR YB2 1928s

The South India Railway (SIR) ordered six YB class and two XB class Pacific locomotives from the Vulcan Foundry in 1928. The

Mysore Mysore (), officially Mysuru (), is a city in the southern part of the state of Karnataka, India. Mysore city is geographically located between 12° 18′ 26″ north latitude and 76° 38′ 59″ east longitude. It is located at an altitude of ...

State Railway had the E, ES and ES/1 classes. The

Scindia The Scindia dynasty (anglicized from Shinde) is a Hindu Maratha dynasty of maratha origin that ruled the erstwhile State of Gwalior. It had the Patil-ship of Kumberkerrab in Wai. It was founded by Ranoji Scindia, who started as a personal servan ...

State Railway had a class of eight NM class locomotives, built by

W. G. Bagnall W. G. Bagnall was a locomotive manufacturer from Stafford, England which was founded in 1875 and operated until it was taken over in 1962 by English Electric. History The company was founded in 1875 by William Gordon Bagnall. The majority ...

in 1931. The only post-World War II on narrow gauge Indian Railways were the five ZP class locomotives with six-wheel tenders, built by

Nippon Sharyo , formed in 1896, is a major rolling stock manufacturer based in Nagoya, Japan. In 1996, it abbreviated its name to "日本車両" Nippon Sharyō. Its shortest abbreviation is Nissha "日車". It was a listed company on Nikkei 225 until 2 ...

in Japan in 1954.

Indonesia

The earliest Pacific classes in Indonesia were the NISM 371 of the ''

Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij The ''Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij'' (Dutch East Indies Railway Company), abbreviated NIS, was the railway company in charge of rail transport in Java, Dutch East Indies. The company's headquarters were in Semarang. The railway ...

'' (NISM), the private railway company that had opened the first railway line in Central Java in 1873, and the class C51 of the ''

Staatsspoorwegen ''Staatsspoorwegen'' (Dutch for State Railways, full name: ''Dienst der Staatsspoor- en Tramwegen in Nederlandsch–Indië'' (State Railways and Tramways Service in the Netherlands Indies, ''SS en T''), commonly abbreviated as SS) was a railway co ...

'' (State Railway). Both were built in 1910 by the

and

Beyer, Peacock & Company Beyer, Peacock and Company was an English railway locomotive manufacturer with a factory in Openshaw, Manchester. Founded by Charles Beyer, Richard Peacock and Henry Robertson, it traded from 1854 until 1966. The company exported locomotives, ...

respectively. COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Vier cylinder locomotief van het Staatsspoorwegen op Java TMnr 10014044

Twenty class C53 locomotives were delivered to the ''Staatsspoorwegen'' in 1917 and 1922. They were designed by Dutch engineers and were manufactured in the

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

by the ''Nederlandse Fabriek van Werktuigen en Spoorwegmaterieel'' (Werkspoor). The combination of a wheel arrangement with four cylinders was expected to provide the stability required to haul express trains, but this was not achieved. There were complaints that the C53 locomotives oscillated when driven at high speed, while excessive wear on the rear driving wheels and the inaccessibility of the inside cylinders led to maintenance difficulties. The majority of the class were scrapped by the Indonesian Railway soon after Indonesia's independence. The last survivor was number C5317, which lasted until the final days of steam locomotives in

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

. During its last days in service before retirement, it was used to haul local passenger trains between Bangil and Surabaya Kota.

Iraq

When the

Baghdad Railway Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon ...

was nearing completion between

Mosul Mosul ( ar, الموصل, al-Mawṣil, ku, مووسڵ, translit=Mûsil, Turkish: ''Musul'', syr, ܡܘܨܠ, Māwṣil) is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of Nineveh Governorate. The city is considered the second large ...

and the town of Tel Kotchek on the border with

Syria Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...

, the

Iraqi State Railways Iraqi Republic Railways Company (IRR; ar, الشركة العامة لسكك الحديد العراقية) is the national railway operator in Iraq. Network IRR comprises of . IRR has one international interchange, with Chemins de Fer Syrien ...

ordered four streamlined Pacific locomotives from

in the United Kingdom, to haul the international ''

Taurus Express The Taurus Express ( tr, Toros Ekspresi) is a passenger train operating daily between Konya and Adana. In the past it was a premier overnight passenger train operated by Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits between İstanbul and Baghdad. After ...

'' between

Istanbul Istanbul ( , ; tr, İstanbul ), formerly known as Constantinople ( grc-gre, Κωνσταντινούπολις; la, Constantinopolis), is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, serving as the country's economic, ...

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...

and

Baghdad Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon ...

Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...

on the Iraqi stage of its journey. Three were delivered in 1941 and designated the PC class, but the fourth was lost ''en route''. When the Iraqi standard gauge railways were dieselised in the 1960s, the class was withdrawn from service.

Italy

Between 1911 and 1914, 33 Pacific locomotives of the 690 class were built for the ''

Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane S.p.A. ( "Italian Railways of the State"; previously only Ferrovie dello Stato, hence the abbreviation FS) is Italy's national state-owned railway holding company that manages transport, infrastructure, real estate ...

'' (Italian State Railways), twenty by Breda in Milan, ten by

Ansaldo Ansaldo Energia S.p.A. is an Italian power engineering company. It is based in Genoa, Italy. The absorbed parent company, Gio. Ansaldo & C., started in 1853. It was taken over by Leonardo S.p.A. In 2011, Leonardo S.p.A. sold 45% stake in An ...

Genoa Genoa ( ; it, Genova ; lij, Zêna ). is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the List of cities in Italy, sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015, 594,733 people lived within the city's administrative limits. As of the 2011 Italian ce ...

and three by ''

Officine Meccaniche Officine Meccaniche or OM was an Italian car and truck manufacturing company. It was founded in 1899 in Milan as Società Anonima Officine Meccaniche to manufacture railway rolling stock and car production began in 1918. It disappeared as s ...

'' in

Milan Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city h ...

. Between 1928 and 1931, these locomotives were rebuilt with larger boilers and reclassified as Class 691. One of them, no. 691.011, established the Italian speed record for steam locomotives at . The whole class was withdrawn between 1962 and 1963. One locomotive, no. 691.022, has been preserved at the ''Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia di Milano'' (National Museum of Science and Technology of Milan).

Japan

The

Japanese Government Railways The Japanese Government Railways (JGR) was the national railway system directly operated by the Japanese Ministry of Railways ( ja, 鉄道省, Tetsudō-shō, ) until 1949. It was a predecessor of Japanese National Railways and the later Japan Rai ...

built a number of designs between 1920 and the 1950s. The most notable was possibly the

JNR Class C51 The is a type of 4-6-2 steam locomotive built by Kisha Seizo Mitsubishi and Japanese National Railways (JNR) Hamamatsu Works . The C classification indicates three sets of driving wheels. The C51 introduced diameter driving wheels to Japan. C51s ...

, the first Japanese-built high-speed passenger locomotive, used for express services on the ''Tōkaidō'' mainline and later on regional trunk lines. Five of these locomotives were built in 1920. Other Japanese Pacific designs included the C52 class, built from 1926 to 1929, the C53 class, built from 1928 to 1929, the C54 class, built in 1931, the C55 class, the C57 class built from 1937 to 1953, and the C59 class. The C57 Class, of which 201 were built by Kawasaki, ''Kisha Seizō'',

Mitsubishi The is a group of autonomous Japanese multinational companies in a variety of industries. Founded by Yatarō Iwasaki in 1870, the Mitsubishi Group historically descended from the Mitsubishi zaibatsu, a unified company which existed from 1870 ...

and

Hitachi () is a Japanese multinational corporation, multinational Conglomerate (company), conglomerate corporation headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It is the parent company of the Hitachi Group (''Hitachi Gurūpu'') and had formed part of the Ni ...

, was the JNR's last steam locomotive and was used until 1975 to work passenger trains on the

Muroran is a city and port located in Iburi Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. It is the capital city of Iburi Subprefecture. As of February 29, 2012, the city has an estimated population of 93,716, with 47,868 households and a population density of . The ...

mainline between

Iwamizawa is a city in Sorachi Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan. It is the capital of Sorachi Subprefecture. As of September 30, 2016, the city has an estimated population of 84,127 and the density of 170 persons per km². The total area is . On March 27, ...

and Muroran in

Hokkaido is Japan's second largest island and comprises the largest and northernmost prefecture, making up its own region. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaidō from Honshu; the two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel. The la ...

