List of events in early Christianity
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed account of Christianity from the beginning of the current era ( AD) to the present. Question marks ('?') on dates indicate approximate dates. The
year one The term "Year One" in political history usually refers to the institution of radical, revolutionary change. This usage dates from the time of the French Revolution. After the official abolition of the French monarchy on 21 September 1792, the N ...
is the first year in the '' Christian calendar'' (there is no year zero), which is the calendar presently used (in unison with the Gregorian calendar) almost everywhere in the world. Traditionally, this was held to be the year Jesus was born; however, most modern scholars argue for an earlier or later date, the most agreed upon being between 6 BC and 4 BC. *6 AD Herod Archelaus deposed by Augustus; Samaria, Judea and Idumea annexed as Iudaea Province under direct Roman administration, capital at
Caesarea Caesarea () ( he, קֵיסָרְיָה, ), ''Keysariya'' or ''Qesarya'', often simplified to Keisarya, and Qaysaria, is an affluent town in north-central Israel, which inherits its name and much of its territory from the ancient city of Caesare ...
. Quirinius became
Legate Legate may refer to: *Legatus, a higher ranking general officer of the Roman army drawn from among the senatorial class :*Legatus Augusti pro praetore, a provincial governor in the Roman Imperial period *A member of a legation *A representative, ...
(Governor) of
Syria Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...
, conducted Census of Quirinius, opposed by Zealots
JA18
, ) *7–26 Brief period of peace, relatively free of revolt and bloodshed in Iudaea and
Galilee Galilee (; he, הַגָּלִיל, hagGālīl; ar, الجليل, al-jalīl) is a region located in northern Israel and southern Lebanon. Galilee traditionally refers to the mountainous part, divided into Upper Galilee (, ; , ) and Lower Galil ...
*9
Pharisee The Pharisees (; he, פְּרוּשִׁים, Pərūšīm) were a Jewish social movement and a school of thought in the Levant during the time of Second Temple Judaism. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, Pharisaic beliefs bec ...
leader
Hillel the Elder Hillel ( he, הִלֵּל ''Hīllēl''; variously called ''Hillel HaGadol'', ''Hillel HaZaken'', ''Hillel HaBavli'' or ''HaBavli'', was born according to tradition in Babylon c. 110 BCE, died 10 CE in Jerusalem) was a Jewish religious leader, sag ...
dies, temporary rise of Shammai *14–37 Tiberius, Roman Emperor *18–36 Caiaphas, appointed
High Priest The term "high priest" usually refers either to an individual who holds the office of ruler-priest, or to one who is the head of a religious caste. Ancient Egypt In ancient Egypt, a high priest was the chief priest of any of the many gods rever ...
of Herod's Temple by Prefect Valerius Gratus, deposed by Syrian Legate Lucius Vitellius *19 Jews, Jewish proselytes, astrologers, expelled from Rome *26–36 Pontius Pilate, Prefect (governor) of Iudaea, recalled to Rome by Syrian Legate Vitellius on complaints of excess violence (JA18.4.2) *28 or 29 John the Baptist begins his
ministry Ministry may refer to: Government * Ministry (collective executive), the complete body of government ministers under the leadership of a prime minister * Ministry (government department), a department of a government Religion * Christian ...
in the "15th year of Tiberius" (), saying: " Repent, for the
kingdom of heaven Kingdom of Heaven may refer to: Religious * Kingdom of Heaven (Gospel of Matthew) **Kingship and kingdom of God, or simply Kingdom of God, the phrase used in the other gospels * Kingdom of Heaven (Daviesite), a schismatic sect, founded by Will ...
is near" (), a relative of Jesus (), a Nazirite (), baptized Jesus (), later arrested and beheaded by
Herod Antipas Herod Antipas ( el, Ἡρῴδης Ἀντίπας, ''Hērǭdēs Antipas''; born before 20 BC – died after 39 AD), was a 1st-century ruler of Galilee and Perea, who bore the title of tetrarch ("ruler of a quarter") and is referred to as both "H ...
(), it is possible that, according to Josephus' chronology, John was not killed until 36 (JA18.5.2) Jesus begins his
ministry Ministry may refer to: Government * Ministry (collective executive), the complete body of government ministers under the leadership of a prime minister * Ministry (government department), a department of a government Religion * Christian ...
after his baptism by John and during the rule of Pilate, preaching: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near" (). While the historicity of the gospel accounts is questioned to some extent by some critical scholars and non-Christians, the traditional view states the following chronology for his ministry:
Temptation Temptation is a desire to engage in short-term urges for enjoyment that threatens long-term goals.Webb, J.R. (Sep 2014). Incorporating Spirituality into Psychology of temptation: Conceptualization, measurement, and clinical implications. Sp ...
,
Sermon on the Mount The Sermon on the Mount (anglicized from the Matthean Vulgate Latin section title: ) is a collection of sayings attributed to Jesus of Nazareth found in the Gospel of Matthew (chapters 5, 6, and 7). that emphasizes his moral teachings. It is ...
, Appointment of the Twelve, Miracles, Temple Money Changers, Last Supper,
Arrest An arrest is the act of apprehending and taking a person into custody (legal protection or control), usually because the person has been suspected of or observed committing a crime. After being taken into custody, the person can be questi ...
, Trial, Passion, Crucifixion on Nisan 14th (, , Gospel of Peter) or Nisan 15th (
Synoptic Gospels The gospels of Gospel of Matthew, Matthew, Gospel of Mark, Mark, and Gospel of Luke, Luke are referred to as the synoptic Gospels because they include many of the same stories, often in a similar sequence and in similar or sometimes identical ...
), entombment by Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, Resurrection by God and Resurrection appearances of Jesus to
Mary Magdalene Mary Magdalene (sometimes called Mary of Magdala, or simply the Magdalene or the Madeleine) was a woman who, according to the four canonical gospels, traveled with Jesus as one of his followers and was a witness to crucifixion of Jesus, his cru ...
and other women (, ), Simon Peter (), and others, (), Great Commission, Ascension, Second Coming Prophecy to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the
Resurrection of the dead General resurrection or universal resurrection is the belief in a resurrection of the dead, or resurrection from the dead ( Koine: , ''anastasis onnekron''; literally: "standing up again of the dead") by which most or all people who have died ...
, the
Last Judgment The Last Judgment, Final Judgment, Day of Reckoning, Day of Judgment, Judgment Day, Doomsday, Day of Resurrection or The Day of the Lord (; ar, یوم القيامة, translit=Yawm al-Qiyāmah or ar, یوم الدین, translit=Yawm ad-Dīn, ...
, and establishment of the
Kingdom of God The concept of the kingship of God appears in all Abrahamic religions, where in some cases the terms Kingdom of God and Kingdom of Heaven are also used. The notion of God's kingship goes back to the Hebrew Bible, which refers to "his kingdom" b ...
and the Messianic Age.


Apostolic Age

Shortly after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ (
Nisan Nisan (or Nissan; he, נִיסָן, Standard ''Nīsan'', Tiberian ''Nīsān''; from akk, 𒊬𒊒𒄀 ''Nisanu'') in the Babylonian and Hebrew calendars is the month of the barley ripening and first month of spring. The name of the month is ...
14 or 15), the Jerusalem church is founded as the first
Christian church In ecclesiology, the Christian Church is what different Christian denominations conceive of as being the true body of Christians or the original institution established by Jesus. "Christian Church" has also been used in academia as a synonym fo ...
with about 120 Jews and Jewish Proselytes (), followed by
Pentecost Pentecost (also called Whit Sunday, Whitsunday or Whitsun) is a Christianity, Christian holiday which takes place on the 50th day (the seventh Sunday) after Easter Sunday. It commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles in the Ne ...
(
Sivan ''Sivan'' (Hebrew: סִיוָן, Standard ''Sīvan'', Tiberian ''Sīwān''; from Akkadian ''simānu'', meaning "Season; time") is the ninth month of the civil year and the third month of the ecclesiastical year on the Hebrew calendar. It is a mo ...
6), the
Ananias and Sapphira Ananias (; he, חָנַנְיָהּ, Chānanyah) and his wife Sapphira (; he, סָפִירַה, Ṣafīrah) were, according to the biblical New Testament in Acts of the Apostles chapter 5, members of the early Christian church in Jerusalem. T ...
incident, Pharisee Gamaliel's defense of the
Apostles An apostle (), in its literal sense, is an emissary, from Ancient Greek ἀπόστολος (''apóstolos''), literally "one who is sent off", from the verb ἀποστέλλειν (''apostéllein''), "to send off". The purpose of such sending ...
(), the stoning of Saint Stephen (see also Persecution of Christians) and the subsequent dispersion of the Apostles (, also ) which leads to the baptism of Simon Magus in Samaria (), and also an Ethiopian eunuch (). Paul's " Road to Damascus" conversion to "Apostle to the Gentiles" is first recorded in , cf. . Peter baptizes the Roman
Centurion Cornelius Cornelius ( el, Κορνήλιος, translit=Kornélios; la, Cornelius) was a Roman centurion who is considered by Christians to be the first Gentile to convert to the faith, as related in Acts of the Apostles (see Ethiopian eunuch for the comp ...
, who is traditionally considered the first Gentile convert to Christianity (). The Antioch church is founded, where the term Christian was first used (). *37–41 Crisis under
Caligula Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 – 24 January 41), better known by his nickname Caligula (), was the third Roman emperor, ruling from 37 until his assassination in 41. He was the son of the popular Roman general Germanicu ...
, proposed as the first open break between Rome and the Jews *Before 44 Epistle of James if written by James the Brother of Jesus *44? Saint James the Great: According to a medieval tradition, on 2 January of the year AD 40, the Virgin Mary appeared to James on a pillar on the bank of the Ebro River at
Caesaraugusta Zaragoza, also known in English as Saragossa,''Encyclopædia Britannica'"Zaragoza (conventional Saragossa)" is the capital city of the Zaragoza Province and of the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. It lies by the Ebro river and its tributari ...
, while he was preaching the Gospel in Spain. There is no factual evidence of this. Following that vision, St James returned to Judea, where he was beheaded by King Herod Agrippa I in the year 44 during a Passover (Nisan 15) (). *44 Death of Herod Agrippa I
JA19
8.2, ) *44–46? Theudas beheaded by Procurator Cuspius Fadus for saying he would part the Jordan river (like
Moses Moses hbo, מֹשֶׁה, Mōše; also known as Moshe or Moshe Rabbeinu (Mishnaic Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ, ); syr, ܡܘܫܐ, Mūše; ar, موسى, Mūsā; grc, Mωϋσῆς, Mōÿsēs () is considered the most important pro ...
and the Red Sea or Joshua and the Jordan)
JA20
5.1, places it before the Census of Quirinius) *45–49? Mission of Barnabas and Paul, () to Cyprus,
Pisidian Antioch Antioch in Pisidia – alternatively Antiochia in Pisidia or Pisidian Antioch ( el, Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Πισιδίας) and in Roman Empire, Latin: ''Antiochia Caesareia'' or ''Antiochia Colonia Caesarea'' – was a city in th ...
,
Iconium Konya () is a major city in central Turkey, on the southwestern edge of the Central Anatolian Plateau, and is the capital of Konya Province. During antiquity and into Seljuk times it was known as Iconium (), although the Seljuks also called it D ...
,
Lystra Lystra ( grc, Λύστρα) was a city in central Anatolia, now part of present-day Turkey. It is mentioned six times in the New Testament. Lystra was visited several times by Paul the Apostle, along with Barnabas or Silas. There Paul met a young ...
and Derbe (there they were called "gods ... in human form"), then return to Syrian Antioch
Map1
*47 The
Church of the East The Church of the East ( syc, ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ, ''ʿĒḏtā d-Maḏenḥā'') or the East Syriac Church, also called the Church of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, the Persian Church, the Assyrian Church, the Babylonian Church or the Nestorian C ...
is created by Saint Thomas *48–100 Herod Agrippa II appointed King of the Jews by
Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was the fourth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Nero Claudius Drusus, Drusu ...
, seventh and last of the Herodians *49 "Since the Jews constantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus, he [
Claudius Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (; 1 August 10 BC – 13 October AD 54) was the fourth Roman emperor, ruling from AD 41 to 54. A member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, Claudius was born to Nero Claudius Drusus, Drusu ...
] expelled them from Rome." (referenced in ) *50 Passover riot in Jerusalem, 20,000–30,000 killed (JA20.5.
JW2
12.1) *50?
Council of Jerusalem The Council of Jerusalem or Apostolic Council was held in Jerusalem around AD 50. It is unique among the ancient pre-ecumenical councils in that it is considered by Catholics and Eastern Orthodox to be a prototype and forerunner of the later ...
and the "Apostolic Decree" of , same as ?, which is followed by the Incident at Antioch at which Paul publicly accuses Peter of "
Judaizing Judaism ( he, ''Yahăḏūṯ'') is an Abrahamic, monotheistic, and ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people. It has its roots as an organized religion in the M ...
" (); see also
Circumcision controversy in early Christianity According to the Hebrew Bible, circumcision was enjoined upon the biblical patriarch Abraham, his descendants and their slaves as "a token of the covenant" concluded with him by God for all generations, as an "everlasting covenant". The Council ...
*50–53? Paul's 2nd mission (), split with Barnabas, to Phrygia, Galatia, Macedonia, Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, Corinth, "he had his hair cut off at Cenchrea because of a vow he had taken", then return to Antioch;
1 Thessalonians The First Epistle to the Thessalonians is a Pauline epistle of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle is attributed to Paul the Apostle, and is addressed to the church in Thessalonica, in modern-day Greece. It is likely among th ...
, Galatians written
Map2
Lydia of Thyatira Lydia of Thyatira ( el, Λυδία) is a woman mentioned in the New Testament who is regarded as the first documented convert to Christianity in Europe. Several Christian denominations have designated her a saint. The name, "Lydia", meaning "the ...
, a seller of purple, becomes the first European Christian conver
(Acts 16:11-15)
*51–52 or 52–53 Proconsulship of Gallio according to an inscription, only fixed date in chronology of Paul *52, November 21 St. Thomas the Apostle lands in India. Establishes churches at Kodungalloor,
Palayoor Palayūr, also called Palayoor and historically as Palur, is a town near Chavakkad, Thrissur district, India. It is famous for its ancient church, Palayur Mar Thoma Church, which is believed to be one of the seven major churches founded by Sa ...
, Paraur, Kottakkav,
Kokkamangalam Kokkamangalam also known as Gokkamangalam is a village in Alappuzha district of Kerala state, south India. It is situated in between Cochin and Kumarakom and on the western shore of Vembanad Lake, 5 km east of the town of Cherthala, which ...
,
Nilakkal Nilakkal (), also spelled Nilackal, or formerly Chayal, is a remote ghat region located in the Goodrical range of Ranni forest division in Pathanamthitta District in the Indian state of Kerala.Nearest Railway Station Is Thiruvalla,Located At A D ...
,
Niranam Niranam is a village in Tiruvalla, Kerala, India. It was a port in ancient Kerala, on the confluence of the Manimala River, Manimala and Pamba River. It is almost 7  km from Tiruvalla SCS Junction in Pathanamthitta District of Kerala, lies t ...
and
Kollam Kollam (), also known by its former name Quilon , is an ancient seaport and city on the Malabar Coast of India bordering the Laccadive Sea, which is a part of the Arabian Sea. It is north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. The city i ...
*53–57? Paul's 3rd mission, (), to Galatia, Phrygia, Corinth, Ephesus, Macedonia, Greece, and Jerusalem where
James the Just James the Just, or a variation of James, brother of the Lord ( la, Iacobus from he, יעקב, and grc-gre, Ἰάκωβος, , can also be Anglicized as "Jacob"), was "a brother of Jesus", according to the New Testament. He was an early lead ...
challenges him about rumor of teaching
antinomianism Antinomianism (Ancient Greek: ἀντί 'anti''"against" and νόμος 'nomos''"law") is any view which rejects laws or legalism and argues against moral, religious or social norms (Latin: mores), or is at least considered to do so. The term ha ...
(); he addresses a crowd in their language (most likely Aramaic); Romans,
1 Corinthians The First Epistle to the Corinthians ( grc, Α΄ ᾽Επιστολὴ πρὸς Κορινθίους) is one of the Pauline epistles, part of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle is attributed to Paul the Apostle and a co-aut ...
,
2 Corinthians The Second Epistle to the Corinthians is a Pauline epistle of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle is attributed to Paul the Apostle and a co-author named Timothy, and is addressed to the church in Corinth and Christians in the ...
,
Philippians The Epistle to the Philippians is a Pauline epistle of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle is attributed to Paul the Apostle and Timothy is named with him as co-author or co-sender. The letter is addressed to the Christian c ...
written
Map3
*55? " Egyptian prophet" (allusion to Moses) and 30,000 unarmed Jews doing
The Exodus The Exodus (Hebrew language, Hebrew: יציאת מצרים, ''Yeẓi’at Miẓrayim'': ) is the founding myth of the Israelites whose narrative is spread over four books of the Torah (or Pentateuch, corresponding to the first five books of the ...
reenactment massacred by Procurator Antonius Felix (JW2.13.5, JA20.8.6, ) *58? Paul arrested, accused of being a
revolutionary A revolutionary is a person who either participates in, or advocates a revolution. The term ''revolutionary'' can also be used as an adjective, to refer to something that has a major, sudden impact on society or on some aspect of human endeavor. ...
, "ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes", teaching
resurrection of the dead General resurrection or universal resurrection is the belief in a resurrection of the dead, or resurrection from the dead ( Koine: , ''anastasis onnekron''; literally: "standing up again of the dead") by which most or all people who have died ...
, imprisoned in
Caesarea Caesarea () ( he, קֵיסָרְיָה, ), ''Keysariya'' or ''Qesarya'', often simplified to Keisarya, and Qaysaria, is an affluent town in north-central Israel, which inherits its name and much of its territory from the ancient city of Caesare ...
() *59? Paul shipwrecked on Malta, called a god () *60? Paul in Rome: greeted by many "brothers", three days later calls together the Jewish leaders, who had not received any word from Judea about him but were curious about "this sect" which everywhere is spoken against; he tries to convince them from the " law and prophets", with partial success – said the Gentiles would listen, and spends two years proclaiming the
Kingdom of God The concept of the kingship of God appears in all Abrahamic religions, where in some cases the terms Kingdom of God and Kingdom of Heaven are also used. The notion of God's kingship goes back to the Hebrew Bible, which refers to "his kingdom" b ...
and teaching "the Lord Jesus Christ" (); Epistle to Philemon written? *60–64? early date for writing of
1 Peter The First Epistle of Peter is a book of the New Testament. The author presents himself as Peter the Apostle. The ending of the letter includes a statement that implies that it was written from " Babylon", which is possibly a reference to Rome. ...
(written by Peter) *before 62 Epistle of James if written by James the Just *62 James the Just stoned to death for law transgression by
High Priest The term "high priest" usually refers either to an individual who holds the office of ruler-priest, or to one who is the head of a religious caste. Ancient Egypt In ancient Egypt, a high priest was the chief priest of any of the many gods rever ...
Ananus ben Artanus; popular opinion against act results in Ananus being deposed by new procurator
Lucceius Albinus : ''For others with this cognomen, see Albinus (cognomen).'' Lucceius Albinus was the 6th Roman Procurator of Judea from 62 until 64 and the governor of Mauretania Tingitana from 64 until 69. Biography Appointed procurator by the Emperor Nero ...
(JA20.9.1) *63–107? Simeon, 2nd Bishop of Jerusalem, crucified under Trajan *64–68 after July 18 Great Fire of Rome; Nero blames and
persecutes Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another individual or group. The most common forms are religious persecution, racism, and political persecution, though there is naturally some overlap between these term ...
the ''Christians'' (or Chrestians), possibly the earliest mention of ''Christians'' by that name, in Rome; see also
Tacitus on Jesus The Roman historiography, Roman historian and Roman Senate, senator Tacitus referred to Jesus, Crucifixion of Jesus, his execution by Pontius Pilate, and the existence of Early centers of Christianity#Rome, early Christians in Rome in his final w ...
; Paul beheaded? (,
1Clem
5:5-7), Peter crucified upside-down? (
Tertullian's Prescription Against Heretics
chapter XXXV

