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Turrid, plural turrids, is a common name for a very large group of
predatory Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill th ...
sea snails, marine gastropod
mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000  extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...
s which until recently were all classified in the family
Turridae Turridae is a taxonomic family name for a number of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. MolluscaBase (2018). Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Specie ...
. However, recently the family was discovered to be
polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...
and therefore was split into a number of families. The original family Turridae used to contain more than 4,000 species.Des Beechey (2003)
Family Turridae. Turrids.
Accessed 30 November 2007. the Turridae (''sensu'' Powell 1966) It was the largest mollusk family and the largest group of marine caenogastropods. There were approximately 27,000 described scientific names (accepted names plus synonyms) within the family Turridae. Turrids constituted more than half of the predatory species of gastropods in some parts of the world (Taylor et al. 1980). However, this very large family was shown to be polyphyletic, and in 2011 it was divided into 13 separate families by Bouchet, Kantor, Sysoev and Puilandre. The single most complete collection of turrids in museums worldwide is in the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, formerly the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, is the oldest natural science research institution and museum in the Americas. It was founded in 1812, by many of the leading nat ...
malacology collection; this is because of specialized collecting by the American malacologist Virginia Orr Maes (1920-1986).Robertson R. (1987). "Virginia Orr Maes (1920-1986): Biography and Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia The ''Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, formerly the Acad ...
'' 139
527
532.


Distribution

Turrids are found worldwide in every sea and ocean from both poles to the tropics. They occur from the low-intertidal zone to depths of more than eight thousand metres (e.g., '' Xanthodaphne levis'' Sysoev, 1988, collected between 7974–8006 m, in the
Bougainville Trench Bougainville may refer to: Places * Autonomous Region of Bougainville, historically known as the North Solomons, ** Bougainville Island, the main island of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea *** Bougainville campaign, Worl ...
). However, most species of turrids are found in the
neritic zone The neritic zone (or sublittoral zone) is the relatively shallow part of the ocean above the drop-off of the continental shelf, approximately in depth. From the point of view of marine biology it forms a relatively stable and well-illuminated ...
.


Shell description

Most turrids are rather small, with a height under 2 cm, but the adult shells of different species are between 0.3 and 11.4 cm in height. The shape of the shells is more or less fusiform, varying from very high-spired to broadly ovate. The whorls are elongate to broadly conical. The
sculpture Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable ...
is very variable in form, but most have axial sculpture or spiral sculpture (or a combination of both). Others may be reticulate, beaded, nodulose, or striate. The
aperture In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane. An ...
of the shell very often has a V-shaped sinus or notch, an indentation on the upper end of the outer lip. This accommodates the anal
siphonal notch A siphonal notch is a feature of the shell anatomy in some sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. In these particular groups of sea snails the animal has a soft tubular anterior extension of the mantle called a siphon through which water is dra ...
, commonly known as the "turrid notch". The siphonal canal is usually open, varying from short and stocky to long and slender. The position of the turrid notch of the shell and the form and sculpture of the whorls have traditionally been the primary methods of classifying the turrids. The
columella Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (; Arabic: , 4 – ) was a prominent writer on agriculture in the Roman Empire. His ' in twelve volumes has been completely preserved and forms an important source on Roman agriculture, together with the wo ...
is usually smooth and only seldom shows labial plicae. The operculum is horny, but is not always present. Turrids are carnivorous, predatory gastropods. Most species have a poison gland used with the toxoglossan radula, used to prey on vertebrates and invertebrate animals (mostly
polychaete Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called parapodia that bear many bristles, called chaetae, which are made ...
worms) or in self-defense. Some turrids have lost the radula and the poison gland. The radula, when present, has two or three teeth in a row. It lacks lateral teeth and the marginal teeth are of the wishbone or duplex type. The teeth with a duplex form are not shaped from two distinct elements but grow from a flat plate, by thickening at the edges of the teeth and elevation of the rear edge from the membrane. Female turrids lay their eggs in lens-shaped capsules.


