The following list of Indian monarchs is one of several

lists of incumbents These are lists of incumbents (individuals holding offices or positions), including heads of states or of subnational entities. A historical discipline, archontology, focuses on the study of past and current office holders. Incumbents may also ...

. It includes those said to have ruled a portion of the

Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a list of the physiographic regions of the world, physiographical region in United Nations geoscheme for Asia#Southern Asia, Southern Asia. It is situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian O ...

, including

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

. The earliest Indian rulers are known from epigraphical sources found in archeological inscriptions on

Ashokan edicts The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of more than thirty inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as boulders and cave walls, attributed to Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire who reigned from 268 BCE to 232 BCE. Ashoka used the expre ...

written in Pali language and using brahmi script. They are also known from the literary sources like

Sanskrit literature Sanskrit literature broadly comprises all literature in the Sanskrit language. This includes texts composed in the earliest attested descendant of the Proto-Indo-Aryan language known as Vedic Sanskrit, texts in Classical Sanskrit as well as s ...

Jain literature Jain literature (Sanskrit: जैन साहित्य) refers to the literature of the Jain religion. It is a vast and ancient literary tradition, which was initially transmitted orally. The oldest surviving material is contained in the ca ...

and

Buddhist literature Buddhist texts are those religious texts which belong to the Buddhist tradition. The earliest Buddhist texts were not committed to writing until some centuries after the death of Gautama Buddha. The oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts a ...

in context of literary sources. Archaeological sources include archeological remains in

which give many details about earlier kingdoms, monarchs, and their interactions with each other. Early types of historic documentation include metal coins with an indication of the ruler, or at least the

dynasty A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,''Oxford English Dictionary'', "dynasty, ''n''." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897. usually in the context of a monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. A ...

, at the time. These

Punch-marked coins Punch-marked coins, also known as ''Aahat coins'', are a type of early coinage of India, dating to between about the 6th and 2nd centuries BC. It was of irregular shape. History The study of the relative chronology of these coins has successful ...

were issued around 600s BCE and are found in abundance from the

Maurya Empire The Maurya Empire, or the Mauryan Empire, was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in the Indian subcontinent based in Magadha, having been founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BCE, and existing in loose-knit fashion until 1 ...

in 300s BCE. There are also stone inscriptions and documentary records from foreign cultures from around this time. The main imperial or quasi-imperial rulers of

North India North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India. The dominant geographical features of North India are the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayas, which demarcate the region from the Tibetan Plateau and Central ...

are fairly clear from this point on, but many local rulers, and the situation in the

Deccan The large Deccan Plateau in South India, southern India is located between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats, and is loosely defined as the peninsular region between these ranges that is south of the Narmada river. To the north, it is bou ...

and

South India South India, also known as Dakshina Bharata or Peninsular India, consists of the peninsular southern part of India. It encompasses the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana, as well as the union territo ...

has less clear stone inscriptions from early centuries. Main sources of

n history is

Sangam Literature The Sangam literature (Tamil: சங்க இலக்கியம், ''caṅka ilakkiyam'';) historically known as 'the poetry of the noble ones' (Tamil: சான்றோர் செய்யுள், ''Cāṉṟōr ceyyuḷ'') connotes ...

dated from 600s BCE. Time period of ancient Indian rulers is speculative, or at least uncertain.

Heheya Kingdom

* Maharaja Pururusu * Maharaj Ayusu * Maharaj Nahusha * Maharaj Yayati * Maharaj Yadu * Maharaj Sahasrajit * Maharaj Shatjit * Maharaj Haihay – (Founder of

Heheya Kingdom The Heheya Kingdom (also known as Haihaya, Haiheya, Heiheya _sa.html" ;"title="nowiki/> sa">हैहय was a kingdom ruled by the Yadava people, who claimed to be descended from Yadu, a legendary king of Chandravamsha lineage. One of the mo ...

)Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972) ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.130–1. * Maharaj Dharma * Maharaj Dharmnetra * Maharaj Kuntiraj * Maharaj Sahjit * Maharaj Mahishman – (Founder of

Mahismati Mahishmati ( IAST: Māhiṣmatī) was an ancient city in present-day central India. It was located in present-day Madhya Pradesh, on the banks of Narmada River, although its exact location is uncertain. It is mentioned in several ancient texts, ...

) * Maharaj Bhadrasen * Maharaj Durdabh * Maharaj Dhhannaka * Kritvirya * Maharaj Sahasrarjun * Maharaj Veersen (Jaydwaj) Later they were divided among different sub-castes which include

Kansara The Kansara caste is a Hindu caste whose traditional occupation is the making of metal utensils; they inhabit the Indian states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. Etymology The Kansara derived their name from ''kan̩su'' ( gu, કાંસુ, ). Histo ...

, Kasera,

Tamrakar Tāmrakār (Devanagari: ताम्रकार) is a caste of coppersmiths and other metal casters found in Nepal and India. In Nepal, the Tamrakars are found among the Newar community of the Kathmandu Valley. Etymology and names The name Tam ...

Thathera The Thathera is a Hindu and Sikh artisan caste in India, who traditional occupation is the making of brass and copper utensils. In 2014, the craft of the Thathera community of Jandiala Guru were included in UNESCO’s List of Intangible Cultur ...

, Tambat and many more.

Medieval Haihayas

A number of early medieval dynasties, which include the

Kalachuri The Kalachuris (IAST: Kalacuri), also known as Kalachuris of Mahishmati, were an Indian dynasty that ruled in west-central India between 6th and 7th centuries. They are also known as the Heheya Kingdom, Haihayas or as the Early Kalachuris to d ...

and

Mushika Kingdom Mushika dynasty, also spelled Mushaka, was a minor dynastic power that held sway over the region in and around Mount Ezhi (Ezhimala) in present-day North Malabar, Kerala, India. The country of the Mushikas, ruled by an ancient lineage of the Heh ...

Kerala Kerala ( ; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile regions of Cochin, Malabar, South ...

, claimed their descent from the Haihayas.

Magadha dynasties

Magadha dynasty

;Rulers - (''Uparichara Vasu was father of Brihadratha, he was succeeded by his son Brihadratha on throne of Magadha)'' ''(Uparichara Vasu descendants founded many kingdoms like King Pratyagraha of

Chedi Kingdom Chedi ( sa, चेदी) was a kingdom which fell roughly in the Bundelkhand division of Madhya Pradesh regions to the south of river Yamuna along the river Ken. Its capital city was called Suktimati in Sanskrit. According to the Mahabhara ...

and great-grandfather of

Shishupala Shishupala ( sa, शिशुपाल, lit. ''protector of children'', IAST: ''Śiśupāla''; sometimes spelt Sisupala) was the king of the Chedi kingdom, and an antagonist in the Mahabharata. He was the son of King Damaghosha and Srutashubha, ...

, King Vatsa of

Vatsa Kingdom Vatsa or Vamsa (Pali and Ardhamagadhi: , literally "calf") was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas (great kingdoms) of Uttarapatha of ancient India mentioned in the Aṅguttara Nikāya. Location The territory of Vatsa was located to the south o ...

and King Matsya of

Matsya Kingdom Matsya ( sa, मत्स्य) was a Vedic kingdom and later became a part of sixteen Mahajanapadas, which also appears in Hindu Epic literature. The capital of Matsya was at Viratanagari (present-day Bairat, in Rajasthan) which is said to h ...

and great-grandfather of

Virata Virata ( sa, विराट, IAST ''virāṭa''), was the king of the Matsya Kingdom, in whose court the Pandavas spent a year in concealment during their exile. Virata was married to Queen Sudeshna and was the father of Prince Uttara and P ...

and

Satyavati Satyavati ( sa, सत्यवती, ; also spelled Satyawati) was the queen of the Kuru. She is the wife of king Shantanu of Hastinapura, and the great-grandmother of the Pandava and Kaurava princes (The principal characters of the Hindu ...