chapter I), "...a vast multitude, were convicted, not so much of the crime of incendiarism as of hatred of the human race. And in their deaths they were made the subjects of sport; for they were wrapped in the hides of wild beasts and torn to pieces by dogs, or nailed to crosses, or set on fire, and when day declined, were burned to serve for nocturnal lights." (
Annals (Tacitus) The ''Annals'' ( la, Annales) by Roman historian and senator Tacitus is a history of the Roman Empire from the reign of Tiberius to that of Nero, the years AD 14–68. The ''Annals'' are an important source for modern understanding of the histor ...
XV.44) *64/67(?)–76/79(?) Pope Linus succeeds Peter as Episcopus Romanus (Bishop of Rome) *64 Epistle to the Hebrews written *65? Q document, a hypothetical Greek text thought by many critical scholars to have been used in writing of
Matthew Matthew may refer to: * Matthew (given name) * Matthew (surname) * ''Matthew'' (ship), the replica of the ship sailed by John Cabot in 1497 * ''Matthew'' (album), a 2000 album by rapper Kool Keith * Matthew (elm cultivar), a cultivar of the Ch ...
and
Luke People *Luke (given name), a masculine given name (including a list of people and characters with the name) *Luke (surname) (including a list of people and characters with the name) *Luke the Evangelist, author of the Gospel of Luke. Also known as ...
*66–73 First Jewish–Roman War: destruction of Herod's Temple and end of Judaism according to
Supersessionism Supersessionism, also called replacement theology or fulfillment theology, is a Christian theology which asserts that the New Covenant through Jesus in Christianity, Jesus Christ has superseded or replaced the Mosaic covenant exclusive to the Jews ...
; Qumran community (site of Dead Sea Scrolls found in 1947) destroyed *70(+/–10)?
Gospel of Mark The Gospel of Mark), or simply Mark (which is also its most common form of abbreviation). is the second of the four canonical gospels and of the three synoptic Gospels. It tells of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to h ...
, written in Rome, by Peter's interpreter (1 Peter 5:13), original ending apparently lost, endings added c. 400, see Mark 16 *70? Signs Gospel written, hypothetical Greek text used in Gospel of John to prove Jesus is the Messiah *70–100? Additional
Pauline Epistles The Pauline epistles, also known as Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle, although the authorship of some is in dispute. Among these epistles are some of the earliest extan ...
*70–200? Gospel of Thomas, Jewish Christian Gospels:
Gospel of the Ebionites The Gospel of the Ebionites is the conventional name given by scholars to an apocryphal gospel extant only as seven brief quotations in a heresiology known as the ''Panarion'', by Epiphanius of Salamis; he misidentified it as the "Hebrew" gosp ...
, Gospel of the Hebrews, Gospel of the Nazarenes *72, July 3 Martyrdom of St. Thomas the Apostle at Chinnamala, Mylapore, Chennai (Tamil Nadu) *76/79(?)–88
Pope Anacletus Pope Anacletus (died ), also known as Cletus, was the bishop of Rome, following Peter and Linus. Anacletus served between and his death, . Cletus was a Roman who, during his tenure as pope, ordained a number of priests and is traditionally credi ...
: first Greek Pope, who succeeds Linus as Episcopus Romanus (Bishop of Rome) *80(+/-20)
Didache The ''Didache'' (; ), also known as The Lord's Teaching Through the Twelve Apostles to the Nations (Διδαχὴ Κυρίου διὰ τῶν δώδεκα ἀποστόλων τοῖς ἔθνεσιν), is a brief anonymous early Christian tr ...
written *80(+/-20)? Gospel of Matthew, based on Mark and Q, most popular in Early Christianity *80(+/-20)? Gospel of Luke, based on Mark and Q, also
Acts of the Apostles The Acts of the Apostles ( grc-koi, Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, ''Práxeis Apostólōn''; la, Actūs Apostolōrum) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of its messag ...
by same author *80(+/-20)? Pastoral Epistles written (possible post-Pauline authorship) *88–101?
Clement Clement or Clément may refer to: People * Clement (name), a given name and surname * Saint Clement (disambiguation)#People Places * Clément, French Guiana, a town * Clement, Missouri, U.S. * Clement Township, Michigan, U.S. Other uses * ...
, fourth Bishop of Rome: wrote Letter of the Romans to the Corinthians (Apostolic Fathers) *90? Council of Jamnia of Judaism (disputed); Domitian applies the Fiscus Judaicus tax even to those who merely "lived like Jews" *90(+/-10)? late date for writing of
1 Peter The First Epistle of Peter is a book of the New Testament. The author presents himself as Peter the Apostle. The ending of the letter includes a statement that implies that it was written from " Babylon", which is possibly a reference to Rome. ...
(associate of Peter as author) *94 Testimonium Flavianum, disputed section of Jewish Antiquities by Josephus in Aramaic, translated to Koine Greek *95(+/-30)? Gospel of John and Epistles of John *95(+/-10)? Book of Revelation written, by John (son of Zebedee) and/or a disciple of his *96
Nerva Nerva (; originally Marcus Cocceius Nerva; 8 November 30 – 27 January 98) was Roman emperor from 96 to 98. Nerva became emperor when aged almost 66, after a lifetime of imperial service under Nero and the succeeding rulers of the Flavian dy ...
modifies the ''Fiscus Judaicus'', from then on, practising Jews pay the tax, Christians do not *98–117? Ignatius, third Bishop of Antioch, fed to the lions in the Roman Colosseum, advocated the Bishop (Eph 6:1, Mag 2:1,6:1,7:1,13:2, Tr 3:1, Smy 8:1,9:1), rejected
Sabbath In Abrahamic religions, the Sabbath () or Shabbat (from Hebrew ) is a day set aside for rest and worship. According to the Book of Exodus, the Sabbath is a day of rest on the seventh day, commanded by God to be kept as a holy day of rest, as G ...
on Saturday in favor of "The Lord's Day" (Sunday). (Mag 9.1), rejected
Judaizing Judaism ( he, ''Yahăḏūṯ'') is an Abrahamic, monotheistic, and ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people. It has its roots as an organized religion in the M ...
(Mag 10.3), first recorded use of the term catholic (Smy 8:2). *100(+/-30)? Epistle of Barnabas (Apostolic Fathers) *100(+/-25)? Epistle of James if written by author other than James the Just or James the Great *100(+/-10)?
Epistle of Jude The Epistle of Jude is the penultimate book of the New Testament as well as the Christian Bible. It is traditionally attributed to Jude, brother of James the Just, and thus possibly brother of Jesus as well. Jude is a short epistle written in ...
written, probably by doubting relative of Jesus (Mark 6,3), rejected by some early Christians due to its reference to apocryphal Book of Enoch (v14)


Ante-Nicene period

*100–150? Apocryphon of James, Gospel of Mary Magdalene, Gospel of James, Infancy Gospel of Thomas, Secret Gospel of Mark (''Complete Gospels'', published by
Jesus Seminar The Jesus Seminar was a group of about 50 critical biblical scholars and 100 laymen founded in 1985 by Robert Funk that originated under the auspices of the Westar Institute.''Making Sense of the New Testament'' by Craig Blomberg (Mar 1, 2004) ...
) *110–130? Papias, bishop of
Hierapolis Hierapolis (; grc, Ἱεράπολις, lit. "Holy City") was originally a Phrygian cult centre of the Anatolian mother goddess of Cybele and later a Greek city. Its location was centred upon the remarkable and copious hot springs in classica ...
, writes "Expositions of the Sayings of the Lord", lost, widely quoted (Apostolic Fathers) * 110 Ignatius of Antioch writes to the Smyrnaeans that the Christian church is ''katholikos'' ("universal") *110–160? Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians, (Apostolic Fathers) * 112 Pliny reports rapid growth of Christianity in
Bithynia Bithynia (; Koine Greek: , ''Bithynía'') was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor (present-day Turkey), adjoining the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Black Sea. It bordered Mysia to the southwest, Pa ...
*120? Rabbi Tarfon advocates burning the Gospels * 125(+/-5)?
2 Peter The Second Epistle of Peter is a book of the New Testament of the Bible. The text identifies the author as "Simon Peter, a bondservant and apostle of Jesus Christ" and the epistle is traditionally attributed to Peter the Apostle, but most criti ...
written, not accepted into canon until early 400s, drew upon Epistle of Jude, "catholic" epistle, Pastoral Epistles written *125? Rylands Library Papyrus P52, oldest extant NT fragment, p. 1935, parts of Jn18:31-33,37-38 *130–250? "Christian Apologists" writings against
Roman religion Religion in ancient Rome consisted of varying imperial and provincial religious practices, which were followed both by the people of Rome as well as those who were brought under its rule. The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious, ...
: Justin Martyr, Athenagoras,
Apology of Aristides The ''Apology of Aristides'' was written by the early Christian writer Aristides (fl. 2nd century). Until 1878, the knowledge about Aristides was confined to some references in works by Eusebius of Caesarea and Saint Jerome. Eusebius said that ...
, Theophilus of Antioch, Tatian,
Quadratus Quadratus is Latin for square. Quadratus was also a cognomen from the Roman Republic and Roman Empire. It may refer to: People * Lucius Ninnius Quadratus, a tribune of the plebs in 58 BC and a warm friend to Roman Senator Marcus Tullius Cicero * G ...
, Melito of Sardis, Apollinaris Claudius,
Marcus Minucius Felix __NOTOC__ Marcus Minucius Felix (died c. 250 AD in Rome) was one of the earliest of the Latin Christian apologetics, apologists for Christianity. Nothing is known of his personal history, and even the date at which he wrote can be only approximate ...
, Arnobius,
Epistle to Diognetus The ''Epistle of Mathetes to Diognetus'' ( el , Πρὸς Διόγνητον Ἐπιστολή) is an example of Christian apologetics, writings defending Christianity against the charges of its critics. The Greek writer and recipient are not oth ...
*132–135 Bar Kokhba's revolt: final Jewish revolt, Judea and Jerusalem erased from maps, region renamed
Syria Palæstina Syria Palaestina (literally, "Palestinian Syria";Trevor Bryce, 2009, ''The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia''Roland de Vaux, 1978, ''The Early History of Israel'', Page 2: "After the revolt of Bar Cochba in 135 ...
(the term ''Palestine'' was originally coined by Herodotus), Jerusalem renamed Aelia Capitolina *142–144? Marcion of Sinope: bishop according to '' Catholic Encyclopedia'', goes to Rome, possibly to buy the bishopric of Rome, upon rejection forms his own church in Rome, later called Marcionism, rejected Old Testament, decreed canon of one Gospel, one ''Apostolicon'' (10 Letters of Paul) and one ''Antithesis'' which contrasted the Old Testament with the New Testament, cited Western text-type, see also Expounding of the Law#Antithesis of the Law *150? "Western Revisor" adds/subtracts from original Acts to produce Western version which is 10% larger and found in Papyrus P29,38,48 and Codex Bezae (D) * 150 Gospel reaches Portugal and Morocco *150? Valentinius (most famous Christian Gnostic, according to Tertullian) narrowly loses election for Bishop of Rome *150(+/-10)? '' The Shepherd of Hermas'', written in Rome (Apostolic Fathers) *150–200? Other Gospels:
Gospel of the Saviour The ''Gospel of the Saviour'' is a fragmentary Coptic text from an otherwise unknown gospel that has joined the New Testament apocrypha. It consists of a fragmentary fire-damaged parchment codex that was acquired by the Egyptian Museum of Be ...
, Gospel of Peter,
Oxyrhynchus Gospels The Oxyrhynchus Gospels are two fragmentary manuscripts discovered among the rich finds of discarded papyri at Oxyrhynchus in Egypt. They throw light on early non-canonical Gospel traditions. Oxyrhynchus 840 Oxyrhynchus 840 (P. Oxy. V 840), foun ...
,
Dialogue of the Saviour The Dialogue of the Saviour is one of the New Testament apocrypha texts that was found within the Nag Hammadi library of predominantly Gnostic texts. The text appears only once in a single Coptic language, Coptic codex, and is heavily damaged. The ...
*155? Montanus claims to be the
Paraclete Paraclete ( grc, παράκλητος, la, paracletus) means 'advocate' or 'helper'. In Christianity, the term ''paraclete'' most commonly refers to the Holy Spirit. Etymology ''Paraclete'' comes from the Koine Greek word (). A combination o ...
("Counselor") of *160? Martyrdom of Polycarp (Apostolic Fathers) * 166 Bishop Soter writes that the number of Christians has surpassed the Jews * 167 At the request of Lucius of Britain, missionaries Fuganus (or Phagan) and Duvianus (or Deruvian) were sent by
Pope Eleuterus Pope Eleutherius (died 24 May 189), also known as Eleutherus, was the bishop of Rome from c. 174 to his death. His pontificate is alternatively dated to 171-185 or 177-193. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. He is linked to a numbe ...
to convert the Britons to Christianity *170? Dionysius, bishop of Corinth claimed Christians were changing and faking his own letters just as
e knew E, or e, is the fifth letter and the second vowel letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is ''e'' (pronounced ); plura ...
they had changed the Gospels
Eusebius' EH 4
c.23 v.12; Ante-Nicene Fathers, v.8) *170? Tatian produces "
Diatessaron The ''Diatessaron'' ( syr, ܐܘܢܓܠܝܘܢ ܕܡܚܠܛܐ, Ewangeliyôn Damhalltê; c. 160–175 AD) is the most prominent early gospel harmony, and was created by Tatian, an Assyrian early Christian apologist and ascetic. Tatian sought to comb ...
" (Harmony) by blending 4 "Western" text-type Gospels into 1 *170?
Symmachus the Ebionite Symmachus (; grc-gre, Σύμμαχος "ally"; fl. late 2nd century) translated the Old Testament into Greek. His translation was included by Origen in his ''Hexapla'' and ''Tetrapla'', which compared various versions of the Old Testament side by ...
writes new Greek translation of Hebrew Bible * 174 First Christians reported in AustriaBarrett, p. 23 *177
Persecution in Lyon The persecution in Lyon in AD 177 was a legendary persecution of Christians in Lugdunum, Roman Gaul (present-day Lyon, France), during the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161–180). As there is no coeval account of this persecution the earliest sourc ...
, martyrdom of Blandina *180? Hegesippus *180–202? Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon: combated heresies, cited "Western" Gospel text-type (Ante-Nicene Fathers); second "Primate of the Gauls" *185–350?
Muratorian fragment The Muratorian fragment, also known as the Muratorian Canon (Latin: ), is a copy of perhaps the oldest known list of most of the books of the New Testament. The fragment, consisting of 85 lines, is a 7th-century Latin manuscript bound in a 7th- o ...
, 1st extant canon for New Testament after Marcion?, written in Rome by Hippolytus?, excludes Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, 3 John; includes Wisdom of Solomon, Apocalypse of Peter *186?
Saint Apollonius Saint Apollonius the Apologist or Saint Apollonius of Rome (died 21 April 185) was a 2nd-century Christianity, Christian martyr and apologetics, apologist (not to be confused with Apollinaris Claudius, another contemporary apologist) who was mar ...
: used the term ''catholic'' in reference to 1 John *188–231
Saint Demetrius Saint Demetrius (or Demetrios) of Thessaloniki, Thessalonica ( el, Ἅγιος Δημήτριος τῆς Θεσσαλονίκης, (); bg, Димитър Солунски (); mk, Свети Димитрија Солунски (); ro, Sfântu ...
: bishop of Alexandria, condemned Origen *189–198
Pope Victor I Pope Victor I (died 199) was the bishop of Rome in the late second century (189–199 A.D.). The dates of his tenure are uncertain, but one source states he became pope in 189 and gives the year of his death as 199.Kirsch, Johann Peter (1912). "Po ...
: 1st Latin Pope, excommunicated Eastern churches that continued to observe Easter on Nisan 14 Quartodeciman * 190 Pataenus of Alexandria goes to India in response to an appeal for Christian teachers *196? Polycrates, bishop of Ephesus (Ante-Nicene Fathers) * 196
Bar Daisan Bardaisan (11 July 154 – 222 AD; syr, ܒܪ ܕܝܨܢ, ''Bardaiṣān''), known in Arabic as Ibn Daisan (ابن ديصان) and in Latin as Bardesanes, was a Syriac language, Syriac-speaking Assyrian people, Assyrian or ParthianProds Oktor Skjaer ...
writes of Christians among the Parthians,
Bactria Bactria (; Bactrian: , ), or Bactriana, was an ancient region in Central Asia in Amu Darya's middle stream, stretching north of the Hindu Kush, west of the Pamirs and south of the Gissar range, covering the northern part of Afghanistan, southwe ...
ns (Kushans), and other peoples in the
Persian Empire The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire (; peo, wikt:𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎶, 𐎧𐏁𐏂, , ), also called the First Persian Empire, was an History of Iran#Classical antiquity, ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC. Bas ...
* 197 Tertullian writes that Christianity had penetrated all ranks of society in North Africa *199–217? Caiu

