academic discipline An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, ...

field of study Field may refer to: Expanses of open ground * Field (agriculture), an area of land used for agricultural purposes * Airfield, an aerodrome that lacks the infrastructure of an airport * Battlefield * Lawn, an area of mowed grass * Meadow, a grass ...

is a branch of

knowledge Knowledge can be defined as Descriptive knowledge, awareness of facts or as Procedural knowledge, practical skills, and may also refer to Knowledge by acquaintance, familiarity with objects or situations. Knowledge of facts, also called pro ...

, taught and

research Research is " creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge". It involves the collection, organization and analysis of evidence to increase understanding of a topic, characterized by a particular attentiveness ...

ed as part of

higher education Higher education is tertiary education leading to award of an academic degree. Higher education, also called post-secondary education, third-level or tertiary education, is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after comple ...

. A scholar's discipline is commonly defined by the university faculties and

learned societies A learned society (; also learned academy, scholarly society, or academic association) is an organization that exists to promote an academic discipline, profession, or a group of related disciplines such as the arts and science. Membership may ...

to which they belong and the

academic journal An academic journal or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation, scrutiny, and ...

s in which they publish

. Disciplines vary between well-established ones that exist in almost all universities and have well-defined rosters of journals and conferences, and nascent ones supported by only a few universities and publications. A discipline may have branches, and these are often called sub-disciplines. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to academic disciplines. In each case an entry at the highest level of the hierarchy (e.g., Humanities) is a group of broadly similar disciplines; an entry at the next highest level (e.g., Music) is a discipline having some degree of autonomy and being the basic identity felt by its scholars; and lower levels of the hierarchy are sub-disciplines not normally having any role in the structure of the university's governance.

Humanities

Performing arts

Music Music is generally defined as the art of arranging sound to create some combination of form, harmony, melody, rhythm or otherwise expressive content. Exact definitions of music vary considerably around the world, though it is an aspe ...

( outline) ** Accompanying ** Chamber music **

Church music Church music is Christian music written for performance in church, or any musical setting of ecclesiastical liturgy, or music set to words expressing propositions of a sacred nature, such as a hymn. History Early Christian music The on ...

** Conducting *** Choral conducting *** Orchestral conducting *** Wind ensemble conducting ** Early music ** Jazz studies ( outline) ** Musical composition ** Music education **

Music history Music history, sometimes called historical musicology, is a highly diverse subfield of the broader discipline of musicology that studies music from a historical point of view. In theory, "music history" could refer to the study of the history o ...

** Musicology ***

Historical musicology Musicology (from Greek μουσική ''mousikē'' 'music' and -λογια ''-logia'', 'domain of study') is the scholarly analysis and research-based study of music. Musicology departments traditionally belong to the humanities, although some mu ...

*** Systematic musicology ** Ethnomusicology ** Music theory ** Orchestral studies **

Organology Organology (from Ancient Greek () 'instrument' and (), 'the study of') is the science of musical instruments and their classifications. It embraces study of instruments' history, instruments used in different cultures, technical aspects of how i ...

*** Organ and historical keyboards ***

Piano The piano is a stringed keyboard instrument in which the strings are struck by wooden hammers that are coated with a softer material (modern hammers are covered with dense wool felt; some early pianos used leather). It is played using a keybo ...

*** Strings, harp,

oud , image=File:oud2.jpg , image_capt=Syrian oud made by Abdo Nahat in 1921 , background= , classification= * String instruments *Necked bowl lutes , hornbostel_sachs=321.321-6 , hornbostel_sachs_desc=Composite chordophone sounded with a plectrum , ...

, and

guitar The guitar is a fretted musical instrument that typically has six strings. It is usually held flat against the player's body and played by strumming or plucking the strings with the dominant hand, while simultaneously pressing selected strin ...

( outline) ***

Singing Singing is the act of creating musical sounds with the voice. A person who sings is called a singer, artist or vocalist (in jazz and/or popular music). Singers perform music (arias, recitatives, songs, etc.) that can be sung with or with ...

***

Woodwinds Woodwind instruments are a family of musical instruments within the greater category of wind instruments. Common examples include flute, clarinet, oboe, bassoon, and saxophone. There are two main types of woodwind instruments: flutes and reed ...

brass Brass is an alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), in proportions which can be varied to achieve different mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties. It is a substitutional alloy: atoms of the two constituents may replace each other wit ...

, and

percussion A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater including attached or enclosed beaters or rattles struck, scraped or rubbed by hand or struck against another similar instrument. Ex ...

Recording A record, recording or records may refer to: An item or collection of data Computing * Record (computer science), a data structure ** Record, or row (database), a set of fields in a database related to one entity ** Boot sector or boot record, r ...

* Dance ( outline) ** Choreography **

Dance notation Dance notation is the symbolic representation of human dance movement and form, using methods such as graphic symbols and figures, path mapping, numerical systems, and letter and word notations. Several dance notation systems have been invented ...

Ethnochoreology Ethnochoreology (also dance ethnology, dance anthropology) is the study of dance through the application of a number of disciplines such as anthropology, musicology, ethnomusicology, and ethnography. The word itself is relatively recent and etym ...

History of dance The history of dance is difficult to access because dance does not often leave behind clearly identifiable physical artifacts that last over millennia, such as stone tools, hunting implements or cave paintings. It is not possible to identify wit ...

Television Television, sometimes shortened to TV, is a telecommunication medium for transmitting moving images and sound. The term can refer to a television set, or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium for advertisin ...

( outline) **

Television studies Television studies is an academic discipline that deals with critical approaches to television. Usually, it is distinguished from mass communication research, which tends to approach the topic from a social sciences perspective. Defining the field ...

Theatre Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers, usually actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. The perform ...

( outline) ** Acting ** Directing ** Dramaturgy **

History of theatre The history of theatre charts the development of theatre over the past 2,500 years. While performative elements are present in every society, it is customary to acknowledge a distinction between theatre as an art form and entertainment and ''th ...

** Musical theatre **

Playwrighting A playwright or dramatist is a person who writes plays. Etymology The word "play" is from Middle English pleye, from Old English plæġ, pleġa, plæġa ("play, exercise; sport, game; drama, applause"). The word "wright" is an archaic English ...

** Puppetry **

Scenography Scenography (inclusive of scenic design, lighting design, sound design, costume design) is a practice of crafting stage environments or atmospheres. In the contemporary English usage, scenography is the combination of technological and material ...

** Stage design **

Ventriloquism Ventriloquism, or ventriloquy, is a performance act of stagecraft in which a person (a ventriloquist) creates the illusion that their voice is coming from elsewhere, usually a puppeteered prop known as a "dummy". The act of ventriloquism is ve ...

* Film ( outline) ** Animation ** Film criticism **

Filmmaking Filmmaking (film production) is the process by which a motion picture is produced. Filmmaking involves a number of complex and discrete stages, starting with an initial story, idea, or commission. It then continues through screenwriting, cast ...

** Film theory **

Live action Live action (or live-action) is a form of cinematography or videography that uses photography instead of animation. Some works combine live-action with animation to create a live-action animated film. Live-action is used to define film, video ...

Visual arts The visual arts are art forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts and architecture. Many artistic disciplines such as performing arts, conceptual art, and textile art ...

Applied arts The applied arts are all the arts that apply design and decoration to everyday and essentially practical objects in order to make them aesthetically pleasing."Applied art" in ''The Oxford Dictionary of Art''. Online edition. Oxford Univ ...

** Animation ** Calligraphy **

Decorative arts ] The decorative arts are arts or crafts whose object is the design and manufacture of objects that are both beautiful and functional. It includes most of the arts making objects for the interiors of buildings, and interior design, but not usual ...

Digital art Digital art refers to any artistic work or practice that uses digital technology as part of the creative or presentation process, or more specifically computational art that uses and engages with digital media. Since the 1960s, various name ...

Mixed media In visual art, mixed media describes artwork in which more than one medium or material has been employed. Assemblages, collages, and sculpture are three common examples of art using different media. Materials used to create mixed media art incl ...

** Printmaking ** Studio art ** Graphic design **

Architecture Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing building ...

( Outline of architecture) *** Interior architecture *** Landscape architecture ****

Landscape design Landscape design is an independent profession and a design and art tradition, practiced by landscape designers, combining nature and culture. In contemporary practice, landscape design bridges the space between landscape architecture and gard ...

****

Landscape planning Landscape planning is a branch of landscape architecture. According to Erv Zube (1931–2002) landscape planning is defined as an activity concerned with developing landscaping amongst competing land uses while protecting natural processes and ...

***

Architectural analytics {{unreferenced, date=March 2014 Architectural analytics is the field of study that focuses on the discovery and identification of meaningful patterns in architecture. Architecture represents a snapshot in time and can, in a very detailed fashion, ...

***

Historic preservation Historic preservation (US), built heritage preservation or built heritage conservation (UK), is an endeavor that seeks to preserve, conserve and protect buildings, objects, landscapes or other artifacts of historical significance. It is a philos ...

***

Interior design Interior design is the art and science of enhancing the interior of a building to achieve a healthier and more aesthetically pleasing environment for the people using the space. An interior designer is someone who plans, researches, coordi ...

( interior architecture) ***

Technical drawing Technical drawing, drafting or drawing, is the act and discipline of composing drawings that visually communicate how something functions or is constructed. Technical drawing is essential for communicating ideas in industry and engineering ...

Fashion Fashion is a form of self-expression and autonomy at a particular period and place and in a specific context, of clothing, footwear, lifestyle, accessories, makeup, hairstyle, and body posture. The term implies a look defined by the fashion i ...

* Fine arts ** Graphic arts *** Drawing ( outline) ***

Painting Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface (called the "matrix" or "support"). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and ai ...

( outline) ***

Photography Photography is the art, application, and practice of creating durable images by recording light, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. It is employe ...

( outline) **

Sculpture Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable ...

( outline)

History History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well ...

African history The history of Africa begins with the emergence of hominids, archaic humans and — around 300–250,000 years ago—anatomically modern humans ('' Homo sapiens''), in East Africa, and continues unbroken into the present as a patchwork of d ...

American history The history of the lands that became the United States began with the arrival of Settlement of the Americas, the first people in the Americas around 15,000 BC. Native American cultures in the United States, Numerous indigenous cultures formed ...

Ancient history Ancient history is a time period from the beginning of writing and recorded human history to as far as late antiquity. The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with the Sumerian cuneiform script. Ancient history cove ...

** Ancient Egypt **

Carthage Carthage was the capital city of Ancient Carthage, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. Carthage was one of the most important trading hubs of the Ancient Mediterranean and one of the most affluent cities of the cla ...

** Ancient Greek history ( outline) ** Ancient Roman history ( outline) ** Assyrian Civilization **

Bronze Age Civilizations Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids such ...

Biblical history The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts of a v ...

** History of the Indus Valley Civilization **

Preclassic Maya The Preclassic period in Maya history stretches from the beginning of permanent village life c. 1000 BC until the advent of the Classic Period c. 250 AD, and is subdivided into Early (prior to 1000 BC), Middle (1000–400 BC), and Late (400 BC – ...

** History of Mesopotamia ** The Stone Age ** History of the Yangtze civilization ** History of the Yellow River civilization * Asian history ** Chinese history **

Indian history According to consensus in modern genetics, anatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago. Quote: "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by m ...

( outline) ** Indonesian history ** Iranian history *

Australian history The history of Australia is the story of the land and peoples of the continent of Australia. Aboriginal Australians, People first arrived on the Australian mainland by sea from Maritime Southeast Asia between 50,000 and 65,000 years ago, and ...

Cultural history Cultural history combines the approaches of anthropology and history to examine popular cultural traditions and cultural interpretations of historical experience. It examines the records and narrative descriptions of past matter, encompassing the ...

* Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church *

Economic history Economic history is the academic learning of economies or economic events of the past. Research is conducted using a combination of historical methods, statistical methods and the application of economic theory to historical situations and i ...

Environmental history Environmental history is the study of human interaction with the natural world over time, emphasising the active role nature plays in influencing human affairs and vice versa. Environmental history first emerged in the United States out of th ...

European history The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500 to AD 1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500). The first early ...

* Intellectual history *

Jewish history Jewish history is the history of the Jews, and their nation, religion, and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions, and cultures. Although Judaism as a religion first appears in Greek records during the Hellenisti ...

Latin American history The term ''Latin America'' primarily refers to the Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries in the New World. Before the arrival of Europeans in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, the region was home to many indigenous peoples, a number of ...

* Modern history * Philosophical history **

Ancient philosophy This page lists some links to ancient philosophy, namely philosophical thought extending as far as early post-classical history (). Overview Genuine philosophical thought, depending upon original individual insights, arose in many culture ...

** Contemporary philosophy **

Medieval philosophy Medieval philosophy is the philosophy that existed through the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century until after the Renaissance in the 13th and 14th centuries. Medieval philosophy, ...

***

Humanism Humanism is a philosophy, philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential and Agency (philosophy), agency of Human, human beings. It considers human beings the starting point for serious moral and philosophical in ...

( outline) *** Scholasticism **

Modern philosophy Modern philosophy is philosophy developed in the modern era and associated with modernity. It is not a specific doctrine or school (and thus should not be confused with ''Modernism''), although there are certain assumptions common to much of i ...

Political history Political history is the narrative and survey of political events, ideas, movements, organs of government, voters, parties and leaders. It is closely related to other fields of history, including diplomatic history, constitutional history, socia ...

** History of political thought * Pre-Columbian era history *

Prehistory Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use ...

* Public history *

Russian history The history of Russia begins with the histories of the East Slavs. The traditional start-date of specifically Russian history is the establishment of the Rus' state in the north in 862, ruled by Varangians. Staraya Ladoga and Novgorod became ...