Malawi

The Nyasaland Railways (the

Malawi Railways Malawi Railways was a government corporation that ran the national rail network of Malawi, Africa, until privatisation in 1999. With effect from 1 December 1999, the Central East African Railways consortium led by Railroad Development Corporati ...

after independence) obtained six Class F Pacific type locomotives from the

British War Department The War Department was the United Kingdom government department responsible for the supply of equipment to the armed forces of the United Kingdom and the pursuance of military activity. In 1857, it became the War Office. Within the War Office, the ...

in 1946, to work on the Trans-Zambesi Railway (TZR). The locomotives had been built by the

in 1942 and were numbered TZR 25 to 30. All six were still in service on the Malawi Railways in 1973.

Malaysia

The

Malayan Railway Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) (Jawi: كريتاڤي تانه ملايو برحد) or Malayan Railways Limited is the main rail operator in Peninsular Malaysia. The railway system dates back to the British colonial era, when it was firs ...

was amongst the earliest railways in Asia to adopt Pacific type locomotives. Sixty locomotives of the

Federated Malay States Railways The Federated Malay States Railways (FMSR) was a consolidated railway operator in British Malaya (present day Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore) during the first half of the 20th century. Named after the then recently formed Federated Malay ...

(FMSR) Class H were built between 1907 and 1914. With a small volume of highly rated freight traffic, it was possible to adopt standard engines for both passenger and freight services. Three coupled axles were sufficient to move the trains at moderate speeds over the whole Malayan rail network. As a result of experience gained with the first batch of locomotives, the design of Malayan Pacific locomotives was finalised and 68 engines of this design were eventually built. They had bar frames, steel fireboxes and three cylinders, each of . The coupled wheels were in diameter. The heating surface of the boiler was , of which was superheating surface, while the grate area was . The total weight in working order was 60.5 tons, with a maximum axle load of 12.9 tons. Its maximum speed in ordinary service was . The three cylinders were provided with rotary cam poppet valves with the

camshaft A camshaft is a shaft that contains a row of pointed cams, in order to convert rotational motion to reciprocating motion. Camshafts are used in piston engines (to operate the intake and exhaust valves), mechanically controlled ignition systems ...

divided into two parts, independently driven from each side of the engine, which avoided complete immobilisation in case of a breakdown on a long stretch of single track. These locomotives were all later converted to burn oil fuel. During World War II, after the fall of

Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, borde ...

, the Japanese Southern Army's Railway Engineering Troops transferred a number of older Malayan Pacific locomotives to operate their ''Taimen Rensetsu Tetsudo'', the

Thailand-Burma Railway The Burma Railway, also known as the Siam–Burma Railway, Thai–Burma Railway and similar names, or as the Death Railway, is a railway between Ban Pong, Thailand and Thanbyuzayat, Burma (now called Myanmar). It was built from 1940 to 1943 ...

. Some Pacifics were not returned to

Malaya Malaya refers to a number of historical and current political entities related to what is currently Peninsular Malaysia in Southeast Asia: Political entities * British Malaya (1826–1957), a loose collection of the British colony of the Straits ...

after the war but remained in

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...

. When the rail connection was established between the Malayan and Thai railways, the Pacifics were a common sight at the head of the ''Singapore'' and ''Bangkok expresses'' as well as on the other passenger trains in domestic Malayan service. After the arrival of the mainline diesel-electric locomotives in the latter part of the 1950s, the Pacifics were transferred to less important trains. Many survived up the end of Malayan steam traction in the 1970s.

Mexico

The

(CN) sold a gauge Pacific locomotive, the former CN no. 591, to ''

Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México (better known as N de M and especially in its final years as FNM) was Mexico's state owned railroad company from 1938 to 1998, and prior to 1938 (dating from the regime of Porfirio Díaz), a major railroad con ...

'', where it was numbered 139. (Also see

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...

)

Mozambique

The ''Caminhos de Ferro de Lourenço Marques'' in Portuguese

Mozambique Mozambique (), officially the Republic of Mozambique ( pt, Moçambique or , ; ny, Mozambiki; sw, Msumbiji; ts, Muzambhiki), is a country located in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi ...

ordered its first three class 300 Pacific locomotives from Baldwin in 1919. They hauled passenger trains on the line between

Lourenço Marques Maputo (), formerly named Lourenço Marques until 1976, is the capital, and largest city of Mozambique. Located near the southern end of the country, it is within of the borders with Eswatini and South Africa. The city has a population of 1,088 ...

(Maputo) and

Ressano Garcia Ressano Garcia is a small town in the Maputo Province, Mozambique. The town is adjacent to Komatipoort in South Africa. The town has around 11,200 people living in it. Transport Both road and rail cross the border here from Mozambique into Sou ...

, and also crossed the South African border at

Komatipoort Komatipoort is a town situated at the confluence of the Crocodile and Komati Rivers in Mpumalanga province, South Africa. The town is 8 km from the Crocodile Bridge Gate into the Kruger Park, and just 5 km from the Mozambique border and ...

in South Africa, from Lourenço Marques, where South African Railways locomotives took over for the rest of the way to

Pretoria Pretoria () is South Africa's administrative capital, serving as the seat of the Executive (government), executive branch of government, and as the host to all foreign embassies to South Africa. Pretoria straddles the Apies River and extends ...

. Two more locomotives were added in 1923 and a further order for four additional Pacific locomotives was placed with

Henschel Henschel & Son (german: Henschel und Sohn) was a German company, located in Kassel, best known during the 20th century as a maker of transportation equipment, including locomotives, trucks, buses and trolleybuses, and armoured fighting vehicle ...

in 1955, for use on the

Beira–Bulawayo railway Beira-Bulawayo railway, also called Machipanda railway, Beira-Harare-Bulawayo railway and Beira railway, is a railway that connects the city of Beira, Mozambique, to the city of Bulawayo, in Zimbabwe. It is 850 km long, in a 1067 mm gauge.

line. Henschel also supplied three more modern Pacific type locomotives to Mozambique in 1955. These Henschel Pacifics weighed 73.75 tons in working order while its total weight, tender included, was 128 tons. The firegrate area was and it had cylinders and driving wheels. These locomotives were good examples of Pacific type passenger locomotives in

Southern Africa Southern Africa is the southernmost subregion of the African continent, south of the Congo and Tanzania. The physical location is the large part of Africa to the south of the extensive Congo River basin. Southern Africa is home to a number of ...

. When they arrived, their older American-built counterparts were relieved of mainline duty to haul the Lourenço Marques local suburban services. All the Pacifics were allocated to the Lourenço Marques shed for the whole of their service lives and all were still in service in 1971.

New Zealand

The first true Pacifics, the original thirteen Q class locomotives built by Baldwin for the

(NZR) in 1901, worked until withdrawal in 1957. None has been preserved. These were followed by 58 Pacific locomotives of the A class, built in 1906 by the NZR's

Addington Railway Workshops The Addington Railway Workshops was a major railway workshops established in the Christchurch suburb of Addington in 1877 by the Public Works Department, and transferred in 1880 to the newly-formed New Zealand Railways Department (NZR). The wor ...

and by A & G Price Limited. Two of these have been preserved. A further ten locomotives of the A^A class were built by Baldwin in 1914. NZR Ab Class 778 hauling the Kingston Flyer

NZR Ab Class 778 hauling the Kingston Flyer

The most notable class in New Zealand was the A^B class, built between 1915 and 1927 by Addington, Price and the

in Scotland. These were reputed to be the first locomotives to generate one horsepower for every of weight and eventually became the most numerous class of steam locomotives in New Zealand, with a total of 143 built, and a further 12 rebuilt from WAB class Hudson tank engines. When they were superseded by new locomotives on the principal express and heaviest freight trains during the 1930s, they were used on secondary duties. The A^B class locomotives remained in service until 1969, two years before the end of steam locomotive operations in New Zealand. As a result, seven of them have been preserved. One further type was the

G class G class or Class G may refer to: Locomotives * NZR G class (1928), a type of steam locomotive used in New Zealand * Tasmanian Government Railways G class, a class of 0-4-2T steam locomotive used in Australia * V/Line G class, a class of diesel-e ...

. These were six three-cylinder Pacific locomotives that were rebuilt from three unsuccessful G class

Garratt A Garratt (often referred to as a Beyer Garratt) is a type of steam locomotive invented by British engineer Herbert William Garratt that is articulated into three parts. Its boiler, firebox, and cab are mounted on a centre frame or "bridge ...

locomotives by NZR's

Hillside Workshops Hillside Engineering Group is a trading division of the rail operator KiwiRail in Dunedin, New Zealand. Most of its work is related to KiwiRail, but it also does work for the marine industry in Dunedin. On 19 April 2012 KiwiRail announced it was ...

in 1937. They were equipped with A^B class boilers, new roller bearing trailing trucks, new cabs and Vanderbilt type tenders of similar design to that of the A^B class. Like the Garratts they were created from, the rebuilds were not considered successful. In 1960 Ted Blomfield, locomotive fitter at Rotorua, New Zealand, built a ''Super Q'' Pacific for the 1 foot gauge Toot and Whistle Railway. The engine operated at Toot and Whistle's Kuirau park railway for six years before officialdom demanded the locomotive be retired. It was replaced by a

Black Five The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Stanier Class 5 4-6-0, commonly known as the Black Five, is a class of steam locomotives. It was introduced by William Stanier and built between 1934 and 1951, of which 842 were built and were numbe ...

replica. Another ''Super Q'' exists as a 5 inch-gauge engine.