presbyter of Rome, wrote "Dialogue against Proclus" in '' Ante-Nicene Fathers'', rejected Revelation, said to be by Gnostic
Cerinthus Cerinthus ( el, Κήρινθος; fl. c. 50-100 CE) was an early Gnostic, who was prominent as a heresiarch in the view of the early Church Fathers.See, in particular, Irenaeus, ''Adversus haereses'', Book I, III and relative External links Contr ...
; see also
Alogi The Alogi (ἄλογοι), also called Alogoi or Alogians, were a group of heterodox Christians in Early centers of Christianity#Anatolia, Asia Minor that flourished c. 200 CE, and taught that the Gospel of John and the Apocalypse of John (Book of ...
*199–217? Caius, presbyter of Rome, wrote "Dialogue against Proclus" in Ante-Nicene Fathers, rejected Revelation, said to be by Gnostic
Cerinthus Cerinthus ( el, Κήρινθος; fl. c. 50-100 CE) was an early Gnostic, who was prominent as a heresiarch in the view of the early Church Fathers.See, in particular, Irenaeus, ''Adversus haereses'', Book I, III and relative External links Contr ...
, see also
Alogi The Alogi (ἄλογοι), also called Alogoi or Alogians, were a group of heterodox Christians in Early centers of Christianity#Anatolia, Asia Minor that flourished c. 200 CE, and taught that the Gospel of John and the Apocalypse of John (Book of ...
* 200 First Christians are reported in
Switzerland ). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
and Belgium *200?
Papyrus 46 Papyrus 46 (''P. Chester Beatty II''), designated by siglum (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is an early Greek New Testament manuscript written on papyrus, and is one of the manuscripts comprising the Chester Beatty Papyri. Manuscripts among ...
: 2nd
Chester Beatty Sir Alfred Chester Beatty (7 February 1875 – 19 January 1968)Seanad 1985: "Chester Beatty died at the Princess Grace Clinic, Monte Carlo, on 19 January 1968, .. (some sources give this as 20 January). was an American-British mining magnate, p ...
,
Alexandrian text-type In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Alexandrian text-type is one of the main text types. It is the text type favored by the majority of modern textual critics and it is the basis for most modern (after 1900) Bible translations. Over 5,8 ...
; Papyrus 66: 2nd Bodmer, John, 1956, "Alexandrian/Western" text-types; Papyrus 75: Bodmer 14–15, Luke & John, earliest extant Luke, ~Vaticanus; 200? Papyrus 32: J. Rylands Library: Titus 1:11-15;2:3-8; Papyrus 64 (+67): Mt3:9,15; 5:20-22,25-28; 26:7-8,10,14-15,22-23,31-33 *200? Sextus Julius Africanus *200?
Antipope An antipope ( la, antipapa) is a person who makes a significant and substantial attempt to occupy the position of Bishop of Rome and leader of the Catholic Church in opposition to the legitimately elected pope. At times between the 3rd and mid- ...
Natalius, rival bishop of Rome, according to Eusebius's EH5.28.8-12, quoting the ''Little Labyrinth'' of Hippolytus, after being " scourged all night by the holy angels", covered in ash, dressed in sackcloth, and "after some difficulty", tearfully submitted to Pope Zephyrinus * 202 Roman Emperor Severus issues an edict forbidding conversion to Christianity * 206
Abgar Abgar V (c. 1st century BC - c. AD 50), called Ukkāmā (meaning "the Black" in Syriac and other dialects of Aramaic),, syr, ܐܒܓܪ ܚܡܝܫܝܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ, ʾAḇgar Ḥmīšāyā ʾUkkāmā, hy, Աբգար Ե Եդեսացի, Abgar Hingeror ...
, King of
Edessa Edessa (; grc, Ἔδεσσα, Édessa) was an ancient city (''polis'') in Upper Mesopotamia, founded during the Hellenistic period by King Seleucus I Nicator (), founder of the Seleucid Empire. It later became capital of the Kingdom of Osroene ...
, embraces the Christian faith * 208 Tertullian writes that Christ has followers on the far side of the Roman wall in Britain where Roman legions have not yet penetrated *217–236 Antipope Hippolytus, ''Logos'' sect? Later dispute settled and considered martyr, Roman canon *218–258 Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, cited "Western" NT text-type, claimed Christians were freely forging his letters to discredit him (Ante-Nicene Fathers) *220? Clement of Alexandria, cited "Alexandrian" NT text-type & Secret Gospel of Mark & Gospel of the Egyptians; wrote "Exhortations to the Greeks"; "Rich Man's Salutation"; "To the Newly Baptized"; (Ante-Nicene Fathers) *220?–340?
Codex Tchacos Codex Tchacos is an ancient Egyptian Coptic papyrus, which contains early Christian gnostic texts from approximately 300 AD: the Letter of Peter to Philip, the First Apocalypse of James, the Gospel of Judas, and a fragment of the Book of Allog ...
, manuscript containing a copy of the Gospel of Judas, is written *223? Tertullian: sometimes called "father of the Latin Church", because he coined trinitas, tres Personae, una Substantia, Vetus Testamentum, Novum Testamentum, convert to Montanism, cited "Western" Gospel text-type (Ante-Nicene Fathers) *225? Papyrus 45: 1st Chester Beatty Papyri, Gospels ( Caesarean text-type, mixed), Acts (Alexandrian text-type) *235–238 Maximinus Thrax: emperor of Rome, ends Christian schism in Rome by deporting
Pope Pontian Pope Pontian ( la, Pontianus; died October 235) was the bishop of Rome from 21 July 230 to 28 September 235.Kirsch, Johann Peter (1911). "Pope St. Pontian" in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company. In 235, duri ...
and Antipope Hippolytus to Sardinia, where they soon die * 241
Mani Mani may refer to: Geography * Maní, Casanare, a town and municipality in Casanare Department, Colombia * Mani, Chad, a town and sub-prefecture in Chad * Mani, Evros, a village in northeastern Greece * Mani, Karnataka, a village in Dakshi ...
begins to preach in Seleucia-Ctesiphon in what is now Iraq

*248–264
Dionysius The name Dionysius (; el, Διονύσιος ''Dionysios'', "of Dionysus"; la, Dionysius) was common in classical and post-classical times. Etymologically it is a nominalized adjective formed with a -ios suffix from the stem Dionys- of the name ...
,
Patriarch of Alexandria The Patriarch of Alexandria is the archbishop of Alexandria, Egypt. Historically, this office has included the designation "pope" (etymologically "Father", like "Abbot"). The Alexandrian episcopate was revered as one of the three major episco ...
see also List of Patriarchs of Alexandria * 250
Denis Denis may refer to: People * Saint Denis of Paris, 3rd-century Christian martyr and first bishop of Paris * Denis the Areopagite, Biblical figure * Denis, son of Ampud (died 1236), baron in the Kingdom of Hungary * Denis the Carthusian (1402–14 ...
(or Denys or Dionysius) is sent from Rome along with six other missionaries to establish the church in Paris *250?
Apostolic Constitutions The ''Apostolic Constitutions'' or ''Constitutions of the Holy Apostles'' (Latin: ''Constitutiones Apostolorum'') is a Christian collection divided into eight books which is classified among the Church Orders, a genre of early Christian litera ...
, Liturgy of St James, Old Roman Symbol, Clementine literature *250? Letters of
Methodius Methodius or Methodios may refer to: * Methodius of Olympus (d. 311), Christian bishop, church father, and martyr *Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius, a seventh-century text purporting to be written by Methodius of Olympus * Methodios I of Constantinop ...
,
Pistis Sophia ''Pistis Sophia'' ( grc-koi, Πίστις Σοφία) is a Gnostic text discovered in 1773, possibly written between the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. The existing manuscript, which some scholars place in the late 4th century, relates one Gnostic g ...
, Porphyry Tyrius,
Commodianus Commodianus (Commodianus) was a Christian Latin poet, who flourished about AD 250. The only ancient writers who mention him are Gennadius, presbyter of Massilia (end of 5th century), in his ''De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis'', and Pope Gelasius in ...
(Ante-Nicene Fathers) *250? Papyrus 72: Bodmer 5-11+, pub. 1959, "Alexandrian" text-type: Nativity of Mary; 3Cor; '' Odes of Solomon'' 11; Jude 1-25; Melito's Homily on Passover; Hymn fragment; Apology of Phileas; Ps33,34; 1Pt1:1-5:14; 2Pt1:1-3:18 *250? Origen, Jesus and God one substance, adopted at First Council of Nicaea in 325, compiled
Hexapla ''Hexapla'' ( grc, Ἑξαπλᾶ, "sixfold") is the term for a critical edition of the Hebrew Bible in six versions, four of them translated into Greek, preserved only in fragments. It was an immense and complex word-for-word comparison of the ...
; cites Alexandrian, Caesarean text-type; Eusebius claimed Origen castrated himself for Christ due to Mt19:12 (EH6.8.1-3) *251–424?
Synods of Carthage The Councils of Carthage were church synods held during the 3rd, 4th, and 5th centuries in the city of Carthage in Africa. The most important of these are described below. Synod of 251 In May 251 a synod, assembled under the presidency of Cypria ...
*251–258 Antipope Novatian decreed no forgiveness for sins after baptism (An antipope was an individual whose claim to the papacy was either rejected by the Church at the time or later recognized as invalid.) *254–257 Pope Stephen I: major
schism A schism ( , , or, less commonly, ) is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization, movement, or religious denomination. The word is most frequently applied to a split in what had previously been a single religious body, suc ...
over rebaptizing heretics and apostates *258 " Valerian's Massacre": Roman emperor issues edict to execute immediately all Christian Bishops, Presbyters, and Deacons, including Pope Sixtus II, Antipope Novatian,
Cyprian of Carthage Cyprian (; la, Thaschus Caecilius Cyprianus; 210 – 14 September 258 AD''The Liturgy of the Hours according to the Roman Rite: Vol. IV.'' New York: Catholic Book Publishing Company, 1975. p. 1406.) was a bishop of Carthage and an early Christ ...

CE: Valerian
§ 22) *264–269
Synods of Antioch Beginning with three synods convened between 264 and 269 in the matter of Paul of Samosata, more than thirty councils were held in Antioch in ancient times. Most of these dealt with phases of the Arian and of the Christological controversies. Fo ...
: condemned Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch, founder of
Adoptionism Adoptionism, also called dynamic monarchianism, is an Early Christianity, early Christian Nontrinitarianism, nontrinitarian Diversity in early Christian theology, theological doctrine, which holds that Jesus in Christianity, Jesus was adopted as ...
(Jesus was human until Holy Spirit descended at his baptism), also condemned term homoousios adopted at Nicaea *265 Gregory Thaumaturgus (Ante-Nicene Fathers)] * 270 Death of Gregory Thaumaturgus, Christian leader in Pontus. It was said that when Gregory became "bishop" there were only 17 Christians in Pontus while at his death thirty years later there were only 17 non-Christians. *270? Anthony the Great, Anthony begins monastic movement *275? Papyrus 47: 3rd Chester Beatty, ~Sinaiticus, Rev9:10-11:3,5-16:15,17-17:2 *276 Mani (prophet), crucified, founder of the dualistic
Manichaean Manichaeism (; in New Persian ; ) is a former major religionR. van den Broek, Wouter J. Hanegraaff ''Gnosis and Hermeticism from Antiquity to Modern Times''SUNY Press, 1998 p. 37 founded in the 3rd century AD by the Parthian Empire, Parthian ...
sect in Persia * 280 First rural churches emerge in northern Italy; Christianity is no longer exclusively in urban areas *282–300? Theonas, bishop of Alexandria (Ante-Nicene Fathers) * 287 Maurice from Egypt is killed at Agauno,
Switzerland ). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
for refusing to sacrifice to pagan divinities *290–345? St Pachomius, founder of Christian monasticism *296–304 Pope Marcellinus, offered pagan sacrifices for Diocletian, later repented. Name in Martyrology of
Bede Bede ( ; ang, Bǣda , ; 672/326 May 735), also known as Saint Bede, The Venerable Bede, and Bede the Venerable ( la, Beda Venerabilis), was an English monk at the monastery of St Peter and its companion monastery of St Paul in the Kingdom o ...
* 300 First Christians reported in Greater Khorasan; an estimated 10% of the world's population is now Christian; parts of the Bible are available in 10 different languages *301 – Armenia is the first kingdom in history to adopt Christianity as state religion *303–312 Diocletian's Massacre of Christians, includes burning of scriptures
EH 8.2
*303 Saint George, patron saint of Georgia, England and other states *304? Victorinus, bishop of
Pettau Ptuj (; german: Pettau, ; la, Poetovium/Poetovio) is a town in northeastern Slovenia that is the seat of the Municipality of Ptuj. Ptuj, the oldest recorded city in Slovenia, has been inhabited since the late Stone Age and developed from a Roman ...
*304? Pope Marcellinus, having repented from his previous defection, suffers martyrdom with several companions *306 Synod of Elvira prohibits relations between Christians and Jews *310
Maxentius Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius (c. 283 – 28 October 312) was a Roman emperor, who reigned from 306 until his death in 312. Despite ruling in Italy and North Africa, and having the recognition of the Senate in Rome, he was not recognized ...
deports Pope Eusebius and Heraclius to Sicily (relapse controversy) *312 Lucian of Antioch, founder of School of Antioch, martyred *312 Vision of Constantine: while gazing into the sun he sees a cross with the words by this sign conquer, see also
Labarum The labarum ( el, λάβαρον) was a ''vexillum'' (military standard) that displayed the "Chi-Rho" symbol ☧, a christogram formed from the first two Greek letters of the word "Christ" ( el, ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ, or Χριστός) – ''Chi'' (χ ...
, he was later called the ''13th Apostle'' and
Equal-to-apostles Equal-to-apostles or equal-to-the-apostles (; la, aequalis apostolis; ar, معادل الرسل, ''muʿādil ar-rusul''; ka, მოციქულთასწორი, tr; ro, întocmai cu Apostolii; russian: равноапостольный, ...
*313 Edict of Milan: Constantine and Licinius end persecution, establish toleration of Christianity *313? Lateran Palace given to
Pope Miltiades Pope Miltiades ( grc-gre, Μιλτιάδης, ''Miltiádēs''), also known as Melchiades the African ( ''Melkhiádēs ho Aphrikanós''), was the bishop of Rome from 311 to his death on 10 or 11 January 314. It was during his pontificate that Emp ...
for residence by Constantine *313? Traditional date for founding of the
Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre The Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre ( el, Ιερά Αγιοταφιτική Αδελφότητα, ; Palestinian Arabic: ) or Holy Community of the All-Holy Sepulchre is an Eastern Orthodox monastic fraternity guarding the Church of the Holy Se ...
*314 King Urnayr of
Caucasian Albania Caucasian Albania is a modern exonym for a former state located in ancient times in the Caucasus: mostly in what is now Azerbaijan (where both of its capitals were located). The modern endonyms for the area are ''Aghwank'' and ''Aluank'', among ...
adopts Christianity as official religion *314 Catholic Council of Arles, called by Constantine against Donatist schism to confirm the
Council of Rome The Council of Rome was a meeting of Catholic Church officials and theologians which took place in AD 382 under the authority of Pope Damasus I, the then-Bishop of Rome. According to the (a work written by an anonymous scholar between AD 519 and ...
in 313 *314–340? Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, church historian, cited Caesarean text-type, wrote '' Ecclesiastical History'' in 325 *317?
Lactantius Lucius Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius (c. 250 – c. 325) was an early Christian author who became an advisor to Roman emperor, Constantine I, guiding his Christian religious policy in its initial stages of emergence, and a tutor to his son Cr ...
*321 Constantine decrees Sunday as state "day of rest" ( CJ3.12.2), see also Sol Invictus