'')

Brihadratha dynasty (c. 1700 – 682 BCE)

;Rulers - (''

Ripunjaya Ripunjaya of Magadha was the last king of Brihadratha dynasty. His minister Pulika killed him and crowned his son Pradyota as the new king. See also * Brihadratha * Magadha * Pradyota * Pradyota dynasty Pradyota dynasty, also called ''Prthivim ...

was the last ruler of dynasty, dethorned by

Pradyota Pradyota dynasty, also called ''Prthivim Bhoksyanti'' (lit. enjoying the earth), is an ancient Indian dynasty, which ruled over Avanti (Ancient India), Avanti and Magadha, though most of the Puranas ''(except a manuscript of the Brahmanda Puran ...

in 682 BCE'')

Pradyota dynasty (c. 682 – 544 BCE)

;Rulers- (''Varttivarddhana was last ruler of dynasty dethroned by

Bimbisara Bimbisāra (in Buddhist tradition) or Shrenika () and Seniya () in the Jain histories (c. 558 – c. 491 BCE or during the late 5th century BCE) was a King of Magadha (V. K. Agnihotri (ed.), ''Indian History''. Allied Publishers, New Delhi 2 ...

in 544 BCE'')

Haryanka dynasty (c. 544 – 413 BCE)

;Rulers- (''

Nāgadāsaka Nāgadāsaka was the last ruler of Haryanka dynasty from 437 to 413 BCE and son of Munda. He murdered his father and ruled for twenty-four years. The people deposed him and made Shishunaga king in his place. Shishunaga was the founder of Shishuna ...

was last ruler of dynasty overthrowed by

Shishunaga Shishunaga (IAST: Śiśunāga, or Shusunaga) (c. 413 – 395 BCE) was the founder of the Shishunaga dynasty of the Magadha Empire in the present day northern India. Initially, he was an ''amatya'' (official) of the Magadha empire under the Harya ...

in 413 BCE'')

Shishunaga dynasty (c. 413 – 345 BCE)

;Rulers- ''(

Mahanandin Mahanandin was the last king of the Shishunaga dynasty of the Indian subcontinent. The dynasty ruled parts of ancient India around the city of Pataliputra (present day Patna, Bihar). Life ''Puranas'' list Nandivardhana as the ninth Shishunaga k ...

lost his empire by his illegitimate son

Mahapadma Nanda Mahapadma Nanda (IAST: ''Mahāpadmānanda''; c. mid 4th century BCE), according to the Puranas, was the first Emperor of the Nanda Empire of ancient India. The Puranas describe him as a son of the last Shaishunaga king Mahanandin and a Shudra w ...

in 345 BCE)''

Nanda Empire (c. 345 – 322 BCE)

;Rulers- ''(

Dhana Nanda Dhana Nanda (died c. 321 BCE), according to the Buddhist text '' Mahabodhivamsa'', was the last ruler of the Nanda dynasty of ancient India. He was the youngest son of Mahapadma Nanda. Chandragupta Maurya raised an army that eventually conquer ...

lost his empire to

Chandragupta Maurya Chandragupta Maurya (350-295 BCE) was a ruler in Ancient India who expanded a geographically-extensive kingdom based in Magadha and founded the Maurya dynasty. He reigned from 320 BCE to 298 BCE. The Maurya kingdom expanded to become an empi ...

after being defeated by him in 322 BCE)''

Maurya Empire (c. 322 – 184 BCE)

;Rulers- ''(

Brihadratha Brihadratha ( sa, बृहद्रथ; IAST: Bṛhadratha), also known as ''Maharatha'', was the initiator of his dynasty and also because of his greatness, his dynasty came to be known as ''Brihadratha dynasty'', the earliest ruling dynasty ...

was the last ruler of dynasty, dethroned by

Pushyamitra Shunga Pushyamitra Shunga (IAST: ) or Pushpamitra Shunga (IAST: ) (ruled ) was the co-founder and the first or second ruler of the Shunga Empire which he and Gopāla established against the Maurya Empire. His original name was Puṣpaka or Puṣpami ...

in 185 BCE)''

Shunga Empire (c. 185 – 73 BCE)

;Rulers- ''(

Devabhuti Devabhuti (), also known as Devbhomi', was the last king of the Shunga Empire in ancient India. He was assassinated by his minister Vasudeva Kanva. Following his death, the Shunga dynasty was then replaced by the subsequent Kanvas. Reign The late ...

was the last ruler of dynasty dethroned by

Vasudeva Kanva Vasudeva Kanva () was the founder of the Kanva dynasty. He was originally an Amatya (minister) of last Shunga ruler Devabhuti. Vasudeva killed the last Shunga ruler and established Kanva dynasty. Bana's Harshacharita informs us that he came to p ...

in 73 BCE)''

Kanva dynasty (c. 73 – 28 BCE)

;Rulers- ''(Susarman was the last ruler of dynasty, dethroned by

Simuka Simuka ( Dhamma lipi𑀲𑀺𑀫𑀼𑀓, ''Si-mu-ka'') was an Indian king belonging to the Satavahana dynasty. He is mentioned as the first king in a list of royals in a Satavahana inscription at Nanaghat. In the Puranas, the name of the first A ...

Satavahana Empire The Satavahanas (''Sādavāhana'' or ''Sātavāhana'', IAST: ), also referred to as the Andhras in the Puranas, were an ancient Indian dynasty based in the Deccan region. Most modern scholars believe that the Satavahana rule began in the late ...

)''

Gonanda dynasty of Kashmir

Gonanda dynasty I

Kalhana Kalhana ( sa, कल्हण, translit=kalhaṇa) was the author of ''Rajatarangini'' (''River of Kings''), an account of the history of Kashmir. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. All information regarding his life has to be d ...

mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali

calendar era A calendar era is the period of time elapsed since one ''epoch'' of a calendar and, if it exists, before the next one. For example, it is the year as per the Gregorian calendar, which numbers its years in the Western Christian era (the Coptic ...

. Dating of Gonanda kings based on calculation of Jogesh Chander Dutt.

Gonanditya dynasty (c. 1175 – 167 BCE)

The Gonanditya dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years.

Pratapaditya's dynasty (c. 167 BCE – 25 CE)

No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source. These kings ruled Kashmir for 192 years.

Gonanda dynasty II (c. 25 – 345 CE)

Gandhara Kingdom (c. 1500 – 518 BCE)

Gandhara region centered around the

Peshawar Valley The Valley of Peshawar ( ps, د لوی پېښور وادي; ur, وادئ پشاور), or Peshawar Basin, historically known as the Gandhara Valley, is a broad area situated in the central part of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The va ...

and

Swat In the United States, a SWAT team (special weapons and tactics, originally special weapons assault team) is a police tactical unit that uses specialized or military equipment and tactics. Although they were first created in the 1960s to ...

river valley, though the cultural influence of "Greater Gandhara" extended across the Indus river to the

Taxila Taxila or Takshashila (; sa, तक्षशिला; pi, ; , ; , ) is a city in Punjab, Pakistan. Located in the Taxila Tehsil of Rawalpindi District, it lies approximately northwest of the Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area and ...

region in

Potohar Plateau The Pothohar Plateau ( ur, ) is a plateau in north-eastern Pakistan, located between Indus River and the Jhelum River, forming the northern part of Punjab. Geography Potohar Plateau is bounded on the east by the Jhelum River, on the west by the ...

and westwards into the

Kabul Kabul (; ps, , ; , ) is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. Located in the eastern half of the country, it is also a municipality, forming part of the Kabul Province; it is administratively divided into 22 municipal districts. Acco ...

and

Bamiyan Bamyan or Bamyan Valley (); ( prs, بامیان) also spelled Bamiyan or Bamian is the capital of Bamyan Province in central Afghanistan. Its population of approximately 70,000 people makes it the largest city in Hazarajat. Bamyan is at an alti ...

valleys in

Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordere ...