Nigeria

Between 1926 and 1928, the gauge Nigerian Railways ordered ten Class 405 Pacifics from Nasmyth, Wilson & Company in

Manchester Manchester () is a city in Greater Manchester, England. It had a population of 552,000 in 2021. It is bordered by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and the neighbouring city of Salford to the west. The t ...

, for express services on the line between

Lagos Lagos (Nigerian English: ; ) is the largest city in Nigeria and the List of cities in Africa by population, second most populous city in Africa, with a population of 15.4 million as of 2015 within the city proper. Lagos was the national ca ...

and

Kano Kano may refer to: Places *Kano State, a state in Northern Nigeria *Kano (city), a city in Nigeria, and the capital of Kano State **Kingdom of Kano, a Hausa kingdom between the 10th and 14th centuries **Sultanate of Kano, a Hausa kingdom between ...

. They used saturated steam and had outside cylinders and driving wheels. All ten were named and they hauled named trains like the ''North Mail'' and ''Boat Express'', both averaging only between stops. They were ousted from principal passenger trains when the first mainline diesel locomotives arrived, but continued working less important secondary train services well into the 1970s.

Philippines

The

Manila Railroad The Manila Railroad Company (MRR) was a Filipino state-owned enterprise responsible for the management and operation of rail transport in the island of Luzon. It was originally established by an Englishman named Edmund Sykes as the private Mani ...

(MRR) operated two classes of this type. Unlike with most rail operators of the time, this was not the most popular wheel arrangement in its mainline steam locomotive fleet as types that had eight

s such as

4-8-2 Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels, eight powered and coupled driving wheels and two trailing wheels. This type of steam locomotive is commonly known as t ...

and

2-8-2 Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle, usually in a leading truck, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and two trailing wheel ...

were more successful in the country. The first were six 120 class 4-6-2T tank units built by the North British Locomotive Company of Glasgow. They were first built in 1906 and entered service in 1908. These were primarily used on various services on what was the

PNR North Main Line The PNR North Main Line ( fil, Pangunahing Linyang Pahilaga ng PNR, simply known as PNR North or Northrail) is one of the two trunk lines of the Philippine National Railways in the island of Luzon, the other being the PNR South Main Line. The ...

. As larger tender locomotives built by American firms started entering service in the early 1920s, these were relegated to branch line and switching services. By 1952, only one unit survived and it was scrapped not long after. An expansion of the class was ordered in 1910. However, these two tank locomotives that were numbered 127 and 128, were

4-6-4 Under the Whyte notation for the classification of locomotives, represents the wheel arrangement of four leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels and four trailing wheels. In France where the type was first used, it is known as t ...

T ''Baltic'' types which entered service in 1917. The second were ten 140 class locomotives built by Baldwin between 1926 and 1929 as part of the modernization efforts of the MRR to replace its aging British-built tank locomotives throughout its network. These were used on express services on what is now the

PNR South Main Line The PNR South Main Line ( fil, Pangunahing Linyang Patimog ng PNR, also known as Southrail and formerly the Main Line South) is one of the two trunk lines that form the Philippine National Railways' network in the island of Luzon, Philippines ...

. In 1946, a number of these units were the first to return to service among the agency's prewar fleet. By 1952, only two locomotives were in service. These were removed from service in 1956 and were scrapped in the 1960s.

Poland

In the

(''Polskie Koleje Państwowe'' or PKP) locomotive classification system, locomotives with a 2C1 ( ) axle arrangement were identified with the letter "m" in the class prefix. Express locomotives therefore had a "Pm" prefix, passenger locomotives an "Om" prefix and tank passenger locomotives an "OKm" prefix. Parowoz Pm36-2

The

PKP class Pm36 PKP class Pm36 is a class of two express passenger (P) 4-6-2 (m) steam locomotives ordered in 1936 for the Polskie Koleje Państwowe (Polish State Railways). History Design The design was ready in 1936 and the following year the first two protot ...

consisted of two experimental Polish prototype express locomotives, built by

Fablok Fablok is a Polish manufacturer of locomotives, based in Chrzanów. Until 1947 the official name was ''First Factory of Locomotives in Poland Ltd.'' ( pl, Pierwsza Fabryka Lokomotyw w Polsce Sp. Akc.), Fablok being a widely used syllabic abbrevia ...

Chrzanów Chrzanów () is a town in southern Poland with 35,651 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship (since 1999) and is the seat of Chrzanów County. History History to 1809 It is impossible to establish ...

in 1937. One of them, no. Pm36-1, was streamlined, while the other had a standard appearance in order to compare their respective performances in terms of top speed, acceleration and coal and water consumption. The Pm36-1 won a gold medal at the International Exposition of Modern Art and Technology in Paris in 1937. It was damaged and later scrapped during

, but Pm36-2 survived and worked on the PKP until 1965, when it was given to the Warsaw Railway Museum. In 1995, it was rebuilt and restored to mainline specifications and nicknamed ''Beautiful Helene''. As of 2011, while still remaining museum property, the locomotive was in regular service at

Wolsztyn Wolsztyn (german: Wollstein) is a town in western Poland, on the western edge of Greater Poland Voivodeship. It is the seat of Wolsztyn County, and of the smaller administrative district of Gmina Wolsztyn. Geography The town is situated within ...

. Besides these two Polish-built locomotives, several German DRG class 03, class 03¹⁰ and class 18¹ locomotives (ex Württemberg Class C) and Austrian class 629 tank locomotives saw service in Poland as the classes Pm2, Pm3, Om101 and OKm11 respectively. (Also see

) and (

) One narrow gauge Pacific locomotive, the ''Belgijka'', built in 1935 by Ateliers Métallurgiques in

Nivelles Nivelles (; nl, Nijvel, ; wa, Nivele; vls, Neyvel) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant. The Nivelles municipality includes the former municipalities of Baulers, Bornival, Thines, and Monstre ...

and Tubize in Belgium, was also used in Poland and is preserved at the

Narrow Gauge Railway Museum in Wenecja Narrow Gauge Railway Museum in Wenecja (Polish ''Venice'') near Żnin (Poland) is an open-air museum collecting and exhibiting steam locomotives, passenger and freight cars, trolleys, railwaymen's tools, signalling equipment, contents of an old wa ...

, Poland.

Portugal

The Portuguese Railways ( ''Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses'' or CP) had two batches of Pacific 2C1-h2 class locomotives running on its broad gauge lines, built by

Henschel & Son Henschel & Son (german: Henschel und Sohn) was a German company, located in Kassel, best known during the 20th century as a maker of transportation equipment, including locomotives, trucks, buses and trolleybuses, and armoured fighting vehic ...

in 1924 and 1925. The first batch of ten locomotives, numbered 551 to 560, were used on lines south of the river

Tagus The Tagus ( ; es, Tajo ; pt, Tejo ; see #Name, below) is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. The river rises in the Montes Universales near Teruel, in mid-eastern Spain, flows , generally west with two main south-westward sections ...

, while the second batch of eight, numbered 501 to 508, were built for the Porto line north of the Tagus. Both Pacific classes had deep and narrow fireboxes and the same cylinders, coupled wheels and motion as the Ten-wheelers of the class CP 351 to 370.Henschel Works List compiled by Dr. Ing. Bernhard Schmeiser, Wien (unpublished) The Pacifics were capable of very fast running. Before World War II, the CP was renowned for the speed of its trains. The track was carefully maintained, laid with rails, and the speed limit of was frequently reached with steam locomotives. In normal service, these engines could haul 400 tons behind the tender at on level track. In 1939, a four-coach train weighing 170 tons and hauled by a Pacific locomotive of the class 501-508, covered the from Porto to Lisbon-Campolide in 189 minutes, at an average speed of , with stops at Papilhosa and

Entroncamento Entroncamento () is a Portuguese municipality in district of Santarém in the Médio Tejo Subregion (''Middle Tagus'') of the Centro Region. The population in 2011 was 20,206, in an area of 13.73 km². Situated in the Ribatejo, it benefits f ...

. A distance of of slightly falling, level or slightly rising gradient could be covered at speeds of , while station stops lasting less than a minute were frequent. These locomotives began to be replaced by diesels in the 1960s and disappeared from the scene in the early 1970s. One of the Pacific locomotives, no. 553, is preserved at the Santarém depot museum.