* Scientific history * Technological history *

World history World history may refer to: * Human history, the history of human beings * History of Earth, the history of planet Earth * World history (field), a field of historical study that takes a global perspective * ''World History'' (album), a 1998 albu ...

Languages and
literature Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include ...

Linguistics Linguistics is the science, scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure ...

(

Outline of linguistics The following outline is provided as an overview and topical guide to linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of natural language. Someone who engages in this study is called a linguist. Linguistics can be theoretical or applied. ...

) **

Applied linguistics Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field which identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. Some of the academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, psychology, communication rese ...

** Composition studies ** Computational linguistics **

Discourse analysis Discourse analysis (DA), or discourse studies, is an approach to the analysis of written, vocal, or sign language use, or any significant semiotic event. The objects of discourse Analysis (discourse, writing, conversation, communicative event) ...

** English studies **

Etymology Etymology ()The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time". is the study of the history of the Phonological chan ...

Grammar In linguistics, the grammar of a natural language is its set of structural constraints on speakers' or writers' composition of clauses, phrases, and words. The term can also refer to the study of such constraints, a field that includes domain ...

Grammatology In modern usage, the term grammatology refers to the scientific study of writing systems or scripts.Gelb, Ignace. 1952. ''A Study of Writing''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press This usage was first elucidated in English by linguist Ignace G ...

Historical linguistics Historical linguistics, also termed diachronic linguistics, is the scientific study of language change over time. Principal concerns of historical linguistics include: # to describe and account for observed changes in particular languages # ...

** History of linguistics **

Interlinguistics Interlinguistics, as the science of planned languages, has existed for more than a century as a specific branch of linguistics for the study of various aspects of linguistic communication. Interlinguistics is a discipline formalized by Otto Jespers ...

** Lexicology ** Linguistic typology **

Morphology (linguistics) In linguistics, morphology () is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. It analyzes the structure of words and parts of words such as stems, root words, prefixes, and suffixes. Morp ...

** Natural language processing **

Philology Philology () is the study of language in oral and written historical sources; it is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics (with especially strong ties to etymology). Philology is also defined as th ...

Phonetics Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies how humans produce and perceive sounds, or in the case of sign languages, the equivalent aspects of sign. Linguists who specialize in studying the physical properties of speech are phoneticians. ...

Phonology Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages or dialects systematically organize their sounds or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a ...

Pragmatics In linguistics and related fields, pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning. The field of study evaluates how human language is utilized in social interactions, as well as the relationship between the interpreter and the in ...

** Psycholinguistics ** Rhetoric **

Semantics Semantics (from grc, σημαντικός ''sēmantikós'', "significant") is the study of reference, meaning, or truth. The term can be used to refer to subfields of several distinct disciplines, including philosophy, linguistics and comp ...

Semiotics Semiotics (also called semiotic studies) is the systematic study of sign processes ( semiosis) and meaning making. Semiosis is any activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, where a sign is defined as anything that communicates something ...

( outline) **

Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any or all aspects of society, including cultural Norm (sociology), norms, expectations, and context (language use), context, on the way language is used, and society's effect on languag ...

** Syntax **

Usage The usage of a language is the ways in which its written and spoken variations are routinely employed by its speakers; that is, it refers to "the collective habits of a language's native speakers", as opposed to idealized models of how a language ...

** Word usage *

Comics studies Comics studies (also comic art studies, sequential art studies or graphic narrative studies) is an academic field that focuses on comics and sequential art. Although comics and graphic novels have been generally dismissed as less relevant pop cul ...

Comparative literature Comparative literature is an academic field dealing with the study of literature and cultural expression across linguistic, national, geographic, and disciplinary boundaries. Comparative literature "performs a role similar to that of the study ...

Creative writing Creative writing is any writing that goes outside the bounds of normal professional, journalistic, academic, or technical forms of literature, typically identified by an emphasis on narrative craft, character development, and the use of literary ...

* English literature *

History of literature The history of literature is the historical development of writings in prose or poetry that attempt to provide entertainment, enlightenment, or instruction to the reader/listener/observer, as well as the development of the literary techniques ...

Ancient literature Ancient literature comprises religious and scientific documents, tales, poetry and plays, royal edicts and declarations, and other forms of writing that were recorded on a variety of media, including stone, stone tablets, papyri, palm leaves, and ...

Medieval literature Medieval literature is a broad subject, encompassing essentially all written works available in Europe and beyond during the Middle Ages (that is, the one thousand years from the fall of the Western Roman Empire ca. AD 500 to the beginning of t ...

Post-colonial literature Postcolonial literature is the literature by people from formerly colonized countries. It exists on all continents except Antarctica. Postcolonial literature often addresses the problems and consequences of the decolonization of a country, espec ...

** Post-modern literature * Literary theory ** Critical theory ( outline) ** Literary criticism ** Poetics *

Poetry Poetry (derived from the Greek ''poiesis'', "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings i ...

Prose Prose is a form of written or spoken language that follows the natural flow of speech, uses a language's ordinary grammatical structures, or follows the conventions of formal academic writing. It differs from most traditional poetry, where the ...

** Fiction ( outline) **

Non-fiction Nonfiction, or non-fiction, is any document or media content that attempts, in good faith, to provide information (and sometimes opinions) grounded only in facts and real life, rather than in imagination. Nonfiction is often associated with b ...

World literature World literature is used to refer to the total of the world's national literature and the circulation of works into the wider world beyond their country of origin. In the past, it primarily referred to the masterpieces of Western European lit ...

African-American literature African American literature is the body of literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent. It begins with the works of such late 18th-century writers as Phillis Wheatley. Before the high point of slave narratives, African ...

** American literature ** British literature

Law Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior,Robertson, ''Crimes against humanity'', 90. with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been vario ...

Administrative law Administrative law is the division of law that governs the activities of executive branch agencies of government. Administrative law concerns executive branch rule making (executive branch rules are generally referred to as "regulations"), ad ...

Canon law Canon law (from grc, κανών, , a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is th ...

* Civil law ** Admiralty law **

Animal law Animal law is a combination of statutory and case law in which the nature legal, social or biological of nonhuman animals is an important factor. Animal law encompasses companion animals, wildlife, animals used in entertainment and animals raise ...

Animal rights Animal rights is the philosophy according to which many or all Animal consciousness, sentient animals have moral worth that is independent of their Utilitarianism, utility for humans, and that their most basic interests—such as avoiding s ...

Civil procedure Civil procedure is the body of law that sets out the rules and standards that courts follow when adjudicating civil lawsuits (as opposed to procedures in criminal law matters). These rules govern how a lawsuit or case may be commenced; what kin ...

Common law In law, common law (also known as judicial precedent, judge-made law, or case law) is the body of law created by judges and similar quasi-judicial tribunals by virtue of being stated in written opinions."The common law is not a brooding omnipres ...

Contract law A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties that creates, defines, and governs mutual rights and obligations between them. A contract typically involves the transfer of goods, services, money, or a promise to tran ...

** Corporations ** Environmental law **

Family law Family law (also called matrimonial law or the law of domestic relations) is an area of the law that deals with family matters and domestic relations. Overview Subjects that commonly fall under a nation's body of family law include: * Marriage ...

Federal law Federal law is the body of law created by the federal government of a country. A federal government is formed when a group of political units, such as states or provinces join in a federation, delegating their individual sovereignty and many po ...

International law International law (also known as public international law and the law of nations) is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally recognized as binding between states. It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework for ...

***

Public international law International law (also known as public international law and the law of nations) is the set of rules, norms, and standards generally recognized as binding between states. It establishes normative guidelines and a common conceptual framework for ...

***

Supranational law Supranational law is a form of international law, based on the limitation of the rights of sovereign nations between one another. It is distinguished from public international law, because in supranational law, nations explicitly submit their right ...

Labor law Labour laws (also known as labor laws or employment laws) are those that mediate the relationship between workers, employing entities, trade unions, and the government. Collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, ...

** Property law **

Tax law Tax law or revenue law is an area of legal study in which public or sanctioned authorities, such as federal, state and municipal governments (as in the case of the US) use a body of rules and procedures (laws) to assess and collect taxes in a ...

Tort law A tort is a civil wrong that causes a claimant to suffer loss or harm, resulting in legal liability for the person who commits the tortious act. Tort law can be contrasted with criminal law, which deals with criminal wrongs that are punishabl ...

( outline) *

Comparative law Comparative law is the study of differences and similarities between the law (legal systems) of different countries. More specifically, it involves the study of the different legal "systems" (or "families") in existence in the world, including the ...

* Competition law *

Constitutional law Constitutional law is a body of law which defines the role, powers, and structure of different entities within a state, namely, the executive, the parliament or legislature, and the judiciary; as well as the basic rights of citizens and, in fe ...

* Criminal law **

Criminal justice Criminal justice is the delivery of justice to those who have been accused of committing crimes. The criminal justice system is a series of government agencies and institutions. Goals include the rehabilitation of offenders, preventing other ...

( outline) ** Criminal procedure *** Forensic science ( outline) ***

Police science Police science is the study and research which deals with police work. Studies and research in criminology, forensic science, psychiatry, psychology, jurisprudence, community policing, criminal justice, correctional administration and penology all c ...

Islamic law Sharia (; ar, شريعة, sharīʿa ) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam and is based on the sacred scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and the ...

* Jewish law ( outline) *

Jurisprudence Jurisprudence, or legal theory, is the theoretical study of the propriety of law. Scholars of jurisprudence seek to explain the nature of law in its most general form and they also seek to achieve a deeper understanding of legal reasoning a ...

(Philosophy of Law) *

Legal management (academic discipline) Legal management or paralegal studies is an academic, vocational, and professional discipline that is a hybrid between the study of law and management (i.e., business administration, public administration, etc.). Often, alumni of legal managem ...

** Commercial law ** Corporate law *

Procedural law Procedural law, adjective law, in some jurisdictions referred to as remedial law, or rules of court, comprises the rules by which a court hears and determines what happens in civil, lawsuit, criminal or administrative proceedings. The rules a ...

* Substantive law

Philosophy

Aesthetics Aesthetics, or esthetics, is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art (its own area of philosophy that comes out of aesthetics). It examines aesthetic values, often expressed t ...

( outline) * Applied philosophy **

Philosophy of economics Philosophy and economics studies topics such as public economics, behavioural economics, rationality, justice, history of economic thought, rational choice, the appraisal of economic outcomes, institutions and processes, the status of highly i ...

** Philosophy of education ** Philosophy of engineering ** Philosophy of history **

Philosophy of language In analytic philosophy, philosophy of language investigates the nature of language and the relations between language, language users, and the world. Investigations may include inquiry into the nature of meaning, intentionality, reference, ...

Philosophy of law Philosophy of law is a branch of philosophy that examines the nature of law and law's relationship to other systems of norms, especially ethics and political philosophy. It asks questions like "What is law?", "What are the criteria for legal val ...

Philosophy of mathematics The philosophy of mathematics is the branch of philosophy that studies the assumptions, foundations, and implications of mathematics. It aims to understand the nature and methods of mathematics, and find out the place of mathematics in peop ...

Philosophy of music Philosophy of music is the study of "fundamental questions about the nature of music and our experience of it".Andrew Kania,The Philosophy of Music, ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', Spring 2014 edition, edited by Edward N. Zalta. The p ...

** Philosophy of psychology **

Philosophy of religion Philosophy of religion is "the philosophical examination of the central themes and concepts involved in religious traditions". Philosophical discussions on such topics date from ancient times, and appear in the earliest known texts concerning ph ...

** Philosophy of physical sciences ***

Philosophy of biology The philosophy of biology is a subfield of philosophy of science, which deals with epistemological, metaphysical, and ethical issues in the biological and biomedical sciences. Although philosophers of science and philosophers generally have long ...

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Philosophy of chemistry The philosophy of chemistry considers the methodology and underlying assumptions of the science of chemistry. It is explored by philosophers, chemists, and philosopher-chemist teams. For much of its history, philosophy of science has been dominat ...

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Philosophy of physics In philosophy, philosophy of physics deals with conceptual and interpretational issues in modern physics, many of which overlap with research done by certain kinds of theoretical physicists. Philosophy of physics can be broadly divided into thr ...

Philosophy of social science The philosophy of social science is the study of the logic, methods, and foundations of social sciences (psychology, cultural anthropology, sociology, etc...). Philosophers of social science are concerned with the differences and similarities be ...

Philosophy of technology The philosophy of technology is a sub-field of philosophy that studies the nature of technology and its social effects. Philosophical discussion of questions relating to technology (or its Greek ancestor ''techne'') dates back to the very dawn of ...

** Systems philosophy *

Epistemology Epistemology (; ), or the theory of knowledge, is the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge. Epistemology is considered a major subfield of philosophy, along with other major subfields such as ethics, logic, and metaphysics. Epis ...

( outline) ** Justification ** Reasoning errors *

Ethics Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior".''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' The field of ethics, along with aesthetics, concer ...

( outline) **

Applied ethics Applied ethics refers to the practical aspect of moral considerations. It is ethics with respect to real-world actions and their moral considerations in the areas of private and public life, the professions, health, technology, law, and leadersh ...

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Bioethics Bioethics is both a field of study and professional practice, interested in ethical issues related to health (primarily focused on the human, but also increasingly includes animal ethics), including those emerging from advances in biology, m ...

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Environmental ethics In environmental philosophy, environmental ethics is an established field of practical philosophy "which reconstructs the essential types of argumentation that can be made for protecting natural entities and the sustainable use of natural resourc ...