, and northwards up to the

Karakoram The Karakoram is a mountain range in Kashmir region spanning the borders of Pakistan, China, and India, with the northwest extremity of the range extending to Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Most of the Karakoram mountain range falls under the ...

range. ;Known Gandhara rulers are- * Nagnajit *

Subala The ''Mahabharata'' is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India; it was composed by the sage Vyasa. The most important characters of ''Mahabharata'' can be said to include: Krishna; the Pandavas Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula ...

Shakuni Shakuni ( sa, शकुनि, , ) plays a key role in the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. He is one of the main antagonists of the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. He was the prince of the kingdom of Gandhara when introduced, later becoming its king a ...

* Achala * Kalikeya * Suvala * Vrishaka * Vrihadvala * Gaya * Gavaksha * Vrishava * Charmavat * Arjava * Suka * Kulinda * Pushkarasakti (c. 535–518 BCE), last ruler of Gandhara kingdom probably at time of

Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley The Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley occurred from the 6th to 4th centuries BCE, and saw the Persian Achaemenid Empire take control of regions in the northwestern Indian subcontinent that predominantly comprise the territory of modern-da ...

* Kandik, (late ruler)

Kuru Kingdom (c. 1200 – 345 BCE)

Kuru II was the ruler of Puru dynasty after whom the dynasty was named ''Kuruvāmshā'' and the kingdom was renamed from Puru dynasty to

Kuru Kingdom Kuru (Sanskrit: ) was a Vedic Indo-Aryan peoples, Indo-Aryan tribal union in northern Iron Age India, Iron Age India, encompassing parts of the modern-day states of Haryana, Delhi, and some parts of western Uttar Pradesh, which appeared in the M ...

. He had three sons, namely Vidhuratha I who became the ruler of

Pratisthana Paithan Help:IPA, pəɪ.ʈʰaɳ(), historically Pratiṣṭhāna Help:IPA, ɾə'tɪʂʈʰana is a town with municipal council in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra, India. Paithan is located south of present-day Aurangabad on the Godavar ...

Vyushitaswa Vyushitashva () is a king featured in Hindu literature. He is the son of King Shankhana, of the Chandravamsha (Lunar dynasty). His legend is described in the Mahabharata. Vyushitashva marries Bhadra, the daughter of King Kakshivat, who is renown ...

who died at a very young age, and Sudhanva, who became the ruler of

Magadha Magadha was a region and one of the sixteen sa, script=Latn, Mahajanapadas, label=none, lit=Great Kingdoms of the Second Urbanization (600–200 BCE) in what is now south Bihar (before expansion) at the eastern Ganges Plain. Magadha was ruled ...

. So Vidhuratha I became the king of

Hastinapura Hastinapur is a city in the Meerut district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. ''Hastinapura'', described in Hindu texts such as the ''Mahabharata'' and the Puranas as the capital of the Kuru Kingdom, is also mentioned in ancient Jain tex ...

. ;List of rulers– * Kuru II * Vidhuratha I * Jahnu * Parikshit II * Janamejaya II * Bheemasena * Prathishravas *

Pratipa Pratipa ( sa, प्रतीप, translit=Pratīpa) is a legendary king in Hinduism. He is the king of Hastinapura and a member of the Lunar dynasty. He is the father of Shantanu and the grandfather of Bhishma, Chitrangada, and Vichitravirya. The ...

Shantanu Shantanu (Sanskrit: शंतनु) is a character in the Mahabharata, described as the ruler of the Kuru Kingdom with his capital at Hastinapura. He was a descendant of the Bharata race, a forebear of the lineage of the Lunar dynasty, and the ...

, (

Bhishma Bhishma (Sanskrit: भीष्‍म, , ), also known as Pitamaha, Gangaputra, and Devavrata, played an integral role in Mahabharata. He was the supreme commander of the Kaurava forces during the Kurukshetra War mentioned in the Hindu epic M ...

was the youngest son of

and

Ganga The Ganges ( ) (in India: Ganga ( ); in Bangladesh: Padma ( )). "The Ganges Basin, known in India as the Ganga and in Bangladesh as the Padma, is an international river to which India, Bangladesh, Nepal and China are the riparian states." is ...

Chitrāngada Chitrāngada ( sa, चित्रांगद, ''citrāngada'') was the king of Kuru Mahajanapada with his capital Hastinapura . He belonged to the Lunar Dynasty of Bharata Tribe He was the elder son of Shantanu and Satyavati, who ascended ...

and

Vichitravirya Vichitravirya ( sa, विचित्रवीर्य, translit=Vicitravīrya, lit=Strange potency) is a character in the Mahabharata, where he is featured as a Kuru king. According to the Hindu epic, he is the younger son of Queen Satyavati ...

were the sons of Shantanu and

.) *

, (

Dhritarashtra Dhritarashtra ( sa, धृतराष्ट्र, ISO-15919: Dhr̥tarāṣṭra) was a Kuru king, and the father of the Kauravas in the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. He was the King of the Kuru Kingdom, with its capital at Hastinapura. He was ...

Pandu In the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata'', Pandu ( sa, पाण्डु, Pāṇḍu, pale) was a king of the Kuru Kingdom. He was the foster-father of the five Pandava brothers, who were the boons bestowed upon his wife Kunti by a number of deities ...

and

Vidura Vidura (Sanskrit: विदुर, lit. ''skilled'', ''intelligent'' or ''wise''), also known as Kshatri, plays a key role in the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. He is described as the prime minister of the Kuru kingdom and is the paternal uncle o ...

were the sons of Vichitravirya) *

, (The

Pandava The Pandavas (Sanskrit: पाण्डव, IAST: Pāṇḍava) refers to the five legendary brothers— Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula and Sahadeva—who are the central characters of the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. They are acknowledg ...

were the five sons of

and

Kunti Kunti ( sa, कुन्ती, ), named at birth as Pritha ( sa, पृथा, ), is one of the prominent characters of the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. She is best known as the mother of the Pandavas and Karna, the main protagonists of the epi ...

whereas the

Kaurava ''Kaurava'' is a Sanskrit term which refers to descendants of Kuru, a legendary king of India who is the ancestor of many of the characters of the epic ''Mahabharata''. Usually, the term is used for the 100 sons of King Dhritarashtra and his wif ...

were the hundred sons of

and

Gandhari Gandhari may refer to: * Gandhari (Mahabharata), a character in the Indian epic ''Mahabharata'' * Gandhari khilla, a hill fort near Bokkalagutta, Telangana, India * Gandhari language, north-western prakrit spoken in Gāndhāra **Kharosthi, or Gan ...

.) *

Yudhishthira ''Yudhishthira'' (Sanskrit: युधिष्ठिर, IAST: ''Yudhiṣṭhira'') is the eldest among the five Pandava brothers. He is mentioned in the ancient epic Mahabharata. He was sired by King Pandu of the Kuru Dynasty and his first w ...

, (Yaudheya was the son of

and Devika.

Ghatotkacha Ghatotkacha ( sa, घटोत्कच, , literally: "Bald Pot") is a prominent character in the story of ''Mahabharata''. His name comes from the fact that his head was hairless (''utkacha'') and shaped like a ghatam, or a pot. Ghatotkacha ...

was the son of

Bhima In Hindu epic Mahabharata, Bhima ( sa, भीम, ) is the second among the five Pandavas. The ''Mahabharata'' relates many events that portray the might of Bhima. Bhima was born when Vayu, the wind god, granted a son to Kunti and Pandu. Af ...

and

Hidimbi Hiḍimbī (Sanskrit: , IAST: ''Hiḍimbī''), or Hiḍimbā, is the rakshasi wife of the Pandava Bhima and the mother of Ghatotkacha in the ''Mahābhārata''. She meets Bhima in the 9th sub-parva (Hidimva-vadha Parva) of the Adi Parva. She ...