Russia/Soviet Union

Pacifics were not common in Russia. The only known examples were the four-cylinder L class express passenger locomotives, built by the

Putilov Works The Kirov Plant, Kirov Factory or Leningrad Kirov Plant (LKZ) ( rus, Кировский завод, Kirovskiy zavod) is a major Russian mechanical engineering and agricultural machinery manufacturing plant in St. Petersburg, Russia. It was establ ...

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...

for the

Vladikavkaz Railway North Caucasus Railway ( rus, Северо-Кавказская железная дорога) is a broad gauge Russian railway network that links the Sea of Azov (in the west) and Caspian Sea (in the east). It runs through ten federal subjec ...

in 1914. The chief designer was Vazlav Lopushinskii, who later emigrated from Soviet Russia. These locomotives were the most powerful passenger locomotives in Tsarist Russia. Eighteen locomotives were built between 1914 and 1919, allocated to the

Rostov-on-Don Rostov-on-Don ( rus, Ростов-на-Дону, r=Rostov-na-Donu, p=rɐˈstof nə dɐˈnu) is a port city and the administrative centre of Rostov Oblast and the Southern Federal District of Russia. It lies in the southeastern part of the East Eu ...

, Tihoretskaya, Kavkazkaya, Armavir and

Mineralnye Vody Mineralnye Vody (Min-Vody) ( rus, Минеральные Воды (Мин-Воды), p=mʲɪnʲɪˈralʲnɨjə ˈvodɨ, mʲɪn ˈvodɨ; lit. ''mineral waters'') is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, town in Stavropol Krai, Russia, located a ...

depots. They hauled principal express and heavy passenger trains between Rostov-on-Don and Vladikavkaz, a distance of . All were oil fired. After the

October Revolution The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment ...

, a further 48 L class locomotives were built at Putilov Works between 1922 and 1926. At first, these coal fired locomotives were allocated to the

October Railway Oktyabrskaya Railway or October Railway (russian: Октябрьская железная дорога) is the subsidiary of RZD, servicing railway lines in the north-west of Russia. It stretches from Moscow's Leningrad Terminal in the south to M ...

to haul principal passenger trains over a distance of of double track line between the two largest cities in

Soviet Russia The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...

, Moscow and Leningrad. At the time, train speeds in Soviet Russia were slow and the fastest train took fourteen hours and thirty minutes between the two cities. The trains, which were running four return workings daily, were rather heavy with train loads often exceeding 700 metric tons behind the tender. In 1936, the express trains were running at an average speed of with four intermediate stops between these cities. Locomotives were usually changed at

Tver Tver ( rus, Тверь, p=tvʲerʲ) is a city and the administrative centre of Tver Oblast, Russia. It is northwest of Moscow. Population: Tver was formerly the capital of a powerful medieval state and a model provincial town in the Russian ...

. When the production of the heavier Berkshire class IS ''Joseph Stalin'' got under way in 1937, the Pacifics were modified from coal to oil firing and transferred to join other older locomotives on the

North Caucasus The North Caucasus, ( ady, Темыр Къафкъас, Temır Qafqas; kbd, Ишхъэрэ Къаукъаз, İṩxhərə Qauqaz; ce, Къилбаседа Кавказ, Q̇ilbaseda Kavkaz; , os, Цӕгат Кавказ, Cægat Kavkaz, inh, ...

lines, from where they worked as far south as to

Baku Baku (, ; az, Bakı ) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. Baku is located below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world a ...

. In 1941, seventeen locomotives were allocated to the

North Caucasus Railway North Caucasus Railway ( rus, Северо-Кавказская железная дорога) is a broad gauge Russian railway network that links the Sea of Azov (in the west) and Caspian Sea (in the east). It runs through ten federal subjects ...

, 29 to the

Transcaucasus Railway The Transcaucus Railway (russian: Закавка́зская желе́зная доро́га) was the first railway in South Caucasus.Большая Советская Энциклопедия. Гл. ред. Б. А. Введенский, 2-е � ...

and six to the Orenburg Railway. In 1942, during the German summer invasion into North Caucasus, all the class L Pacifics were evacuated from there to the Transcaucasus Railway. After World War II, in 1947, they were designated Lp class and were relieved from heavier duties. A number were withdrawn from service between 1956 and 1959. The last one, Lp class no. 151, was retired from

Grozny Grozny ( rus, Грозный, p=ˈgroznɨj; ce, Соьлжа-ГӀала, translit=Sölƶa-Ġala), also spelled Groznyy, is the capital city of Chechnya, Russia. The city lies on the Sunzha River. According to the 2010 census, it had a pop ...

depot in 1967. In 1945, 34 Pacific locomotives of the

’s Class 03 and two streamlined Class 03.10 Pacific locomotives fell into Russian hands in

East Prussia East Prussia ; german: Ostpreißen, label=Low Prussian; pl, Prusy Wschodnie; lt, Rytų Prūsija was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 187 ...

. They were regauged to gauge and allocated to the

Lithuanian Railways Lithuanian Railways ( lt, Lietuvos geležinkeliai), abbreviated LTG, is the national state-owned railway company of Lithuania. It operates most of the railway network in the country. During 2020, Lithuanian Railways transported 3.34 m ...

, where they hauled express and passenger trains from

Vilnius Vilnius ( , ; see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Lithuania, with a population of 592,389 (according to the state register) or 625,107 (according to the municipality of Vilnius). The population of Vilnius's functional urb ...

Kaliningrad Kaliningrad ( ; rus, Калининград, p=kəlʲɪnʲɪnˈɡrat, links=y), until 1946 known as Königsberg (; rus, Кёнигсберг, Kyonigsberg, ˈkʲɵnʲɪɡzbɛrk; rus, Короле́вец, Korolevets), is the largest city and ...

(

Königsberg Königsberg (, ) was the historic Prussian city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia. Königsberg was founded in 1255 on the site of the ancient Old Prussian settlement ''Twangste'' by the Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades, and was named ...

) and to

Minsk Minsk ( be, Мінск ; russian: Минск) is the capital and the largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach and the now subterranean Niamiha rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the admi ...

. The last ones were withdrawn from service in 1957.

South Africa

Cape gauge

=Natal Government Railways

The first use of the wheel arrangement in South Africa was c. 1890. During 1887, designs for a 2-8-2 Mikado type tank-and-tender locomotive were prepared by the

Natal Government Railways The Natal Government Railways (NGR) was formed in January 1877 in the Colony of Natal. In 1877, the Natal Government Railways acquired the Natal Railway Company for the sum of £40,000, gaining the line from the Point to Durban and from Durban ...

(NGR). The locomotive was built in the Durban workshops and entered service in 1888, named ''Havelock'', but it was soon rebuilt to a 4-6-2 Pacific configuration. ''Havelock'' was the first locomotive to be designed and built in South Africa. During the

Second Boer War The Second Boer War ( af, Tweede Vryheidsoorlog, , 11 October 189931 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, the Anglo–Boer War, or the South African War, was a conflict fought between the British Empire and the two Boer Republics (the Sout ...

''Havelock'' saw action in service on armoured trains. Unlike usual practice in such cases, the engine was not equipped with armour plate protection, but was draped in strands of thick hemp rope which earned it the apt nickname ''Hairy Mary'' amongst the troops. SAR Class C1 77 (4-6-2T) NGR 38 ex NGR 25

SAR Class C1 77 (4-6-2T) NGR 38 ex NGR 25

In 1901, the NGR rebuilt one of its Class K&S tank locomotives to a locomotive to extend its range by providing a larger bunker. In 1912, when it was assimilated into the South African Railways (SAR), it was designated Class C1. In that same year, four more of these locomotives were built from surplus material in the SAR's Durban workshops. No more tank locomotives with the Pacific wheel arrangement saw use on in South Africa. Two Class 2 variants were introduced on the NGR between 1905 and 1910. SAR Klasse 2

* In 1905, two Class A Pacific tender locomotives entered service on the NGR, designed by Locomotive Superintendent D.A. Hendrie and built by NBL. They had plate frames, used saturated steam and had

Stephenson valve gear The Stephenson valve gear or Stephenson link or shifting link is a simple design of valve gear that was widely used throughout the world for various kinds of steam engines. It is named after Robert Stephenson but was invented by his employees. ...