First Seven Ecumenical Councils

Constantine called the First Council of Nicaea in 325 to unify Christology, also called the first great Christian council by Jerome, the first
ecumenical Ecumenism (), also spelled oecumenism, is the concept and principle that Christians who belong to different Christian denominations should work together to develop closer relationships among their churches and promote Christian unity. The adjec ...
, decreed the Original Nicene Creed, but rejected by Nontrinitarians such as
Arius Arius (; grc-koi, Ἄρειος, ; 250 or 256 – 336) was a Cyrenaic presbyter, ascetic, and priest best known for the doctrine of Arianism. His teachings about the nature of the Godhead in Christianity, which emphasized God the Father's un ...
, Theonas,
Secundus of Ptolemais Secundus of Ptolemais was a 4th-century bishop of Ptolemais, excommunicated after the First Council of Nicaea for his nontrinitarianism. Secundus, was bishop of Ptolemais and a patron of Arius, and is listed among those present at the council of ...
,
Eusebius of Nicomedia Eusebius of Nicomedia (; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος; died 341) was an Arian priest who baptized Constantine the Great on his deathbed in 337. A fifth-century legend evolved that Pope Saint Sylvester I was the one to baptize Constantine, but this ...
, and
Theognis of Nicaea Theognis of Nicaea ( grc-gre, Θέογνις) was a 4th-century Bishop of Nicaea, excommunicated after the First Council of Nicaea for not denouncing Arius and his nontrinitarianism strongly enough. He is best known to history History (de ...
who were excommunicated, also addressed
Easter controversy The controversy over the correct date for Easter began in Early Christianity as early as the 2nd century AD. Discussion and disagreement over the best method of reform of the date of Easter, computing the date of Easter Sunday has been ongoing eve ...
and passed 20 Canon laws such as Canon VII which granted special recognition to Jerusalem. *325, 20 May–19 June: The First Council of Nicaea *325 The
Kingdom of Aksum The Kingdom of Aksum ( gez, መንግሥተ አክሱም, ), also known as the Kingdom of Axum or the Aksumite Empire, was a kingdom centered in Northeast Africa and South Arabia from Classical antiquity to the Middle Ages. Based primarily in wh ...
(Modern Ethiopia and
Eritrea Eritrea ( ; ti, ኤርትራ, Ertra, ; ar, إرتريا, ʾIritriyā), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of Eastern Africa, with its capital and largest city at Asmara. It is bordered by Ethiopia ...
) declares Christianity as the official state religion, becoming the 2nd country to do so *325 Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, ordered built by Constantine *326, November 18: Pope Sylvester I consecrates the
Basilica of St. Peter The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican ( it, Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply Saint Peter's Basilica ( la, Basilica Sancti Petri), is a Church (building), church built in the Renaissance architecture, Renaissanc ...
built by Constantine the Great over the tomb of the Apostle *328–373 Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, first cite of modern 27 book New Testament canon *330 Old Church of the Holy Apostles, dedicated by Constantine *330, May 11: Constantinople solemnly inaugurated. Constantine moves the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium, renaming it New Rome *331 Constantine commissions Eusebius to deliver 50 Bibles for the Church of Constantinople *335 Council in Jerusalem reverses Nicaea's condemnation of
Arius Arius (; grc-koi, Ἄρειος, ; 250 or 256 – 336) was a Cyrenaic presbyter, ascetic, and priest best known for the doctrine of Arianism. His teachings about the nature of the Godhead in Christianity, which emphasized God the Father's un ...
, consecrates Jerusalem
Church of the Holy Sepulchre The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, hy, Սուրբ Հարության տաճար, la, Ecclesia Sancti Sepulchri, am, የቅዱስ መቃብር ቤተክርስቲያን, he, כנסיית הקבר, ar, كنيسة القيامة is a church i ...
*337? Mirian III of Iberia (present-day Georgia) adopts Christianity. *337, May 22: Constantine the Great dies (baptized shortly prior to his death) *341–379 Shapur II's persecution of
Persian Christians Christianity in Iran dates back to the early years of the religion during the time of Jesus, predating Islam. The Christian faith has always comprised a minority in Iran under its previous state religions; initially Zoroastrianism in historica ...
*343? Catholic
Council of Serdica The Council of Serdica, or Synod of Serdica (also Sardica located in modern day Sofia, Bulgaria), was a synod convened in 343 at Serdica in the civil diocese of Dacia, by Emperors Constans I, augustus in the West, and Constantius II, augustus in ...
, canons confirmed by Pope Julius *350?
Julius Firmicus Maternus __NOTOC__ Julius Firmicus Maternus was a Roman Latin writer and astrologer, who received a pagan classical education that made him conversant with Greek; he lived in the reign of Constantine I (306 to 337 AD) and his successors. His triple career m ...
*350? Codex Sinaiticus (א),
Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 The Codex Vaticanus ( The Vatican, Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209), designated by siglum B or 03 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 1 ( von Soden), is a fourth-century Christian manuscript of a Greek Bible, containing the majority of the Greek Old ...
(B): earliest Christian Bibles,
Alexandrian text-type In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Alexandrian text-type is one of the main text types. It is the text type favored by the majority of modern textual critics and it is the basis for most modern (after 1900) Bible translations. Over 5,8 ...
*350? Ulfilas, Arian, apostle to the Goths, translates Greek NT to Gothic *350?
Comma Johanneum The Johannine Comma ( la, Comma Johanneum) is an interpolated phrase (comma) in verses of the First Epistle of John. The text (with the comma in italics and enclosed by square brackets) in the King James Bible reads: It became a touchpoint fo ...
1Jn5:7b-8a ( KJV) *350? Aëtius, Arian, "Syntagmation": "God is agennetos (unbegotten)", founder of Anomoeanism *350? School of Nisibis founded *353–367 Hilary,
bishop of Poitiers The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Poitiers (Latin: ''Archidioecesis Pictaviensis''; French: ''Archidiocèse de Poitiers'') is an archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church in France. The archepiscopal see is in the city of Poitiers. Th ...
*355–365 Antipope Felix II,
Arian Arianism ( grc-x-koine, Ἀρειανισμός, ) is a Christological doctrine first attributed to Arius (), a Christian presbyter from Alexandria, Egypt. Arian theology holds that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, who was begotten by God t ...
, supported by Constantius II, consecrated by Acacius of Caesarea *357 Third Council of Sirmium issues so-called ''Blasphemy of Sirmium'' or ''Seventh Arian Confession'', called high point of Arianism *359 Council of Rimini, Dated Creed (
Acacians The Acacians (), also known as the Homoians or Homoeans (), were an Arian sect which played a major role in the Christianization of the Goths in the Danubian provinces of the Roman Empire. They first emerged into distinctness as an ecclesiast ...
);
Pope Liberius Pope Liberius (310 – 24 September 366) was the bishop of Rome from 17 May 352 until his death. According to the '' Catalogus Liberianus'', he was consecrated on 22 May as the successor to Pope Julius I. He is not mentioned as a saint in t ...
rejects Arian creed of council *360
Julian the Apostate Julian ( la, Flavius Claudius Julianus; grc-gre, Ἰουλιανός ; 331 – 26 June 363) was Roman emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek. His rejection of Christianity, and his promotion of Neoplato ...
becomes the last non-Christian Roman Emperor *363–364
Council of Laodicea The Council of Laodicea was a regional Christian synod of approximately thirty clerics from Asia Minor which assembled about 363–364 in Laodicea, Phrygia Pacatiana. Historical context The council took place soon after the conclusion of the w ...
: Canon 29 decreed anathema for Christians who rest on the
Sabbath In Abrahamic religions, the Sabbath () or Shabbat (from Hebrew ) is a day set aside for rest and worship. According to the Book of Exodus, the Sabbath is a day of rest on the seventh day, commanded by God to be kept as a holy day of rest, as G ...
, disputed Canon 60 named 26 NT books (excluded Revelation) *366–367
Antipope Ursicinus Ursicinus, also known as Ursinus, was elected pope in a violently contested election in 366 as a rival to Pope Damasus I. He ruled in Rome for several months in 366–367, was afterwards declared antipope, and died after 381. Background In 355, ...
, rival to Pope Damasus I *367–403 Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis, wrote ''Panarion'' against heresies *370–379 Basil the Great, Bishop of Caesarea *370?
Doctrine of Addai The ''Doctrine of Addai'' (Syriac: ܡܠܦܢܘܬܐ ܕܐܕܝ ܫܠܝܚܐ ''Malp̄ānūṯā d-Addai Šlīḥā'') is a Syriac Christian text, written in the late 4th or early 5th century CE. It recounts the legend of the Image of Edessa as well as the ...
at Edessa proclaims 17 book NT canon using Diatessaron (instead of the 4 Gospels) + Acts + 15 Pauline Epistles (inc.
3 Corinthians The Third Epistle to the Corinthians is an early Christian text written by an unknown author claiming to be Paul the Apostle. It is also found in the Acts of Paul, and was framed as Paul's response to a letter of the Corinthians to Paul. The ear ...
)
Syriac Orthodox Church , native_name_lang = syc , image = St_George_Syriac_orthodox_church_in_Damascus.jpg , imagewidth = 250 , alt = Cathedral of Saint George , caption = Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus ...
*370 (d. ca.) Optatus of Milevis, who in his conflict with the sectarian Donatists stressed unity and catholicity as marks of the Church over and above holiness, and also that the sacraments derived their validity from God, not from the priest *372–394 Gregory, Bishop Of Nyssa *373
Ephrem the Syrian Ephrem the Syrian ( syc, ܡܪܝ ܐܦܪܝܡ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ, Mār ʾAp̄rêm Sūryāyā, ; grc-koi, Ἐφραὶμ ὁ Σῦρος, Efrém o Sýros; la, Ephraem Syrus; am, ቅዱስ ኤፍሬም ሶርያዊ; ), also known as Saint Ephrem, Saint ...
, cited Western Acts *374–397
Ambrose Ambrose of Milan ( la, Aurelius Ambrosius; ), venerated as Saint Ambrose, ; lmo, Sant Ambroeus . was a theologian and statesman who served as Bishop of Milan from 374 to 397. He expressed himself prominently as a public figure, fiercely promo ...
, governor of Milan until 374, then made
Bishop of Milan The Archdiocese of Milan ( it, Arcidiocesi di Milano; la, Archidioecesis Mediolanensis) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Italy which covers the areas of Milan, Monza, Lecco and Varese. It has lon ...
*375–395 Ausonius, Christian governor of Gaul *379–381 Gregory Nazianzus, Bishop of Constantinople *380, February 27: Emperor Theodosius I issues the Edict of Thessalonica, declaring
Nicene The original Nicene Creed (; grc-gre, Σύμβολον τῆς Νικαίας; la, Symbolum Nicaenum) was first adopted at the First Council of Nicaea in 325. In 381, it was amended at the First Council of Constantinople. The amended form is a ...
Christianity as the
state church of the Roman Empire Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire when Emperor Theodosius I issued the Edict of Thessalonica in 380, which recognized the catholic orthodoxy of Nicene Christians in the Great Church as the Roman Empire's state religion. ...
*380, November 24: Emperor Theodosius I is baptised *381 First Council of Constantinople, 2nd
ecumenical Ecumenism (), also spelled oecumenism, is the concept and principle that Christians who belong to different Christian denominations should work together to develop closer relationships among their churches and promote Christian unity. The adjec ...
: Jesus had true human soul,
Nicene Creed of 381 The original Nicene Creed (; grc-gre, Σύμβολον τῆς Νικαίας; la, Symbolum Nicaenum) was first adopted at the First Council of Nicaea in 325. In 381, it was amended at the First Council of Constantinople. The amended form is a ...
*382 Catholic
Council of Rome The Council of Rome was a meeting of Catholic Church officials and theologians which took place in AD 382 under the authority of Pope Damasus I, the then-Bishop of Rome. According to the (a work written by an anonymous scholar between AD 519 and ...
under Pope Damasus I sets the Biblical canon, listing the inspired books of the Old Testament and the New Testament (disputed) *383?
Frumentius Frumentius ( gez, ፍሬምናጦስ; died c. 383) was a Phoenician Christian missionary and the first bishop of Axum who brought Christianity to the Kingdom of Aksum. He is sometimes known by other names, such as Abuna ("Our Father") and ...
, Apostle of Ethiopia *385
Priscillian Priscillian (in Latin: ''Priscillianus''; Gallaecia, - Augusta Treverorum, Gallia Belgica, ) was a wealthy nobleman of Roman Hispania who promoted a strict form of Christian asceticism. He became bishop of Ávila in 380. Certain practices of his f ...
, first heretic to be executed? *386
Cyril of Jerusalem Cyril of Jerusalem ( el, Κύριλλος Α΄ Ἱεροσολύμων, ''Kýrillos A Ierosolýmon''; la, Cyrillus Hierosolymitanus; 313 386 AD) was a theologian of the early Church. About the end of 350 AD he succeeded Maximus as Bishop of ...
: wrote compellingly of catholicity of the Church *390? Apollinaris, Bishop of Laodicea, believed Jesus had human body but divine spirit *391
Theodosian decrees The persecution of pagans under Theodosius I began in 381, after the first couple of years of his reign as co-emperor in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. In the 380s, Theodosius I reiterated the ban of Constantine the Great on animal sacrifi ...
outlaw most
pagan Paganism (from classical Latin ''pāgānus'' "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism. ...
rituals still practiced in Rome *396–430 Augustine, bishop of Hippo, considered the founder of formalized Christian theology ( Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers) *397? Saint Ninian evangelizes Picts in Scotland *398–404 John Chrysostom,
Patriarch of Constantinople The ecumenical patriarch ( el, Οἰκουμενικός Πατριάρχης, translit=Oikoumenikós Patriárchēs) is the archbishop of Constantinople (Istanbul), New Rome and '' primus inter pares'' (first among equals) among the heads of th ...
, see also List of Patriarchs of Constantinople, (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers) *400: Jerome's Vulgate (Latin edition and translation of the Bible) is published *400? Ethiopic Bible: in Ge'ez, 81 books, standard Ethiopian Orthodox Bible *400? Peshitta Bible in Syriac (Aramaic), Syr (p), OT + 22 NT, excludes: 2Pt, 2-3Jn, Jude, Rev; standard
Syriac Orthodox Church , native_name_lang = syc , image = St_George_Syriac_orthodox_church_in_Damascus.jpg , imagewidth = 250 , alt = Cathedral of Saint George , caption = Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus ...
Bible *406 Armenian Bible, translated by
Saint Mesrop In religious belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness, likeness, or closeness to God. However, the use of the term ''saint'' depends on the context and denomination. In Catholic, Eastern Ortho ...
, standard Armenian Orthodox Bible *410, 24 August: Sack of Rome by Alaric and the Visigoths *412–444 Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, coined Hypostatic union *418–419
Antipope Eulalius Antipope Eulalius (died 423) was antipope from December 418 to April 419. Elected in a dual election with Pope Boniface I, he eventually lost out to Boniface and became bishop of Napete. History Upon the death of Pope Zosimus on December 26, 4 ...
, rival to Pope Boniface I *420 St. Jerome, Vulgate translator, Latin scholar, cited expanded ending in Mark after Mark 16:8, Pericope of the Adultress addition to John (John 7:53-8:11) (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers) *423–457 Theodoret, bishop of
Cyrrhus Cyrrhus (; el, Κύρρος ''Kyrrhos'') is a city in ancient Syria founded by Seleucus Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals. Other names for the city include Coricium, Corice, Hagioupolis, Nebi Huri ( ar, نبي هوري), and Khoros ...
, noted Tatian's
Diatesseron The ''Diatessaron'' ( syr, ܐܘܢܓܠܝܘܢ ܕܡܚܠܛܐ, Ewangeliyôn Damhalltê; c. 160–175 AD) is the most prominent early gospel harmony, and was created by Tatian, an Assyrian early Christian apologist and ascetic. Tatian sought to comb ...
in heavy use, wrote
Church History
*431
Council of Ephesus The Council of Ephesus was a council of Christian bishops convened in Ephesus (near present-day Selçuk in Turkey) in AD 431 by the Roman Emperor Theodosius II. This third ecumenical council, an effort to attain consensus in the church th ...
, 3rd
ecumenical Ecumenism (), also spelled oecumenism, is the concept and principle that Christians who belong to different Christian denominations should work together to develop closer relationships among their churches and promote Christian unity. The adjec ...
: repudiated
Nestorianism Nestorianism is a term used in Christian theology and Church history to refer to several mutually related but doctrinarily distinct sets of teachings. The first meaning of the term is related to the original teachings of Christian theologian ...
, decreed Mary the Mother of God, forbade any changes to
Nicene Creed of 381 The original Nicene Creed (; grc-gre, Σύμβολον τῆς Νικαίας; la, Symbolum Nicaenum) was first adopted at the First Council of Nicaea in 325. In 381, it was amended at the First Council of Constantinople. The amended form is a ...
, rejected by the Persian Church, leading to the Nestorian Schism *432
St Patrick Saint Patrick ( la, Patricius; ga, Pádraig ; cy, Padrig) was a fifth-century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Known as the "Apostle of Ireland", he is the primary patron saint of Ireland, the other patron saints be ...