Abhimanyu Abhimanyu is a legendary warrior from the ancient Hindu history ''Mahabharata''. He was born to the third Pandava prince Arjuna and the Yadu princess Subhadra, who was Krishna's younger sister. The ''Sambhava Parva'' of the Adi Parva sta ...

was the son of

Arjuna Arjuna (Sanskrit: अर्जुन, ), also known as Partha and Dhananjaya, is a character in several ancient Hindu texts, and specifically one of the major characters of the Indian epic Mahabharata. In the epic, he is the third among Panda ...

and

Subhadra Subhadra ( sa, सुभद्रा, Subhadrā) is a Hindu goddess mentioned in ancient Hindu scriptures like the ''Mahabharata'' and the ''Bhagavata Purana''. She is described as the favourite child of Vasudeva and the younger sister of de ...

. Babruvahana was the son of Arjuna and

Chitrāngadā Chitrāngadā ( sa, चित्रांगदा, ''Citrāṅgadā''), in the Hindu epic ''Mahābhārata'', was the warrior princess of Manipur and the only heir of king Chitravahana. She had a son named Babhruvahana with Arjuna. The story of ...

. Iravan was the son of Arjuna and Ulupi.

Niramitra The ''Mahabharata'' is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India; it was composed by the sage Vyasa. The most important characters of ''Mahabharata'' can be said to include: Krishna; the Pandavas Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakul ...

was the son of

Nakula In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, ''Nakula'' (Sanskrit: नकुल) was fourth of the five Pandava brothers. Nakula and Sahadeva were twins blessed to Madri, by Ashwini Kumaras, the divine physicians. Their parents Pandu and Madri - died earl ...

and Karenumati.

Suhotra Sahadeva (Sanskrit: सहदेव) was the youngest of the Pandava brothers, the five principal protagonists of the epic ''Mahabharata''. He and his twin brother, Nakula, were blessed to King Pandu and Queen Madri by invoking the twin gods Ash ...

was the son of

Sahadeva Sahadeva (Sanskrit: सहदेव) was the youngest of the Pandava brothers, the five principal protagonists of the epic ''Mahabharata''. He and his twin brother, Nakula, were blessed to King Pandu and Queen Madri by invoking the twin gods Ash ...

and Queen Vijaya.

Upapandava In the Hinduism, Hindu epic Mahabharata, the ''Upapandavas'' (, sa, उपपाण्डव, lit. ''junior Pandavas''), also known as ''Pandavaputras'' (, sa, पाण्डवपुत्र, lit. ''sons of Pandavas''), Draupadeyas or ''Pan ...

were the 5 sons of Pandava and

Draupadi Draupadi ( sa, द्रौपदी, draupadī, Daughter of Drupada), also referred to as Krishnaa, Panchali, and Yagyaseni, is the main female protagonist of the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata,'' and the common consort of the five Pandava brothers ...

) *

Parikshit Parikshit ( sa, परीक्षित्, ) was a Kuru king who reigned during the Middle Vedic period (12th-10th centuries BCE). Along with his son and successor, Janamejaya, he played a decisive role in the consolidation of the Kuru state, ...

, (was the son of

.) *

Janamejaya Janamejaya ( sa, जनमेजय) was a Kuru king who reigned during the Middle Vedic period. Along with his father and predecessor Parikshit, he played a decisive role in the consolidation of the Kuru state, the arrangement of Vedic hymns i ...

* Satanika * Ashwamedhatta * Dwiteeyram * Chatramal * Chitrarath * Dushtshailya * Ugrasena * Shoorsen * Bhuvanpati * Ranjeet * Rikchak * Sukdeva * Narharidev * Suchirath * Shoorsen II * Parvatsen * Mehavi * Soncheer * Bheemdev * Nriharidev * Pooranmal * Kardavi * Alammik * Udaipal * Duvanmal * Damat * Bheempal * Kshemaka Kshemaka was the last Kuru king dethroned by

Nanda Empire The Nanda dynasty ruled in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent during the fourth century BCE, and possibly during the fifth century BCE. The Nandas overthrew the Shaishunaga dynasty in the Magadha region of eastern India, and expanded ...

in 345 BCE.

Kosala Kingdom (c. 1100 – 345 BCE)

;List of rulers– *

Brihadbala Brihadbala () is a king featured in Hindu mythology. He is a character in the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. He is described to be the last king of the Kosala Kingdom. In the Kurukshetra War, Brihadbala fights for the Kauravas and is killed by Ab ...

* Brihatkshaya * Urukriya * Vatsavyuha * Prativyoma * Bhaanu * Divakara * Veer Sahadeva * Brihadashva * Bhanuratha * Pratitashva * Supratika * Marudeva * Sunakshatra * Pushkara * Antariksha * Suvarna * Bruhadaraaj * Kritanjaya * Ranajjaya * Sanjaya Mahakoshala or Jayasena * Prasenajit * Virudhaka *

Sumitra Sumitra ( sa, सुमित्रा, IAST: Sumitrā) is a princess of Kashi in Hindu mythology. The wise Sumitra is the third queen consort of Dasharatha, the king of Kosala, who ruled from Ayodhya. She is the mother of the twins Lakshmana a ...

was the last ruler of Kosala kingdom, who was defeated by the Nanda ruler emperor

in 340 BCE. However, he wasn't killed, and fled to Rohtas, located in present-day

Bihar Bihar (; ) is a state in eastern India. It is the 2nd largest state by population in 2019, 12th largest by area of , and 14th largest by GDP in 2021. Bihar borders Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the northern part of West Be ...

Videha dynasty of Mithila (c. 1100 – 700 BCE)

There were 52 ''Janaka'' (kings) ruled Videha dynasty of Mithila- # Mithi - (founder of Mithila and the first Janaka)''Encyclopaedia of Hinduism''. Nagendra Kumar Singh, p. 3239. # Udavasu # Nandivardhana # Suketu # Devarata # Brihadvrata # Mahavira # Sudhriti # Dristaketu # Haryasva # Maru # Pratindhaka # Kritiratha # Devamidha # Vibhuta # Mahidhrata # Kirtirata # Mahorama # Swarnorama # Hrisvaroma # Seeradhwaja # Bhaanumaan # Shatadyumn # Shuchi # Oorjnaamaa # Kriti # Anjan # Kurujit # Arishtnemi # Shrutaayu # Supaarshwa # Srinjaya # Kshemaavee # Anenaa # Bhaumarath # Satyarath # Upagu # Upagupt # Swaagat # Swaanand # Suvarchaa # Supaarshwa # Subhaash # Sushrut # Jaya # Vijaya # Rit # Sunaya # Veetahavya # Dhriti # Bahulaashwa # Kriti - last King of Videha or Janaka dynasty, Kirti Janak was atrocious ruler who lost control over his subjects. He was dethroned by public under leadership of

Acharya In Indian religions and society, an ''acharya'' (Sanskrit: आचार्य, IAST: ; Pali: ''ācariya'') is a preceptor and expert instructor in matters such as religion, or any other subject. An acharya is a highly learned person with a tit ...

s (Learned Men). During this period of fall of Videha dynasty, the famous republic of Licchavi was rising in Vaishali and Mithila region came under control of Licchavi clan of Vajji confederacy in around eight century BCE.