. To accommodate the wide and deep firebox, Hendrie used a bridle casting similar to that introduced on the CGR by Beatty with his Class 6 2-6-2 Prairie in 1903. This method of widening the frames for the firebox continued in South African locomotive design until 1927, when the general adoption of bar frames rendered it no longer necessary. In 1912, they were designated Class 2 on the SAR. * In addition, two more Class A locomotives, also known as Class Hendrie C, were built in the NGR's Durban workshops in 1910. They were a redesigned version of the Hendrie A, similar in general proportions, but with

Walschaerts valve gear The Walschaerts valve gear is a type of valve gear used to regulate the flow of steam to the pistons in steam locomotives, invented by Belgium, Belgian railway mechanical engineering, engineer Egide Walschaerts in 1844. The gear is sometimes name ...

, slightly larger diameter coupled wheels, a larger boiler and a more enclosed cab that offered better protection to the crew. In 1912, the SAR designated them Class 2C.

=Cape Government Railways

= The first locomotives with a Pacific wheel arrangement in the Cape were two tank locomotives that entered service in 1896 on the private Metropolitan and Suburban Railway that operated a suburban passenger service between Cape Town and Sea Point. In 1901, both locomotives were sold to the Mashonaland Railway. Three Class 5 and one experimental Karoo tender locomotive variants were introduced on the

(CGR) between 1903 and 1912. SAR Class 5A 721 (4-6-2) CGR 903

* In 1903, the first two Karoo locomotives entered passenger service on the CGR. It was a development of the CGR Class 6 2-6-2 and was designed by Chief Locomotive Superintendent H.M. Beatty. The locomotives, built by

Kitson and Company Kitson and Company was a locomotive manufacturer based in Hunslet, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Early history The company was started in 1835 by James Kitson (businessman), James Kitson at the Airedale Foundry, off Pearson Street, Hunslet, ...

, were acquired to cope with the increasing weight of passenger trains on the one in eighty ruling gradient between

Beaufort West Beaufort West (Afrikaans: ''Beaufort-Wes''; Xhosa: ''eBhofolo'') is a town in the Western Cape province in South Africa. It is the largest town in the arid Great Karoo region, and is known as the "Capital of the Karoo". It forms part of the Beauf ...

and

De Aar De Aar is a town in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. It has a population of around 42,000 inhabitants. It is the second-most important railway junction in the country, situated on the line between Cape Town and Kimberley. The junctio ...

in the

Karoo The Karoo ( ; from the Afrikaans borrowing of the South Khoekhoe !Orakobab or Khoemana word ''ǃ’Aukarob'' "Hardveld") is a semi-desert natural region of South Africa. No exact definition of what constitutes the Karoo is available, so its ext ...

, hence the Karoo Class name. In 1912, when they came onto the SAR roster, they were designated Class 5A. * Following on the success of the first two Karoo Class locomotives, a further four were ordered from

in 1904. They were modified slightly in view of the experience gained with the original two. On the SAR, they were all designated Class 5B, until one was later reboilered with a Watson Standard no. 1 boiler and reclassified Class 5BR. All of them were later equipped with piston valve cylinders and superheaters. * In 1907, the CGR placed a single experimental three-cylinder compound Pacific in service, based on the second Karoo Class. Built by the

(NBL), it was not classified and was simply referred to as the Three Cylinder Compound. The cylinders were arranged in the

Smith Smith may refer to: People * Metalsmith, or simply smith, a craftsman fashioning tools or works of art out of various metals * Smith (given name) * Smith (surname), a family name originating in England, Scotland and Ireland ** List of people wi ...

system of compounding, with a single high-pressure cylinder situated between the two low-pressure cylinders. The locomotive had a

bar frame A locomotive frame is the structure that forms the backbone of the railway locomotive, giving it strength and supporting the superstructure elements such as a cab, boiler or bodywork. The vast majority of locomotives have had a frame structure o ...

and used saturated steam. Compared to a simplex two-cylinder Karoo, the compound could take a heavy train up a long continuous grade at a much higher speed, while experienced drivers found it could outperform the Karoo in terms of power as well as fuel and water consumption. In 1912, the SAR classified it as Class Experimental 1.

Compound locomotive A compound locomotive is a steam locomotive which is powered by a compound engine, a type of steam engine where steam is expanded in two or more stages. The locomotive was only one application of compounding. Two and three stages were used in shi ...

* The Enlarged Karoo, built by

, was one of the locomotive types that were designed and ordered by the CGR before the SAR was established and that ended up being delivered to the newly established national railways of the

Union of South Africa The Union of South Africa ( nl, Unie van Zuid-Afrika; af, Unie van Suid-Afrika; ) was the historical predecessor to the present-day Republic of South Africa. It came into existence on 31 May 1910 with the unification of the Cape, Natal, Trans ...

in 1912. It was a larger and heavier version of the Class 5B, with a higher pitched boiler,

Belpaire firebox The Belpaire firebox is a type of firebox used on steam locomotives. It was invented by Alfred Belpaire of Belgium in 1864. Today it generally refers to the shape of the outer shell of the firebox which is approximately flat at the top and squa ...

, larger diameter leading and coupled wheels and larger cylinders. The four locomotives were designated Class 5. One of them was later reboilered with a Watson Standard no. 1 boiler, equipped with a superheater and reclassified to Class 5R.

=Central South African Railways

Five Class 9 Pacific passenger locomotives, designed by P.A. Hyde, the first Chief Locomotive Superintendent of the Central South African Railways (CSAR), were delivered from

in 1904. They had bar frames, Stephenson valve gear and used

saturated steam Steam is a substance containing water in the gas phase, and sometimes also an aerosol of liquid water droplets, or air. This may occur due to evaporation or due to boiling, where heat is applied until water reaches the enthalpy of vaporization ...

, and proved very useful for passenger work with moderate loads, working the mail trains from

Johannesburg Johannesburg ( , , ; Zulu and xh, eGoli ), colloquially known as Jozi, Joburg, or "The City of Gold", is the largest city in South Africa, classified as a megacity, and is one of the 100 largest urban areas in the world. According to Demo ...

Durban Durban ( ) ( zu, eThekwini, from meaning 'the port' also called zu, eZibubulungwini for the mountain range that terminates in the area), nicknamed ''Durbs'',Ishani ChettyCity nicknames in SA and across the worldArticle on ''news24.com'' from ...

as far as Charlestown, KwaZulu-Natal, Charlestown on the Transvaal-Natal border for many years. They retained their South African Class 9 4-6-2, Class 9 classification on the SAR. SAR Class 10 738 (4-6-2) ex CSAR 656

Five Class 10 variants were introduced between 1904 and 1910. * Also in 1904 and also designed by Hyde, fifteen Class 10 Pacific locomotives were delivered to the CSAR from NBL. The locomotives were of an extremely advanced design, superheated and with the highest boiler pitch yet in South Africa, with plate frames, wide

es, outside admission piston valves and

. In 1912, when they were assimilated into the SAR, they retained their South African Class 10 4-6-2, Class 10 classification. * Ten heavy Pacific passenger locomotives, designed by CSAR Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) G.G. Elliot based on Hyde's Class 10 design, were ordered from NBL and delivered in 1910. They had Locomotive frame#Plate frames, plate frames, Belpaire fireboxes and

and were delivered in two variants, five of them using saturated steam while the rest were superheated. While similar to the Class 10, their boilers were arranged further forwards, their firebox throats and back plates were sloped instead of being vertical, they used inside admission piston valves and their valve gear was reversed by means of a vertical steam reversing engine mounted on the right-hand running board. They were all classified as Class 10-2 by the CSAR but, in 1912, the SAR designated the saturated steam locomotives South African Class 10A 4-6-2, Class 10A and the superheated ones South African Class 10B 4-6-2, Class 10B. A further five superheated Class 10B locomotives were delivered to the SAR from Beyer, Peacock in 1912. * Twelve light Pacific locomotives were also placed in service by the CSAR in 1910, classified as Class 10-C. Designed by Elliot and built by NBL, they were similar to the Class 10-2, but slightly smaller and with smaller coupled wheels. They used saturated steam and had

es and

, but they were soon reboilered and equipped with superheaters. In 1912 they were designated South African Class 10C 4-6-2, Class 10C by the SAR. * One more Pacific was ordered by the CSAR from ALCO in 1910. It was superheated and built to very much the same specifications as that of the Class 10-2 of that same year, but with a bar frame. It was slightly more powerful than the Class 10-2 and was designated Class 10 by the CSAR, along with the fifteen locomotives of 1904. In 1912, the locomotive became the sole South African Class 10D 4-6-2, Class 10D on the SAR.