** Meta-ethics ** Moral psychology, Descriptive ethics,

Value theory In ethics and the social sciences, value theory involves various approaches that examine how, why, and to what degree humans value things and whether the object or subject of valuing is a person, idea, object, or anything else. Within philosophy ...

** Normative ethics ***

Virtue ethics Virtue ethics (also aretaic ethics, from Greek ἀρετή arete_(moral_virtue).html"_;"title="'arete_(moral_virtue)">aretḗ''_is_an_approach_to_ethics_that_treats_the_concept_of_virtue.html" ;"title="arete_(moral_virtue)">aretḗ''.html" ; ...

Logic Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the science of deductively valid inferences or of logical truths. It is a formal science investigating how conclusions follow from premise ...

( outline) **

Mathematical logic Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory. Research in mathematical logic commonly addresses the mathematical properties of formal ...

** Philosophical logic * Meta-philosophy *

Metaphysics Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that studies the fundamental nature of reality, the first principles of being, identity and change, space and time, causality, necessity, and possibility. It includes questions about the nature of conscio ...

( outline) **

Philosophy of Action Action theory (or theory of action) is an area in philosophy concerned with theories about the processes causing willful human bodily movements of a more or less complex kind. This area of thought involves epistemology, ethics, metaphysics, j ...

** Determinism and

Free will Free will is the capacity of agents to choose between different possible courses of action unimpeded. Free will is closely linked to the concepts of moral responsibility, praise, culpability, sin, and other judgements which apply only to ac ...

Ontology In metaphysics, ontology is the philosophical study of being, as well as related concepts such as existence, becoming, and reality. Ontology addresses questions like how entities are grouped into categories and which of these entities exi ...

Philosophy of mind Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies the ontology and nature of the mind and its relationship with the body. The mind–body problem is a paradigmatic issue in philosophy of mind, although a number of other issues are add ...

*** Philosophy of pain ***

Philosophy of artificial intelligence The philosophy of artificial intelligence is a branch of the philosophy of technology that explores artificial intelligence and its implications for knowledge and understanding of intelligence, ethics, consciousness, epistemology, and free will. ...

***

Philosophy of perception The philosophy of perception is concerned with the nature of perceptual experience and the status of perceptual data, in particular how they relate to beliefs about, or knowledge of, the world.cf. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-epi ...

Philosophy of space and time Philosophy of space and time is the branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology and epistemology of space and time. While such ideas have been central to philosophy from its inception, the philosophy of space and time wa ...

Teleology Teleology (from and )Partridge, Eric. 1977''Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English'' London: Routledge, p. 4187. or finalityDubray, Charles. 2020 912Teleology" In ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' 14. New York: Robert Appleton ...

Theism Theism is broadly defined as the belief in the existence of a supreme being or deities. In common parlance, or when contrasted with '' deism'', the term often describes the classical conception of God that is found in monotheism (also referred ...

and Atheism * Philosophical traditions and schools ** African philosophy ** Analytic philosophy **

Aristotelianism Aristotelianism ( ) is a philosophical tradition inspired by the work of Aristotle, usually characterized by deductive logic and an analytic inductive method in the study of natural philosophy and metaphysics. It covers the treatment of the so ...

** Continental philosophy ** Eastern philosophy **

Feminist philosophy Feminist philosophy is an approach to philosophy from a feminist perspective and also the employment of philosophical methods to feminist topics and questions. Feminist philosophy involves both reinterpreting philosophical texts and methods in ...

Platonism Platonism is the philosophy of Plato and philosophical systems closely derived from it, though contemporary platonists do not necessarily accept all of the doctrines of Plato. Platonism had a profound effect on Western thought. Platonism at l ...

Social philosophy Social philosophy examines questions about the foundations of social institutions, social behavior, and interpretations of society in terms of ethical values rather than empirical relations. Social philosophers emphasize understanding the social ...

and

political philosophy Political philosophy or political theory is the philosophical study of government, addressing questions about the nature, scope, and legitimacy of public agents and institutions and the relationships between them. Its topics include politics, ...

** Anarchism ( outline) **

** Libertarianism ( outline) **

Marxism Marxism is a left-wing to far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict and a dialectical ...

Religious Studies

History of Religion The history of religion refers to the written record of human religious feelings, thoughts, and ideas. This period of religious history begins with the invention of writing about 5,200 years ago (3200 BC). The prehistory of religion involves t ...

* Anthropology of Religion *

Sociology of Religion Sociology of religion is the study of the beliefs, practices and organizational forms of religion using the tools and methods of the discipline of sociology. This objective investigation may include the use both of quantitative methods (surveys, ...

Psychology of Religion Psychology of religion consists of the application of psychological methods and interpretive frameworks to the diverse contents of religious traditions as well as to both religious and irreligious individuals. The various methods and frameworks ...

Phenomenology of Religion The phenomenology of religion concerns the experiential aspect of religion, describing religious phenomena in terms consistent with the orientation of worshippers. It views religion as made up of different components, and studies these components a ...

Theology Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the ...

* Biblical studies ** Biblical Hebrew,

Koine Greek Koine Greek (; Koine el, ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος, hē koinè diálektos, the common dialect; ), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-reg ...

Aramaic The Aramaic languages, short Aramaic ( syc, ܐܪܡܝܐ, Arāmāyā; oar, 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀; arc, 𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀; tmr, אֲרָמִית), are a language family containing many varieties (languages and dialects) that originated in ...

* Buddhist theology ** Pali Studies * Christian theology **

Anglican theology Anglican doctrine (also called Episcopal doctrine in some countries) is the body of Christian teachings used to guide the religious and moral practices of Anglicans. Approach to doctrine Anglicanism does not possess an agreed-upon confessi ...

** Baptist theology ** Catholic theology **

Eastern Orthodox theology Eastern Orthodox theology is the theology particular to the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is characterized by monotheistic Trinitarianism, belief in the Incarnation of the essentially divine Logos or only-begotten Son of God, a balancing of cat ...

Protestant theology Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century against what its followers perceived to b ...

Hindu theology Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...

** Sanskrit Studies **

Dravidian Studies Dravidian studies (also Dravidology) is the academic field devoted to the Dravidian languages, literature, and culture. It is a superset of Tamil studies and a subset of South Asian studies. Early missionaries The 16th to 18th century missionar ...

* Jewish theology * Muslim theology ** Arabic Studies

Social science

Anthropology Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including past human species. Social anthropology studies patterns of be ...

Biological anthropology Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, is a scientific discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, their extinct hominin ancestors, and related non-human primates, particularly from an e ...

Linguistic anthropology Linguistic anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of how language influences social life. It is a branch of anthropology that originated from the endeavor to document endangered languages and has grown over the past century to encompass mo ...

* Cultural anthropology * Social anthropology

Archaeology Archaeology or archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, sites, and cultural landsca ...

Biocultural anthropology Biocultural anthropology can be defined in numerous ways. It is the scientific exploration of the relationships between human biology and culture. "Instead of looking for the underlying biological roots of human behavior, biocultural anthropology at ...

Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary anthropology, the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and of the relation between hominids and non-hominid primates, builds on natural science and on social science. Various fields and ...

Feminist archaeology Feminist archaeology employs a feminist perspective in interpreting past societies. It often focuses on gender, but also considers gender in tandem with other factors, such as sexuality, race, or class. Feminist archaeology has critiqued the ...

Forensic anthropology Forensic anthropology is the application of the anatomical science of anthropology and its various subfields, including forensic archaeology and forensic taphonomy, in a legal setting. A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification ...

Maritime archaeology Maritime archaeology (also known as marine archaeology) is a discipline within archaeology as a whole that specifically studies human interaction with the sea, lakes and rivers through the study of associated physical remains, be they vessels, s ...

Palaeoanthropology Paleoanthropology or paleo-anthropology is a branch of paleontology and anthropology which seeks to understand the early development of anatomically modern humans, a process known as hominization, through the reconstruction of evolutionary kinsh ...

Economics Economics () is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics analyzes ...

* Agricultural economics *

Anarchist economics Anarchist economics is the set of theories and practices of economic activity within the political philosophy of anarchism. Many anarchists are anti-authoritarian anti-capitalists, with anarchism usually referred to as a form of libertarian soci ...

Applied economics Applied economics is the study as regards the application of economic theory and econometrics in specific settings. As one of the two sets of fields of economics (the other set being the ''core''), it is typically characterized by the application ...

Behavioural economics Behavioral economics studies the effects of psychological, cognitive, emotional, cultural and social factors on the decisions of individuals or institutions, such as how those decisions vary from those implied by classical economic theory. ...

* Bioeconomics *

Complexity economics Complexity economics is the application of complexity science to the problems of economics. It sees the economy not as a system in equilibrium, but as one in motion, perpetually constructing itself anew.Beinhocker, Eric D. The Origin of Wealth: E ...

Computational economics Computational Economics is an interdisciplinary research discipline that involves computer science, economics, and management science.''Computational Economics''."About This Journal"an"Aims and Scope" This subject encompasses computational model ...

* Consumer economics *

Development economics Development economics is a branch of economics which deals with economic aspects of the development process in low- and middle- income countries. Its focus is not only on methods of promoting economic development, economic growth and structural ...

* Ecological economics *

Econometrics Econometrics is the application of statistical methods to economic data in order to give empirical content to economic relationships. M. Hashem Pesaran (1987). "Econometrics," '' The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'', v. 2, p. 8 p. 8 ...

Economic geography Economic geography is the subfield of human geography which studies economic activity and factors affecting them. It can also be considered a subfield or method in economics. There are four branches of economic geography. There is, primary secto ...

Economic sociology Economic sociology is the study of the social cause and effect of various economic phenomena. The field can be broadly divided into a classical period and a contemporary one, known as "new economic sociology". The classical period was concerned ...

Economic systems An economic system, or economic order, is a system of production, resource allocation and distribution of goods and services within a society or a given geographic area. It includes the combination of the various institutions, agencies, entitie ...

Education economics Education economics or the economics of education is the study of economic issues relating to education, including the demand for education, the financing and provision of education, and the comparative efficiency of various educational programs ...

Energy economics Energy economics is a broad scientific subject area which includes topics related to supply and use of energy in societies. Considering the cost of energy services and associated value gives economic meaning to the efficiency at which energ ...

* Entrepreneurial economics *

Environmental economics Environmental economics is a sub-field of economics concerned with environmental issues. It has become a widely studied subject due to growing environmental concerns in the twenty-first century. Environmental economics "undertakes theoretical or ...

Evolutionary economics Evolutionary economics is part of mainstream economics as well as a heterodox school of economic thought that is inspired by evolutionary biology. Much like mainstream economics, it stresses complex interdependencies, competition, growth, stru ...

Experimental economics Experimental economics is the application of experimental methods to study economic questions. Data collected in experiments are used to estimate effect size, test the validity of economic theories, and illuminate market mechanisms. Economic expe ...

Feminist economics Feminist economics is the critical study of economics and economies, with a focus on gender-aware and inclusive economic inquiry and policy analysis. Feminist economic researchers include academics, activists, policy theorists, and practition ...

Financial econometrics Financial econometrics is the application of statistical methods to financial market data. Financial econometrics is a branch of financial economics, in the field of economics. Areas of study include capital markets, financial institutions, corpo ...

Financial economics Financial economics, also known as finance, is the branch of economics characterized by a "concentration on monetary activities", in which "money of one type or another is likely to appear on ''both sides'' of a trade". William F. Sharpe"Financia ...

Green economics A green economy is an economy that aims at reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities, and that aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment. It is closely related with ecological economics, but has a more politi ...

Growth economics Economic growth can be defined as the increase or improvement in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy in a financial year. Statisticians conventionally measure such growth as the percent rate of ...

Human development theory Human development involves studies of the human condition with its core being the capability approach. The inequality adjusted Human Development Index is used as a way of measuring actual progress in human development by the United Nations. It is ...

Industrial organization In economics, industrial organization is a field that builds on the theory of the firm by examining the structure of (and, therefore, the boundaries between) firms and markets. Industrial organization adds real-world complications to the perf ...

Information economics Information economics or the economics of information is the branch of microeconomics that studies how information and information systems affect an economy and economic decisions. One application considers information embodied in certain types ...

* Institutional economics *

International economics International economics is concerned with the effects upon economic activity from international differences in productive resources and consumer preferences and the international institutions that affect them. It seeks to explain the patterns and ...

Islamic economics Islamic economics ( ar, الاقتصاد الإسلامي) refers to the knowledge of economics or economic activities and processes in terms of Islamic principles and teachings. Islam has a set of special moral norms and values about individua ...

* Labor economics *

Health economics Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value and behavior in the production and consumption of health and healthcare. Health economics is important in determining how to improv ...

Law and economics Law and economics, or economic analysis of law, is the application of microeconomic theory to the analysis of law, which emerged primarily from scholars of the Chicago school of economics. Economic concepts are used to explain the effects of law ...

* Macroeconomics *

Managerial economics Managerial economics is a branch of economics involving the application of economic methods in the managerial decision-making process.• Trefor Jones (2004). ''Business Economics and Managerial Decision Making'', WileyDescriptionand chapter-pre ...

* Marxian economics * Mathematical economics * Microeconomics *

Monetary economics Monetary economics is the branch of economics that studies the different competing theories of money: it provides a framework for analyzing money and considers its functions (such as medium of exchange, store of value and unit of account), and ...

Neuroeconomics Neuroeconomics is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to explain human decision-making, the ability to process multiple alternatives and to follow through on a plan of action. It studies how economic behavior can shape our understanding of t ...

Participatory economics Participatory economics, often abbreviated Parecon, is an economic system based on participatory decision making as the primary economic mechanism for allocation in society. In the system, the say in decision-making is proportional to the impa ...

Political economy Political economy is the study of how economic systems (e.g. markets and national economies) and political systems (e.g. law, institutions, government) are linked. Widely studied phenomena within the discipline are systems such as labour ...