Panchala Kingdom (c. 1100 BCE – 350 CE)

Ajamida II had a son named Rishin. Rishin had two sons namely Samvarana II, whose son was

Kuru Kuru may refer to: Anthropology and history * Kuru (disease), a type of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy associated with the cannibalistic funeral practices of the Fore people * Kuru (mythology), part of Meithei mythology * Kuru Kingdom, ...

and Brihadvasu whose descendants were Panchalas. ;List of Panchala Kingdom rulers are- * Rishin * Brihadbhanu, (son of Brihadvasu) * Brihatkaya * Puranjaya * Riksha * Bramhyaswa * Aramyaswa * Mudgala, Yavinara, Pratiswan, Maharaja Kampilya - (founder of

Kampilya Kampilya was the capital of the Panchala Kingdom, which was a mahajanapada mentioned in the Mahabharata. Kampilya was the capital of southern Panchala and Ahichchhatra was the capital of northern Panchala. Kampilya was ruled by Drupada during ...

capital of Panchala Kingdom) * Sranjaya, (son of Aramyaswa) * Dritimana * Drdhanemi * Sarvasena, (founder of Ujjain Kingdom) * Mitra * Rukmaratha * Suparswa * Sumathi * Sannatimana * Krta * Pijavana * Somadutta * Jantuvahana * Badhrayaswa * Brihadhishu * Brihadhanu * Brihadkarma * Jayaratha * Visvajit * Seinyajit * Nepavirya, (after this King's name the country was named Nepaldesh) * Samara * Sadashva * Ruchiraswa * Pruthusena * Prapti * Prthaswa * Sukrthi * Vibhiraja * Anuha * Bramhadatta II * Vishwaksena * Dandasena * Durmukha * Durbuddhi * Dharbhya * Divodasa * Sivana I * Mitrayu * Maitrayana * Soma * Sivana II * Sadasana * Sahadeva * Somaka, (Somaka's eldest son was Sugandakrthu and youngest was Prishata. But in a war all sons died and Prishata Survived and became the king of Panchala) *

Prishati The ''Mahabharata'' is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India; it was composed by the sage Vyasa. The most important characters of ''Mahabharata'' can be said to include: Krishna; the Pandavas Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula ...

, (son of Somaka) *

Drupada Drupada (Sanskrit: द्रुपद, lit. ''firm-footed'' or ''pillar''), also known as Yajnasena (Sanskrit: यज्ञसेन, lit. ''he whose army is sacrificial''), is a character in the Mahābhārata. The son of King Prishata, he wa ...

, (son of Prishata) *

Dhrishtadyumna Dhrishtadyumna ( sa, धृष्टद्युम्न, Dhṛṣṭadyumna, the courageous and splendid one) is the son of Drupada—the king of the Panchala kingdom—and the twin brother of Draupadi in the Hindu epic ''Mahabharata''. Dhri ...

, (was the son of Drupada,

and

Shikhandi Shikhandi ( sa, शिखण्डी, translit=Śikhaṇḍī) is a character in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. Born as the daughter of Drupada, the King of Panchala, Shikhandi becomes a biological male after agreeing to a sex exchange with a ya ...

were the daughters of Drupada) *

Keśin Dālbhya Keśin Dālbhya (or Dārbhya) was a king of Panchala during the Late Vedic period, most likely between 900 and 750 BCE. He is mentioned prominently in the Taittiriya and Jaiminiya Brahmanas. His maternal uncle was a Kuru Kingdom, Kuru king, refl ...

Pravahana Jaivali Pravahana Jaivali was a king of Panchala during the Late Vedic period (8th or 7th century BCE), mentioned in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (Vi.ii.9-13) and the Chandogya Upanishad (V.4-8). Like King Ajatashatru of Kashi and King Asvapati Kaikeya o ...

Achyuta In Hinduism, Achyuta (IAST: ') is an epithet of Vishnu and appears as the 100th and 318th names in the Vishnu Sahasranama. It is also often used in the Bhagavad Gita as a personal name of Krishna. According to Adi Shankara's commentary on the ...

, (last known ruler of Panchala Kingdom which was defeated in c. 350 CE by

Gupta Gupta () is a common surname or last name of Indian origin. It is based on the Sanskrit word गोप्तृ ''goptṛ'', which means 'guardian' or 'protector'. According to historian R. C. Majumdar, the surname ''Gupta'' was adopted by se ...

ruler

Samudragupta Samudragupta (Gupta script: ''Sa-mu-dra-gu-pta'', (c. 335–375 CE) was the second emperor of the Gupta Empire of ancient India, and is regarded among the greatest rulers of the dynasty. As a son of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta I and the Li ...

Anga Kingdom (c. 1100 – 530 BCE)

;Known Anga rulers are- * Maharaj Anga - (founder of the kingdom and son of King

Bali Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nu ...

) *

Romapada Romapada ( IAST: Romapāda), also known Chitraratha and Lomapada, was a king of Anga, and the adoptive father of Shanta in the Hindu epic ''Ramayana''. Early life Romapada was the youngest son of the Yadava king Vidarbha. Vidarbha had many sons ...

* Angaraj Karna *

Vrishaketu Vrishaketu ( sa, वृषकेतु ) is a figure in the Hindu Sanskrit epic ''Mahabharata''. He was the son of Karna and Vrushali and also the youngest of Karna's sons. He was the only surviving son of Karna as he didn't participate b ...

- (son of Karna) * Tamralipta * Lomapada * Chitraratha * Vrihadratha * Vasuhoma * Dhatarattha * Dhadivahana * Brahmadatta - (last king of Anga kingdom)

Kalinga Kingdom (c. 1100 – 261 BCE)

Kalinga dynasty (I) (c. 1100 – 700 BCE)

According to

Mahabharata The ''Mahābhārata'' ( ; sa, महाभारतम्, ', ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India in Hinduism, the other being the ''Rāmāyaṇa''. It narrates the struggle between two groups of cousins in the Kuruk ...

and some

Puranas Purana (; sa, , '; literally meaning "ancient, old"Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature (1995 Edition), Article on Puranas, , page 915) is a vast genre of Indian literature about a wide range of topics, particularly about legends an ...

, the prince 'Kalinga' founded the Kalinga Kingdom, in the current day region of coastal

Odisha Odisha (English: , ), formerly Orissa ( the official name until 2011), is an Indian state located in Eastern India. It is the 8th largest state by area, and the 11th largest by population. The state has the third largest population of ...

, including the North Sircars. The Mahabharata also mentions one 'Srutayudha' as the king of the Kalinga kingdom, who joined the

camp. In the Buddhist text, Mahagovinda Suttanta, Kalinga and its ruler, 'Sattabhu', have been mentioned. ;Known rulers are- * King Kalinga, (founder of Kalinga Kingdom) * King Odra, (founder of

Odra Kingdom Odra was a kingdom located in the northern Odisha in Eastern India. This kingdom was mentioned in the epic Mahabharata. Odras were neighbours to the Vangas. It is believed that the Odia language and the state Odisha got their names derived from t ...

) *

Srutayudha Śrutāyudha (Devanagari: श्रुतायुध) is the Kshatriya (warrior) king of Kalinga (Odisha). He is the son of Varuna and his wife Parnasa. Magical Mace Srutayudha's mother had wished for a boon from Varuna for his son so that he ...

* Srutayush * Manimat * Chitrangada * Subahu * Virasena * Sudatta * Nalikira * Yavanaraj * Dantavakkha or Dantavakhra (c. 9th century BCE) *

Avakinnayo Karakandu Avakinnayo Karakandu or Karakanda (Odia: ଅବକିଣ୍ଣୟୋ କରକଣ୍ଡ) was a powerful legendary Jain emperor of Kalinga (Odisha and North Andhra), who is said to have lived in around 9th century BCE. He is a celebrated hero of ...

(c. late 9th to early 8th century BCE) * Vasupala (c. 8th century BCE)

Kalinga dynasty (II) (c. 700 – 350 BCE)

This dynasty is mentioned in ''

Chullakalinga Jataka Chullakalinga was an ancient prince of Kalinga (Odisha) who has been mentioned clearly in the Chullakalinga Jataka tales, Jataka and Kalingabodhi Jataka Buddhism, Buddhist records. Both the Jatakas mention the tale of Chullakalinga in the light th ...