=South African Railways

= Seven Class 16 variants were introduced on the South African Railways (SAR) between 1914 and 1935. SAR Class 16 800 (4-6-2)

* The South African Class 16 4-6-2, Class 16 Pacific was designed by Hendrie, CME of the SAR from 1910 to 1922, and was built by NBL, who delivered twelve locomotives in 1914. The design closely followed that of the South African Class 15 4-8-2, Class 15 Mountain type that was introduced at the same time from the same builders, and many parts were made interchangeable. They had

, were superheated and had

es. At the time, it was considered a very large and powerful express locomotive, even when compared to British locomotives built to run on . With coupled wheels, the ratio of wheel diameter to rail gauge was the same as that of a Standard gauge locomotive having coupled wheels. Their tractive effort of at 75% boiler pressure exceeded the at 85% boiler pressure of George Jackson Churchward, Churchward's ''GWR 111 The Great Bear, The Great Bear'' on the Great Western Railway and equalled, also at 85% boiler pressure, that of Nigel Gresley, Gresley's subsequent Great Northern Railway (Great Britain), Great Northern Pacifics. This made the Class 16 the most powerful express passenger locomotive design yet to have been built in Britain at the time. * The South African Class 16A 4-6-2, Class 16A four-cylinder simplex Pacific of 1915 was designed by Hendrie and built by NBL. Two locomotives were delivered, identical in most respects to their predecessor Class 16 except that they had four cylinders instead of the usual two. All four cylinders were arranged in line below the smokebox and were the same size, with the outer cylinders driving the centre coupled wheels while the inner cylinders operated on a cranked leading coupled wheel axle. The result was a very smooth running locomotive, capable of very fast running, but since the Loading gauge, available space on a Cape gauge locomotive prevented larger cylinders from being fitted, the four-cylinder design was never repeated by the SAR. SAR Class 16B 805 Johannesburg 270378

* The South African Class 16B 4-6-2, Class 16B Pacific, also designed by Hendrie, was also built by NBL, who delivered ten locomotives in November 1917. They were identical to the predecessor South African Class 16 4-6-2, Class 16 and successor South African Class 16C 4-6-2, Class 16C in most respects, except that they had wider cabs than the Class 16, while the Class 16C had a combustion chamber in the firebox. All ten were eventually reboilered with Watson Standard no 2B boilers and Watson cabs with slanted fronts, and reclassified to Class 16CR. * Ten South African Class 16C 4-6-2, Class 16C locomotives, also designed by Hendrie and built by NBL, were delivered in 1919 with another twenty following in 1922. Identical to predecessors Class 16 and Class 16B in most respects except for the addition of a combustion chamber, they proved to be excellent free-steaming, fast and reliable locomotives with a reserve of power greater than either of the predecessors. All thirty were later reboilered with Watson Standard no 2B boilers and also reclassified to Class 16CR. SAR Class 16D 860 (4-6-2) (Big Bertha)

* Seven South African Class 16D 4-6-2, Class 16D Pacific locomotives were built for the SAR by

in 1925 and 1926. The Class was designed for working the ''Union Limited'' and ''Union Express'' fast passenger trains, forerunners of the ''Blue Train'', between

and Cape Town. The builders conformed to SAR requirements, but also incorporated the latest American railway engineering practices and introduced several new features to the SAR, such as top feeds to the boiler, self-cleaning smokeboxes, Sellar's drifting valves, grease lubrication and arch tubes to support the brick arch and improve circulation. It had a bar frame extending from the front buffer beam to the rear dragbox, while its size earned it the nickname ''Big Bertha''. In 1926, no. 860 made locomotive history by hauling the ''Union Limited'' over the from Johannesburg to Cape Town in 29 hours. * When orders for more Pacific locomotives were placed in 1928, the Class 16D design was modified by the CME, Colonel F.R. Collins Distinguished Service Order, DSO, who shortened the frame to end at the front of the firebox and added a bridle casting. This resulted in a wider frame below the firebox and cab and consequently more ashpan room. Fourteen South African Class 16DA 4-6-2 1928, Class 16DA locomotives were built to this design, six by Hohenzollern Locomotive Works in 1928 and eight by Baldwin Locomotive Works, Baldwin in 1929. The Hohenzollern and Baldwin locomotives differed from the Class 16D only by virtue of its shortened frame. SAR Class 16DA 879 Orange River - 130479

SAR Class 16DA 879 Orange River - 130479

* When A.G. Watson succeeded Collins as CME in 1929, he designed a boiler with a very wide firebox of the Wootten firebox, Wootten type, with a grate area of to improve the steaming properties of these locomotives. The grate was larger than that of the Hohenzollern and Baldwin locomotives and these boilers were installed on the final six South African Class 16DA 4-6-2 1930, Class 16DA locomotives, built by Henschel & Son, Henschel in 1930. These locomotives were sufficiently different from the Baldwin and Hohenzollern-builts to justify a separate classification such as Class 16DB, but this did not happen. The steaming ability of these six, known as the Class 16DA Wide Firebox, was phenomenal and led to the adoption of wide fireboxes without combustion chambers as the standard on all subsequent SAR mainline locomotives. 16E-Vetrivier-HGG

* The South African Class 16E 4-6-2, Class 16E Pacific was designed by Watson and built by Henschel, who delivered six locomotives in 1935. With its coupled wheels, it was considered to be the most remarkable Cape gauge express passenger locomotive ever built. The coupled wheels were the largest ever used on any less than locomotive, and it had an all-up weight and tractive effort equal to or exceeding that of most Pacifics outside North America. It used Poppet valve#Steam engine, rotary cam poppet valve gear driven by outside rotary shafts, which resulted in extremely free-running characteristics. It also boasted the largest fire grate on any Pacific outside North America. The Class 16E had a South African locomotive numbering and classification#Watson Standard boilers, Watson Standard no. 3A boiler and, at above rail level, its boiler centre-line was the highest-pitched on the SAR. This and the limitations of the loading gauge made it impossible to install a normal steam dome and its place was taken by an inspection man-hole. Steam was collected through numerous small feeder pipes fixed into two collector pipes, which were arranged as high as possible above the water surface. The collector pipes joined together to form a main steam pipe, in diameter, which led to the superheater header and multiple valve regulator, situated in the smokebox.

Narrow gauge

In 1906, two small side-tank locomotives, designed by Hendrie and built by Hunslet, entered service on the Two-foot-gauge railways in South Africa#Estcourt – Weenen, Estcourt-Weenen narrow gauge railway of the NGR. They had outside plate frames and used

. They were commonly known as NGR Class N 4-6-2T 1906, Hunslet Side Tanks since all narrow gauge locomotives on the NGR were designated Class N. Although they came onto the SAR roster in 1912, they were never classified since they were sold to the Moçâmedes Railway in Portuguese West Africa in 1915, long before a system of grouping narrow gauge locomotives into classes was introduced by the SAR somewhere between 1928 and 1930.''The Railway Report for year ending 31 Dec. 1908'', Natal Government Railways, p. 39, par 14. SAR Class NG3 4 (4-6-2T)

In 1907, the NGR placed another six tank locomotives in service, designed by Hendrie based on his Hunslet Side Tank. Built by Hawthorn Leslie and Company, they also had outside plate frames and used

. They were commonly known as the Hawthorn Leslie Side Tanks and were acquired specifically for the new narrow gauge Umzinto – Donnybrook narrow gauge railway, Donnybrook-Esperanza Railway in Natal. They came onto the SAR roster in 1912 and were later classified as South African Class NG3 4-6-2T, Class NG3. In 1908, CGR NG 4-6-2T, two Pacific tank locomotives with bar frames and

, built by W. G. Bagnall, Bagnall, entered service on the narrow gauge Avontuur Railway#Walmer branch, Walmer Branch of the CGR in Port Elizabeth. They came onto the SAR roster in 1912 and remained in service until the Walmer branch was closed in 1929. In 1911, shortly before being amalgamated into the SAR, the NGR placed the first two of seven narrow gauge locomotives in service, built by Kerr, Stuart & Company using the Hawthorn Leslie drawings for the Class NG3. Two more followed in 1913 and another three in 1914, also from Kerr, Stuart. While virtually identical to the Hawthorn Leslie Side Tanks, their boiler pitch had been raised to make a larger firebox possible. They also had higher side tanks and less ornate sand boxes on top of the boiler. Between 1928 and 1930 they were all classified as South African Class NG4 4-6-2T, Class NG4. SAR Class NG10 62 (4-6-2)

In 1916, the SAR ordered six narrow gauge Pacific tender locomotives from

. They had outside bar frames and

and became popularly known as the ''Sixties'', based on their engine number range. Typically American in appearance, with an ornate chimney cap and steam dome as well as a separate engine number on a disk on the front of the smokebox door, they were the only narrow gauge Pacific tender locomotives to see service on the SAR. Later designated South African Class NG10 4-6-2, Class NG10, they were placed in service on the Avontuur Railway, Langkloof line between Port Elizabeth and Avontuur in the Eastern Cape, where they spent most of their working lives. In 1948, two of them were transferred to South West Africa (SWA). All six were withdrawn from service by 1962 as a direct result of the Track gauge conversion, widening of the narrow gauge lines in SWA to .