begins his mission in Ireland. Almost the entire nation is Christian by the time of his death in a conversion that is both incredibly successful and largely bloodless *440–461 Pope Leo the Great: sometimes considered the first pope (of influence) by non-Catholics, stopped
Attila the Hun Attila (, ; ), frequently called Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in March 453. He was also the leader of a tribal empire consisting of Huns, Ostrogoths, Alans, and Bulgars, among others, in Central and Ea ...
at Rome, issued
Tome A tome or codex is a large book, especially one volume of a multi-volume scholarly work. Tome may also refer to: Places * Tome, Miyagi, city in Japan (formerly Tome District) *Tome, New Mexico, an unincorporated community and census-designated ...
in support of Hypostatic Union, approved Council of Chalcedon but rejected canons in 453 *449 Second Council of Ephesus,
Monophysite Monophysitism ( or ) or monophysism () is a Christological term derived from the Greek (, "alone, solitary") and (, a word that has many meanings but in this context means "nature"). It is defined as "a doctrine that in the person of the incarn ...
: Jesus was divine but not human *450? Codex Alexandrinus (A):
Alexandrian text-type In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Alexandrian text-type is one of the main text types. It is the text type favored by the majority of modern textual critics and it is the basis for most modern (after 1900) Bible translations. Over 5,8 ...
; Codex Bezae (D): Greek/Latin Gospels + Acts; Codex Washingtonianus (W): Greek Gospels; both of Western text-type *450? std. Aramaic
Targums A targum ( arc, תרגום 'interpretation, translation, version') was an originally spoken translation of the Hebrew Bible (also called the ''Tanakh'') that a professional translator ( ''mǝturgǝmān'') would give in the common language of the ...
, Old Testament in Aramaic *450? Socrates Scholasticusbr>Church History of 305-438
Sozomenbr>Church History of 323-425
*451 Council of Chalcedon, 4th
ecumenical Ecumenism (), also spelled oecumenism, is the concept and principle that Christians who belong to different Christian denominations should work together to develop closer relationships among their churches and promote Christian unity. The adjec ...
, declared Jesus is a Hypostatic Union: both human and divine in one ( Chalcedonian Creed), rejected by
Oriental Orthodoxy The Oriental Orthodox Churches are Eastern Christian churches adhering to Miaphysite Christology, with approximately 60 million members worldwide. The Oriental Orthodox Churches are part of the Nicene Christian tradition, and represent ...
*455 Sack of Rome by the Vandals. The spoils of the Temple of Jerusalem previously taken by Titus are allegedly among the treasures taken to Carthage *456? Eutyches of Constantinople,
Monophysite Monophysitism ( or ) or monophysism () is a Christological term derived from the Greek (, "alone, solitary") and (, a word that has many meanings but in this context means "nature"). It is defined as "a doctrine that in the person of the incarn ...
*465? Prosper of Aquitaine *476, September 4: Emperor Romulus Augustus is deposed in Rome, marked by many as the fall of the Western Roman Empire *484–519 Acacian schism, over
Henoticon The ''Henotikon'' ( or in English; Greek ''henōtikón'' "act of union") was a christological document issued by Byzantine emperor Zeno in 482, in an unsuccessful attempt to reconcile the differences between the supporters of the Council of Chalc ...
, divides Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) churches *491 Armenian Orthodox split from East (Greek) and West (Latin) churches *495, May 13
Vicar of Christ Vicar of Christ (from Latin ) is a term used in different ways and with different theological connotations throughout history. The original notion of a vicar is as an "earthly representative of Christ", but it's also used in the sense of "person a ...
decreed a title of Bishop of Rome by
Pope Gelasius I Pope Gelasius I was the bishop of Rome from 1 March 492 to his death on 19 November 496. Gelasius was a prolific author whose style placed him on the cusp between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages.The title of his biography by Walter Ullma ...
*496
Clovis I Clovis ( la, Chlodovechus; reconstructed Frankish: ; – 27 November 511) was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of petty kings to rule by a single kin ...
, King of the Franks, baptized *498–499, 501–506 Antipope Laurentius, rival of Pope Symmachus, Laurentian schism *500? Incense introduced in Christian church service, first plans of Vatican *524 Boethius, Roman Christian philosopher, wrote "Theological Tractates", Consolation of Philosophy; (Loeb Classics) (Latin) *525 Dionysius Exiguus defines ''Christian calendar'' (AD) *527
Fabius Planciades Fulgentius Fabius Planciades Fulgentius () was a Latin writer of late antiquity. Four extant works are commonly attributed to him, as well as a possible fifth which some scholars include in compilations with much reservation. His mythography was greatly adm ...
*529
Benedict of Nursia Benedict of Nursia ( la, Benedictus Nursiae; it, Benedetto da Norcia; 2 March AD 480 – 21 March AD 548) was an Italian Christian monk, writer, and theologian who is venerated in the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Orient ...
establishes his first monastery in the Abbey of Monte Cassino, Italy, where he writes the
Rule of St Benedict The ''Rule of Saint Benedict'' ( la, Regula Sancti Benedicti) is a book of precepts written in Latin in 516 by St Benedict of Nursia ( AD 480–550) for monks living communally under the authority of an abbot. The spirit of Saint Benedict's R ...
*530 Antipope Dioscorus, possibly a legitimate Pope *535–536 Unusual climate changes recorded *537–555 Pope Vigilius, involved in death of Pope Silverius, conspired with Justinian and Theodora, on April 11, 548 issued ''Judicatum'' supporting Justinian's anti-Hypostatic Union, excommunicated by bishops of Carthage in 550 *538 Byzantine general Belisarius defeats last Arian kingdom; Western Europe completely Catholic *541–542 Plague of Justinian *543 Justinian condemns Origen, disastrous earthquakes hit the world *544 Justinian condemns the Three Chapters of Theodore of Mopsuestia (died 428) and other writings of Hypostatic Union Christology of Council of Chalcedon *550
St. David Saint David ( cy, Dewi Sant; la, Davidus; ) was a Welsh bishop of Mynyw (now St Davids) during the 6th century. He is the patron saint of Wales. David was a native of Wales, and tradition has preserved a relatively large amount of detail ab ...
converts Wales, crucifix introduced *553 Second Council of Constantinople, 5th
ecumenical Ecumenism (), also spelled oecumenism, is the concept and principle that Christians who belong to different Christian denominations should work together to develop closer relationships among their churches and promote Christian unity. The adjec ...
, called by Justinian *556–561 Pope Pelagius I, selected by Justinian, endorsed ''Judicatum'' *563
Columba Columba or Colmcille; gd, Calum Cille; gv, Colum Keeilley; non, Kolban or at least partly reinterpreted as (7 December 521 – 9 June 597 AD) was an Irish abbot and missionary evangelist credited with spreading Christianity in what is toda ...
goes to Scotland to evangelize Picts, establishes monastery at
Iona Iona (; gd, Ì Chaluim Chille (IPA: iːˈxaɫ̪ɯimˈçiʎə, sometimes simply ''Ì''; sco, Iona) is a small island in the Inner Hebrides, off the Ross of Mull on the western coast of Scotland. It is mainly known for Iona Abbey, though there ...
*567 Cassiodorus *589 Catholic Third Council of Toledo: Reccared and the Visigoths convert from
Arianism Arianism ( grc-x-koine, Ἀρειανισμός, ) is a Christological doctrine first attributed to Arius (), a Christian presbyter from Alexandria, Egypt. Arian theology holds that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, who was begotten by God ...
to Catholicism and
Filioque clause ( ; ) is a Latin term ("and from the Son") added to the original Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed (commonly known as the Nicene Creed), and which has been the subject of great controversy between Eastern and Western Christianity. It is a term ...
is added to
Nicene Creed of 381 The original Nicene Creed (; grc-gre, Σύμβολον τῆς Νικαίας; la, Symbolum Nicaenum) was first adopted at the First Council of Nicaea in 325. In 381, it was amended at the First Council of Constantinople. The amended form is a ...
*590–604 Pope Gregory the Great, whom many consider the greatest pope ever, reforms church structure and administration and establishes Gregorian chant, Seven deadly sins *591–628 Theodelinda, Queen of the Lombards, began gradual conversion from Arianism to Catholicism *596
St. Augustine of Canterbury Augustine of Canterbury (early 6th century – probably 26 May 604) was a monk who became the first Archbishop of Canterbury in the year 597. He is considered the "Apostle to the English" and a founder of the English Church.Delaney ''Di ...
sent by Pope Gregory to evangelise the Jutes *600? Evagrius Scholasticus, Church History of AD431-594 *604
Saxon The Saxons ( la, Saxones, german: Sachsen, ang, Seaxan, osx, Sahson, nds, Sassen, nl, Saksen) were a group of Germanic * * * * peoples whose name was given in the early Middle Ages to a large country (Old Saxony, la, Saxonia) near the Nor ...
cathedral created (by Mellitus) where
St Paul's Cathedral St Paul's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in London and is the seat of the Bishop of London. The cathedral serves as the mother church of the Diocese of London. It is on Ludgate Hill at the highest point of the City of London and is a Grad ...
in London now stands *609
Pantheon, Rome The Pantheon (, ; la, Pantheum,Although the spelling ''Pantheon'' is standard in English, only ''Pantheum'' is found in classical Latin; see, for example, Pliny, '' Natural History'36.38 "Agrippas Pantheum decoravit Diogenes Atheniensis". Se ...
renamed Church of Santa Maria Rotonda *612? Bobbio monastery in northern Italy *613 Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland *614 Khosrau II of Persia conquers
Damascus )), is an adjective which means "spacious". , motto = , image_flag = Flag of Damascus.svg , image_seal = Emblem of Damascus.svg , seal_type = Seal , map_caption = , ...
, Jerusalem, takes Holy Cross of Christ *622 Mohammed founds Islam after fleeing to Mecca *624
Battle of Badr The Battle of Badr ( ar, غَزْوَةُ بَدِرْ ), also referred to as The Day of the Criterion (, ) in the Quran, Qur'an and by Muslims, was fought on 13 March 624 CE (17 Ramadan (calendar month), Ramadan, 2 Anno Hegirae, AH), near the ...
, considered beginning of Islamic Empire *625 Paulinus of York comes to convert Northumbria *628
Babai the Great Babai the Great ( , c. 551 – 628) was an early church father of the Church of the East. He set several of the foundational pillars of the Church, revived the monastic movement, and formulated its Christology in a systematic way. He served as a ...
, pillar of Church of the East, dies *628–629
Battle of Mut'ah The Battle of Mu'tah ( ar, مَعْرَكَة مُؤْتَة, translit=Maʿrakah Muʿtah, or ar, غَزْوَة مُؤْتَة, link=no ') took place in September 629 (1 Jumada al-Awwal 8 AH), between the forces of Muhammad and the army of t ...
:
Heraclius Heraclius ( grc-gre, Ἡράκλειος, Hērákleios; c. 575 – 11 February 641), was List of Byzantine emperors, Eastern Roman emperor from 610 to 641. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his father, Heraclius the Elder, the Exa ...
recovers Cross of Christ and Jerusalem from Islam until 638 *632 Eorpwald of
East Anglia East Anglia is an area in the East of England, often defined as including the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire. The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the East Angles, a people whose name originated in Anglia, in ...
baptized under influence of Edwin of Northumbria *634–644 Umar, 2nd
Sunni Islam Sunni Islam () is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims. Its name comes from the word '' Sunnah'', referring to the tradition of Muhammad. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagre ...
Caliph: capital at Damascus, conquered Syria in 635, defeated Heraclius at
Battle of Yarmuk The Battle of the Yarmuk (also spelled Yarmouk) was a major battle between the army of the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate. The battle consisted of a series of engagements that lasted for six days in August 636, ...
in 636, conquered Egypt and Armenia in 639, Persia in 642 *635 Cynegils of Wessex baptized by Bishop Birinus *664 Synod of Whitby unites
Celtic Christianity Celtic Christianity ( kw, Kristoneth; cy, Cristnogaeth; gd, Crìosdaidheachd; gv, Credjue Creestee/Creestiaght; ga, Críostaíocht/Críostúlacht; br, Kristeniezh; gl, Cristianismo celta) is a form of Christianity that was common, or held ...
of British Isles with Roman Catholicism *680–681 Third Council of Constantinople, 6th
ecumenical Ecumenism (), also spelled oecumenism, is the concept and principle that Christians who belong to different Christian denominations should work together to develop closer relationships among their churches and promote Christian unity. The adjec ...
, against Monothelites, condemned Pope Honorius I,
Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople Sergius I ( el, Σέργιος Α΄, ''Sergios I'' ; d. 9 December 638 in Constantinople) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 610 to 638. He is most famous for promoting Monothelite Christianity, especially through the ''Ecthesi ...
, Heraclius' ''Ecthesis'' *681–686 Wilfrid converts
Sussex Sussex (), from the Old English (), is a historic county in South East England that was formerly an independent medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom. It is bounded to the west by Hampshire, north by Surrey, northeast by Kent, south by the English ...
*687–691
Dome of the Rock The Dome of the Rock ( ar, قبة الصخرة, Qubbat aṣ-Ṣakhra) is an Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem, a site also known to Muslims as the ''al-Haram al-Sharif'' or the Al-Aqsa Compound. Its initial ...
built *690?
Old English Bible translations The Old English Bible translations are the partial translations of the Bible prepared in medieval England into the Old English language. The translations are from Latin texts, not the original languages. Many of these translations were in fact Bib ...
*692 Orthodox Quinisext Council, convoked by Justinian II, approved Canons of the Apostles of
Apostolic Constitutions The ''Apostolic Constitutions'' or ''Constitutions of the Holy Apostles'' (Latin: ''Constitutiones Apostolorum'') is a Christian collection divided into eight books which is classified among the Church Orders, a genre of early Christian litera ...
,
Clerical celibacy Clerical celibacy is the requirement in certain religions that some or all members of the clergy be unmarried. Clerical celibacy also requires abstention from deliberately indulging in sexual thoughts and behavior outside of marriage, because the ...
, rejected by
Pope Constantine Pope Constantine ( la, Constantinus; 6649 April 715) was the bishop of Rome from 25 March 708 to his death. One of the last popes of the Byzantine Papacy, the defining moment of Constantine's pontificate was his 710/711 visit to Constantinople wh ...
*698 Fall of Carthage *711–718 Umayyad conquest of Hispania *717–718 Second Arab siege of Constantinople *718–1492 Reconquista: Iberian Peninsula retaken by Roman Catholic Visigoth monarchs *718
Saint Boniface Boniface, OSB ( la, Bonifatius; 675 – 5 June 754) was an English Benedictines, Benedictine monk and leading figure in the Anglo-Saxon mission to the Germanic parts of the Frankish Empire during the eighth century. He organised significant ...
,
archbishop of Mainz The Elector of Mainz was one of the seven Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire. As both the Archbishop of Mainz and the ruling prince of the Electorate of Mainz, the Elector of Mainz held a powerful position during the Middle Ages. The Archb ...
; an Englishman, given commission by Pope Gregory II to evangelize the Germans *720? Disentis Abbey of Switzerland *730–787 First Iconoclasm: Byzantine Emperor
Leo III Leo III, Leon III, or Levon III may refer to: ; People * Leo III the Isaurian (685-741), Byzantine emperor 717-741 * Pope Leo III (d. 816), Pope 795-816 * Leon III of Abkhazia, King of Abkhazia 960–969 * Leo II, King of Armenia (c. 1236–1289), ...
bans Christian icons; Pope Gregory II excommunicates him *731 English Church History written by
Bede Bede ( ; ang, Bǣda , ; 672/326 May 735), also known as Saint Bede, The Venerable Bede, and Bede the Venerable ( la, Beda Venerabilis), was an English monk at the monastery of St Peter and its companion monastery of St Paul in the Kingdom o ...
*732 Battle of Tours stops Islam from expanding westward *750? Tower added to St Peter's Basilica at the front of the atrium *752? Donation of Constantine, granted Western Roman Empire to the Pope (later proved a forgery) *756 Donation of Pepin recognizes Papal States *781 Nestorian Stele, Daqin Pagoda, Jesus Sutras, Christianity in China *787 Second Council of Nicaea, 7th
ecumenical Ecumenism (), also spelled oecumenism, is the concept and principle that Christians who belong to different Christian denominations should work together to develop closer relationships among their churches and promote Christian unity. The adjec ...
: ends first Iconoclasm *793 Sacking of the monastery of
Lindisfarne Lindisfarne, also called Holy Island, is a tidal island off the northeast coast of England, which constitutes the civil parish of Holy Island in Northumberland. Holy Island has a recorded history from the 6th century AD; it was an important ...
marks the beginning of Viking raids on Christendom