'' and '' Kalingabodhi Jataka''. The last ruler of First Kalinga dynasty is said to have broken away from the

Danda kingdom Danda is a frequently featured region in Hindu mythology, as in Dandaka, a kingdom and a forest bearing the same name. It was a colonial state of Lanka under the reign of Ravana. Ravana's governor Khara ruled this province. It was the stronghold ...

along with the kings of

Asmaka Ashmaka (Sanskrit: ) or Assaka (Pali: ) was a Mahajanapada in ancient India which existed between 700 BCE and 425 or 345 BCE according to the Buddhist texts '' Anguttara Nikaya'' and ''Puranas''. It was located around and between the Godavar ...

and

Vidarbha Vidarbha (Pronunciation: Help:IPA/Marathi, �id̪əɾbʱə is a geographical region in the east of the Indian state of Maharashtra and a Proposed states and union territories of India#Maharashtra, proposed state of central India, comprising th ...

as its feudal states, and established rule of Second Kalinga dynasty. ;Known rulers are- * Dandaki * Mahakalinga *

Chullakalinga Chullakalinga was an ancient prince of Kalinga (Odisha) who has been mentioned clearly in the Chullakalinga Jataka and Kalingabodhi Jataka Buddhist records. Both the Jatakas mention the tale of Chullakalinga in the light that the events happened i ...

Kalinga II Kalinga II (Odia: ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ କଳିଙ୍ଗ) was a powerful monarch and possibly an emperor from around the speculated era towards the end of 7th century BCE. He was the son of Chullakalinga, the youngest son of Kalinga I who had ma ...

(c. 7th – 6th century BCE) ;Other or late Kalinga rulers according to Dāṭhavaṃsa are- This was probably another dynasty or late rulers of Second Kalinga dynasty, which is mentioned in ''

Dāṭhavaṃsa ''Dāṭhavaṃsa'' (also known as the ''Dhātuvansa'', ''Dantadhātu'', or ''Dantadhātuvaṇṇanā'') is a Pali chronicle attributed to Dhammakitti Thero. It is sometimes titled in English as "The History of the Tooth Relic" and contains hist ...

''. ;Known rulers are- * Brahmadatta (c. 6th – 5th century BCE) * Sattabhu * Kasiraja * Sunanda * Guhasiva

Suryavamsha of Kalinga (c. 350 – 261 BCE)

;Known rulers are- * Brahmaadittiya (c. 4th century BCE) His son, prince 'Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya' was exiled and as per Maldivian history, established the first kingdom Dheeva Maari and laid the foundation of the Adeetta dynasty. *''Unknown rulers'' * Maha Padmanabha (until 261 BCE), ruler of Kalinga at time of Mauryan annexation of Kalinga.

Pliny the Elder Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic '' ...

(77 CE), '' Natural History VI'', 22.1, quoting

Megasthenes Megasthenes ( ; grc, Μεγασθένης, c. 350 BCE– c. 290 BCE) was an ancient Greek historian, diplomat and Indian ethnographer and explorer in the Hellenistic period. He described India in his book '' Indica'', which is now lost, but has ...

(3rd century BCE), ''

Indika Indika may refer to: * An alternate name of Megasthenes' ''Indica'' People * Indika Anuruddha, Sri Lankan politician * Indika Bandaranayake (b. 1972), Sri Lankan politician * Indika Basnayake (b. 1979), Sri Lankan cricketer * Indika Batuwitara ...

'', Fragm. LVI. After

Kalinga War The Kalinga War (ended )Le Huu Phuoc, Buddhist Architecture, Grafikol 2009, p.30 was fought in ancient India between the Maurya Empire under Ashoka and the state of Kalinga, an independent feudal kingdom located on the east coast, in the pre ...

(261 BCE), Kalinga Kingdom became a part of

Mauryan Empire The Maurya Empire, or the Mauryan Empire, was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in the Indian subcontinent based in Magadha, having been founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BCE, and existing in loose-knit fashion until 1 ...

, after which Kalinga Kingdom was succeeded by Mahameghavahana Empire between 230 and 190 BCE which ruled until 350 CE.

Kamboja Kingdom (c. 700 – 200 BCE)

;Known Kamboja rulers are- *

Kamatha Kamatha is a Kamboja king mentioned in the Mahābhārata as one of the principal Kshatriyas taking part in the battle. References See also * Srindra Varmana Kamboj *Chandravarma The ''Mahabharata'' is one of the two major Sanskrit epics o ...

Chandravarma Kamboja The ''Mahabharata'' is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India; it was composed by the sage Vyasa. The most important characters of ''Mahabharata'' can be said to include: Krishna; the Pandavas Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula ...

Kamatha Kamboja Kamatha is a Kamboja king mentioned in the Mahābhārata as one of the principal Kshatriyas taking part in the battle. References See also * Srindra Varmana Kamboj *Chandravarma The ''Mahabharata'' is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ...

Prapaksha Kamboja The fourth prince of the Kambojas referenced in the Mahābhārata is the younger brother of the prince Sudakshina Kamboja. In the epic, this prince is simply addressed as Kamboja, but according to Pandit Bhagavadatta Sharma, the real name of the ...

Sudakshina Kamboja Sudakshina ( sa, सुदक्षिण) was a king of the Kambojas and is featured in the Indian epic the Mahabharata. On the 14th day of battle, Arjuna, with his charioteer Krishna, attempts to reach Jayadratha. Dronacharya and Duryodhana ...

Srindra Varmana Kamboj Srindra Varmana according to the ''Skanda Purana'' was a king of the Kamboja kingdom.Studies in Skanda Purana, 1978, p 59, A. B. L. Awasthi. He is said to have installed the image of Varahadeva in his capital and made a gold throne for it.Studie ...

Shakya Republic of Kapilavastu (c. 7th to 5th century BCE)

;Known Shakya rulers are– *

Shakya Shakya (Pali, Pāḷi: ; sa, शाक्य, translit=Śākya) was an ancient eastern Sub-Himalayan Range, sub-Himalayan ethnicity and clan of north-eastern region of the Indian subcontinent, whose existence is attested during the Iron Age i ...

* Sihahanu *

Śuddhodana Śuddhodana (; Pali: ''Suddhōdana''), meaning "he who grows pure rice," was the father of Gautama Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, better known as the Buddha. He was a leader of the Shakya, who lived in an oligarchic republic, with their capital at ...

* Siddhartha Shakya (aka

Gautama Buddha Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition, he was born in Lu ...

) *

Rāhula , sa, Rāhula-bhadra; 2. , birth_date = , birth_place = Kapilavastu , death_date = , death_place = Sources differ , title = Patriarch of the Dharma (East Asian Buddhism) , predecessor ...

Later Shakya Republic was conquered by Virudhaka of

Kosala The Kingdom of Kosala (Sanskrit: ) was an ancient Indian kingdom with a rich culture, corresponding to the area within the region of Awadh in present-day Uttar Pradesh to Western Odisha. It emerged as a janapada, small state during the late Ve ...

Pandyan dynasty (c. 600 BCE – 1650 CE)

Early Pandyans

Koon Pandiyan Koon Pandiyan ("The hunch-backed Pandyan") was the nickname of a king who ruled Madurai around 7th century. Some historians identify him with the Pandyan king Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman. He converted from Shaivism to Jainism, but then r ...

- ''(Earliest Known Pandyan king)'' *

Nedunj Cheliyan I Nedunjcheliyan I ( c. 270 BCE) (Tamil: நெடுஞ்செழியன்) was a Pandya king.He was also known as Arya Padai kadantha Nedunjezhiya Pandiyan Archaeological evidence His name is present in the Mangulam inscriptions of 3rd ...

''(Aariyap Padai Kadantha Nedunj Cheliyan)'', he was mentioned in legend of

Kannagi Kannagi ( ta, கண்ணகி) sometimes spelled Kannaki, is a legendary Tamil woman who forms the central character of the Tamil epic ''Cilappatikaram''. Kannagi is described as the chaste woman who stays with her husband despite his unfai ...

* Pudappandiyan * Mudukudumi Paruvaludhi * Nedunj Cheliyan II ''(Pasumpun Pandiyan)'' * Nan Maran * Nedunj Cheliyan III ''(Talaiyaalanganathu Seruvendra Nedunj Cheliyan)'' * Maran Valudi * Musiri Mutriya Cheliyan * Ukkirap Peruvaluthi

Middle Pandyans (c. 590–920 CE)

Kadungon :''Kadungon or Kadunkon was also the name an earlier Pandyan Kingdom, Pandya king, mentioned in the Sangam literature.'' Kadungon was a Pandyan Kingdom, Pandya king who revived the Pandya rule in South India in the 6th century CE. Along with the ...

