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First Epistle To The Thessalonians
The First Epistle to the Thessalonians is a Pauline epistle of the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The epistle is attributed to Paul the Apostle, and is addressed to the church in Thessalonica, in modern-day Greece. It is likely among the first of Paul's letters, probably written by the end of AD 52,Raymond E. Brown, ''An Introduction to the New Testament'', Anchor Bible, 1997. pp. 456–66. though some scholars believe the Epistle to the Galatians may have been written by AD 48. Background and Audience Thessalonica is a city on the Thermaic Gulf, which at the time of Paul was within the Roman Empire. Paul visited Thessalonica and preached to the local population, winning converts who became a Christian community. There is debate as to whether or not Paul's converts were originally Jewish. The Acts of the Apostles describes Paul preaching in a Jewish synagogue and persuaded people who were already Jewish that Jesus was the Messiah, but in 1 Thessalonians itself Paul sa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Mosquensis I
Codex Mosquensis I designated by Kap or 018 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), Απρ1 ( Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of New Testament, palaeographically it has been assigned to the 9th century. The manuscript is lacunose. Description The manuscript contains an almost complete text of the Catholic and Pauline epistles, with the exception of two lacunae (Romans 10:18—1 Corinthians 6:13; 1 Corinthians 8:8-11). Formerly it also contained the Acts of the Apostles, which book has been lost. The text is written on 288 parchment leaves (), in 2 columns per page, 27 lines per page, in uncial script, but separated into paragraphs by comments, written in minuscule script.Bruce M. Metzger, Bart D. Ehrman, "The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration", ''Oxford University Press'', New York - Oxford 2005, p. 77. There are some scholia at the foot of the pages attributed to John Chrysostom. It contains breathings and accents. Text The Greek text ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Epistle To The Thessalonians
The Second Epistle to the Thessalonians is a book from the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle, with Timothy as a co-author. Modern biblical scholarship is divided on whether the epistle was written by Paul; some scholars believe Paul wrote this epistle, but others reject its authenticity based on what they see as differences in style and theology between this and the First Epistle to the Thessalonians. Scholars who support its authenticity view it as having been written around 51–52 AD, shortly after the First Epistle. Those who see it as a later composition assign a date of around 80–115 AD. The original text was written in Koine Greek. Composition The authenticity of this epistle is still in widespread dispute. As Professor Ernest Best, New Testament scholar, explains the problem: The structures of the two letters (to which Best refers) include opening greetings ( 1 Thessalonians 1:1a, 2 Thessalonians 1:1–2) a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ferdinand Christian Baur
Ferdinand Christian Baur (21 June 1792 – 2 December 1860) was a German Protestant theologian and founder and leader of the (new) Tübingen School of theology (named for the University of Tübingen where Baur studied and taught). Following Hegel's theory of dialectic, Baur argued that second century Christianity represented the synthesis of two opposing theses: Jewish Christianity (Petrine Christianity) and Gentile Christianity (Pauline Christianity). This and the rest of Baur's work had a profound impact upon higher criticism of biblical and related texts. Adolf Hilgenfeld followed Baur's lead and edited the Tübingen School's journal, though he was less radical than Baur. A patristic scholar and philosopher at Tübingen, Albert Schwegler, gave the School's theories their most vigorous expression. The School's influence peaked in the 1840s, but was waning by the early twentieth century."Tübingen School." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clement Schrader
Clement Schrader (November 1820 at Itzum, in Hanover, Germany – 23 February 1875 at Poitiers, France) was a German Jesuit theologian. Life Schrader studied at the German College at Rome (1840–48) and entered the Society of Jesus on 17 May 1848. For a time he filled the post of prefect of studies in the German College; subsequently he lectured in the Roman College on dogmatic theology, and later on joined the theological faculty of Vienna. In 1867 he became a member of the theological commission appointed to prepare the preliminary drafts for the First Vatican Council. On his refusal to take the oath of fidelity to the Constitution of 1867 he was, not long after the council had been prorogued, deprived of his professorship by the Austrian Government. The remainder of his life was devoted to the teaching of theology at the University of Poitiers, where he succumbed to an attack of pneumonia. Works Schrader's grasp of scholastic theology is evidenced by many works. Chief ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minuscule 699 (GA) Folio 18