Middle Ages

*800 King Charlemagne of the Franks is crowned first
Holy Roman Emperor The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans ( la, Imperator Romanorum, german: Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period ( la, Imperat ...
of the West by
Pope Leo III Pope Leo III (died 12 June 816) was bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 26 December 795 to his death. Protected by Charlemagne from the supporters of his predecessor, Adrian I, Leo subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position b ...
*849–865 Ansgar,
Archbishop of Bremen This list records the bishops of the Archdiocese of Bremen, Roman Catholic diocese of Bremen (german: link=no, Bistum Bremen), supposedly a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Cologne, Archbishopric of Cologne, then of the bishops of Bremen, who were ...
, "Apostle of the North", began evangelisation of North Germany, Denmark, Sweden *855
Antipope Anastasius Anastasius (Latinized) or Anastasios ( el, Αναστάσιος, translit=Anastasios) is a masculine given name of Greek origin derived from the Greek word (''anastasis'') meaning "resurrection". Its female form is ''Anastasia'' ( el, Αναστ ...
:
Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor Louis II (825 – 12 August 875), sometimes called the Younger, was the king of Italy and emperor of the Carolingian Empire from 844, co-ruling with his father Lothair I until 855, after which he ruled alone. Louis's usual title was ''impera ...
appoints him over Pope Benedict III but popular pressure causes withdrawal *863
Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius Cyril (born Constantine, 826–869) and Methodius (815–885) were two brothers and Byzantine Christian theologians and missionaries. For their work evangelizing the Slavs, they are known as the "Apostles to the Slavs". They are credited wit ...
sent by the
Patriarch of Constantinople The ecumenical patriarch ( el, Οἰκουμενικός Πατριάρχης, translit=Oikoumenikós Patriárchēs) is the archbishop of Constantinople (Istanbul), New Rome and '' primus inter pares'' (first among equals) among the heads of th ...
to evangelise the
Slavic peoples Slavs are the largest European ethnolinguistic group. They speak the various Slavic languages, belonging to the larger Balto-Slavic language, Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages. Slavs are geographically distributed throughout ...
. They translate the Bible into Slavonic *869–870 Catholic Fourth Council of Constantinople condemns Patriarch
Photius Photios I ( el, Φώτιος, ''Phōtios''; c. 810/820 – 6 February 893), also spelled PhotiusFr. Justin Taylor, essay "Canon Law in the Age of the Fathers" (published in Jordan Hite, T.O.R., & Daniel J. Ward, O.S.B., "Readings, Cases, Materia ...
(rejected by Orthodox) *879–880 Orthodox Fourth Council of Constantinople restores Photius, condemns
Pope Nicholas I Pope Nicholas I ( la, Nicolaus I; c. 800 – 13 November 867), called Nicholas the Great, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 24 April 858 until his death. He is remembered as a consolidator of papal authority, exerting dec ...
and Filioque (rejected by Catholics) *897, January Cadaver Synod: Pope Stephen VI conducts trial against dead Pope Formosus, public uprising against Stephen leads to his imprisonment and strangulation *909 Abbey of Cluny, Benedictine monastery, founded in France *966 Duke
Mieszko I Mieszko I (; – 25 May 992) was the first ruler of Poland and the founder of the first independent Polish state, the Duchy of Poland. His reign stretched from 960 to his death and he was a member of the Piast dynasty, a son of Siemomysł and ...
of Poland baptised; Poland becomes a Christian country *984
Antipope Boniface VII Antipope Boniface VII (died 20 July 985), otherwise known as Franco Ferrucci, was a Catholic prelate who claimed the Holy See in 974 and from 984 until 985. A popular tumult compelled him to flee to Constantinople in 974; he carried off a vast tr ...
, murdered Pope John XIV, alleged to have murdered Pope Benedict VI in 974 *988? Christianization of Kievan Rus' *991 Archbishop Arnulf of Rheims accuses Pope John XV of being the Antichrist *997–998 Antipope John XVI, deposed by
Pope Gregory V Pope Gregory V ( la, Gregorius V; c. 972 – 18 February 999), born Bruno of Carinthia, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 3 May 996 to his death. A member of the Salian dynasty, he was made pope by his cousin, Emperor Ott ...
and his cousin
Holy Roman Emperor The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans ( la, Imperator Romanorum, german: Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period ( la, Imperat ...
Otto III Otto III (June/July 980 – 23 January 1002) was Holy Roman Emperor from 996 until his death in 1002. A member of the Ottonian dynasty, Otto III was the only son of the Emperor Otto II and his wife Theophanu. Otto III was crowned as King of ...
*1000 or 1001 Saint Stephen of Hungary crowned; Hungary becomes a Christian country *1001 Byzantine emperor Basil II and Fatimid Caliph
Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah Abū ʿAlī Manṣūr (13 August 985 – 13 February 1021), better known by his regnal name al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh ( ar, الحاكم بأمر الله, lit=The Ruler by the Order of God), was the sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili ima ...
execute a treaty guaranteeing the protection of Christian pilgrimage routes in the Middle East *1009 Caliph
Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah Abū ʿAlī Manṣūr (13 August 985 – 13 February 1021), better known by his regnal name al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh ( ar, الحاكم بأمر الله, lit=The Ruler by the Order of God), was the sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili ima ...
destroys the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, built over the tomb of Jesus in Jerusalem, and then rebuilds it to its current state *1012
Antipope Gregory VI On the death of Pope Sergius IV in June 1012, "a certain Gregory" opposed the party of the Theophylae (which elected Pope Benedict VIII against him), and had himself made pope, seemingly by a small faction. Gregory VI was the first to claim to b ...
, removed by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor *1030 Battle of Stiklestad, considered victory of Christianity over Norwegian paganism *1045 Sigfrid of Sweden, Benedictine evangelist *1046
Council of Sutri The Council of Sutri (or Synod of Sutri) was called by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry III and opened on December 20, 1046, in the hilltown of Sutri, at the edge of the Duchy of Rome. The Catholic Church does not list this as an ecumenical council. ...
: Pope Sylvester III exiled, Pope Gregory VI admits to buying the papacy and resigns, Pope Benedict IX resigns, council appoints Pope Clement II *1054
East–West Schism The East–West Schism (also known as the Great Schism or Schism of 1054) is the ongoing break of communion between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches since 1054. It is estimated that, immediately after the schism occurred, a ...
split between Eastern ( Orthodox Christianity) and Western (Roman Catholic) churches formalized *1058–1059
Antipope Benedict X Benedict X (died 1073/1080), born Giovanni, was elected to succeed Pope Stephen IX on 5 April 1058, but was opposed by a rival faction that elected Nicholas II. He fled Rome on 24 January 1059 and is today generally regarded as an antipope.Mary St ...
, defeated in war with
Pope Nicholas II Pope Nicholas II ( la, Nicholaus II; c. 990/995 – 27 July 1061), otherwise known as Gerard of Burgundy, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 January 1059 until his death in 27 July 1061. At the time of his ...
and Normans *1061–1064 Antipope Honorius II, rival of
Pope Alexander II Pope Alexander II (1010/1015 – 21 April 1073), born Anselm of Baggio, was the head of the Roman Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1061 to his death in 1073. Born in Milan, Anselm was deeply involved in the Pataria refor ...
*1065 Westminster Abbey consecrated *1073–1085
Pope Gregory VII Pope Gregory VII ( la, Gregorius VII; 1015 – 25 May 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana ( it, Ildebrando di Soana), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085. He is venerated as a saint ...
: Investiture Controversy with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, proponent of clerical celibacy, opponent of
simony Simony () is the act of selling church offices and roles or sacred things. It is named after Simon Magus, who is described in the Acts of the Apostles as having offered two disciples of Jesus payment in exchange for their empowering him to imp ...
, concubinage,
Antipope Clement III Guibert or Wibert of Ravenna ( 10298 September 1100) was an Italian prelate, archbishop of Ravenna, who was elected pope in 1080 in opposition to Pope Gregory VII and took the name Clement III. Gregory was the leader of the movement in the chur ...
*1079 Stanislaus of Szczepanów, patron saint of Poland *1080 ''Hospital of Saint John the Baptist'' founded in Jerusalem by merchants from Amalfi and Salerno – serves as the foundation for the Knights Hospitaller *1082
Engelberg Abbey Engelberg Abbey (german: Kloster Engelberg) is a Benedictine monastery in Engelberg, Canton of Obwalden, Switzerland. It was formerly in the Diocese of Constance, but is now in the Diocese of Chur. It is dedicated to Our Lady of the Angels and ...
of Switzerland built *1093–1109 Anselm,
Archbishop of Canterbury The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current archbishop is Justi ...
, writes ''Cur Deus Homo'' (''Why God Became Man''), a landmark exploration of the Atonement *1095–1291 10 Crusades, first called by
Pope Urban II Pope Urban II ( la, Urbanus II;  – 29 July 1099), otherwise known as Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 March 1088 to his death. He is best known for convening th ...
at Council of Clermont against Islamic Empire, to reconquer the
Holy Land The Holy Land; Arabic: or is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine. The term "Holy ...
for Christendom *1098 Foundation of the reforming monastery of Cîteaux, leads to the growth of the
Cistercian The Cistercians, () officially the Order of Cistercians ( la, (Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist), are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Saint ...
order *1101
Antipope Theodoric Theodoric was an antipope in 1100 and 1101, in the schism that began with Wibert of Ravenna in 1080, in opposition to the excesses of Pope Gregory VII and in support of the Emperor Henry IV. The earliest record of Theodoric is his signature ...
and Antipope Adalbert deposed by Pope Paschal II *1113 Knights Hospitaller confirmed by Papal bull of Pope Paschal II, listing Blessed Gerard ( Gerard Thom) as founder, (a.k.a. Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, Knights of Malta, Knights of Rhodes, and Chevaliers of Malta) *1118
Knights Templar , colors = White mantle with a red cross , colors_label = Attire , march = , mascot = Two knights riding a single horse , equipment ...
founded, to defend Holy Land *1123 Catholic
First Lateran Council First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and reco ...
*1124 Conversion of Pomerania – first mission of
Otto of Bamberg Otto of Bamberg (1060 or 1061 – 30 June 1139) was a German missionary and papal legate who converted much of medieval Pomerania to Christianity. He was the bishop of Bamberg from 1102 until his death. He was canonized in 1189. Early life Th ...
*1128
Holyrood Abbey Holyrood Abbey is a ruined abbey of the Canons Regular in Edinburgh, Scotland. The abbey was founded in 1128 by David I of Scotland. During the 15th century, the abbey guesthouse was developed into a royal residence, and after the Scottish Ref ...
in Scotland *1128 Conversion of Pomerania – second mission of
Otto of Bamberg Otto of Bamberg (1060 or 1061 – 30 June 1139) was a German missionary and papal legate who converted much of medieval Pomerania to Christianity. He was the bishop of Bamberg from 1102 until his death. He was canonized in 1189. Early life Th ...
*1130
Peter of Bruys Peter of Bruys (also known as Pierre De Bruys or Peter de Bruis; ''fl.'' 1117 – c.1131) was a medieval French religious teacher. He was called a heresiarch (leader of a heretical movement) by the Roman Catholic Church because he opposed in ...
burned at the stake *1131 Tintern Abbey founded in Wales *1131–1138 Antipope Anacletus II *1139 Catholic Second Lateran Council *1140? Decretum Gratiani, Catholic Canon law (Catholic Church), Canon law *1142 Peter Abélard, Historia Calamitatum, Letters of Abelard and Heloise *1144 The Saint Denis Basilica of Abbot Suger is the first major building in the style of Gothic architecture *1154–1159 Pope Adrian IV, first (and to date only) English pope *1155 Theotokos of Vladimir arrives to Bogolyubovo, Vladimir Oblast, Bogolyubovo *1155 Carmelites founded *1163 Construction begins on Notre Dame de Paris *1168 Conversion of Pomerania – Principality of Rugia missioned by Absalon *1173 Waldensians founded *1179 Catholic Third Lateran Council *1191 Teutonic Knights founded *1204–1261 Latin Empire of Constantinople *1205 Saint Francis of Assisi becomes a hermit, founding the Franciscan order of friars; renounces wealth and begins his ministry *1208 Start of the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars *1214 Rosary is reportedly given to St. Dominic (who founded Dominican Order) by an apparition of Mary *1215 Catholic Fourth Lateran Council decrees special dress for Jews and Muslims, and declares Waldensians, founded by Peter Waldo, as heretics. One of the goals is the elimination of the heresy of the Cathars *1219 Francis of Assisi crosses enemy lines during the Fifth Crusade to speak to Sultan al-Kamil; the meeting ends with a meal. James of Vitry writes that Muslim soldiers returned Francis and another friar, Illuminato, "with signs of honor." *1220–1263 St Alexander Nevsky, holy patron of Russia *1231 Charter of the University of Paris granted by Pope Gregory IX *1241 Pope Gregory IX denounced as Antichrist by Eberhard II von Truchsees, Archbishopric of Salzburg, Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg, at the Council of Regensburg *1245 Catholic First Council of Lyon *1252, May 15 Ad exstirpanda: Pope Innocent IV authorizes use of torture in Inquisitions *1260 Date at which a 1988 Vatican sponsored scientific study places the origin of the Shroud of Turin *1263, July 20–24 The Disputation of Barcelona is held at the royal palace of King James I of Aragon in the presence of the King, his court, and many prominent ecclesiastical dignitaries and knights, between a convert from Judaism to Christianity Dominican Friar Pablo Christiani and Rabbi Nachmanides *1274 Summa Theologica, Summa Theologiae, written by Thomas Aquinas, theologian and philosopher, landmark systematic theology which later becomes official Catholic doctrine *1274 Catholic Second Council of Lyon *1291 Last Crusader city (Acre) falls to the Mamelukes


Renaissance

* 1308–1321 ''Divine Comedy'' (''Divina Commedia''), by Dante Alighieri; most consensual dates are: ''Inferno (Dante), Inferno'' written between 1307 and 1308, ''Purgatorio'' from 1307–1308 to 1313–1314 and last ''Paradiso (Dante), Paradiso'' from 1313–1314 to 1321 (year of Dante's death) * 1307 The arrest of many of the Knights Templar, beginning confiscation of their property and extraction of confessions under torture *1305–1378 Avignon Papacy, Popes reside in Avignon, France *1311–1312 Catholic Council of Vienne disbands
Knights Templar , colors = White mantle with a red cross , colors_label = Attire , march = , mascot = Two knights riding a single horse , equipment ...
* 1314 Jacques de Molay, last Grandmaster of the
Knights Templar , colors = White mantle with a red cross , colors_label = Attire , march = , mascot = Two knights riding a single horse , equipment ...
, burned at the stake *1326 Metropolitan Peter moves his see from Kiev to Moscow *1341–1351 Orthodox Fifth Council of Constantinople *1342 Marsilius of Padua *1345 Sergii Radonezhskii founds a hermitage in the woods, which grows into the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra *1378–1418 Western Schism in Roman Catholicism *1380–1382 Wycliffe's Bible, by John Wycliffe, eminent theologian at Oxford, NT in 1380, OT (with help of Nicholas of Hereford) in 1382, translations into Middle English, 1st complete translation to English, includes deuterocanonical books, preaches against abuses, expresses anti-catholic views of the sacraments (Penance and Eucharist), the use of relics, and clerical celibacy *1388 ''Twenty-five Articles'' of the Lollardy, Lollards published *1408 Council of Oxford forbids translations of the Scriptures into the vernacular, unless and until they are fully approved by church authority *1409 Council of Pisa declares Roman Pope Gregory XII and Avignon Pope Benedict XIII deposed, elected Pope Alexander V (called the Pisan Pope) *1414–1418 Catholic Council of Constance asks Gregory XII, Benedict XIII, Antipope John XXIII, Pisan Pope John XXIII to resign their papal claims, then elects Pope Martin V; condemns John Wycliffe and Jan Hus, who is burned at the stake *1423–1424 Council of Siena *1425 Old University of Leuven, Catholic University of Leuven *1430? Andrei Rublev, the greatest of medieval icon-painters *1431 St. Joan of Arc, French national heroine, burned at the stake *1431–1445 Catholic Council of Basel, Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence *1439 Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, highest building in the world until 1874 *1452 Dum Diversas, papal bull issued on 18 June 1452, credited with ushering in the West African slave trade in Europe and the New World *1453 Fall of Constantinople, overrun by Ottoman Empire *1455 Gutenberg Bible, first printed Bible, by Johann Gutenberg *1473–1481 Sistine Chapel built *1478 Spanish Inquisition established by Pope Sixtus IV *1483 Martin Luther born in Eisleben *1484 December 5, Summis desiderantes against Witchcraft issued by Pope Innocent VIII *1487 Persecution and crusade against the Waldensians instigated by Pope Innocent VIII *1492 Christopher Columbus, Columbus opens new continents to Christianity *1498 Girolamo Savonarola, Dominican priest, writes Bonfire of the Vanities *1506 Pope Julius II orders the Old St. Peter's Basilica torn down and authorizes Donato Bramante to plan a new structure (demolition completed in 1606); Swiss Guard, Vatican Swiss Guard founded *1508–1512 Michelangelo frescoes the Sistine Chapel's vaulted ceiling *1510s A number of theologians in the Holy Roman Empire start to preach reformational ideas shortly before Martin Luther, including Christoph Schappeler in Memmingen (1513), but fail to spark a larger movement *1512–1517 Catholic Fifth Council of the Lateran: condemned Conciliarism


Reformation

*1517 Ninety-five Theses of Martin Luther begins the Reformation and Lutheranism *1518 Heidelberg Disputation: Martin Luther puts forth his Theology of the Cross *1519 Leipzig Debate between Martin Luther and Johann Eck *1519 Huldrych Zwingli begins the Reformed tradition, sparking the Reformation in Switzerland *1520 Luther publishes three monumental works, ''To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation'', ''On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church'', and ''On the Freedom of a Christian'' *1521 Luther refuses to recant his works at the Diet of Worms *1521 Papal bull ''Decet Romanum Pontificem'' (''It Pleases the Roman Pontiff'') excommunicates Luther *1521 Ferdinand Magellan claims the Philippines for Spain, first Mass (liturgy), mass and subsequent conversion to Catholicism, first in East Asia *1522 Luther Bible, German NT translation *1524 De libero arbitrio diatribe sive collatio, The Freedom of the Will published by Desiderius Erasmus, Erasmus *1525 On the Bondage of the Will published by Luther in response to Erasmus *1525 Anabaptist movement begins *1526 William Tyndale#Printed works, Tyndale's NT, English NT translation from 1516 Textus Receptus, Greek text of Erasmus, first printed edition, reflects influence of Luther's NT in rejecting priest for Elder (religious), elder, Christian Church, church for Wiktionary:congregation, congregation, banned in 1546 by Henry VIII of England *1526 Luther publishes his ''Deutsche Messe, German Mass'' and ''The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics'', his first written work against the Sacramentarians *1528 Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein, Lutheranism is officially adopted *1528 Luther affirms the real presence of Christ's body and blood in his ''Confession Concerning Christ's Supper'' *1529 Marburg Colloquy, Luther defends doctrine of Real Presence in discussion with Zwingli *1530 Augsburg Confession, first doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church *1531 Huldrych Zwingli is killed during the Second war of Kappel *1531 ''Our Lady of Guadalupe'' in Mexico: According to tradition, when the roses fell from it the icon of the Virgin of Guadalupe appeared imprinted on the cactus cloth. The sudden, extraordinary success of the evangelizing of ten million Indians in the decade of 1531–1541. *1534 Henry VIII establishes new independent entity Church of England, see also English Reformation *1535–1537 Myles Coverdale's Bible, used Tyndale's NT along with Latin and German versions, included Apocrypha at the end of the OT (like Luther's Bible of 1534) as was done in later English versions, 1537 edition received royal licence, but banned in 1546 by Henry VIII *1535 Thomas More refuses to accept King Henry VIII's claim to be the supreme head of the Church in England, and is executed *1535–1679 Forty Martyrs of England and Wales *1536 Desiderius Erasmus, eminent Dutch humanist and editor of the Textus Receptus, dies *1536 Tyndale put to death, left his OT translation in manuscript, English ecclesiastical authorities ordered his Bible burned because it was thought to be part of Lutheran reform *1536 Institutes of the Christian Religion written by John Calvin (Calvinism) *1536 John of Leiden, fanatic Dutch Anabaptist *1536 Jacob Hutter, founder of Hutterites *1536 Helvetic Confessions of the Reformed Churches of Switzerland *1536–1540 Dissolution of the Monasteries in England, Wales and Ireland *1536 Pilgrimage of Grace *1536–1541 Michelangelo paints "The Last Judgement" *1537 Christian III of Denmark decreed Lutheranism state religion of Norway and Denmark *1537 Luther writes Smalcald Articles *1537–1551 Matthew Bible, by John Rogers (c.1500–1555), John Rogers, based on Tyndale and Coverdale received royal licence but not authorized for use in public worship, numerous editions, 1551 edition contained offensive notes (based on Tyndale) *1539–1569 Great Bible, by Thomas Cromwell, 1st English Bible to be authorized for public use in English churches, defective in many places, based on last Tyndale's NT of 1534–1535, corrected by a Latin version of the Hebrew OT, Latin Bible of Erasmus, and Complutensian Polyglot, last edition 1569, never denounced by England *1540 Society of Jesus, Jesuit order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, helped reconvert large areas of Poland, Hungary, and south Germany and sent missionaries to the New World, India, and China *1541 John Calvin returns to Geneva *1542 Roman Inquisition established by Pope Paul III *1542 Robert Bellarmine born – became a Cardinal Inquisitor under Pope Clement VIII *1543 List of Parliaments of England#Parliaments of Henry VIII, Parliament of England bans Tyndale's translation as a "crafty, false and untrue translation" *1545–1563 Catholic Council of Trent: Counter-Reformation against Protestantism, clearly defined an official theology and biblical canon *1549 Original Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England written by Thomas Cranmer *1551 The Stoglav Church Council (One Hundred Chapters) Moscow, Russia *1552 Joachim Westphal (of Hamburg), Joachim Westphal starts controversy against Calvinists, defending Lutheran doctrine of Real Presence *1552 Francis Xavier, Jesuit missionary, "Apostle of the Indies" *1553 Pontifical Gregorian University founded at Vatican City *1553 Michael Servetus founder of Unitarianism, burned at the stake in Geneva *1553–1558 Queen Mary I of England persecutes reformers: John Rogers (c.1500–1555), John Rogers, Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley (martyr), Nicholas Ridley, Thomas Cranmer; of 238 burned at the stake *1555 Peace of Augsburg gives religious freedom in Germany only to Lutheran Protestants *1558 Church of England permanently reestablished after Mary I of England dies *1559 Military Order of the Golden Spur founded by Pope Paul IV *1560 Geneva Bible, NT a revision of Matthew's version of Tyndale with use of Theodore Beza's NT (1556), OT a thorough revision of Great Bible, appointed to be read in Scotland (but not England), at least 140 editions, first Bible with chapter and verse numbers *1560 Scots Confession, Church of Scotland, Scottish Reformation *1560–1598 French Wars of Religion *1560–1812 Goa Inquisition, persecution of Hindus and Jews in India, see also Christianity in India *1561 Menno Simons, founder of Mennonites *1563 Thirty-Nine Articles of Church of England, also decreed Biblical canon *1563 Heidelberg Catechism of Reformed churches *1565-73 ''Examination of the Council of Trent'' by Martin Chemnitz *1566 Roman Catechism and Index of Prohibited Books published *1569 Metropolitan Philip of Moscow strangled by Malyuta Skuratov *1570 Pope Pius V issued a bull ''Quo primum''; He standardised the Holy Mass by promulgating the Tridentine Mass, 1570 edition of the Roman Missal. *1571 Dutch Reformed Church established *1571 Battle of Lepanto (1571), Battle of Lepanto saves Christian Europe; Pope Pius V organizes the Holy League led by Don Juan de Austria to defend Europe from the larger Islamic Ottoman forces (230 galleys and 56 galliots) *1572 John Knox founds Scottish Presbyterian Church, due to disagreement with Lutherans over sacraments and church government *1572–1606 Bishops' Bible, a revision of the Great Bible checked against the Hebrew text, 1st to be published in England by episcopal authority *1572 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre: Thousands of Protestants murdered in France *1577 Formula of Concord adopted by German Lutherans *1579 Discovery of the holiest Russian icon, ''Our Lady of Kazan'' *1580 Book of Concord of Lutheranism published *1582 St Teresa of Avila dies *1582 Gregorian calendar of Pope Gregory XIII adopted at different times in different regions of the world *1582 Rheims New Testament published – it later became part of the 1610 Douay–Rheims Bible *1585 Jesuit scholar Francisco Ribera publishes first futurist interpretation, of the Biblical books of Daniel and Revelation *1587 Toyotomi Hideyoshi expels Jesuits from Kyūshū *1587? Mission Nombre de Dios, Mission Nombre De Dios in St. Augustine, Florida, considered first Catholic mission to North America *1588 Spanish Armada defeated in its efforts to reconquer England for Catholicism *1589 Patriarch Jove, Metropolitan Jove is elected the first Patriarch of Moscow *1590 Michelangelo's dome in St Peter's Basilica completed *1591 St John of the Cross *1592 The Sixto-Clementine Vulgate, Clementine Vulgate of Pope Clement VIII, replaced the Sistine Vulgate of 1590, the standard Latin Catholic Bible until the Second Vatican Council *1596 Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, Ukrainian Catholic Church forms when Ukrainian subjects of the king of Poland are reunited with Rome’s, largest Byzantine Catholic Church *1598 Edict of Nantes grants toleration to French Protestants (Huguenots) *1600 Giordano Bruno, Dominican priest, burned at the stake