Spain

A Pacific locomotive was ordered by the ''Ferrocarril Madrid-Aragon'' from ''Forges, Usines et Fonderies de Haine-Saint-Pierre'' in Belgium in 1914, but was not delivered, presumably due to the disruption to trade caused by

. The locomotive was eventually sold to the French-owned

in 1923. (Also see :en:4-6-2#Ethiopia, Ethiopia) In 1958, the ''Ferrocarril La Robla'' purchased four vintage Pacific locomotives from the Tunisian Railways. These had been built in 1914 by ''Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques'' (SACM). They were numbered 181 to 185 and were scrapped in the early 1970s after having served in Spain for more than ten years. (Also see :en:4-6-2#Tunisia, Tunisia)

Sweden

In 1913, the Swedish State Railways (''Statens Järnvägar'' or SJ) ordered eleven four-cylinder compound Pacific type locomotives from Nydqvist & Holm (NOHAB) for the Stockholm-Malmö heavy express train service. They had coupled wheels with two and two cylinders. They were designated the SJ F (steam locomotive), SJ class F, numbered from 1200 to 1209 and 1271. The locomotives were limited to a maximum speed of . They hauled express trains on this southern mainline until the electrification of the Stockholm-Malmö line in 1933. The SJ then tried them on the Gothenburg non-electrified section, but they were not a success on this line which was also due to be electrified. They were then all sold to the neighbouring Danish State Railways DSB (railway company), (DSB) in 1937. After they were withdrawn from service in Denmark, DSB no. 964 (ex SJ no. 1200) was presented to the Swedish Railway Museum at Gävle in 1964, while DSB no. 966 (ex SJ no. 1202) was presented to SJ AB by the Danish Railway Museum in 1999, to haul heritage trains.

Taiwan

The first Pacific type locomotives appeared in Formosa (now Taiwan) in 1912 when American Locomotive Company, ALCO-Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works, Rogers delivered three locomotives that were derived from the

type 8900. They were numbered from 200 to 202. One more locomotive, number 203, was delivered in 1913. They hauled the most important passenger express trains between Taihoku and Kaohsiung, Takao. In 1935, five more locomotives of the Japanese Government Railways Class 55 were added, numbered 551 to 555, and in 1938 four more were delivered, numbered 556 to 559.

delivered eight more Japanese JNR Class C57, Class 57 locomotives, presumably as war reparations, to the Taiwan Railway Administration. These were the last Pacific type locomotives to arrive in Taiwan under the Chiang Kai-shek administration.

Thailand

The Royal State Railways of Siam (RSR), the predecessor of the State Railway of Thailand (SRT), introduced new standard Pacific locomotives for express trains and mixed-traffic locomotive, mixed-traffic trains to supersede the E-Class locomotives which had been commissioned between 1915 and 1921. The first type of Pacific Locomotive was purchased from Batignolles-Châtillon in France in 1925. Others followed from

between 1926 and 1929 and were prominent on Southern lines. There were also the successful Hanomag Pacific locomotives of 1928–1929, the design of which late became a model for the Pacific locomotives imported from Japan. The final type of Pacific steam locomotive was when RSR imported the parts for 10 locomotives, based on the Hanomag design, from Japan during 1942 and 1943. However, assembly of these at the Makkasan Factory was not completed until 1945. After the

, RSR imported a further thirty Pacific type locomotives from Japan in 1949–50, numbered 821 to 850. Two of them, numbers 824 and 850, were still in service with SRT in 2014 for special nostalgic trips.

Tunisia

Standard gauge

In 1914, the Tunisian Chemins de fer Bône-Guelma placed five Pacific locomotives in service at Tunis, built by ''Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques'' (SACM). They were numbered 181 to 185, later to be renumbered to Tunisian Railways (''Société Nationale de Chemins de Fer Tunisiens'') numbers 231.181 to 231.185. A further four were supplied in 1923 and three more in 1938, also built by SACM. They worked the line from Tunis to Ghardimaou on the Algerian border, hauling the Tunis-Algiers direct express trains. They also worked some semi-fast passenger trains on the line between Tunis and Bizerta. They hauled all principal express and passenger trains between Tunis Ville and Ghardimaou until 1951, when the new mainline diesels relegated them to secondary trains. All were withdrawn from service during 1954 and 1955.

Metre gauge

Also in 1914, the ''Chemins de fer Bône-Guelma'' ordered five locomotives from SACM. The engine weight in working order was 56.6 metric tonnes, with coupled wheels of diameter and two cylinders. They were considered very successful and Tunisian Railways ordered three more in 1928. These were used on the mainline south from Tunis to Sousse and the line to Sfax. Between the two World Wars, they were renowned for providing the fastest metre gauge service in the world and speeds of over were common in ordinary service. Tunisian 4-6-2 808

When the Tunisian Railways dieselised between 1951 and 1955, these locomotives were withdrawn from service and placed in staging, even though as late as in 1952 they still regularly achieved speeds of up to . In 1958, numbers 231.801, 231.805, 231.807 and 231.808 were sold to the ''Ferrocarril La Robla'' in Spain. Those which remained in Tunisia were scrapped in 1959.''Continental Railway Journal'' Nr.1 (1969) and 4 (1970) (New Series) Article: Tunisian Railways by P.M. Kalla-Bishop. (Also see

)

United Kingdom

Tender locomotives

Prior to the Railways Act 1921, 1923 Grouping, only five locomotives had been built in the United Kingdom. The first of these was GWR 111 The Great Bear, no. 111, ''The Great Bear'', introduced by the Great Western Railway (GWR) in 1908. This was an experimental locomotive which proved to be more powerful than the railway's requirements and also too heavy for much of its infrastructure. As a result, it was scrapped in 1924 and many of the parts were used to build a GWR 4073 Class, GWR 4073 Castle Class Ten-wheeler locomotive. The Great Northern Railway (England), Great Northern Railway (GNR) and the North Eastern Railway (United Kingdom), North Eastern Railway (NER) each built two Pacific types in 1922, later to become the LNER Gresley Classes A1 and A3, Classes A1/A3 LNER Class A2, and A2 on the

(LNER). Further examples of these two classes were built by the LNER after 1923. Flying Scotsman in Doncaster

The GNR LNER Class A1/A3, Class A1, designed by Nigel Gresley and later rebuilt into the improved Class A3, featured three cylinders and an innovative Gresley conjugated valve gear, conjugated valve gear. The class eventually consisted of 79 locomotives. After initial teething problems, it proved to be an excellent design and one of them, LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman, ''Flying Scotsman'', was the first locomotive to be officially recorded as reaching . Mallard locomotive 625

This speed was surpassed by the streamlined LNER Class A4 of 1935, when LNER Class A4 2509 Silver Link, no. 2509 ''Silver Link'' reached on its inaugural run in 1935. Three years later, on 3 July 1938, LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard, no. 4468 ''Mallard'' touched , which is still the world speed record for steam traction. 35 locomotives of the class were built by 1938. A further 89 Pacific locomotives of the Peppercorn Class A1, LNER Thompson Class A1/1, Thompson Class A1/1, LNER Peppercorn Class A2, Peppercorn Class A2, LNER Thompson Class A2/1, Thompson Class A2/1, LNER Thompson Class A2/2, Thompson Class A2/2 and LNER Thompson Class A2/3, Thompson Class A2/3 were either built or rebuilt for the LNER by Edward Thompson (engineer), Edward Thompson and Arthur Peppercorn, although many actually only appeared in the

ways (BR) era after 1948. In 2008, one further locomotive of the Peppercorn Class A1 design, the LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 Tornado, 60163 ''Tornado'', was built by the

The London, Midland & Scottish Railway (LMS) introduced its twelve Princess Royal Class Pacific locomotives in 1933 and then enlarged the design with the streamlined Princess Coronation Class of 1937. 37 locomotives of the Coronation Class were built by 1947, with one more appearing in 1948 in the BR era. LMS Princess Coronation Class 6220 Coronation, Coronation no. 6220, the first of the class, reached on 29 June 1937 and briefly held the British speed record for steam traction, until it was bettered by the LNER ''Mallard'' a year later. The LMS Princess Royal Class was also used as the basis for an unusual experimental locomotive, the Turbomotive, which used turbines instead of cylinders. 34072 257 Squadron

During World War II, the Southern Railway (England), Southern Railway (SR) introduced two classes of Pacific, designed by New Zealander Oliver Bulleid. These were the SR Merchant Navy Class, Merchant Navy Class and the SR West Country Class, West Country and Battle of Britain Class. These two classes continued to be built in the BR era and eventually totalled thirty Merchant Navy Class locomotives and 110 West Country and Battle of Britain Class locomotives. The 55