Public economics Public economics ''(or economics of the public sector)'' is the study of government policy through the lens of economic efficiency and equity. Public economics builds on the theory of welfare economics and is ultimately used as a tool to improve s ...

Public finance Public finance is the study of the role of the government in the economy. It is the branch of economics that assesses the government revenue and government expenditure of the public authorities and the adjustment of one or the other to achiev ...

Real estate economics Real estate economics is the application of economic techniques to real estate markets. It tries to describe, explain, and predict patterns of prices, supply, and demand. The closely related field of housing economics is narrower in scope, conc ...

Resource economics Natural resource economics deals with the supply, demand, and allocation of the Earth's natural resources. One main objective of natural resource economics is to better understand the role of natural resources in the economy in order to devel ...

Social choice theory Social choice theory or social choice is a theoretical framework for analysis of combining individual opinions, preferences, interests, or welfares to reach a ''collective decision'' or ''social welfare'' in some sense.Amartya Sen (2008). "Soci ...

Socialist economics Socialist economics comprises the economic theories, practices and norms of hypothetical and existing socialist economic systems. A socialist economic system is characterized by social ownership and operation of the means of production that may ...

Socioeconomics Socioeconomics (also known as social economics) is the social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes. In general it analyzes how modern societies progress, stagnate, or regress because of their loca ...

Transport economics Transport economics is a branch of economics founded in 1959 by American economist John R. Meyer that deals with the allocation of resources within the transport sector. It has strong links to civil engineering. Transport economics differs from ...

Welfare economics Welfare economics is a branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to evaluate well-being (welfare) at the aggregate (economy-wide) level. Attempting to apply the principles of welfare economics gives rise to the field of public ec ...

Geography Geography (from Greek: , ''geographia''. Combination of Greek words ‘Geo’ (The Earth) and ‘Graphien’ (to describe), literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, an ...

Physical geography Physical geography (also known as physiography) is one of the three main branches of geography. Physical geography is the branch of natural science which deals with the processes and patterns in the natural environment such as the atmosphere, ...

** Atmology ** Biogeography **

Climatology Climatology (from Greek , ''klima'', "place, zone"; and , ''-logia'') or climate science is the scientific study of Earth's climate, typically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of at least 30 years. This modern field of study ...

** Coastal geography ** Emergency management **

Environmental geography Integrated geography (also referred to as integrative geography, environmental geography or human–environment geography) is where the branches of human geography and physical geography overlap to describes and explain the spatial aspects of int ...

Geobiology Geobiology is a field of scientific research that explores the interactions between the physical Earth and the biosphere. It is a relatively young field, and its borders are fluid. There is considerable overlap with the fields of ecology, evolutio ...

Geochemistry Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans. The realm of geochemistry extends beyond the Earth, encompassing the ...

Geology Geology () is a branch of natural science concerned with Earth and other astronomical objects, the features or rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other Ea ...

Geomatics Geomatics is defined in the ISO/TC 211 series of standards as the "discipline concerned with the collection, distribution, storage, analysis, processing, presentation of geographic data or geographic information". Under another definition, it ...

** Geomorphology **

Geophysics Geophysics () is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. The term ''geophysics'' so ...

Glaciology Glaciology (; ) is the scientific study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice. Glaciology is an interdisciplinary Earth science that integrates geophysics, geology, physical geography, geomorphology, c ...

Hydrology Hydrology () is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and management of water on Earth and other planets, including the water cycle, water resources, and environmental watershed sustainability. A practitioner of hydrology is call ...

Landscape ecology Landscape ecology is the science of studying and improving relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems. This is done within a variety of landscape scales, development spatial patterns, and organizatio ...

** Lithology **

Meteorology Meteorology is a branch of the atmospheric sciences (which include atmospheric chemistry and physics) with a major focus on weather forecasting. The study of meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did no ...

** Mineralogy ** Oceanography **

Palaeogeography Palaeogeography (or paleogeography) is the study of historical geography, generally physical landscapes. Palaeogeography can also include the study of human or cultural environments. When the focus is specifically on landforms, the term pal ...

** Palaeontology ** Petrology **

Quaternary science Quaternary science is the study which represents the systematic study of the Quaternary Period commonly known as the ice age. The Quaternary Period is a time period that started around 2.58 million years ago and continues today. This perio ...

** Soil geography *

Human geography Human geography or anthropogeography is the branch of geography that studies spatial relationships between human communities, cultures, economies, and their interactions with the environment. It analyzes spatial interdependencies between social i ...

** Behavioural geography **

Cognitive geography Cognitive geography is an interdisciplinary study of cognitive science and geography. It aims to understand how humans view space, place, and environment. It involves formalizing factors that influence our spatial cognition to create a more eff ...

Cultural geography Cultural geography is a subfield within human geography. Though the first traces of the study of different nations and cultures on Earth can be dated back to ancient geographers such as Ptolemy or Strabo, cultural geography as academic study first ...

Development geography Development geography is a branch of geography which refers to the standard of living and its quality of life of its human inhabitants. In this context, development is a process of change that affects peoples' lives. It may involve an improvement ...

Health geography Health geography is the application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care. Medical geography, a sub-discipline of or sister field of health geography, Oxford Bibliographies entry of ...

Historical geography Historical geography is the branch of geography that studies the ways in which geographic phenomena have changed over time. It is a synthesizing discipline which shares both topical and methodological similarities with history, anthropology, eco ...

Language geography Language geography is the branch of human geography that studies the geographic distribution of language(s) or its constituent elements. Linguistic geography can also refer to studies of how people talk about the landscape. For example, toponymy ...

** Mathematical geography **

Marketing geography In marketing, geomarketing (also called marketing geography) is a discipline that uses geolocation (geographic information) in the process of planning and implementation of marketing activities.

Military geography Military geography is a sub-field of geography that is used by the military, as well as academics and politicians, to understand the geopolitical sphere through the military lens. To accomplish these ends, military geographers consider topics fro ...

** Political geography **

Population geography Population geography relates spatial variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations to the terrain. Population geography involves demography in a geographical perspective. It focuses on the characteristics of po ...

** Religion geography ** Social geography **

Strategic geography Strategic geography is concerned with the control of, or access to, spatial areas that affect the security and prosperity of nations. Spatial areas that concern strategic geography change with human needs and development. This field is a subset of ...

Time geography Time geography or time-space geography is an evolving transdisciplinary perspective on spatial and temporal processes and events such as social interaction, ecological interaction, social and environmental change, and biographies of individuals. T ...

Tourism geography Tourism geography is the study of travel and tourism, as an industry and as a social and cultural activity. Tourism geography covers a wide range of interests including the environmental impact of tourism, the geographies of tourism and leisure ec ...

** Transport geography **

Urban geography Urban geography is the subdiscipline of geography that derives from a study of cities and urban processes. Urban geographers and urbanists examine various aspects of urban life and the built environment. Scholars, activists, and the public have ...

Integrated geography Integrated geography (also referred to as integrative geography, environmental geography or human–environment geography) is where the branches of human geography and physical geography overlap to describes and explain the spatial aspects of int ...

Cartography Cartography (; from grc, χάρτης , "papyrus, sheet of paper, map"; and , "write") is the study and practice of making and using maps. Combining science, aesthetics and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an i ...

Celestial cartography Celestial cartography, uranography, astrography or star cartography is the aspect of astronomy and branch of cartography concerned with mapping stars, galaxies, and other astronomical objects on the celestial sphere. Measuring the position ...

** Planetary cartography **

Topography Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. The topography of an area may refer to the land forms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps. Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary sc ...

Political science Political science is the scientific study of politics. It is a social science dealing with systems of governance and power, and the analysis of political activities, political thought, political behavior, and associated constitutions and la ...

* American politics *

Canadian politics The politics of Canada function within a framework of parliamentary democracy and a federal system of parliamentary government with strong democratic traditions. Canada is a constitutional monarchy, in which the monarch is head of state. In pr ...

Civics Civics is the study of the rights and obligations of citizens in society. The term derives from the Latin word ''civicus'', meaning "relating to a citizen". The term relates to behavior affecting other citizens, particularly in the context of ur ...

Comparative politics Comparative politics is a field in political science characterized either by the use of the ''comparative method'' or other empirical methods to explore politics both within and between countries. Substantively, this can include questions relatin ...

European studies European studies is a field of study offered by many academic colleges and universities that focuses on current developments in European integration. Some programmes offer a social science or public administration curriculum focusing on develop ...

* Geopolitics (Political geography) *

International relations International relations (IR), sometimes referred to as international studies and international affairs, is the scientific study of interactions between sovereign states. In a broader sense, it concerns all activities between states—such a ...

International organization An international organization or international organisation (see spelling differences), also known as an intergovernmental organization or an international institution, is a stable set of norms and rules meant to govern the behavior of states a ...

s *

Nationalism studies Nationalism studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of nationalism and related issues. While nationalism has been the subject of scholarly discussion since at least the late eighteenth century, it is only since the e ...

* Peace and conflict studies *

Policy studies Policy studies is a subdisicipline of political science that includes the analysis of the process of policymaking (the policy process) and the contents of policy (policy analysis). Policy analysis includes substantive area research (such as health ...

Political behavior Theories of political behavior, as an aspect of political science, attempt to quantify and explain the influences that define a person's political views, ideology, and levels of political participation. Political behavior is the subset of hu ...

* Political culture *

Political philosophy Political philosophy or political theory is the philosophical study of government, addressing questions about the nature, scope, and legitimacy of public agents and institutions and the relationships between them. Its topics include politics, ...

Public administration Public Administration (a form of governance) or Public Policy and Administration (an academic discipline) is the implementation of public policy, administration of government establishment (public governance), management of non-profit est ...

* Public law *

Psephology Psephology (; from Greek el, ψῆφος, psephos, pebble, label=none) or political analysis is a branch of political science, the "quantitative analysis of elections and balloting". As such, psephology attempts to explain elections using the ...

* Singapore politics

Psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between ...

Abnormal psychology Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion, and thought, which could possibly be understood as a mental disorder. Although many behaviors could be considered as abnormal, this branch of psyc ...

* Applied psychology * Biological psychology *

Clinical neuropsychology Clinical neuropsychology is a sub-field of psychology concerned with the applied science of brain-behaviour relationships. Clinical neuropsychologists use this knowledge in the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and or rehabilitation of patients ...

* Clinical psychology * Cognitive psychology *

Community psychology Community psychology is concerned with the community as the unit of study. This contrasts with most psychology which focuses on the individual. Community psychology also studies the community as a context for the individuals within it,Jim Orfor ...

* Comparative psychology *

Conservation psychology Conservation psychology is the scientific study of the reciprocal relationships between humans and the rest of nature, with a particular focus on how to encourage conservation of the natural world.Saunders, C.D. 2003. The Emerging Field of Conserva ...

* Consumer psychology *

Counseling psychology Counseling psychology is a psychological specialty that encompasses research and applied work in several broad domains: counseling process and outcome; supervision and training; career development and counseling; and prevention and health. ...

* Criminal psychology *

Cultural psychology Cultural psychology is the study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members.Heine, S. J. (2011). ''Cultural Psychology. ''New York: W. W. Norton & Company. It is based on the premise that mind and culture are i ...

** Asian psychology **

Black psychology Black psychology, also known as African-American psychology and African/Black psychology, is a scientific field that focuses on how people of African descent know and experience the world. The field, particularly in the United States, largely emerge ...

* Developmental psychology *

Differential psychology Differential psychology studies the ways in which individuals differ in their behavior and the processes that underlie it. This is a discipline that develops classifications (taxonomies) of psychological individual differences. This is distingui ...

Ecological psychology Ecological psychology is the scientific study of perception-action from a direct realist approach. Ecological psychology is a school of psychology that follows much of the writings of Roger Barker and James J. Gibson. Those in the field of Ec ...

Educational psychology Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human learning. The study of learning processes, from both cognitive and behavioral perspectives, allows researchers to understand individual differences in ...

Environmental psychology Environmental psychology is a branch of psychology that explores the relationship between humans and the external world. It examines the way in which the natural environment and our built environments shape us as individuals. Environmental Psychol ...

Evolutionary psychology Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach in psychology that examines cognition and behavior from a modern evolutionary perspective. It seeks to identify human psychological adaptations with regards to the ancestral problems they evol ...

* Experimental psychology *

Group psychology Group dynamics is a system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group (''intra''group dynamics), or between social groups ( ''inter''group dynamics). The study of group dynamics can be useful in understanding decision- ...

* Family psychology * Feminine psychology *

Forensic developmental psychology Forensic developmental psychology is a field of psychology that focuses on "children's actions and reactions in a forensic context" and "children's reports that they were victims or witnesses of a crime". Bruck and Poole (2002) first coined the ter ...

Forensic psychology Forensic psychology is the development and application of scientific knowledge and methods to help answer legal questions arising in criminal, civil, contractual, or other judicial proceedings. Forensic psychology includes both research on various ...

Health psychology Health psychology is the study of psychological and behavioral processes in health, illness, and healthcare. The discipline is concerned with understanding how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illn ...

Humanistic psychology Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that arose in the mid-20th century in answer to two theories: Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's behaviorism. Thus, Abraham Maslow established the need for a "third force ...

Indigenous psychology Indigenous psychology is defined by Kim and Berry as "the scientific study of human behavior or mind that is native, that is not transported from other regions, and that is designed for its people." There is a strong emphasis on how one's actions ...

Legal psychology Together, legal psychology and forensic psychology form the field more generally recognized as "psychology and law". Following earlier efforts by psychologists to address legal issues, psychology and law became a field of study in the 1960s as p ...