17th century

*1604 Fausto Paolo Sozzini Socinianism *1606 Carlo Maderno redesigns St Peter's Basilica into a Latin cross *1607 Jamestown, Virginia founded *1608 Quebec City founded by Samuel de Champlain *1609 Baptist Church founded by John Smyth (Baptist minister), John Smyth, due to objections to infant baptism and demands for church-state separation *1609–1610 Douay–Rheims Bible, 1st Catholic English translation, OT published in two volumes, based on an unofficial Louvain text corrected by Sistine Vulgate, NT is Rheims text of 1582 *1611 King James Version (Authorised Version) is published, based primarily on Tyndale's work and Bishop's Bible of 1572, first printings included separate Apocrypha between the testaments *1614 Fama Fraternitatis, the first Rosicrucian manifesto (may have been in circulation ca. 1610) presenting "The Fraternity of the Rose Cross" *1615 Confessio Fraternitatis, the second Rosicrucian manifesto describing the "Most Honorable Order" as Christian *1616 Chemical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz, the third Rosicrucian manifesto (an hermeticism, hermetic allegory presenting alchemy, alchemical and Christian elements) *1618–1648 Thirty Years' War *1620 Plymouth Colony founded by Puritans *1622–1642 Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu *1630 City upon a Hill, sermon by John Winthrop *1634–1637 ''Confessio catholica'' by Lutheran theologian Johann Gerhard *1635 Roger Williams (theologian), Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony, for advocating separation of church and state *1636 Founding of what was later known as Harvard University as a training school for ministers – the first of thousands of institutions of Christian higher education founded in the USA *1636–1638 Cornelius Jansen, bishop of Ypres, founder of Jansenism *1637–1638 Shimabara Rebellion *1638 Anne Hutchinson banished as a heretic from Massachusetts *1641 John Cotton (puritan), John Cotton, advocate of theonomy, helps to establish the social constitution of the Massachusetts Bay Colony *1642, 15 September – 27 October: Synod of Iași at Iași *1643 Acta Sanctorum *1643 John Campanius arrives in New Sweden *1644 Rhode Island founded by Roger Williams (theologian), Roger Williams as first colony to establish complete religious liberty *1644 Long Parliament directs that only Hebrew canon be read in the Church of England (effectively removing the Apocrypha) *1646 Westminster Standards produced by the Assembly, one of the first and undoubtedly the most important and lasting religious document drafted after the reconvention of the Parliament, also decrees Biblical canon *1648 George Fox founds the Quaker movement *1648 Peace of Westphalia, Treaty of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War, extends religious toleration to Calvinists *1650 Bishop James Ussher calculates Ussher chronology, date of creation as October 23, 4004 BC *1653–1656 Raskol of the Russian Orthodox Church *1653 Coonan Cross Oath at Mattancherry by Malankara Church *1655–1677, Abraham Calovius publishes ''Systema Iocorum theologicorum'', height of Lutheran scholasticism *1660–1685 King Charles II of England, restoration of monarchy, continuing through James II of England, James II, reversed decision of Long Parliament of 1644, reinstating the Apocrypha, reversal not heeded by non-conformists *1666 Paul Gerhardt, Lutheran pastor and hymnwriter, is removed from his position as a pastor in St. Nicholas Church, Berlin, Nikolaikirche in Berlin, when he refuses to accept "syncretistic" edict of the Elector Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg *1672 Eastern Orthodox Church, Greek Orthodox Synod of Jerusalem (1672), Synod of Jerusalem: decreed Biblical canon *1675 Philipp Jakob Spener publishes ''Pia Desideria'', which becomes a manifesto for Pietism *1678 John Bunyan publishes ''Pilgrim's Progress'' *1682 Avvakum, leader of the Old Believers, burned at the stake in the Far North of Russia *1683 Roger Williams (theologian), Roger Williams, advocate of Separation of church and state, founder of Providence, Rhode Island, dies *1685 Edict of Fontainebleau outlaws Protestantism in France *1685 James II of England baptizes his son as a Catholic *1685 Orthodoxy introduced to Beijing by Russian Orthodox Church *1688 'Glorious Revolution' overthrows James II of England over fears of Catholic restoration; William III of England, William of Orange takes English throne *1689 English bill of rights, English Bill of Rights establishes religious liberty *1692 Salem witch trials held in Colonial America *1692–1721 Chinese Rites controversy *1693 Jakob Amman founds Amish sect


18th century

*1701 Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands splits with Roman Catholicism *1706 Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, missionary, arrives in Tranquebar *1707 ''Examen theologicum acroamaticum'' by David Hollatz (dogmatician), David Hollatz: the last great Lutheran doctrinal work before the Age of Enlightenment *1718–1722 Orthodox Lutheran Valentin Ernst Löscher publishes ''The Complete Timotheus Verinus'' against Pietism *1721 Peter I of Russia, Peter the Great substitutes Moscow Patriarchate with the Holy Synod *1722 Hans Egede, missionary, arrives in Greenland *1728 The Vicar of Bray (song) *1730–1749 First Great Awakening in U.S. *1735 Welsh Methodist revival *1738 Methodism, Methodist movement, led by John Wesley and his hymn-writing brother Charles Wesley, Charles, begins *1740 Johann Phillip Fabricius, missionary, arrives in South India *1741 Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, famous Fire and brimstone sermon *1741 George Frederick Handel performs his classic gospel oratorio "Messiah" for the first time *1754 An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture, by Isaac Newton, published *1767–1815 Suppression of the Jesuits *1768 New Smyrna, Florida, Greek Orthodox colony, founded *1768 Hermann Samuel Reimarus, Reimarus dies without publishing his radical critic work distinguishing Historical Jesus versus Christ of Faith *1769 Mission San Diego de Alcalá, first California mission *1771 Emanuel Swedenborg publishes his "Universal Theology of the True Christian Religion", later used by others to found Swedenborgianism *1774 Ann Lee, leader of American Shakers, emigrates to New York from England *1774 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing starts publishing Reimarus' works on historical Jesus as Anonymous Fragments, starting Liberal Theology Era (in Christology) *1776–1788 Edward Gibbon, Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, critical of Christianity *1776 Mission San Francisco de Asis, Mission Dolores, San Francisco *1779 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom: "Jesus never coerced anyone to follow him, and the imposition of a religion by government officials is impious" *1780 Robert Raikes begins Sunday schools to reach poor and uneducated children in England *1784 American Methodists form Methodist Episcopal Church at so-called "Christmas Conference", led by bishops Thomas Coke (Methodist), Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury *1784 Roman Catholicism is introduced in Catholic Church in Korea, Korea *1789–1815 John Carroll (priest), John Carroll, Archdiocese of Baltimore, first Roman Catholic US bishop *1789–1801 Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution *1791 First Amendment to the United States Constitution: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" *1793 Herman of Alaska brings Orthodoxy to Alaska *1795 The Age of Reason, written by Thomas Paine, advocates Deism *1796 Treaty with Tripoli (1796), article 11: "the Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion" *1800 Friedrich Schleiermacher publishes his first book, beginning Liberal Christianity movement


19th century

*1801 Cane Ridge Revival in Cane Ridge, Kentucky initiates the Christians (Stone Movement) wing of the Restoration Movement *1809 Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement) wing of the Restoration Movement initiated with the publication of the ''Declaration and address, Declaration and Address of the Christian Association of Washington'' *1815 Peter the Aleut, orthodox Christian, tortured and martyred in Catholic San Francisco, California *1816 Bishop Richard Allen (reverend), Richard Allen, a former slave, founds the Methodism, African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first African-American denomination *1817 Claus Harms publishes 95 theses against rationalism (theology), rationalism and the Prussian Union of churches *1819 Thomas Jefferson produces the Jefferson Bible *1820, Spring: Joseph Smith, Joseph Smith, Jr., founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, has his First Vision *1824 English translation of Wilhelm Gesenius' ''...Handwörterbuch...'': Hebrew-English Lexicon, Hendrickson Publishers *1827 Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg takes on the editorship of the ''Evangelische Kirchenzeitung'', the chief literary organ of the Neo-Lutheranism *1828 Plymouth Brethren founded; promotes Dispensationalism *1830 Catherine Laboure receives Miraculous Medal from the Blessed Mother in Paris, France *1830 Charles Finney's Christian revival, revivals lead to Second Great Awakening in America *1830, April 6 the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints) founded by Joseph Smith. Book of Mormon also published *1831 William Miller (preacher), William Miller begins the Advent Movement, by preaching his first sermon on the Biblical books of Daniel and Revelation *1832 Christians (Stone Movement) and Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement) merge to form the Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement *1832, February 28: Persecution of Old Lutherans: by a royal decree all Lutheran worship is declared illegal in Prussia in favour of the Prussian Union of churches, Prussian Union agenda *1833 John Keble's sermon "National Apostasy" initiates the Oxford Movement in England *1838–1839 Saxon Lutherans objecting to rationalism (theology), theological rationalism Saxon Lutheran immigration of 1838–39, emigrate from Germany to the United States; settle in Perry County, Missouri. Leads to formation of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod *1843 Disruption of 1843, Disruption of: schism within the State religion, established Church of Scotland *1844 Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder, missionary, arrives in Port Natal, South Africa *1844 Lars Levi Laestadius experiences awakening—beginning of Laestadianism *1844, June 27, Joseph Smith, Joseph Smith, Jr., founder of the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints), Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, murdered at Carthage, Illinois *1844, October 22 Great Disappointment: false prediction of Second Coming, Second Coming of Christ by Millerites *1844, December Ellen G. White, co-founder and prophetess of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, has her first vision *1845 Southern Baptist Convention formed in Augusta, Georgia *1846 Our Lady of La Salette *1847 Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod founded in Chicago, Illinois *1847 John Christian Frederick Heyer, missionary, arrives in Andhra Pradesh, India *1848 Epistle to the Easterners and Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs response *1848 Oneida Community founded by John Humphrey Noyes in western New York state *1849 Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe founds the first deaconess house in Neuendettelsau, Bavaria *1850 Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod founded in Milwaukee *1853 Synod of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America founded outside Madison, Wisconsin *1854 Missionary Hudson Taylor arrives in China *1854 Immaculate Conception defined as Catholic dogma *1855 Søren Kierkegaard, founder of Christian existentialism *1855 Samuel Simon Schmucker begins attempt to replace the ''Augsburg Confession'' with the Definite Platform in the General Synod (Lutheran), General Synod, leading to schism in 1866 *1858 Bernadette Soubirous receives the first of 18 apparitions of ''Our Lady of Lourdes'' in Lourdes, France. *1859 Ashbel Green Simonton, missionary, arrives in Brazil and founds Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil, the oldest Brazilian Protestant denomination *1863 Seventh-day Adventist Church officially formed 19 years after the Great Disappointment *1865 Methodist preacher William Booth founds the Salvation Army, vowing to bring the gospel into the streets to the most desperate and needy *1866 General Council (Lutheran) formed by ten Lutheran synods in the United States *1869–1870 Catholic First Vatican Council asserts doctrine of Papal Infallibility (rejected by Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland) *1870 Italy declares war on the Papal States; Italian Army enters Rome; Papal States cease to exist *1871 Pontmain, France is saved from advancing German troops with the appearing of ''Our Lady of Hope'' *1871–1878 German Kulturkampf against Roman Catholicism *1872 Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America organized *1876 Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany) founded *1878 First translation of the New Testament into Batak languages, Batak by Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen *1879 Knock, Ireland is location of apparition of ''Our Lady, Queen of Ireland'' *1879 Church of Christ, Scientist founded in Boston by Mary Baker Eddy *1881–1894 Revised Version, called for by Church of England, uses Greek based on Septuagint (B) and (S), Hebrew Masoretic Text used in OT, follows Greek order of words, greater accuracy than King James Version of the Bible, AV, includes Apocrypha, scholarship never disputed *1884 Charles Taze Russell founds Bible Student movement *1885–1887 Uganda Martyrs *1885 Baltimore Catechism published *1886 Moody Bible Institute founded *1886 Onesimos Nesib begins translation of the entire Bible into the Oromo language *1886 Johann Flierl, missionary, arrives in New Guinea *1891 Albert Maclaren and Copland King, Anglican missionaries, arrive in New Guinea *1893 Luther Alexander Gotwald#Heresy trial, Heresy trial of Luther Alexander Gotwald *1894 The Kingdom of God is Within You, by Leo Tolstoy, start of Christian anarchism *1897 Christian flag conceived in Brooklyn, New York *1899 Gideons International founded *1900 Eastern Orthodoxy is introduced in Korea