History of the taxonomy

The turrids were perceived as one of the most difficult groups to study because of a large number of supra-specific described taxa, which are complicated by their species diversity. Although some species of turrids are relatively common, many are rare, some being known only from single specimens; this is another factor that makes studying the group difficult. ;2011 taxonomy The previous (2005) classification system for the group was thoroughly changed by the publication in 2011 of the articl
Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011) A new operational classification of the Conoidea. Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308.
The authors presented a new classification of the Conoidea on the genus level, based on anatomical characters but also on the molecular phylogeny as presented by Puillandre N., et al., 2008. The
polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...
family Turridae was resolved into 13 monophyletic families (containing 358 currently recognized genera and subgenera) : *
Conorbidae Conorbidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: ...
*
Borsoniidae Borsoniidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet, P. (2011). Borsoniidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.o ...
*
Clathurellidae Clathurellidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011). "A new operational classification of the Conoidea". '' ...
* Mitromorphidae *
Mangeliidae Mangeliidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized, predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. Bouchet, P. (2011). Mangeliidae P. Fischer, 1883. In: MolluscaBase (2016). Accessed through: World Re ...
*
Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.) (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". ''Malacologia'' 47(1-2). . 39 ...
* Cochlespiridae *
Drilliidae The Drilliidae are a taxonomic family of small predatory sea snails with high-spired shells. They are classified as marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. This family has no subfamilies. It consists of about 30 genera and app ...
* Pseudomelatomidae (= Crassispiridae) *
Clavatulidae Clavatulidae is a taxonomic family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. The family is not well differentiated morphologically. Clavatulidae was raised, based on cladistic analysis, from subfamily to the family ...
* Horaiclavidae * Turridae ''s.s.'' * Strictispiridae ;2005 taxonomy According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, which attempted to set out a stable taxonomy, this group consisted of the following five subfamilies: * Turrinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838) - synonyms: Pleurotominae Gray, 1838; Lophiotominae Morrison, 1965 (n.a.) * Cochlespirinae Powell, 1942 * Crassispirinae McLean, 1971 - synonym: Belinae A. Bellardi, 1875 * Zemaciinae Sysoev, 2003 * Zonulispirinae McLean, 1971