Mathematical psychology Mathematical psychology is an approach to psychological research that is based on mathematical modeling of perceptual, thought, cognitive and motor processes, and on the establishment of law-like rules that relate quantifiable stimulus characte ...

* Media psychology * Medical psychology *

Military psychology Military psychology is a specialization within psychology that applies psychological science to promote the readiness of military members, organizations, and operations. Military psychologists provide support to the military in many ways, includ ...

* Moral psychology and Descriptive ethics *

Music psychology Music psychology, or the psychology of music, may be regarded as a branch of both psychology and musicology. It aims to explain and understand musical behaviour and experience, including the processes through which music is perceived, created, ...

* Neuropsychology *

Occupational health psychology Occupational health psychology (OHP) is an interdisciplinary area of psychology that is concerned with the health and safety of workers.Schonfeld, I.S., & Chang, C.-H. (2017). ''Occupational health psychology: Work, stress, and health''. New York, ...

Occupational psychology Industrial and organizational psychology (I-O psychology), an applied discipline within psychology, is the science of human behavior in the workplace. Depending on the country or region of the world, I-O psychology is also known as occupational ...

Organizational psychology Industrial and organizational psychology (I-O psychology), an applied discipline within psychology, is the science of human behavior in the workplace. Depending on the country or region of the world, I-O psychology is also known as occupational ...

(a.k.a., Industrial Psychology) *

Parapsychology Parapsychology is the study of alleged psychic phenomena (extrasensory perception, telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psychokinesis (also called telekinesis), and psychometry) and other paranormal claims, for example, those related to near ...

( outline) *

Pediatric psychology Pediatric psychology is a multidisciplinary field of both scientific research and clinical practice which attempts to address the psychological aspects of illness, injury, and the promotion of health behaviors in children, adolescents, and families ...

Pedology (children study) Paedology (paidology) is the study of children's behavior and development (as distinct from pedagogy, the art or science of teaching, and pediatrics, the field of medicine relating to children). Pedology is not commonly recognized as a distinct fie ...

Personality psychology Personality psychology is a branch of psychology that examines personality and its variation among individuals. It aims to show how people are individually different due to psychological forces. Its areas of focus include: * construction of a c ...

* Phenomenology *

Political psychology Political psychology is an interdisciplinary academic field, dedicated to understanding politics, politicians and political behavior from a psychological perspective, and psychological processes using socio-political perspectives. The relation ...

* Positive psychology *

Psychoanalysis PsychoanalysisFrom Greek: + . is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques"What is psychoanalysis? Of course, one is supposed to answer that it is many things — a theory, a research method, a therapy, a body of knowledge. In what might b ...

* Psychobiology *

Psychology of religion Psychology of religion consists of the application of psychological methods and interpretive frameworks to the diverse contents of religious traditions as well as to both religious and irreligious individuals. The various methods and frameworks ...

Psychometrics Psychometrics is a field of study within psychology concerned with the theory and technique of measurement. Psychometrics generally refers to specialized fields within psychology and education devoted to testing, measurement, assessment, and ...

* Psychopathology **

Child psychopathology Child psychopathology refers to the scientific study of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Oppositional defiant disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder are examples of psychopathology that are ...

* Psychophysics *

Quantitative psychology Quantitative psychology is a field of scientific study that focuses on the mathematical modeling, research design and methodology, and statistical analysis of psychological processes. It includes tests and other devices for measuring cognitive a ...

Rehabilitation psychology Rehabilitation psychology is a specialty area of psychology aimed at maximizing the independence, functional status, health, and social participation of individuals with disabilities and chronic health conditions. Assessment and treatment may inclu ...

School psychology School psychology is a field that applies principles from educational psychology, developmental psychology, clinical psychology, community psychology, and behavior analysis to meet the learning and behavioral health needs of children and adol ...

Social psychology Social psychology is the scientific study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people or by social norms. Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the ...

* Sport psychology * Traffic psychology *

Transpersonal psychology Transpersonal psychology, or spiritual psychology, is a sub-field or school of psychology that integrates the spiritual and transcendent aspects of the human experience with the framework of modern psychology. The '' transpersonal'' is defined ...

Sociology Sociology is a social science that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. It uses various methods of empirical investigation an ...

* Analytical sociology * Applied sociology ** Leisure studies **

Political sociology Political sociology is an interdisciplinary field of study concerned with exploring how governance and society interact and influence one another at the micro to macro levels of analysis. Interested in the social causes and consequences of how ...

Public sociology Public sociology is a subfield of the wider sociological discipline that emphasizes expanding the disciplinary boundaries of sociology in order to engage with non-academic audiences. It is perhaps best understood as a ''style'' of sociology rath ...

** Social engineering * Architectural sociology *

Area studies Area studies (also known as regional studies) are interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical, national/ federal, or cultural regions. The term exists primarily as a general description for what ...

African studies African studies is the study of Africa, especially the continent's cultures and societies (as opposed to its geology, geography, zoology, etc.). The field includes the study of Africa's history (pre-colonial, colonial, post-colonial), demography ...

American studies American studies or American civilization is an interdisciplinary field of scholarship that examines American literature, history, society, and culture. It traditionally incorporates literary criticism, historiography and critical theory. Schol ...

*** Appalachian studies ***

Canadian studies Canadian studies is an interdisciplinary field of undergraduate- and postgraduate-level study of Canadian culture and society, the languages of Canada, Canadian literature, media and communications, Quebec, Acadians, agriculture in Canada, natu ...

***

Latin American studies Latin American studies (LAS) is an academic and research field associated with the study of Latin America. The interdisciplinary study is a subfield of area studies, and can be composed of numerous disciplines such as economics, sociology, history ...

** Asian studies ***

Central Asian studies Central Asian studies is the discipline of studying the culture, history, and languages of Central Asia. The roots of Central Asian studies as a social science discipline goes to 19th century Anglo-Russian Great Game. During the 19th century, C ...

***

East Asian studies East Asian studies is a distinct multidisciplinary field of scholarly enquiry and education that promotes a broad humanistic understanding of East Asia past and present. The field includes the study of the region's culture, written language, histo ...

***

Iranian studies Iranian studies ( fa, ايران‌شناسی '), also referred to as Iranology and Iranistics, is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the research and study of the civilization, history, literature, art and culture of Iranian peoples. It ...

***

Japanese studies Japanese studies ( Japanese: ) or Japan studies (sometimes Japanology in Europe), is a sub-field of area studies or East Asian studies involved in social sciences and humanities research on Japan. It incorporates fields such as the study of Japan ...

***

Korean studies Korean studies is an academic discipline that focuses on the study of Korea, which includes the Republic of Korea, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and diasporic Korean populations. Areas commonly included under this rubric include Ko ...

***

Sinology Sinology, or Chinese studies, is an academic discipline that focuses on the study of China primarily through Chinese philosophy, language, literature, culture and history and often refers to Western scholarship. Its origin "may be traced to th ...

( outline) ***

South Asian studies Indology, also known as South Asian studies, is the academic study of the history and cultures, languages, and literature of the Indian subcontinent, and as such is a subset of Asian studies. The term ''Indology'' (in German, ''Indologie'') is o ...

**** Bengal studies ****

Dravidology Dravidian studies (also Dravidology) is the academic field devoted to the Dravidian languages, literature, and culture. It is a superset of Tamil studies and a subset of South Asian studies. Early missionaries The 16th to 18th century mission ...

**** Pakistan studies ****

Sindhology Sindhology ( sd, سنڌولوجي) is a field of South Asian studies and academic research that covers the history, society, culture, and literature of Sindh, a province of Pakistan. The subject was first brought into the academic circles with th ...

*** Southeast Asian studies *** Thai studies ** Australian studies **

***

Celtic studies Celtic studies or Celtology is the academic discipline occupied with the study of any sort of cultural output relating to the Celtic-speaking peoples (i.e. speakers of Celtic languages). This ranges from linguistics, literature and art histor ...

*** German studies *** Sociology in Poland *** Scandinavian studies *** Slavic studies **

Middle Eastern studies Middle Eastern studies (sometimes referred to as Near Eastern studies) is a name given to a number of academic programs associated with the study of the history, culture, politics, economies, and geography of the Middle East, an area that is gene ...

*** Arab studies *** Assyriology ***

Egyptology Egyptology (from ''Egypt'' and Greek , ''-logia''; ar, علم المصريات) is the study of ancient Egyptian history, language, literature, religion, architecture and art from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious p ...

*** Jewish studies * Behavioral sociology * Collective behavior **

Social movements A social movement is a loosely organized effort by a large group of people to achieve a particular goal, typically a social or political one. This may be to carry out a social change, or to resist or undo one. It is a type of group action and ma ...

Community informatics Community informatics (CI) is an interdisciplinary field that is concerned with using information and communication technology (ICT) to empower members of communities and support their social, cultural, and economic development. Community infor ...

Social network analysis Social network analysis (SNA) is the process of investigating social structures through the use of networks and graph theory. It characterizes networked structures in terms of ''nodes'' (individual actors, people, or things within the network) ...

* Comparative sociology *

Conflict theory Conflict may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Films * ''Conflict'' (1921 film), an American silent film directed by Stuart Paton * ''Conflict'' (1936 film), an American boxing film starring John Wayne * ''Conflict'' (1937 film) ...

* Criminology/

( outline) *

Critical management studies Critical management studies (CMS) is a loose but extensive grouping of theoretically informed critiques of management, business and organisation, grounded originally in a critical theory perspective. Today it encompasses a wide range of perspective ...

* Critical sociology *

Cultural sociology The sociology of culture, and the related cultural sociology, concerns the systematic analysis of culture, usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a member of a society, as it is manifested in the society. For Georg Simmel ...

* Cultural studies/

ethnic studies Ethnic studies, in the United States, is the interdisciplinary study of difference—chiefly race, ethnicity, and nation, but also sexuality, gender, and other such markings—and power, as expressed by the state, by civil society, and by indivi ...

** Africana studies **

Cross-cultural studies Cross-cultural studies, sometimes called holocultural studies or comparative studies, is a specialization in anthropology and sister sciences such as sociology, psychology, economics, political science that uses field data from many societies th ...

** Culturology ** Deaf studies **

Ethnology Ethnology (from the grc-gre, ἔθνος, meaning 'nation') is an academic field that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationships between them (compare cultural, social, or sociocultural anthropology). ...

Utopian studies ''Utopian Studies'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes articles on utopias and utopianism. The journal is published twice a year by the Penn State University Press on behalf of the Society for Utopian Studies. The Editor is Nicol ...

Whiteness studies Whiteness studies is the study of the structures that produce white privilege, the examination of what whiteness is when analyzed as a race, a culture, and a source of systemic racism, and the exploration of other social phenomena generated by the ...

Demography Demography () is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings. Demographic analysis examines and measures the dimensions and dynamics of populations; it can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as edu ...

Population Population typically refers to the number of people in a single area, whether it be a city or town, region, country, continent, or the world. Governments typically quantify the size of the resident population within their jurisdiction using a ...

Digital sociology The sociology of the Internet involves the application of sociological theory and method to the Internet as a source of information and communication. The overlapping field of digital sociology focuses on understanding the use of digital media a ...

Dramaturgical sociology Dramaturgy is a sociological perspective commonly used in micro-sociological accounts of social interaction in everyday life. The term was first adapted into sociology from the theatre by Erving Goffman, who developed most of the related termi ...

* Educational sociology * Empirical sociology *

Environmental sociology Environmental sociology is the study of interactions between societies and their natural environment. The field emphasizes the social factors that influence environmental resource management and cause environmental issues, the processes by whic ...

* Evolutionary sociology *

Feminist sociology Feminist sociology is an interdisciplinary exploration of gender and power throughout society. Here, it uses conflict theory and theoretical perspectives to observe gender in its relation to power, both at the level of face-to-face interaction ...

Figurational sociology Figurational sociology is a research tradition in which figurations of humans—evolving networks of interdependent humans—are the unit of investigation. Although more a methodological stance than a determinate school of practice, the tradition h ...

Futures studies Futures studies, futures research, futurism or futurology is the systematic, interdisciplinary and holistic study of social and technological advancement, and other environmental trends, often for the purpose of exploring how people will l ...

( outline) *

Gender studies Gender studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to analysing gender identity and gendered representation. Gender studies originated in the field of women's studies, concerning women, feminism, gender, and politics. The field ...

Men's studies Men's studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to topics concerning men, masculinity, gender, culture, politics and sexuality. It academically examines what it means to be a man in contemporary society. Origins Sociologists and ...

Women's studies Women's studies is an academic field that draws on feminist and interdisciplinary methods to place women's lives and experiences at the center of study, while examining social and cultural constructs of gender; systems of privilege and oppress ...

Historical sociology Historical sociology is an interdisciplinary field of research that combines sociological and historical methods to understand the past, how societies have developed over time, and the impact this has on the present. It emphasises a mutual lin ...

Human ecology Human ecology is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments. The philosophy and study of human ecology has a diffuse history with advancements in ecolog ...

* Humanistic sociology *

Industrial sociology Industrial sociology, until recently a crucial research area within the field of sociology of work, examines "the direction and implications of trends in technological change, globalization, labour markets, work organization, managerial practi ...

* Interactionism *

Interpretive sociology ''Verstehen'' (, ), in the context of German philosophy and social sciences in general, has been used since the late 19th century – in English as in German – with the particular sense of the "interpretive or participatory" examination of socia ...

Ethnomethodology Ethnomethodology is the study of how social order is produced in and through processes of social interaction.Garfinkel, H. (1974) 'The origins of the term ethnomethodology', in R.Turner (Ed.) Ethnomethodology, Penguin, Harmondsworth, pp 15–18. I ...