20th century

*1902 Geevarghese Gregorios of Parumala, Indian Orthodox Church dies *1903 First group baptism at Sattelberg Mission Station under Christian Keyser in New Guinea paves way for mass conversions during the following years *1904 1904–1905 Welsh Revival, Welsh revival *1904 Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil – ''Igreja Evangélica Luterana do Brasil'' – is founded on June 24 in São Pedro do Sul city, State Rio Grande do Sul * 1905 French law on the separation of Church and State *1906 Albert Schweitzer publishes ''The Quest of the Historical Jesus'' (English translation 1910) *1906 Biblia Hebraica (Kittel), Biblia Hebraica *1906–1909 Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles, California begins modern Pentecostalism, Pentecostal movement *1907 The Church of God in Christ is formed as a Pentecostal body *1907–1912 Nicholas of Japan, Archbishop of Japanese Orthodox Church *1908 Church of the Nazarene founded in Pilot Point, Texas *1909 Scofield Reference Bible published *1909–1911 The Rosicrucian Fellowship, an international association of Esoteric Christianity, Esoteric Christian mystics, founded at Mount Ecclesia *1910 Christian Congregation in Brazil founded in Santo Antônio da Platina, Brazil by Italo-American Louis Francescon. It begins Pentecostalism in Brazil and South America *1910 Edinburgh Missionary Conference launches modern Mission (Christian), missions movement and modern Christian ecumenism, ecumenical movement; 5-point statement of the Presbyterian General Assembly also used by Fundamentalists *1910–1915 The Fundamentals, a 12-volume collection of essays by 64 British and American scholars and preachers, forms foundation of Fundamentalism *1912 Re-establishment of Catholicate of the East of Indian Orthodox Church in Kerala, India. Baselios Paulose II as the Catholicose of the East. *1913 Catholic Encyclopedia *1914 Welsh Church Act 1914 *1914 Iglesia ni Cristo incorporated in the Philippines by its founder Felix Y. Manalo *1914 Paul Olaf Bodding completes his translation of the Bible into the Santali language *1915 Ellen G. White, co-founder and prophetess of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, dies *1915–1923 The Armenian genocide occurs *1916 Father Divine founds International Peace Mission movement *1916 And did those feet in ancient time *1917 Heinrich Hansen (theologian), Heinrich Hansen publishes Lutheran High Church Lutheranism, Evangelical Catholic theses ''Stimuli et Clavi'' *1917 ''Our Lady of Fatima'' appears Marian apparitions to 3 young people, in Fátima, Portugal – Jacinta Marto, Francisco Marto and Lúcia Santos ("Sister Lucia") *1917, 13 October: Miracle of the Sun is witnessed by as many as 100,000 people in the Cova da Iria fields near Fátima, Portugal ("How the Sun Danced at Midday at Fátima") *1917 Restitution of the Moscow Patriarchy with Tikhon of Moscow, Tikhon as patriarch *1917 True Jesus Church founded in Beijing *1918 Execution of Holy Martyrs of Russia, including the last tsar, Nicholas II, and his wife, Alexandra Fyodorovna of Hesse, Alexandra Feodorovna, by the Communists *1918 United Lutheran Church in America founded *1919 Karl Barth's ''Commentary on Romans'' is published, critiquing Liberal Christianity and beginning the Neo-orthodoxy, neo-orthodox movement *1920 Mount Ecclesia, The Ecclesia, an Esoteric Christianity, Esoteric Christian Temple, is erected and dedicated on Christmas Day (December 25) *1921 Oxford Group founded at Oxford *1922 Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America founded *1922 ''The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments, a New Translation'' by James Moffatt published *1923 Aimee Semple McPherson builds Angelus Temple *1924 First religious radio station in the U.S., KFUO (AM), founded *1925 Scopes Trial *1925 United Church of Canada formed *1925 St. Therese of Lisieux canonized *1925 The ''World Conference of Life and Work'' is held in Stockholm, Sweden *1926 Father Charles Coughlin's first radio broadcast *1926–1929 Cristero War in Mexico: The Constitution of 1917 brings persecution of Christian practices and anti-clerical laws – approximately 4,000 Catholic priests are expelled, assassinated or executed *1927 Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly founds the Congregation of ''Sisters of the Destitute'' *1927 Pope Pius XI decrees
Comma Johanneum The Johannine Comma ( la, Comma Johanneum) is an interpolated phrase (comma) in verses of the First Epistle of John. The text (with the comma in italics and enclosed by square brackets) in the King James Bible reads: It became a touchpoint fo ...
open to dispute *1929 Lateran Treaty signed, containing three agreements between kingdom of Italy and the papacy *1929 Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly dies *1929 Voice of Prophecy radio ministry founded by Seventh-day Adventist pastor H.M.S. Richards Sr. *1930 Rastafari movement founded *1930 Old American Lutheran Church (1930), American Lutheran Church founded *1930 The Lutheran Hour begins with Walter A. Maier as speaker *1931 Jehovah's Witnesses formally separate from the Bible Student movement *1931 Christ the Redeemer (statue) built in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil *1932 Franz Pieper's ''A Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod'' adopted by the LCMS *1932 Marian apparitions to five school children in Beauraing, Belgium as ''Lady Virgin of the Poor'' *1933 Catholic Worker Movement founded *1933 ''The Holy Bible from Ancient Eastern Manuscripts'' by George Lamsa published *1934 Herbert W. Armstrong founds Radio Church of God *1935 Gunnar Rosendal publishes High Church Lutheran, Lutheran High Church manifesto ''Kyrklig förnyelse'' *1935 Dr. Frank C. Laubach, known as "The Apostle to the Illiterates", working in the Philippines, develops a literacy program that continues to teach millions of people to read *1935 Alfred Rahlfs, Alfred Rahlf's critical edition of the Koine Greek Septuagint published *1935 Billy Sunday, early U.S. radio evangelist, dies *1938 First Debbarma Christian, Manindra Debbarma, is baptized at Agartala *1938 Tripura Baptist Christian Union established at Laxmilunga, Tripura *1939 Southern and Northern US branches of the Methodist Episcopal Church, along with the Methodist Protestant Church, reunite to form The Methodist Church (USA), The Methodist Church (slavery had divided the church in the 19th century) *1940 Monumento Nacional de Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caidos, world's largest cross, 152.4 meters high *1942 National Association of Evangelicals founded *1945 On the Feast of the Annunciation, "Our Lady" appears to a simple woman, Ida Peerdeman, in Amsterdam. This is the first of 56 appearances as "Our Lady of All Nations", which took place between 1945 and 1959. *1945 Dietrich Bonhoeffer is executed by the Nazis *1945 Ludwig Müller (theologian), Ludwig Müller *1945 The Nag Hammadi library is discovered *1946–1952 Revised Standard Version, revision of AV "based on consonantal Hebrew text" for OT and best available texts for NT, done in response to changes in English usage *1947 ''Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism'' by Carl F. H. Henry, a landmark of Evangelicalism versus Fundamentalism in US *1947 Oral Roberts founds the Evangelistic Association *1947 Dead Sea scrolls discovered *1947 Lutheran World Federation founded *1948 World Council of Churches is founded *1948 Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, see also Christian Zionism *1949 Evangelist Billy Graham preaches his first Los Angeles Crusade (1949), Los Angeles crusade *1949, October 2: Saint John Evangelical Lutheran Community – Comunidade Evangélica Luterana São João da Igreja Evangélica Luterana do Brasil – is founded in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul *1950 First part of the ''Common Confession'' between the American Lutheran Church and the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod is adopted, resulting in the schism of the Orthodox Lutheran Conference *1950 ''New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures'' released *1950 Assumption of Mary decreed by Pope Pius XII *1950 Missionaries of Charity founded by Mother Teresa *1951 Bishop Fulton Sheen (1919–1979) debuts his television program ''Life is Worth Living'' on the DuMont Television Network, DuMont Network, a half hour lecture program on Roman Catholic theology that remained the number one show on U.S. television for its time slot, winning several Emmys until Sheen ended the program in 1957 *1951 ''The Last Temptation of Christ (novel), The Last Temptation of Christ'', a fictional account of the life of Jesus written by Nikos Kazantzakis, wherein Christ's divinity is juxtaposed with his humanity, is published, and promptly banned in many countries *1951 Campus Crusade for Christ founded at UCLA *1952 Novum Testamentum Graece, critical edition of Greek NT, basis of modern translations, published *1952 C. S. Lewis' Mere Christianity published *1954 Unification Church founded by Reverend Sun Myung Moon, under the name Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (acronym HSA-UWC) *1956 Anchor Bible Series *1956 The Ten Commandments (1956 film) *1956 It Is Written television ministry founded by Seventh-day Adventist pastor George Vandeman *1957 United Church of Christ founded by ecumenical union of Congregationalists and Evangelical & Reformed, representing Calvinists and Lutherans *1957 English translation of Walter Bauer's ''Wörterbuch ...'': A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, University of Chicago Press *1958 Sedevacantism, the belief that the office of the pope is vacant, begins with the death of Pope Pius XII *1959 Family Radio founded by Harold Camping *1959 Franz Pieper's ''A Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod'' reaffirmed by the LCMS *1960 Merger creates the "new" American Lutheran Church *1960 John F. Kennedy becomes the first Roman Catholic to be elected President of the United States *1961 New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures published *1961 Christian Broadcasting Network founded by Pat Robertson *1962 Engel v. Vitale, first U.S. Supreme Court decision against School prayer *1962 Karl Rahner, Joseph Ratzinger, Yves Congar, John Courtney Murray, Hans Küng among others appointed "periti" for upcoming Second Vatican Council. Rahner famous for paraphrasing Augustine's axiom: "Many whom God has the Church does not have; and many whom the Church has, God does not have." *1962–1965 Catholic Second Vatican Council, announced by Pope John XXIII in 1959, produces 16 documents which become official Roman Catholic teaching after approval by the Pope, purpose to renew "ourselves and the flocks committed to us" *1963 Martin Luther King Jr. leads a civil rights march in Washington, D.C. *1963 A campaign by atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair results in U.S. Supreme Court ruling prohibiting reading of Bible in public schools *1963 Oral Roberts University founded *1963 Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America dissolves in schism *1963 New Testament of Beck's American Translation completed, thousands of copies distributed through The Lutheran Hour *1965 Reginald H. Fuller's ''The Foundations of New Testament Christology'' *1965 Rousas John Rushdoony founds Chalcedon Foundation *1965 ''Nostra aetate'' declaration promulgated at Vatican II that repudiates the charge of deicide against Jews *1966 Roman Catholic Index of Prohibited Books abolished *1966 Raymond E. Brown's ''Commentary on the Gospel of John'' *1967 Lutheran Council in the United States of America organized *1968 In Zeitoun, Egypt, a bright image of the Virgin Mary as ''Our Lady of Zeitoun'' was seen over the Coptic Orthodox Church of Saint Demiana for over a 3-year period. *1968 United Methodist Church formed with union of Methodist Church (USA), Methodist Church and Evangelical United Brethren Church, becoming the largest Methodism, Methodist/Wesleyan church in the world *1968 Troy Perry established the first congregation of what later became the Metropolitan Community Church, first denomination formed for LGBT people *1970s The Jesus movement begins in the U.S. *1970 Mass of Paul VI replaces Tridentine Mass *1970 The Late, Great Planet Earth, futurist book by Hal Lindsey, published *1970? Chick Publications founded *1971 New American Standard Bible published *1971 Liberty University founded by Jerry Falwell Sr., Jerry Falwell *1972 Most Lutheran free churches in Germany merge, forming the Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church *1972, William Johnson becomes first openly gay man ordained by the United Church of Christ *1973, June 12: Near the city of Akita, Akita, Akita, received a Marian apparition, Marian apparitiion known as Our Lady of Akita in which three messages were given to her over a period 5 months *1973 Trinity Broadcasting Network founded by Paul and Jan Crouch *1973 New International Version of the Bible is first published (revised in 1978, 1984), using a variety of Greek texts, Masoretic Hebrew texts, and current English style *1973 Walkout at Concordia Seminary begins the Seminex controversy in the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod *1974 Jim Bakker founds PTL television ministry *1975 Bruce Metzger's ''Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' published *1976 Anneliese Michel, Bavarian woman, undergoes exorcism against demon possession *1976 Suicide by self-immolation of East German pastor Oskar Brüsewitz, leads to mass protests against communism *1977 New Perspective on Paul movement begun with E. P. Sanders' 1977 work ''Paul and Palestinian Judaism''. *1977 Focus on the Family founded by James Dobson *1978 Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy issued *1978–2005 Pope John Paul II: reaffirmed moral traditions (''The Splendor of Truth'') *1979 Nova Vulgata replaces Clementine Vulgate *1979 Moral Majority founded by Jerry Falwell *1979 Jesus (1979 film), most watched movie of all time according to New York Times *1979–1982? New King James Version, complete revision of the 1611 Authorized King James Version, Authorized (King James) Version, updates archaisms while retaining style *1980 Glacier View Conference: Seventh-day Adventist pastor and professor Desmond Ford is defrocked for questioning the sanctuary doctrine of the church, in a 1979 lecture at Pacific Union College *1981 Kibeho, Rwanda, reported that "Our Lady" appeared to several teenagers telling them to pray to avoid "rivers of blood" (Marian apparitions) *1981 Mother Angelica launches EWTN; it grows to become one of the largest television networks in the world; the operation expands to radio in 1992 *1981 Institute on Religion and Democracy is founded *1981 Pope John Paul II shot by Mehmet Ali Agca; survives and later forgives him *1982 Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics *1985
Jesus Seminar The Jesus Seminar was a group of about 50 critical biblical scholars and 100 laymen founded in 1985 by Robert Funk that originated under the auspices of the Westar Institute.''Making Sense of the New Testament'' by Craig Blomberg (Mar 1, 2004) ...
founded *1985 E. P. Sanders' ''Jesus and Judaism'' published *1986 Chicago Statement on Biblical Application *1986 Dutch Remonstrant Brotherhood becomes the first Protestant church worldwide to approve seme-sex marriage. *1986 Desmond Tutu becomes Anglican Archbishop of South Africa; joins anti-apartheid movement *1987 Danvers Statement – Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood *1988 Evangelical Lutheran Church in America founded *1988 Lutheran Council in the United States of America dissolved *1988 Christian Coalition of America, Christian Coalition founded by Pat Robertson *1988 The Last Temptation of Christ (film), The Last Temptation of Christ, directed by Martin Scorsese, is released by Universal Pictures, and promptly attacked as heretical by organized Christian and Catholic groups *1988 The celebration of 1,000 years since the baptism of Kievan Rus throughout the R.O.C. *1988 Assemblies of God pastor Jimmy Swaggart caught in sex scandal *1989 New Revised Standard Version *1991 John P. Meier's series ''A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus'', v. 1 *1992 New Catechism of the Catholic Church published *1993 Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference founded *1993 International Lutheran Council founded *1994 "Evangelicals & Catholics Together" *1994 Porvoo Communion *1994 Answers In Genesis founded by Ken Ham *1994, July 3: Glorification of St. John of Shanghai and San Francisco *1996 Cambridge Declaration – Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals *1997, March 5–10
World Council of Churches: Towards a Common Date for Easter
see also Reform of the date of Easter *199
International House of Prayer
in Kansas City begins non-stop 24/7 continual prayer *1999, October 31: signing of the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification between the Lutheran World Federation and the Catholic Church *1999 Gospel of Jesus Christ – An Evangelical Celebration; a consensus Gospel endorsed by various evangelical leaders including J.I. Packer, John Ankerberg, Jerry Falwell, Thomas C. Oden, R.C. Sproul, Wayne Grudem, Charles Swindoll, et al. *1999 Radical orthodoxy Christian theological movement begins, critiquing modern secularism and emphasizing the return to traditional doctrine; similar to the Paleo-orthodoxy Christian theological movement of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, which sees the consensual understanding of the faith among the Church Fathers as the basis of Biblical interpretation and the foundation of the Church *2000 Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ founded in schism from Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) over fellowship with the Episcopal Church (United States), Episcopal Church *2000 Visions of the Virgin Mary are reported in Assiut, Upper Egypt; phenomena associated to Mary is reported again in 2006, in a church at the same location during the Alexandrian Rite, Divine Liturgy. Local Coptic priests and then the Coptic Orthodox Church of Assiut issue statements in 2000 and 2006 respectively


21st century

*2001 Armenia marks 1,700th anniversary of Armenian Apostolic Church, Christianity as its state religion (First country to adopt Christianity as its state religion – Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity), Kingdom of Armenia – 301 AD) *2003 Mission Province is established in Church of Sweden: heralding a new era for confessional Lutheranism in Scandinavia *2003 – Publication of ''Back To Jerusalem Called to Complete the Great Commission'' *2003 – Coptic priest Fr. Zakaria Botros begins his television and internet mission to Muslims, resulting in thousands of conversions *2005 Death of Pope John Paul II, election of Pope Benedict XVI *2005 United Church of Christ becomes first protestant denomination to support same-sex marriage in the U.S., and one of the first denominations worldwide to do so *2006 Legion of Christ begins to rapidly decline following the Sexual scandal of Marcial Maciel, disgrace of its founder Marcial Maciel *2006 World Methodist Council votes unanimously to adopt the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification *2006 Abdul Rahman (convert), Abdul Rahman, an Afghan Christian convert, is forced out of Afghanistan by local Muslim leaders and exiled to Italy *2006 Jerusalem Declaration on Christian Zionism, signed by several Christian denominations in the Middle East, criticizes the doctrine as associating the Gospel with imperialism and militarism *2007 American Association of Lutheran Churches and LCMS declare pulpit and altar fellowship *2007, May 17: Russian Orthodox Church is Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate, reunified after 80 years of schism with Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, a formerly True Orthodoxy, True Orthodox sect that officially became semi-Autonomous *2007 Pope Benedict XVI issues his motu proprio ''Summorum Pontificum'', which liberalized the use of the traditional Latin Mass *2008 Conservative Anglican Church, Anglicans indicate plans to split from liberal Anglicans in "The Jerusalem Declaration" *2009 Father Damien, Damien of Molokai canonized; apostle to lepers *2009, August 21: 2009 ELCA Churchwide Assembly, Minneapolis Churchwide Assembly of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, ELCA passes four ministry policy resolutions that permit clergy in committed homosexual partnerships to be rostered leaders within the ELCA *2009 Mar Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly declared Servant of God *2009 ''Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience'' is issued, signed by over 150 American religious leaders *2009 Anglican Church in North America is founded by former Episcopalian churches *2009 Pope Benedict XVI issues apostolic constitution ''Anglicanorum coetibus'', establishing personal ordinariates for Anglican Use Catholics *2010 Lutheran CORE creates North American Lutheran Church in schism from the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, ELCA *2010, October 31: Attack on Baghdad church results in 52 deaths"Eyewitness: Baghdad church siege"
*2011, January 1: A church in Alexandria, Egypt, 2011 Alexandria bombing, is bombed, killing 21 people, mostly Christians *2011 Martyrdom of Shahbaz Bhatti, Pakistani politician, the only Christian elected member of the National Assembly of Pakistan, National Assembly, and outspoken critic of Blasphemy law in Pakistan, Pakistan's blasphemy laws *2012: ECO: A Covenant Order of Evangelical Presbyterians established by former members of the Presbyterian Church (USA) *2013, March: Pope Francis, an Argentinean, becomes the first non-European pope in modern times, first pope from the Jesuit order, the first pope from the Americas, and the first pope from the Southern Hemisphere. *2014 No Mass is said in Mosul for the first time in 1,600 years due to the city's Fall of Mosul, fall to Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, ISIL *2015: Catholicos Karekin II Canonization, canonizes 1.5 million Armenians killed in Armenian genocide as martyrs *2015 2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya, Coptic Martyrs in Libya *2016, June 19 – June 26: The Pan-Orthodox Council at Crete *2016: Four cardinals issue ''Amoris laetitia#Dubia, dubia'', asking Pope Francis to clarify his statements on divorced and civilly remarried couples receiving Holy Communion *2018: Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò accuses Pope Francis of removing sanctions placed on then-Cardinal Theodore McCarrick *2018: Pope Francis China–Holy See relations#September 2018 Holy See–China Agreement, signs agreement allowing Chinese Communist Party to appoint bishops while crackdown on Chinese Catholics continues *2018, early October: Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople decides to grant autocephaly to proposed Ukrainian Orthodox Church on January 6, 2019. *2018, October 15: Russian Orthodox Church announces 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism, break in relations with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople over objections of communion with the formerly noncanonical Ukrainian Orthodox Churches *2018, December 15: Unification council of the Eastern Orthodox churches of Ukraine, Unification council merges former Ukrainian Orthodox Churches of UOC-KP, UAOC, and parts of UOC-MP into the unified Orthodox Church of Ukraine, Ukrainian Orthodox Church *2020, March: Public masses suspended in cities around the world due to COVID-19 pandemic *2021, July 12: Baselios Marthoma Paulose II (Catholicose of the East and Malankara Metropolitan) Supreme Head of the Indian Orthodox Church, dies


See also

* Christ myth theory * Chronology of the Bible * Great Church * History of ancient Israel and Judah * Timeline of Christian missions * Timeline of the Catholic Church


Footnotes


Sources

*''World Almanac and Book of Facts'' *''Academic American Encyclopedia'' (on Compuserve) *''Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary'' *English Versions of the Bible by John Berchmans Dockery O.F.M.
''Catholic Encyclopedia'': Biblical Chronology


External links


Christian History Project
Online Version of the 12-Volume Popular History Series ''The Christians : Their First Two Thousand Years'', Sponsored by the Society to Explore and Record Christian History *Orthodoxwiki:Timeline of Church History, OrthodoxWiki: Timeline of Church History (from the Orthodox POV)
St. Ignatius Church: Timeline
(from the Orthodox POV)

– Important events, locations, people and movements in World Evangelism {{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Christianity Timelines of Christianity,