Britannia Pacific locomotives, introduced in 1951, were of a simple expansion two-cylinder design with

. Their conservative design reflected a requirement for a more cost-effective, lower maintenance locomotive. Ten locomotives of a lighter version, the

, were introduced in 1952. 71000 DUKE OF GLOUCESTER East Lancashire Railway

The final Pacific design in the United Kingdom was the BR Standard Class 8, BR Standard class 8 no. 71000 ''Duke of Gloucester'', of which only one was built in 1954. It had many parts in common with the Britannias, but had three cylinders and

Tank locomotives

Four tank locomotive designs were introduced in the United Kingdom during 1910 and 1911. Charles Bowen-Cooke of the London & North Western Railway (LNWR) introduced his LNWR Prince of Wales Tank Class, Prince of Wales Tank Class in 1910. It was a tank locomotive version of his successful LNWR Prince of Wales Class, Prince of Wales Class. 47 were built for suburban services out of Euston railway station, Euston station. In the same year, the NER Class Y, designed by Wilson Worsdell and later to become the LNER Class A7, was introduced by Worsdell's successor for hauling coal trains. It had been developed from the NER Class X 4-8-0, heavy shunters, later the LNER Class T1. LBSCR J1 class

Also in 1910, D. E. Marsh of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) designed an entirely new LB&SCR J1 class, J1 class locomotive for Brighton Main Line, London to Brighton express trains. Only one was built before his successor, Lawson Billinton, altered the design to create the LB&SCR J1 class, J2 class. The most successful and longest surviving British class was the GCR Class 9N, 9N class, later the LNER A5 class, of the Great Central Railway (GCR), introduced in 1911. It was designed by John G. Robinson and the last of the class survived until 1961. Four batches were built between 1911 and 1923 and a fifth batch was ordered by the LNER in 1926. Another tank class, the Caledonian Railway 944 Class Class designed by William Pickersgill, appeared in 1917 with twelve locomotives built by

. They were nicknamed the ''Wemyss Bay Pugs'' since several of the class were allocated to do the Glasgow Central railway station, Glasgow to Wemyss Bay railway station, Wemyss Bay suburban express work. In Scotland, all tank locomotives were called Pug (steam locomotive), ''Pugs'', even large ones like this Caledonian Pacific class and the large Glasgow and South Western Railway 4-6-4, Baltic class. In 1921 and 1922, Robert Urie of the London & South Western Railway (LSWR) built five LSWR H16 class, H16 class locomotives for short-distance transfer freight trains in the London area. These survived in service until 1962.

United States

The 4-6-2 wheel arrangement was first used in the United States in 1886. This was an unusual double-cab or ''Mother Hubbard'' type with an unusually large firebox, designed to use the waste tailings from anthracite coal mines. While this design did not become popular, the 4-6-2 was rediscovered for the same reason, to improve the 4-6-0 Ten-wheeler with a larger firebox. With altogether 697 Pacific locomotives, the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) was the largest user of the type in the United States. The railroad bought its first experimental class from American Locomotive Company, ALCO in 1907. After testing, a further 257 Pacific locomotives in various versions, designated classes , , and , were built by the PRR at its Altoona Works and by ALCO and Baldwin Locomotive Works, Baldwin between 1910 and 1913. PRR-K4s-Aberdeen

In 1911, the PRR ordered an experimental K-29 class from ALCO, with a larger boiler,

, mechanical stoker and other innovations. A similar Pennsylvania Railroad K4 class, K4 class locomotive was built by the PRR in 1914, but no more were built until 1917. Between 1917 and 1928, the PRR built 349 K-4s locomotives and Baldwin a further 75, bringing the total of the K4s class to 425. The last PRR Pacific locomotives were two large Pennsylvania Railroad class K5, class K5 locomotives, built in 1929. No. 5698 was built at the PRR Altoona Works and had

, while No. 5699 was built by Baldwin and had

. Although successful, these locomotives were not replicated, since the larger 4-8-2, Mountain types began to be introduced. No. 5698 was dropped from the roster in October 1952 and no. 5699 was retired in September 1953. The first modern example of the type to be built for duty in the United States, was built for the Missouri Pacific in 1902, but the chief proponent of the type west of the Mississippi River was the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, who began buying the type the next year and ultimately owned 274. The road would have pioneered the type, if not for a belief that a two-wheeled lead truck would be sufficient for high speed passenger service. They began buying 2-6-2 Prairie types in quantity from Baldwin in 1901, with the four cylinder Vauclain compound system, a weight of and coupled wheels. When these proved insufficiently stable for high speed service, the road ordered the 1200 class of 4-6-2 Pacifics, which were two cylinder simplex engines weighing and fitted with coupled wheels on unusually long axle centers. Immediately upon their arrival on the property, their drive wheels were swapped with the drivers off the earlier Prairie types, which became fast freight locomotives. These would wind up in branch line service, where they were very successful and ultimately outlasted the Pacifics. The Santa Fe ordered additional Pacific types of both four cylinder balanced compound and two cylinder simple types in seven classes through 1914. These gradually increased to and invariably rode on drivers. The simple types tended to run conservative pressures at , while the compounds ran at . The early examples used a firebox grate of , but the last few classes had larger grates of . All of these were considered light Pacifics by the road, and there were a few engines of orphan classes as well. Some of these were scrapped as compounds, but most were rebuilt with two simple cylinders and operating pressure. Northern Pacific locomotive, Carrington, N

Northern Pacific locomotive, Carrington, N

The railroad began scrapping these in 1932, but regretted it during the massive traffic of World War II. Two were semi-streamlined for a brief period during 1939. They hauled varied passenger trains and saw occasional duty in local freight and helper service. All were out of service by 1955. They initially served on the western portion of the Santa Fe system, west of La Junta, Colorado, where the line traversed the Rocky Mountains. Atlantic types were generally used on the Great Plains. Later, as passenger cars grew to 85 feet (26m) in length and gained weight due to all-steel construction, Pacifics would replace the Atlantic types in the east and the western stretches would be served by new 4-8-2 Mountain and 4-8-4 Northern types. These engines were not dissimilar to the USRA Light Pacifics introduced during World War I, but differed in certain respects. The Santa Fe, like most large United States railroads, was accustomed to custom-designing their own power and refused to buy USRA designs during the ill-fated nationalization of the United States railroads under Wilson. This era, however, did allow many smaller railroads to modernize their fleets and it also saw the rise of the USRA Heavy Pacific. The Pennsylvania K-series served as a prototype for these, but they differed in important aspects such as the PRR's Belpaire fireboxes. The Santa Fe did not buy any USRA Heavy Pacifics, either, but after the war, Baldwin began building the new and even heavier 3400 Class for the road. These were huge at , but were otherwise a conservative design with two simple cylinders,

, of grate and boilers. Fifty were built by Baldwin through 1924 but, while improvements to the light Pacifics were mostly confined to simplification and other updates were only sporadically applied, all of the 3400s were built or retrofitted with feedwater heaters and all but six were to receive diameter driving wheels before or during World War II. All got a pressure increase to , nine received thermic syphons, and a little experimentation was done with combustion chambers and roller bearings. Weights ultimately reached . These, too, were mostly out of service by 1955. Six Santa Fe Pacific types survive, most of them of the heavy 3400 Class. Soo Line 2719 Steams from Duluth to Two Harbors, MN

Soo Line 2719 Steams from Duluth to Two Harbors, MN

Most of the United States railroads which offered passenger service, used Pacific types. Except for the custom design and sheer volume of units produced, the experience of railroads in the eastern and western United States was not dissimilar to that of the Pennsylvania and Santa Fe, respectively. Some roads developed these into the Hudson (or Baltic) type , others preferred the versatility of the Mountain and Northern types, and some, like the Santa Fe, bought both. One railroad, the St. Louis-San Francisco or ''Frisco'', actually converted a few existing Pacific types to Hudsons with larger fireboxes in their Springfield, Missouri, Springfield shops. The Pacific type, however, was far and away the predominant passenger service steam engine in the United States until the end of steam. Lighter streamlined cars led to a resurgence of the light Pacific, with several railroads applying streamlined shrouds to older engines. The last Pacific built for service in the United States was delivered to the Reading in 1948. Most or all Pacifics were out of regular service by 1960. One notable , the Soo Line 2719 which hauled the last of the Soo Line Railroad’s steam-powered trains in 1959, was preserved and was restored to operating condition for excursions. It is now on display at the Lake Superior Railroad Museum in Duluth, Minnesota.

References

External links

{{Whyte types 4-6-2 locomotives, Railway locomotives introduced in 1901 Whyte notation, 6,4-6-2