(590–620 CE) *

Maravarman Avani Culamani Maravarman Avanisulamani (IAST: Avaniśūlāmani; ''r. c.'' 620–645 CE) was a Pandyan dynasty, Pandya ruler of early historic south India. He was the son and successor of Kadungon, who revived the Pandya dynastic power after the Kalabhra i ...

(c. 620–645 CE) *

Jayantavarman Jayantavarman (''r. c''. 654–670 CE), known in Tamil as Seliyan Sendan, was a Pandya ruler of early historic south India. He is best known for extending the Pandya rule to the Chera country (Kerala). He was succeeded by his son Maravarman Ar ...

(c. 645–670 CE) * Arikesari Maravarman Nindraseer Nedumaaran (c. 670–710 CE) *

Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran Kochchadaiyan, known as Ranadhira, (Tamil: கோச்சடையான் ரணதீரன்)(''r. c.'' 700 – 730 AD) was a Pandya king of early medieval south India. He was the son and successor of Arikesari Maravarman (''r. c.'' 640 ...

(710–735 CE) * Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman Rajasimha I (735–765) * Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan (765–815) * Rasasingan II (790–800) * Varagunan I (800–830) *

Srimara Srivallabha Srimara Srivallabha (r. c. 815–c. 862 ADSastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.) ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar''. Madras, Oxford University Press. 165.) was a Pandya king of early medieval sou ...

(815–862) *

Varagunavarman II Varagunavarman II, also described as Varaguna II, was a king of the Pandya dynasty in south India whose reign lasted from c. 862 until c. 879 CE.Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta. (1958, second ed.) ''A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to th ...

(862–880) * Parantaka Viranarayana (880–900) *

Maravarman Rajasimha II Maravarman Rajasimha II (''r. c.'' 900–915 AD) was the last major king of the early medieval Pandya kingdom (6th–10th century AD) of south India. He was the son and successor of Parantaka Viranarayana (''r. c.'' 880–900 AD).Sastri, K. A. ...

(900–920)

Pandyans under ''Chola Empire'' (c. 920–1216 CE)

*Sundara Pandyan I *Vira Pandyan I *Vira Pandyan II *Amarabhujanga Tivrakopa *Jatavarman Sundara Chola Pandyan *Maravarman Vikrama Chola Pandyan *Maravarman Parakrama Chola Pandyan *Jatavarman Chola Pandya *Seervallabha Manakulachala (1101–1124) *Maaravaramban Seervallaban (1132–1161) *

Parakrama Pandyan I Parakrama Pandyan I was a Pandyan king of Tamilakkam, ruling from the Pandyan capital in Madurai. He was besieged in the Pandyan Civil War (1169–1177) by his contemporary, rival and throne claimant Kulasekhara Pandyan in 1169, a vassal of the ...

(1161–1162) *Kulasekara Pandyan III *Vira Pandyan III *Jatavarman Srivallaban (1175–1180) *

Jatavarman Kulasekaran I Sadayavarman Kulasekaran I ( ta, முதலாம் சடையவர்மன் குலசேகரன்) was a Pandyan king, who ruled regions of South India between 1190–1216. Accession and background Kulasekaran acceded to the Pa ...

(1190–1216)

''Pandalam'' (Later Pandyans) (c. 1212–1345 CE)

Parakrama Pandyan II Parakrama Pandyan II, also Pandu Parakramabahu of Polonnaruwa or Parakrama Pandu, was a Pandyan king who invaded the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa in the thirteenth century and ruled from 1212 to 1215 CE. His namesake royal Parakrama Pandyan I had rule ...

(1212–1215) *

Maravarman Sundara Pandyan Maravarman Sundara Pandyan I was a Pandyan king, who ruled regions of South India between 1216–1238 CE. He laid the foundation for the Pandya revival, after being dominated by the Cholas for several centuries. Accession Sundara Pandyan ...

(1216–1238) *

Sadayavarman Kulasekaran II Sadayavarman Kulasekaran II ( ta, இரண்டாம் சடையவர்மன் குலசேகரன்) was a Pandyan king, who ruled regions of South India between 1238–1240. Shared rule Kulasekaran was one of two Pandyan ...

(1238–1240) *

Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II ( ta, இரண்டாம் மாறவர்மன் சுந்தர பாண்டியன்) was a Pandyan king, who ruled regions of South India between 1238–1240 CE.Sethuraman, p124 Shared rul ...

(1238–1251) *

Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan Jatavarman Sundara I, also known as Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan, was a emperor of the Pandyan dynasty who ruled regions of Tamilakkam (present day South India) between 1250–1268 CE.Sethuraman, p124 He is remembered for his patronage of the ...

(1251–1268) *

Maaravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I ( ta, முதலாம் மாறவர்மன் குலசேகர பாண்டியன்) was a Pandyan emperor who ruled regions of South India between 1268–1308 CE, though history profess ...

(1268–1308) *Sundara Pandyan IV (1309–1327) *Vira Pandyan IV (1309–1345)

Tenkasi Pandyans (c. 1422–1650 CE)

During the 15th century, the Pandyans lost their traditional capital city

Madurai Madurai ( , also , ) is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Madurai District. As of the 2011 census, it was the third largest Urban agglomeration in ...

because of the Islamic and Nayaks invasion, and were forced to move their capital to

Tirunelveli Tirunelveli (, ta, திருநெல்வேலி, translit=Tirunelveli) also known as Nellai ( ta, நெல்லை, translit=Nellai) and historically (during British rule) as Tinnevelly, is a major city in the Indian state of Tami ...

in southern

Tamilakam Tamiḻakam (Tamil: தமிழகம்; Malayalam: തമിഴകം), refers to the geographical region inhabited by the ancient Tamil people, covering the southernmost region of the Indian subcontinent. Tamilakam covered today's Tamil Nad ...

and existed there as vassals. * Cataiyavarman Parakrama Pandyan (1422–1463) * Cataiyavarman III Kulasekara Pandyan (1429–1473) *

Azhagan Perumal Parakrama Pandyan Jatavarman Parakrama Pandyan was a ruler of the Pandyan dynasty between 1473 and 1506. He was known by the regnal title of Azhagan Perumal, while his inscriptions start with Pumisaivvanitai (in Tamil) and Samastabhuvaikavira (in Sanskrit). He mad ...

(1473–1506) * Kulasekara Pandyan (1479–1499) * Cataiyavarman Civallappa Pandyan (1534–1543) * Parakrama Kulasekara Pandyan (1543–1552) * Nelveli Maran (1552–1564) * Cataiyavarman Adiveerama Pandyan (1564–1604) * Varathunga Pandyan (1588–1612) * Varakunarama Pandyan (1613–1618) * Kollankondan (1618–1650)

Chera dynasty (c. 600 BCE–1530 CE)

Ancient Chera (c. 600 BCE–400 CE)

*Vanavan or Vanavaramban (425–350 BCE) *Kuttuvan Uthiyan Cheralathan (350–328 BCE) *Imayavaramban Neduncheralathan (328–270 BCE) *Palyaanai Chelkezhu Kuttuvan (270–245 BCE) *Kalangaikanni narmudicheral (245–220 BCE) *Perumcheralathan (220–200 BCE) *Kudakko Neduncheralathan (200–180 BCE) *Kadal Pirakottiya Velkezhu kuttuvan (180–125 BCE) *Adukotpattuch Cheralathan (125–87 BCE) *Selvak kadungo Vazhiyathan (87–62 BCE) *Yanaikatchei Mantharanj Cheral Irumborai (62–42 BCE) *Thagadoor Erintha Perum Cheral Irumborai (42–25 BCE), (unification of Upper and lower

Kongu Nadu Kongu Nadu, also known by various names as Kongu Mandalam and Kongu belt, is a geographical region comprising present day parts of western Tamil Nadu, southeastern Karnataka and eastern Kerala. In the ancient Tamilakam, it was the seat of th ...