Minuscule 699 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ104 ( von Soden),Hermann von Soden, ''Die Schriften des neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt / hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte'' (Berlin 1902), vol. 1, p. 105. is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. Some leaves of the manuscript were lost. Scrivener labelled it by 603e. Description The codex contains the text of the New Testament on 369 parchment leaves (size ), with some lacunaeHandschriftenliste at the Münster Institute (Romans 16:19–27; 1 Cor 1:1–11; 2 Cor 10:9–13:13; Gal 1:1–12). Four leaves are unfoliated on paper. The order of books is usual for the Greek manuscripts: Gospels, Acts, Catholic epistles, Pauline epi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul The Apostle And Judaism
Paul the Apostle has been placed within Second Temple Judaism by recent scholarship since the 1970s. A main point of departure with older scholarship is the understanding of Second Temple Judaism; the covenant with God and the role of works as a means to either gain or keep the covenant. A central concern for Paul was the inclusion of Gentiles into God's New Covenant, and the role of faith and commandments in the inclusion of Gentile converts. Paul did not deem circumcision necessary, as witnessed throughout his writings, but thought that God included Gentiles into his New Covenant through faith in Christ. This brought him into conflict with the Judaizers, a faction of the Jewish Christians who demanded strict observance of the Mosaic Law by Gentile Christians. Eventually the less strict view prevailed, and led to the separation of Gentile Christianity from Judaism. Overview Paul's influence on Christian thinking is considered to be more significant than that of any othe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Justification By Faith
''Justificatio sola fide'' (or simply ''sola fide''), meaning justification by faith alone, is a soteriological doctrine in Christian theology commonly held to distinguish the Lutheran and Reformed traditions of Protestantism, among others, from the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian churches. The doctrine asserts that it is on the basis of faith that believers are made right of their transgressions of the law of God rather than on the basis of what Paul calls "works of the law", sometimes called good works. This forgiveness is known as " justification". In classical Lutheran and Reformed theologies, works are seen to be ''evidence'' of faith, but the works themselves do not determine salvation. In contrast, Methodist doctrine affirms a belief in justification by faith that offers God's forgiveness, but holds that holy living with the goal of Christian perfection (sanctification) is essential for salvation. The doctrine of justification by faith alo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Delphi Inscription
The Delphi Inscription, or Gallio Inscription ( IG, VII, 1676; SIGII, 801d, is the name given to the collection of nine fragments of a letter written by the Roman emperor Claudius c. 52 CE which was discovered early in the 20th century at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi, Greece. Text The reconstructed inscription begins thus: :Tiber us Claudius Caear Augustus Ge manicus, invested with tribunician poer or the 12th time, acclaimed Imperator for te 26th time, F ther of the Faher and... For a l ng time have I been not onl ell-disposed towards te ci yof Delph , but also solicitous for its properity, and I have always guard d th cul of te ythianApol o. Butnow inceit is said to be desti ue of itiens, as . Junus Gallio, my fri ndan proconul, ecently reported to me, and being desirous that Delphishould retain ntat its for er rank, Iord r you (pl.) to inite well-born people also from ter cities o Delphi as new inhabitants.... The reference to proconsul Gallio in the inscription ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thessalonica
Thessaloniki (; el, Θεσσαλονίκη, , also known as Thessalonica (), Saloniki, or Salonica (), is the second-largest city in Greece, with over one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of the geographic region of Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace. It is also known in Greek as (), literally "the co-capital", a reference to its historical status as the () or "co-reigning" city of the Byzantine Empire alongside Constantinople. Thessaloniki is located on the Thermaic Gulf, at the northwest corner of the Aegean Sea. It is bounded on the west by the delta of the Axios. The municipality of Thessaloniki, the historical center, had a population of 317,778 in 2021, while the Thessaloniki metropolitan area had 1,091,424 inhabitants in 2021. It is Greece's second major economic, industrial, commercial and political centre, and a major transportation hub for Greece and south ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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