** Phenomenology **

Social constructionism Social constructionism is a theory in sociology, social ontology, and communication theory which proposes that certain ideas about physical reality arise from collaborative consensus, instead of pure observation of said reality. The theor ...

** Symbolic interactionism * Jealousy sociology *

Macrosociology Macrosociology is a large-scale approach to sociology, emphasizing the analysis of social systems and populations at the structural level, often at a necessarily high level of theoretical abstraction. Though macrosociology ''does'' concern itself ...

Marxist sociology Marxist sociology refers to the application of Marxist perspective within the study of sociology.Johnson, Allan G. 2000. "Marxist sociology." Pp. 183–84 in '. Wiley-Blackwell. . Marxism itself can be recognized as both a political philosophy ...

Mathematical sociology Mathematical sociology or the sociology of mathematics is an interdisciplinary field of research concerned both with the use of mathematics within sociological research as well as research into the relationships that exist between maths and socie ...

Medical sociology Medical sociology is the sociological analysis of medical organizations and institutions; the production of knowledge and selection of methods, the actions and interactions of healthcare professionals, and the social or cultural (rather than cl ...

* Mesosociology *

Microsociology Microsociology is one of the main levels of analysis (or focuses) of sociology, concerning the nature of everyday human social interactions and agency on a small scale: face to face.Smelser, Neil J. 1997. ''Problematics of Sociology.''. Microsociolo ...

Military sociology Military sociology is a subfield within sociology. It corresponds closely to C. Wright Mills's summons to connect the individual world to broader social structures.Crabb, Tyler and Segal, David. 2015. "Military Sociology" in ''Encyclopedia of Pu ...

* Natural resource sociology *

Organizational studies Organization studies (also called organization science or organizational studies) is the academic field interested in a ''collective activity, and how it relates to organization, organizing, and management''. It is "the examination of how individua ...

Phenomenological sociology Phenomenology within sociology (phenomenological sociology) is the study of the formal structures of concrete social existence as made available in and through the analytical description of acts of intentional consciousness. The object of such ...

Policy sociology ''Policy sociology'' is a term coined by Michael Burawoy referring to a way of providing solutions to social problems.''2004 American Sociological Association Presidential address: For public sociology'', The British Journal of Sociology 2005, Volum ...

* Psychoanalytic sociology *

Science studies Science studies is an interdisciplinary research area that seeks to situate scientific expertise in broad social, historical, and philosophical contexts. It uses various methods to analyze the production, representation and reception of scient ...

Science and technology studies Science and technology studies (STS) is an interdisciplinary field that examines the creation, development, and consequences of science and technology in their historical, cultural, and social contexts. History Like most interdisciplinary fie ...

* Sexology **

Heterosexism Heterosexism is a system of attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favor of female–male sexuality and relationships. According to Elizabeth Cramer, it can include the belief that all people are or should be heterosexual and that heterosexua ...

Human sexual behavior Human sexual activity, human sexual practice or human sexual behaviour is the manner in which humans experience and express their sexuality. People engage in a variety of sexual acts, ranging from activities done alone (e.g., masturbation) t ...

Human sexuality Human sexuality is the way people experience and express themselves sexually. This involves biological, psychological, physical, erotic, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors. Because it is a broad term, which has varied ...

( outline) ** Queer studies/ Queer theory **

Sex education Sex education, also known as sexual education, sexuality education or sex ed, is the instruction of issues relating to human sexuality, including emotional relations and responsibilities, human sexual anatomy, sexual activity, sexual reproduc ...

* Social capital *

Social change Social change is the alteration of the social order of a society which may include changes in social institutions, social behaviours or social relations. Definition Social change may not refer to the notion of social progress or socio ...

* Social conflict theory * Social control ** Pure sociology *

Social economy The social economy is formed by a rich diversity of enterprises and organisations, such as cooperatives, mutuals, associations, foundations, social enterprises and paritarian institutions, sharing common values and features: * Primacy of the ...

* Social policy *

* Social stratification *

Social theory Social theories are analytical frameworks, or paradigms, that are used to study and interpret social phenomena.Seidman, S., 2016. Contested knowledge: Social theory today. John Wiley & Sons. A tool used by social scientists, social theories rel ...

Social transformation In sociology, social transformation is a somewhat ambiguous term that has two broad definitions. One definition of social transformation is the process by which an individual ''alters'' the socially ascribed social status of their parents into a ...

Computational sociology Computational sociology is a branch of sociology that uses computationally intensive methods to analyze and model social phenomena. Using computer simulations, artificial intelligence, complex statistical methods, and analytic approaches like soc ...

***

Economic development In the economics study of the public sector, economic and social development is the process by which the economic well-being and quality of life of a nation, region, local community, or an individual are improved according to targeted goals and ...

*** Social development *

Sociobiology Sociobiology is a field of biology that aims to examine and explain social behavior in terms of evolution. It draws from disciplines including psychology, ethology, anthropology, evolution, zoology, archaeology, and population genetics. Within ...

* Sociocybernetics *

* Sociology of aging * Sociology of agriculture *

Sociology of art The sociology of art is a subfield of sociology that explores the societal dimensions of art and aesthetics. Studying the sociology of art throughout history is the study of the social history of art, how various societies contributed to the a ...

Sociology of autism Societal and cultural aspects of autism or sociology of autism come into play with recognition of autism, approaches to its support services and therapies, and how autism affects the definition of personhood. The autistic community is divided pr ...

* Sociology of childhood * Sociology of conflict *

Sociology of culture The sociology of culture, and the related cultural sociology, concerns the systematic analysis of culture, usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a member of a society, as it is manifested in the society. For Georg Simmel, ...

* Sociology of cyberspace * Sociology of development *

Sociology of deviance Deviance or the sociology of deviance explores the actions and/or behaviors that violate social norms across formally enacted rules (e.g., crime) as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and mores). Although devi ...

* Sociology of disaster *

Sociology of education The sociology of education is the study of how public institutions and individual experiences affect education and its outcomes. It is mostly concerned with the public schooling systems of modern industrial societies, including the expansion of ...

* Sociology of emotions * Sociology of fatherhood * Sociology of finance *

Sociology of food The sociology of food is the study of food as it relates to the history, progression, and future development of society, encompassing its production, preparation, consumption, and distribution, its medical, ritual, spiritual, ethical and cultura ...

Sociology of gender Sociology of gender is a prominent subfield of sociology. Social interaction directly correlated with sociology regarding social structure. One of the most important social structures is status. This is determined based on position that an indiv ...

* Sociology of generations * Sociology of globalization * Sociology of government * Sociology of health and illness * Sociology of human consciousness * Sociology of immigration *

Sociology of knowledge The sociology of knowledge is the study of the relationship between human thought and the social context within which it arises, and the effects that prevailing ideas have on societies. It is not a specialized area of sociology. Instead, it deal ...

Sociology of language Sociology of language is the study of the relations between language and society. It is closely related to the field of sociolinguistics, which focuses on the effect of society on language. One of its longest and most prolific practitioners was J ...

Sociology of law The sociology of law (legal sociology, or law and society) is often described as a sub-discipline of sociology or an interdisciplinary approach within legal studies. Some see sociology of law as belonging "necessarily" to the field of sociology, ...

Sociology of leisure The sociology of leisure or leisure sociology is the study of how humans organize their free time. Leisure includes a broad array of activities, such as sport, tourism, and the playing of games. The sociology of leisure is closely tied to the s ...

Sociology of literature The sociology of literature is a subfield of the sociology of culture. It studies the social production of literature and its social implications. A notable example is Pierre Bourdieu's 1992 ''Les Règles de L'Art: Genèse et Structure du Champ ...

* Sociology of markets * Sociology of marriage * Sociology of motherhood * Sociology of music * Sociology of natural resources * Sociology of organizations * Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict *

Sociology of punishment The sociology of punishment seeks to understand why and how we punish; the ''general justifying aim of punishment'' and the ''principle of distribution''. Punishment involves the intentional infliction of pain and/or the deprivation of rights a ...

Sociology of race and ethnic relations The sociology of race and ethnic relations is the study of social, political, and economic relations between races and ethnicities at all levels of society. This area encompasses the study of systemic racism, like residential segregation and ...

Sociology of religion Sociology of religion is the study of the beliefs, practices and organizational forms of religion using the tools and methods of the discipline of sociology. This objective investigation may include the use both of quantitative methods (surveys, ...

* Sociology of risk *

Sociology of science The sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) is the study of science as a social activity, especially dealing with "the social conditions and effects of science, and with the social structures and processes of scientific activity." The sociolog ...

Sociology of scientific knowledge The sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) is the study of science as a social activity, especially dealing with "the social conditions and effects of science, and with the social structures and processes of scientific activity." The sociolog ...

* Sociology of social change * Sociology of social movements *

Sociology of space The sociology of space is a sub-discipline of sociology that mostly borrows from theories developed within the discipline of geography, including the sub fields of human geography, economic geography, and feminist geography. The "sociology" of ...

Sociology of sport Sociology of sport, alternately referred to as sports sociology, is a sub-discipline of sociology which focuses on sports as social phenomena. It is an area of study concerned with the relationship between sociology and sports, and also various s ...

* Sociology of technology * Sociology of terrorism *

Sociology of the body Sociology of the body is a branch of sociology studying the representations and social uses of the human body in modern societies. Early theories According to Thomas Laqueur, prior to the eighteenth century the predominant model for a social un ...

Sociology of the family Sociology of the family is a subfield of the subject of sociology, in which researchers and academics study family structure as a social institution and unit of socialization from various sociological perspectives. It can be seen as an example o ...

Sociology of the history of science The sociology of the history of science—related to sociology and philosophy of science, as well as the entire field of science studies—has in the 20th century been occupied with the question of large-scale patterns and trends in the developm ...

* Sociology of the Internet *

Sociology of work Sociology is a social science that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. It uses various methods of empirical investigation and ...

Sociomusicology Sociomusicology (from Latin: ''socius'', "companion"; from Old French ''musique''; and the suffix ''-ology'', "the study of", from Old Greek λόγος, ''lógos'' : "discourse"), also called music sociology or the sociology of music, refers to bo ...

* Structural sociology * Theoretical sociology *

Urban studies Urban studies is based on the study of the urban development of cities. This includes studying the history of city development from an architectural point of view, to the impact of urban design on community development efforts. The core theoretica ...

Urban sociology Urban sociology is the sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas. It is a normative discipline of sociology seeking to study the structures, environmental processes, changes and problems of an urban area and by doin ...

Rural sociology Rural sociology is a field of sociology traditionally associated with the study of social structure and conflict in rural areas. It is an active academic field in much of the world, originating in the United States in the 1910s with close ties ...

Victimology Victimology is the study of victimization, including the psychological effects on victims, the relationship between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system—that is, the police and courts, and c ...

Visual sociology Visual sociology is an area of sociology concerned with the visual dimensions of social life. Theory and method Visual sociology can be theoretically framed around three themes. Luc Pauwels suggests that the framework is based on the origin ...

Social work

Clinical social work Clinical social work is a specialty within the broader profession of social work. The American Board of Clinical Social Work (ABCSW) defines clinical social work as "a healthcare profession based on theories and methods of prevention and treatment i ...

* Community practice *

Mental health Mental health encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being, influencing cognition, perception, and behavior. It likewise determines how an individual handles stress, interpersonal relationships, and decision-making. Mental hea ...

* Psychosocial rehabilitation *

Person-centered therapy Person-centered therapy, also known as person-centered psychotherapy, person-centered counseling, client-centered therapy and Rogerian psychotherapy, is a form of psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers beginning in the 1940s and ex ...

* Family therapy * Financial social work

Natural science

Biology Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all organisms are made up of cells that process hereditary i ...

Aerobiology Aerobiology (from Greek ἀήρ, ''aēr'', "air"; βίος, ''bios'', "life"; and -λογία, ''-logia'') is a branch of biology that studies organic particles, such as bacteria, fungal spores, very small insects, pollen grains and viruses ...

Anatomy Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having it ...

** Comparative anatomy ** Human anatomy ( outline) *

Biochemistry Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology and ...

( outline) * Bioinformatics *

Biophysics Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena. Biophysics covers all scales of biological organization, from molecular to organismic and populations. ...