Genera

Genera in the family Turridae used to include: Powell A. W. B., ''New Zealand Mollusca'', William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979 . * '' Abyssocomitas'' Sysoev & Kantor, 1986 * '' Acamptogenotia'' Rovereto, 1899 * '' Aforia'' Dall, 1889 * '' Anacithara'' Hedley, 1922 * '' Ancistrosyrinx'' Dall, 1881 * '' Anticomitas'' Powell, 1942 * '' Antiguraleus'' Powell, 1942 * '' Antimelatoma'' Powell, 1942 * '' Antiplanes'' Dall, 1902 * '' Aoteadrillia'' Powell, 1942 * '' Apiotoma'' Cossmann, 1889 * '' Asperdaphne'' Hedley, 1922 * '' Austrodrillia'' Hedley, 1918 * '' Bathybela'' Kobelt, 1905 * ''
Belalora ''Belalora'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae. Species Species within the genus ''Belalora'' include: * '' Belalora cunninghami'' (E. A. Smith, 1881) * ''Belalora striatula'' (Thiele, 1912) * '' Belalo ...
'' Powell, 1951 * '' Benthoclionella'' Kilburn, 1974 * '' Buchema'' Corea, 1934 * '' Burchia'' Bartsch, 1944 * '' Calcatodrillia'' Kilburn, 1988 * '' Carinapex'' Dall, 1924 * '' Carinodrillia'' Dall, 1919 * '' Carinoturris'' Bartsch, 1944 * '' Ceritoturris'' Dall, 1924 * '' Cheungbeia'' Taylor & Wells, 1994 * '' Clavatula'' Lamarck, 1801 * '' Clavosurcula'' Schepman, 1913 * ''
Clavus Clavus may refer to: * Claudius Clavus (born 1388), 15th-century Danish cartographer * ''Clavus'' (gastropod), a genus of snails in the family Drilliidae * The Roman ''clavus'', a reddish-purple stripe on garments that distinguished members of th ...
'' Montfort, 1810 * ''
Clionella ''Clionella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Clavatulidae. Description The shell of the species in this genus is narrowly bucciniform and turriculated. The protoconch is somewhat conical, containing 2 whorls. T ...
'' Gray, 1847 * '' Cochlespira'' Conrad, 1865 * '' Compsodrillia'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Conorbela'' Powell, 1951 * '' Conticosta'' Laseron, 1954 * '' Crassiclava'' McLean, 1971 * '' Crassispira'' Swainson, 1840 * '' Cretaspira'' Kuroda & Oyama, 1971 * '' Cryptogemma'' Dall, 1918 * '' Cymakra'' Gardner, 1937 * '' Danilacarina'' Bozzetti, 1997 * ''
Daphnella ''Daphnella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Not to be confused with ''Daphnella'' Baird, 1850, a synonym of ''Diaphanosoma'' Fischer, 1850 belonging to the Sididae, a family of ctenopods. Des ...
'' Hinds, 1844 * '' Darrylia'' Garcia, 2008 * '' Decollidrillia'' Habe & Ito, 1965 * '' Doxospira'' McLean, 1971 * '' Eosurcula'' * '' Epideira'' Hedley, 1918 * '' Epidirona'' Iredale, 1931 * '' Fenimorea'' Bartsch, 1934 * '' Fusiturricula'' Woodring, 1928 * ''
Fusiturris ''Fusiturris'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Fusiturridae Fusiturridae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea Conoidea is a superfamil ...
'' Thiele, 1929 * '' Gemmula'' Weinkauff, 1875 * '' Graciliclava'' Shuto, 1983 * '' Haedropleura'' Monterosato in Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883 * '' Hauturua'' Powell, 1942 * '' Hemilienardia'' Boettger, 1895 * '' Heterocithara'' Hedley, 1922 * '' Hindsiclava'' Hertlein and Strong, 1955 * '' Horaiclavus'' Oyama, 1954 * '' Inodrillia'' Bartsch, 1943 * ''
Inquisitor An inquisitor was an official (usually with judicial or investigative functions) in an inquisition – an organization or program intended to eliminate heresy and other things contrary to the doctrine or teachings of the Catholic faith. Literall ...
'' Hedley, 1918 * '' Iotyrris'' Medinskaya & Sysoev, 2001 * '' Iredalea'' Oliver, 1915 * '' Irenosyrinx'' Dall, 1908 * '' Iwaoa'' Kuroda, 1953 * '' Knefastia'' Dall, 1919 * '' Kurilohadalia'' Sysoev & Kantor, 1986 * '' Kurodadrillia'' Azuma, 1975 * '' Kuroshioturris'' Shuto, 1961 * '' Leucosyrinx'' Dall, 1889 :p * '' Lienardia'' Jousseaume 1884 * '' Lioglyphostoma'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Lophiotoma'' Casey, 1904 * '' Lophioturris'' Powell, 1964 * '' Liracraea'' Odhner, 1924 * ''
Lora Lora is a female given name and family name in the Spanish language of French origin meaning from Lorraine, a region in Northeastern France. As a given name, Lora may also be a variant of Laura or derived from an Italian hypocoristic of either E ...
'' Gistl, 1848 * ''
Lucerapex ''Lucerapex'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids. Distribution This marine genus has a wide Indo-West Pacific distribution. Fossils have been in Quaternary strata on Timor and Indonesia and ...