( outline) * Biotechnology (Outline of biotechnology, outline) * Botany (Outline of botany, outline) ** Ethnobotany ** Phycology * Cell biology (Outline of cell biology, outline) * Chronobiology * Computational biology * Cryobiology * Developmental biology ** Embryology ** Teratology * Ecology (Outline of ecology, outline) ** Agroecology ** Ethnoecology **

* Endocrinology * Epigenetics * Ethnobiology ** Anthrozoology * Evolutionary biology * Genetics (Outline of genetics, outline) ** Behavioural genetics ** Molecular genetics ** Population genetics * Histology * Human biology * Immunology (Outline of immunology, outline) * Limnology * Linnaean taxonomy * Marine biology * Mathematical biology * Microbiology ** Bacteriology ** Protistology * Molecular biology * Mycology * Neuroscience (Outline of neuroscience, outline) ** Behavioral neuroscience * Nutrition (Outline of nutrition, outline) * Paleobiology ** Paleontology * Parasitology * Pathology ** Anatomical pathology ** Clinical pathology ** Dermatopathology ** Forensic pathology ** Hematopathology ** Histopathology ** Molecular pathology ** Surgical pathology * Physiology ** Human physiology *** Exercise physiology * Structural Biology * Systematics (Taxonomy (general), Taxonomy) * Systems biology * Virology ** Molecular virology * Xenobiology * Zoology (Outline of zoology, outline) ** Animal communications ** Apiology ** Arachnology ** Arthropodology ** Batrachology ** Bryozoology ** Carcinology ** Cetology ** Cnidariology ** Entomology *** Forensic entomology ** Ethnozoology ** Ethology ** Helminthology ** Herpetology ** Ichthyology (Outline of fish, outline) ** Invertebrate zoology ** Mammalogy *** Cynology *** Felinology ** Malacology *** Conchology *** Limacology *** Teuthology ** Myriapodology ** Myrmecology (Outline of ants, outline) ** Nematology ** Neuroethology ** Oology ** Ornithology (Outline of birds, outline) ** Planktology ** Primatology ** Zootomy ** Zoosemiotics

Chemistry

* Agrochemistry * Analytical chemistry * Astrochemistry * Atmospheric chemistry *

( outline) * Chemical biology * Chemical engineering (Outline of chemical engineering, outline) * Cheminformatics * Computational chemistry * Cosmochemistry * Electrochemistry * Environmental chemistry * Femtochemistry * Flavour (taste), Flavor * Flow chemistry *

* Green chemistry * Histochemistry * Hydrogenation * Immunochemistry * Inorganic chemistry * Marine chemistry * Mathematical chemistry * Mechanochemistry * Medicinal chemistry * Molecular biology * Molecular mechanics * Nanotechnology * Natural product chemistry * Neurochemistry * Oenology * Organic chemistry (Outline of organic chemistry, outline) * Organometallic chemistry * Petrochemistry * Pharmacology * Photochemistry * Physical chemistry * Physical organic chemistry * Phytochemistry * Polymer chemistry * Quantum chemistry * Radiochemistry * Solid-state chemistry * Sonochemistry * Supramolecular chemistry * Surface chemistry * Synthetic chemistry * Theoretical chemistry * Thermochemistry

Earth science

* Edaphology * Environmental chemistry * Environmental science * Gemology *

* Geodesy *

(Outline of geography#Physical geography, outline) ** Atmospheric science /

(Outline of meteorology, outline) ** Biogeography / Phytogeography **

/ Paleoclimatology /

** Coastal geography / Oceanography ** Edaphology / Pedology or Soil science **

(Outline of geology, outline) ( Geomorphology, Mineralogy, Petrology, Sedimentology, Speleology, Tectonics, Volcanology) ** Geostatistics **

(Outline of hydrology, outline)/ Limnology / Hydrogeology **

(Outline of geophysics, outline) * Paleontology ** Paleobiology ** Paleoecology

Astronomy

* Astrobiology * Observational astronomy ** Gamma ray astronomy ** Infrared astronomy ** Timeline of cosmic microwave background astronomy, Microwave astronomy ** Optical astronomy ** Radio astronomy ** UV astronomy ** X-ray astronomy * Astrophysics ** Gravity, Gravitational astronomy *** Black holes * Cosmology ** Physical cosmology * Interstellar medium * Direct numerical simulation, Numerical simulations ** Astrophysical plasma ** Galaxy formation and evolution ** High-energy astronomy, High-energy astrophysics ** Hydrodynamics ** Magnetohydrodynamics ** Star formation * Star, Stellar astrophysics ** Helioseismology ** Stellar evolution ** Stellar nucleosynthesis * Planetary science

Physics

* Acoustics * Aerodynamics * Applied physics * Astrophysics * Atomic, molecular, and optical physics *

( outline) * Computational physics * Condensed matter physics * Cryogenics * Electricity * Electromagnetism * Elementary particle physics * Experimental physics * Fluid dynamics *

(Outline of geophysics, outline) * Mathematical physics * Mechanics * Medical physics * Molecular physics * Newton's laws of motion, Newtonian dynamics * Nuclear physics * Optics * Plasma physics * Quantum physics * Solid mechanics * Solid state physics * Statistical mechanics * Theoretical physics * Thermal physics * Thermodynamics

Formal science

Computer science

''Also a branch of electrical engineering'' * Logic in computer science ** Formal methods (Formal verification) ** Logic programming ** Multi-valued logic *** Fuzzy logic ** Formal semantics of programming languages, Programming language semantics ** Type theory * Algorithms ** Computational geometry ** Distributed algorithms ** Parallel algorithms ** Randomized algorithms * Artificial intelligence (Outline of artificial intelligence, outline) ** Cognitive science *** Automated reasoning *** Computer vision (Outline of computer vision, outline) *** Machine learning **** Artificial neural networks *** Natural language processing ( Computational linguistics) ** Expert systems ** Robotics (Outline of robotics, outline) * Data structures * Computer architecture * Computer graphics ** Image processing ** Scientific visualization * Computer networking, Computer communications (networks) ** Cloud computing ** Information theory ** Internet, World Wide Web ** Ubiquitous computing ** Wireless computing (Mobile computing) * Computer security and High availability, reliability ** Cryptography ** Fault-tolerant system, Fault-tolerant computing * Computing in mathematics, natural sciences, engineering, and medicine ** Symbolic computation, Algebraic (symbolic) computation ** Computational biology, Computational biology (bioinformatics) ** Computational chemistry ** Computational mathematics ** Computational neuroscience ** Computational number theory ** Computational physics ** Computer-aided engineering *** Computational fluid dynamics *** Finite element analysis ** Numerical analysis ** Scientific computing, Scientific computing (Computational science) * Computing in social sciences, The arts, arts, humanities, and professions **

** Computational finance **

** Digital humanities (Humanities computing) ** History of computer hardware ** History of computer science (Outline of computer science#History of computer science, outline) ** Humanistic informatics ** Databases (Outline of databases, outline) *** Distributed databases *** Object databases *** Relational databases ** Data management ** Data mining ** Information architecture ** Information management ** Information retrieval ** Knowledge management ** Multimedia, hypermedia *** Sound and music computing * Distributed computing ** Grid computing * Human-computer interaction * Operating systems * Parallel computing ** High-performance computing * Programming languages ** Compilers ** Programming paradigms *** Concurrent programming language, Concurrent programming *** Functional programming *** Imperative programming *** Logic programming *** Object-oriented programming ** Program semantics ** Type theory * Quantum computing * Software engineering ** Formal methods (Formal verification) * Theory of computation ** Automata theory (Formal languages) ** Computability theory (computer science), Computability theory ** Computational complexity theory ** Concurrency (computer science)#Theory, Concurrency theory * Very-large-scale integration, VLSI design

Mathematics

Pure mathematics *

and Foundations of mathematics ** Intuitionistic logic ** Modal logic ** Model theory ** Proof theory ** Recursion theory ** Set theory * Algebra (Outline of algebra, outline) ** Associative algebra ** Category theory *** Topos, Topos theory ** Differential algebra ** Field theory (mathematics), Field theory ** Group theory *** Group representation ** Homological algebra ** K-theory ** Lattice theory (Order theory) ** Lie algebra ** Linear algebra (Vector space) ** Multilinear algebra ** Non-associative algebra ** Representation theory ** Ring theory *** Commutative algebra *** Noncommutative algebra ** Universal algebra * Mathematical analysis, Analysis ** Complex analysis ** Functional analysis *** Operator theory ** Harmonic analysis *** Fourier analysis ** Non-standard analysis ** Ordinary differential equations ** p-adic analysis ** Partial differential equations ** Real analysis *** Calculus (Outline of calculus, outline) * Probability theory ** Ergodic theory ** Measure theory *** Integral geometry ** Stochastic process * Geometry (Outline of geometry, outline) and Topology ** Affine geometry ** Algebraic geometry ** Algebraic topology ** Convex geometry ** Differential topology ** Discrete geometry ** Finite geometry ** Galois geometry ** General topology ** Geometric topology ** Integral geometry ** Noncommutative geometry ** Non-Euclidean geometry ** Projective geometry * Number theory ** Algebraic number theory ** Analytic number theory ** Arithmetic combinatorics ** Geometric number theory Applied mathematics * Approximation theory * Combinatorics (Outline of combinatorics, outline) ** Coding theory * Cryptography * Dynamical systems ** Chaos theory ** Fractal geometry * Game theory * Graph theory * Information theory * Mathematical physics ** Quantum field theory ** Quantum gravity *** String theory ** Quantum mechanics ** Statistical mechanics * Numerical analysis * Operations research ** Assignment problem ** Decision analysis ** Dynamic programming ** Inventory theory ** Linear programming ** Mathematical optimization ** Optimal maintenance ** Real options analysis ** Job shop scheduling, Scheduling ** Stochastic processes ** Systems analysis * Statistics (Outline of statistics, outline) ** Actuarial science **

** Mathematical statistics ** Data visualization * Theory of computation ** Computational complexity theory

Applied science

Agriculture

* Aeroponics * Agroecology * Agrology * Agronomy * Animal husbandry (Animal science) ** Beekeeping (Apiculture) * Anthroponics * Agricultural economics * Agricultural engineering ** Biological systems engineering ** Food engineering * Aquaculture * Aquaponics * Enology * Entomology * Fogponics * Food science ** Culinary arts * Forestry * Horticulture *

(Outline of hydrology, outline) * Hydroponics * Pedology * Plant science (Outline of botany, outline) ** Pomology * Pest control * Water purification, Purification * Viticulture

Architecture and design

(Outline of architecture, outline) ** Interior architecture ** Landscape architecture *

( interior architecture) * Landscape architecture (landscape planning) *

* Urban planning (urban design) * Visual communication ** Graphic design *** Type design **

* Industrial design (product design) ** Ergonomics (Outline of ergonomics, outline) ** Toy, Toy and amusement design * User experience design ** Interaction design ** Information architecture ** User interface design ** User experience evaluation *

* Fashion design * Textile design

Business

* Accounting ** Accounting research ** Accounting scholarship * Business administration * Business analysis * Business ethics * Business law * Business management * E-Business * Entrepreneurship * Finance (Outline of finance, outline) * Industrial relations, Industrial and labor relations ** Collective bargaining ** Human resources **

** Labor economics ** Labor history (discipline), Labor history * Information systems (Business informatics) ** Management information systems ** Health informatics * Information technology (Outline of information technology, outline) * International trade * Management (Outline of business management, outline) * Marketing (Outline of marketing, outline) * Operations management * Purchasing * Risk management and insurance * Systems science

Divinity

* History of Christianity, Church history * Field ministry ** Pastoral counseling ** Pastoral theology ** Religious education techniques ** Homiletics ** Liturgy ** Sacred music ** Missiology * Hermeneutics * Scriptural study and languages ** Biblical Hebrew language, Biblical Hebrew ** Biblical studies/Sacred scripture **Vedic Study ** Koine Greek, New Testament Greek ** Latin ** Old Church Slavonic *

Theology Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the ...

(Outline of theology, outline) ** Dogmatic theology ** Ecclesiology ** Sacrament, Sacramental theology ** Systematic theology ** Christian ethics **Hindu ethics ** Moral theology ** Historical theology

Education

* Comparative education * Critical pedagogy * Curriculum and instruction ** Alternative education ** Early childhood education ** Elementary education ** Secondary education ** Higher education ** Mastery learning ** Cooperative learning ** Agricultural education ** Art education ** Bilingual education ** Chemistry education ** Counselor education ** Language education ** Legal education ** Mathematics education ** Medical education ** Military education and training ** Music education ** Nursing education ** Outdoor education ** Peace education ** Physical education/Coach (sport), Sports coaching ** Physics education ** Reading education ** Religious education ** Science education ** Special education **

** Technology education ** Vocational education * Educational leadership * Educational philosophy *

* Educational technology * Distance education

Engineering and technology

Chemical engineering, Chemical Engineering * Bioengineering ** Biochemical engineering ** Biomolecular engineering * Catalysis * Materials engineering * Molecular engineering * Nanotechnology * Polymer engineering * Process design ** Petroleum engineering ** Nuclear engineering ** Food engineering * Process engineering * Reaction engineering * Thermodynamics * Transport phenomena Civil engineering, Civil Engineering * Coastal engineering * Earthquake engineering * Ecological engineering * Environmental engineering * Geotechnical engineering ** Engineering geology * Hydraulic engineering * Mining engineering * Transportation engineering ** Highway engineering * Structural engineering ** Architectural engineering * Structural mechanics * Surveying Educational technology, Educational Technology * Instructional design ** Distance education ** Instructional simulation * Human performance technology * Knowledge management Electrical engineering, Electrical Engineering * Applied physics * Computer engineering (Outline of computer engineering, outline) * Computer science * Control engineering, Control systems engineering ** Control theory * Electronic engineering ** Instrumentation engineering * Engineering physics ** Photonics * Information theory * Mechatronics * Power engineering * Quantum computing * Robotics (Outline of robotics, outline) * Semiconductors * Telecommunications engineering Materials science, Materials Science and Engineering * Biomaterials * Ceramic engineering * Crystallography * Nanomaterials * Photonics * Metallurgy, Physical Metallurgy * Polymer engineering * Polymer science * Semiconductors Mechanical engineering, Mechanical Engineering * Aerospace engineering **Aeronautics **Astronautics * Acoustical engineering * Automotive engineering * Biomedical engineering ** Biomechanical engineering ** Neural engineering * Continuum mechanics * Fluid mechanics * Heat transfer * Industrial engineering * Manufacturing engineering * Marine propulsion, Marine engineering * Mass transfer * Mechatronics * Nanoengineering * Offshore construction, Ocean engineering * Optical engineering * Robotics * Thermodynamics Systems science * Chaos theory * Complex systems * Conceptual systems * Control theory ** Affect control theory ** Control engineering ** Control systems ** Dynamical systems ** Perceptual control theory * Cybernetics ** Biocybernetics ** Engineering cybernetics ** Management cybernetics ** Medical cybernetics ** New Cybernetics ** Second-order cybernetics ** Sociocybernetics * Network science * Operations research * Systems biology ** Computational systems biology ** Synthetic biology ** Systems immunology ** Systems neuroscience * System dynamics ** Social dynamics * Systems ecology ** Ecosystem ecology * Systems engineering ** Biological systems engineering ** Earth systems engineering and management ** Enterprise systems engineering ** Systems analysis * Systems psychology ** Ergonomics ** Family systems theory ** Systemic therapy * Systems theory ** Biochemical systems theory ** Ecological systems theory ** Developmental systems theory ** General systems theory ** Living systems theory ** LTI system theory ** Mathematical system theory ** Sociotechnical systems theory ** World-systems theory * Systems theory in anthropology