'' Iredale, 1936 * '' Lusitanops'' F. Nordsieck, 1968 * '' Maesiella'' McLean, 1971 * '' Makiyamaia'' Kuroda, 1961 * '' Marshallena'' Finlay, 1926 * '' Mauidrillia'' Powell, 1942 * '' Megasurcula'' Casey, 1904 * '' Microdrillia'' Casey, 1903 * '' Micropleurotoma'' Thiele, 1929 * '' Miraclathurella'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Monilispira'' Bartsch & Rehder, 1939 * '' Naskia'' Sysoev & Ivanov, 1985 * '' Neodrillia'' Bartsch, 1943 * '' Neoguraleus'' Powell, 1939 * '' Neopleurotomoides'' Shuto, 1925 * '' Nihonia'' McNeil, 1961 * '' Nodotoma'' Bartsch, 1941 * '' Nquma'' Kilburn, 1988 * ''
Oenopota ''Oenopota'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae. This genus doesn't form a monophyletic group. Therefore many species are only tentatively placed within this genus. Description In 1941 Paul Bartsch ...
'' Moerch, 1852 * '' Paradrillia'' Makiyama, 1940 * ''
Perrona ''Perrona'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Clavatulidae. Description In this genus the spire is carinated or smooth. The whorls are not tubercular or spinose. The anal sinus can be found more or less near the ...
'' Schumacher, 1817 * '' Philbertia'' Monterosato, 1884 * '' Phymorhynchus'' Dall, 1908 * '' Pilsbryspira'' Bartsch, 1950 * '' Pinguigemmula'' McNeil, 1961 * '' Plicisyrinx'' Sysoev & Kantor, 1986 * '' Polystira'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Pseudexomilus'' Powell, 1944 * '' Pseudotaranis'' McLean, 1995 * '' Psittacodrillia'' Kilburn, 1988 * '' Ptychobela'' Thiele, 1925 * '' Ptychosyrinx'' Thiele, 1925 * '' Pusionella'' Gray, 1847 * '' Pyrgospira'' McLean, 1971 * '' Rectiplanes'' Bartsch, 1944 * '' Rhodopetoma'' Bartsch, 1944 * '' Riuguhdrillia'' Oyama, 1951 * '' Scaevatula'' Gofas, 1990 * '' Shutonia'' van der Bijl, 1993 * '' Sinistrella'' Meyer, 1887 * '' Spirotropis'' Sars, 1878 * '' Splendrillia'' Dell, 1956 * '' Steiraxis'' Dall, 1896 * '' Stenodrillia'' Korobkov, 1955 * '' Striatoguraleus'' Kilburn, 1994 * '' Surcula'' H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 * ''
Teretia ''Teretia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purp ...
'' Norman, 1888 * '' Tomella'' Swainson, 1840 * '' Toxiclionella'' Powell, 1966 * '' Turricula'' Schumacher, 1817 * '' Turridrupa'' Hedley, 1922 * '' Turris'' Röding, 1798 - type genus * '' Unedogemmula'' MacNeil, 1961 * ''
Veprecula ''Veprecula'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description (Original description) This genus has been created by Melvill in 1917 for a series of deep-water species of ''Clathurella'' with several pe ...
'' Melvill, 1917 * '' Vexitomina'' Powell, 1942 * '' Viridoturris'' Powell, 1964 * '' Viridrillia'' Bartsch, 1943 * '' Vitricythara'' Fargo, 1953 * '' Zemacies'' Finlay, 1926 * '' Zonulispira'' Bartsch, 1950 Image:Antimelatoma buchanani maorum.JPG, '' Antimelatoma buchanani'' Image:Comitas peelae 003.jpg, '' Comitas peelae'' Image:Crassispira incrassata 003.jpg, '' Crassispira incrassata'' Image:Epalxis cataphracta 01.JPG, '' Epalxis cataphracta'' Image:Gemmula unedo 01.JPG, '' Gemmula unedo'' Image:Iotyrris cingulifera 001.jpg, '' Iotyrris cingulifera'' Image:Lophiotoma indica 001.jpg, '' Lophiotoma indica'' Image:Megasurcula carpenteriana 2.jpg, '' Megasurcula carpenteriana'' Image:Pilsbryspira leucocyma 001.jpg, '' Pilsbryspira leucocyma'' Image:Polystira albida (G. Perry, 1811) 2013 000.JPG, '' Polystira albida'' Image:Turris crispa crispa 01.JPG, '' Turris crispa'' Image:Zonulispira chrysochildosa 002.jpg, '' Zonulispira chrysochildosa''


References


Further reading

* Kilburn R. N. (1983). "Turridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of southern Africa and Mozambique. Part 1. Subfamily Turrinae." ''Ann. Natal. Mus.'' 25: 549–585. * McLean J. (1971). "A revised classification of the family Turridae, with the proposal of new subfamilies, genera, and subgenera from the Eastern Pacific". ''Veliger'' 14: 114–130. * Powell A. W. B. (1964). "The family Turridae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1, The subfamily Turrinae". ''Indo-Pacific Mollusca'' 1: 227–345. * Tucker J. K. (2004). "Catalog of Recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)". ''
Zootaxa ''Zootaxa'' is a peer-reviewed scientific mega journal for animal taxonomists. It is published by Magnolia Press (Auckland, New Zealand). The journal was established by Zhi-Qiang Zhang in 2001 and new issues are published multiple times a week ...
'' 682: 1–1295
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External links


(older) Turrid Classification
{Dead link, date=July 2018 , bot=InternetArchiveBot , fix-attempted=no Mollusc common names Polyphyletic groups