Environmental studies and forestry

* Environmental management ** Coastal management ** Fisheries management ** Land management ** Natural resource management ** Waste management ** Wildlife management * Environmental policy * Wildlife observation * Recreation ecology * Silviculture * Sustainability studies ** Sustainable development * Toxicology * Ecology

Family and consumer science

* Consumer education * Housing *

* Nutrition (Outline of nutrition, outline) ** Foodservice, Foodservice management * Textiles

Human physical performance and recreation

* Biomechanics / Sports biomechanics * Coach (sport), Sports coaching * Escapology * Ergonomics * Physical fitness ** Aerobics ** Personal trainer / Personal fitness training * Game design * Exercise physiology * Kinesiology / Exercise physiology / Performance science * Leisure studies * Navigation * Outdoor activity * Physical activity * Physical education / Pedagogy *

* Sexology * Sports / exercise * Sports journalism / sportscasting * Sport management ** Athletic Administration, Athletic director * Sport psychology * Sports medicine ** Athletic training * Survival skills ** Batoning ** Bushcraft ** Scoutcraft ** Woodcraft * Toy, Toy and amusement design

Journalism, media studies and communication

* Journalism (Outline of journalism, outline) ** Broadcast journalism ** Digital journalism ** Creative nonfiction, Literary journalism ** New media, New media journalism ** Journalism, Print journalism ** Sports journalism / Broadcasting of sports events, sportscasting * Media studies (Mass media) ** Newspaper ** Magazine ** Radio (Outline of radio, outline) **

( outline) ***

** Film ( outline) *** Film studies ** Game studies ** Fan studies * Narratology ** Internet (Outline of the Internet, outline) * Communication studies ** Advertising ** Animal communication ** Communication design ** Conspiracy theory ** Digital media ** Electronic media ** Environmental communication ** Hoax ** Information theory ** Cross-cultural communication, Intercultural communication ** Marketing (Outline of marketing, outline) ** Mass communication ** Nonverbal communication ** Organizational communication ** Popular culture studies ** Propaganda ** Public relations (Outline of public relations, outline) ** Speech, Speech communication ** Technical writing ** Translation

Law

** Corporate law ** Mercantile law ** Business law *

* Competition law * Criminal law ** Criminal procedure **

( outline) ***

*** Forensic science ( outline) *

* Jewish law ( outline) *

(Philosophy of Law) * Civil law ** Admiralty law **

** Corporations **

** Environmental law **

***

** Paralegal, Paralegal studies ** Property law **

( outline) * Law enforcement (Outline of law enforcement, outline) *

* Substantive law

Library and museum studies

* Archival science * Archivist * Bibliographic databases * Bibliometrics * Bookmobile * Cataloging ** Citation analysis * Categorization * Classification ** Library classification ** Taxonomic classification ** Scientific classification ** Statistical classification ** Security classification ** Film classification * Collections care * Librarian#Librarian roles and duties, Collection management * Collection Management Policy * Conservation science (cultural heritage), Conservation science * Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage * Curator * Data storage * Database management * Data modeling * Digital preservation * Dissemination * Film preservation * Five laws of library science *

* Library science#History, History of library science * Human-computer interaction * Bibliographic index, Indexer * Informatics * Information architecture * Information broker * Information literacy * Information retrieval * Information science (Outline of information science, outline) * Information systems and technology * Integrated library system * Interlibrary loan * Knowledge engineering * Knowledge management * Library * Library binding * Library circulation * Library instruction * Library portal * Library technical services * Management * Mass deacidification * Museology * Museum education ** Arts administration, Museum administration * Object conservation * Historic preservation, Preservation * Prospect research * Readers' advisory * Records management * Reference * Reference desk * Reference management software * Registrar (museum), Registrar * Research methods * Slow fire * Special library * Statistics

Medicine and health

* Alternative medicine * Audiology * Clinical laboratory sciences/Clinical pathology/Laboratory medicine ** Clinical biochemistry ** Cytogenetics ** Cytohematology ** cell biology, Cytology (Outline of cell biology, outline) ** Haemostasiology ** Histology ** Clinical immunology ** Clinical microbiology ** Molecular genetics ** Parasitology * Clinical physiology * Dentistry (Outline of dentistry and oral health, outline) ** Dental hygienist, Dental hygiene and epidemiology ** Dental surgery ** Endodontics ** Dental implant, Implantology ** Oral and maxillofacial surgery ** Orthodontics ** Periodontics ** Prosthodontics * Dermatology * Emergency medicine (Outline of emergency medicine, outline) * Epidemiology * Geriatrics * Gynaecology * Health informatics/Clinical informatics * Hematology * Holistic medicine * Infectious disease * Intensive care medicine * Internal medicine ** Cardiology *** Cardiac electrophysiology ** Endocrinology ** Gastroenterology ** Hepatology ** Nephrology ** Neurology ** Oncology ** Pulmonology ** Rheumatology * Medical toxicology * Music therapy * Nursing * Nutrition (Outline of nutrition, outline) and dietetics * Obstetrics (Outline of obstetrics, outline) * Occupational hygiene * Occupational therapy * Occupational toxicology * Ophthalmology ** Neuro-ophthalmology * Optometry * Otolaryngology * Pathology * Pediatrics * Pharmaceutical sciences ** Pharmaceutical chemistry ** Toxicology, Pharmaceutical toxicology ** Pharmaceutics ** Pharmacocybernetics ** Pharmacodynamics ** Pharmacogenomics ** Pharmacognosy ** Pharmacokinetics ** Pharmacology ** Pharmacy * Physical fitness ** Group Fitness / aerobics ** Kinesiology / Exercise science / Human performance ** Personal fitness training * Physical therapy * Physiotherapy * Podiatry * Preventive healthcare, Preventive medicine * Primary care ** General medical services, General practice * Psychiatry (Outline of psychiatry, outline) ** Forensic psychiatry *

Psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between ...

(Outline of psychology, outline) * Public health * Radiology * Recreational therapy * Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Rehabilitation medicine * Respiratory therapy * Sleep medicine * Speech–language pathology * Sports medicine * Surgery ** Bariatric surgery ** Cardiothoracic surgery ** Neurosurgery ** Orthoptics ** Orthopedic surgery ** Plastic surgery ** Trauma surgery ** Traumatology * Traditional medicine * Urology ** Andrology * Veterinary medicine

Military sciences

* Amphibious warfare * Artillery * Battlespace ** Aerial warfare, Air ** Information warfare, Information ** Ground warfare, Land ** Naval warfare, Sea ** Space warfare, Space * Military campaign, Campaigning * Military engineering * Doctrine * Espionage * Game theory *Grand strategy ** Containment **Limited war ** Military science (Outline of military science and technology, outline) ** Philosophy of war ** Strategic studies ** Total war ** War (Outline of war, outline) * Leadership * Military logistics, Logistics ** Materiel ** Military supply chain management, Supply chain management * Military operation * Military history ** Prehistoric warfare, Prehistoric ** Ancient warfare, Ancient ** Medieval warfare, Medieval ** Early modern warfare, Early modern ** Industrial warfare, Industrial ** Modern warfare, Modern ** Fourth-generation warfare * Military intelligence * Military law * Military medicine * Naval science ** Naval engineering ** Naval tactics ** Naval architecture *Military organization, Organization ** Command and control ** Doctrine ** Military education and training, Education and training ** Military engineering, Engineers ** Military intelligence, Intelligence ** Military rank, Ranks ** Staff (military), Staff ** Military technology, Technology and equipment ** Military exercises ** Military simulation ** Military sports * Strategy ** Attrition warfare, Attrition ** Military deception, Deception ** Strategic defence, Defensive ** Offensive (military), Offensive ** Counter-offensive ** Maneuver warfare, Maneuver ** Strategic goal (military), Goal ** Naval strategy, Naval * Military tactics, Tactics ** Air combat manoeuvring, Aerial ** Battle ** Cavalry tactics, Cavalry ** Charge (warfare), Charge ** Counter-attack ** Counter-insurgency ** Counter-intelligence ** Counter-terrorism ** Defensive fighting position, Foxhole ** Endemic warfare ** Guerrilla warfare ** Infiltration tactics, Infiltration ** Irregular warfare ** Morale ** Naval tactics ** Siege ** Surgical strike ** Tactical objective ** Trench warfare * Weapon, Military weapons ** Armoured warfare, Armor ** Artillery ** Biological warfare, Biological ** Cavalry ** Conventional warfare, Conventional ** Chemical warfare, Chemical ** Cyberweapon, Cyber ** Economic warfare, Economic ** Electronic warfare, Electronic ** Infantry ** Nuclear warfare, Nuclear ** Psychological warfare, Psychological ** Unconventional warfare, Unconventional * Other Military ** Arms control ** Arms race ** Assassination ** Asymmetric warfare ** Civil defense ** Clandestine operation ** Collateral damage ** Cold war (general term) ** Combat ** Covert operation ** Cyberwarfare ** Defense industry ** Disarmament ** Intelligence agency ** Laws of war ** Mercenary ** Military campaign ** Military operation ** Mock combat ** Network-centric warfare ** Paramilitary ** Principles of war ** Private defense agency ** Private military company ** Proxy war ** Religious war ** Security ** Special forces ** Special operations ** Theater (warfare) ** Theft ** Undercover operation, Undercover ** War crimes ** Warrior

Public administration

* Civil service * Corrections * Conservation biology *

( outline) * Disaster research * Disaster response * Emergency management * Emergency services * Fire safety (Structural fire protection) * Fire ecology (Wildland fire management) * Government, Governmental affairs * international relations, International affairs * Law enforcement * Peace and conflict studies *

** Policy analysis *

** Nonprofit, Nonprofit administration ** Non-governmental organization, Non-governmental organization (NGO) administration ** Public policy doctrine ** Public policy school ** Regulation * Public safety * Public service

Public policy

* Agricultural policy * Commercial policy * Cultural policy * Domestic policy * Drug policy ** Drug policy reform * Economic policy ** Fiscal policy ** Incomes policy ** Industrial policy ** Investment policy ** Monetary policy ** Tax policy * Education policy * Energy policy ** Nuclear energy policy ** Renewable energy policy * Environmental policy * Food policy * Foreign policy * Health policy ** Pharmaceutical policy ** Vaccination policy * Housing policy * Immigration policy * Knowledge policy * Language policy * Military policy * Science policy ** Climate change policy ** Stem cell research policy ** Space policy ** Technology policy * Security policy * Social policy * List of public policy topics by country, Public policy by country

Social work

* Child welfare * Community practice ** Community organizing ** Social policy * Human Services * Corrections * Gerontology * Medical social work *

* School social worker, School social work

Transportation

* Highway safety * Infographics * Intermodal passenger transport, Intermodal transportation studies * Logistics * Marine transportation ** Port management ** Seafaring * Operations research * Mass transit * Travel * Vehicles

References

* * * US Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences
''Classification of Instructional Programs'' (CIP)
National Center for Education Statistics.

External links

Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP 2000)
Developed by the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics to provide a taxonomic scheme that will support the accurate tracking, assessment, and reporting of fields of study and program completions activity.
Complete JACS
(Joint Academic Classification of Subjects) from Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) in the United Kingdom * Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification]
(ANZSRC 2008)web-page
) Chapter 3 and Appendix 1: Fields of research classification.
Fields of Knowledge
a zoomable map allowing the academic disciplines and sub-disciplines in this article be visualised.
Sandoz, R. (ed.), ''Interactive Historical Atlas of the Disciplines'', University of Geneva
{{DEFAULTSORT:Academic Disciplines Outlines of general reference, academic disciplines Wikipedia outlines, academic disciplines Academic disciplines Educational classification systems Education-related lists Science-related lists Higher education-related lists

Humanities

Performing arts

Visual arts The visual arts are art forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts and architecture. Many artistic disciplines such as performing arts, conceptual art, and textile art ...

History History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well ...

Languages and literature Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include ...

Law Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior,Robertson, ''Crimes against humanity'', 90. with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been vario ...

Philosophy

Religious Studies

Theology Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing the ...

Social science

Anthropology Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including past human species. Social anthropology studies patterns of be ...

Archaeology Archaeology or archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, sites, and cultural landsca ...

Economics Economics () is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics analyzes ...

Geography Geography (from Greek: , ''geographia''. Combination of Greek words ‘Geo’ (The Earth) and ‘Graphien’ (to describe), literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, an ...

Political science Political science is the scientific study of politics. It is a social science dealing with systems of governance and power, and the analysis of political activities, political thought, political behavior, and associated constitutions and la ...

Psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries between ...

Sociology Sociology is a social science that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. It uses various methods of empirical investigation an ...

Social work

Natural science

Biology Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all organisms are made up of cells that process hereditary i ...

Chemistry

Earth science

Astronomy

Physics

Formal science

Computer science

Mathematics

Applied science

Agriculture

Architecture and design

Business

Divinity

Education

Engineering and technology

Environmental studies and forestry

Family and consumer science

Human physical performance and recreation

Journalism, media studies and communication

Law

Library and museum studies

Medicine and health

Military sciences

Public administration

Public policy

Social work

Transportation

See also

References

External links

Languages and
literature Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include ...