). *Ilancheral Irumborai (25–19 BCE) *Karuvur Eriya Koperumcheral Irumborai (19–1 BCE) *Vanji Mutrathu tunjiya Anthuvancheral (1 BCE–10 CE) *Kanaikal Irumborai (20–30 CE) *Palai Padiya Perum kadngko (1–30 CE) *Kokothai Marban (30–61 CE) *Cheran Chenguttuvan (61–140 CE) *Kottambalathu tunjiya Maakothai (140–150 CE) *Cheraman mudangi kidantha Nedumcheralathan (150–160 CE) *Cheraman Kanaikkal Irumborai (160–180 CE) *Cheraman Ilamkuttuvan (180–200 CE) *Thambi Kuttuvan (200–220 CE) *Poorikko (220–250 CE) *Cheraman Kuttuvan Kothai (250–270 CE) *Cheraman Vanjan (270–300 CE) *Mantharanj Cheral (330–380 CE), found in Allahabad Pillar of

Kongu Cheras (''Karur'') (c. 400–844 CE)

* Ravi Kotha * Kantan Ravi * Vira Kotha * Vira Narayana * Vira Chola * Vira Kerala * Amara Bhujanga Deva * Kerala Kesari Adhirajaraja Deva

Kodungallur Cheras (c. 844–1122 CE)

(''The Perumals, formerly Kulasekharas'') *

Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara Sthanu Ravi Varma ( early Malayalam and Tamil: Ko Tanu Iravi), known as the Kulasekhara, was the Chera Perumal ruler of Kerala in southern India from 844/45 to 870/71 AD.Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interp ...

(844–870 CE) **

Kulasekhara Alvar Kulasekhara (Tamil: ''குலசேகரர்'') (''fl.'' 9th century CE), one of the twelve Vaishnavite alvars, was a bhakti theologian and devotional poet from medieval south India (Kerala). He was the author of Perumal Tirumoli in Tamil ...

/Kulasekhara Varma *

Rama Rajasekhara Rama Rajasekhara (''fl.'' 870/71 – c. 883/84 AD) was a Chera Perumal ruler of medieval Kerala, south India. Rajasekhara is usually identified by historians with Cheraman Perumal Nayanar, the venerated Shaiva ( Nayanar) poet-musician of the B ...

(870–883 CE) **

Cheraman Perumal Nayanar Cheraman Perumal Nayanar (literally meaning Chera king the Nayanar) was a bhakti poet-musician and religious teacher (one of the sixty-three nayanars) of Tamil Shaiva tradition in medieval south India. The Cheraman Perumal's friendship with Chun ...

*Vijayaraga (883–895 CE) * Kotha Kotha Kerala Kesari (895–905 CE) * Kotha Ravi (905–943 CE) * Indu Kotha (943–962 CE) * Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladithya (962–1021 CE) * Ravi Kotha Rajasimha (1021–1036 CE) * Raja Raja (1036–1089 CE) * Ravi Rama Rajadithya (1036–1089 CE) * Adithyan Kotha Ranadithya (1036–1089 CE) *

Rama Kulasekhara Rama Kulasekhara (''fl.'' late 11th century CE) was the last ruler of the Chera Perumal dynasty of medieval Kerala. He was a contemporary to Chola kings Kulottunga I (1070–1120) and Vikrama Chola (1118–35 AD). Rama Kulaskehara is best known ...

(1089–1122 CE)

Venadu Cheras (''Kulasekhara'') (c. 1090–1530 CE)

(1090–1102) * Kotha Varma Marthandam (1102–1125) * Vira Kerala Varma I (1125–1145) * Kodai Kerala Varma (1145–1150) * Vira Ravi Varma (1145–1150) * Vira Kerala Varma II (1164–1167) * Vira Aditya Varma (1167–1173) * Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1173–1192) * Devadaram Vira Kerala Varma III (1192–1195) * Vira Manikantha Rama Varma Tiruvadi (1195- ?) * Vira Rama Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1209–1214) * Vira Ravi Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1214–1240) * Vira Padmanabha Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1240–1252) * Ravi Varma (1252–1313) * Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1313–1333) * Aditya Varma Tiruvadi (1333–1335) * Vira Rama Udaya Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1335–1342) * Vira Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1342–1363) * Vira Martanda Varma III (1363–1366) * Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1366–1382) * Vira Ravi Varma (1383–1416) * Vira Ravi Ravi Varma (1416–1417) * Vira Kerala Martanda Varma (1383) * Chera Udaya Martanda Varma (1383–1444) * Vira Ravi Varma (1444–1458) * Sankhara Sri Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1458–1468) * Vira Kodai Sri Aditya Varma (1468–1484 *

Vira Ravi Ravi Varma Vira Ravi Ravi Varma was Raja of Venad, also known as the Kingdom of Quilon, between 1484 and 1503. He was a member of the Kulasekhara Dynasty, predecessors of the Travancore Rajas. He moved the capital from Kallidaikurichi to Padmanabhapuram ...

(1484–1503) * Martanda Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1503–1504) * Vira Ravi Kerala Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1504–1530)

Chola dynasty (c. 600 BCE – 1279 CE)

Ancient Chola rulers (c. 600 BCE – 300 CE)

* Eri Oliyan Vaendhi * Maandhuvaazhi * El Mei Nannan * Keezhai Kinjuvan * Vazhisai Nannan * Mei Kiyagusi Aerru * Aai Kuzhi Agusi Aerru * Thizhagan Maandhi * Maandhi Vaelan * Aai Adumban *

Ilamcetcenni Ilamchetchenni (''Iḷamcēṭceṉṉi''; ) was an early Tamil people, Tamil king of the Chola dynasty during the Sangam period. He was a great warrior and ruled the Chola kingdom with Uraiyur as the capital. He married a Velir princess from A ...

Karikala Chola Karikala ( ta, கரிகால சோழன்) was a Tamils, Tamil Chola dynasty, Chola Emperor who ruled southern India. He is credited with the construction of the flood banks of the Kaveri, river Kaveri. He is recognised as the greates ...

Nedunkilli Nedunkilli ( ta, நெடுங்கிள்ளி) was a Tamil king of the Early Cholas mentioned in Sangam Literature. Nedunkilli is mentioned in context with a civil war between him and another Chola Nalankilli. We have no definite detai ...

Nalankilli Nalankilli was one of the Tamil kings of Early Cholas of the Chola Dynasty mentioned in Sangam Literature. He is the son of Karikala Chola. Nalankilli is mentioned in context with a civil war between him and another Chola king Nedunkilli. The on ...

Killivalavan {{Chola history Killivalavan ( ta, கிள்ளிவளவன்) was a Tamil king of the Early Cholas mentioned in Sangam Literature, and of a period close to that of Nedunkilli and Nalankilli. We have no definite details about this Chola o ...

Perunarkilli Perunarkilli ( ta, பெருநற்கிள்ளி) was one of the Tamil kings of the Early Cholas mentioned in Sangam Literature. There are no definite details about this Chola or his reign. The only information available is from the f ...

Kocengannan Kochchenganan (''Kōccengaṇān'') Kochengat Cholan or Śengaṇān (also spelt Senganan)( ta, சோழன் செங்கணான்) was one of the kings of the Early Cholas mentioned in Sangam literature. The only surviving details ab ...

Chola Empire rulers (c. 848 – 1279 CE)

Kingdom of Tambapanni (c. 543–437 BCE)

House of Vijaya

Satavahana dynasty (c. 228 BCE – 224 CE)

The beginning of the Satavahana rule is dated variously between 230 BCE to 100 BCE and lasted until the early 3rd century CE. Satavahanas dominated the

region from 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE. The following Satavahana kings are historically attested by epigraphic records, although the Puranas name several more kings. S. Nagaraju relies on the Puranic lists of 30 kings, and gives the following regnal dates:

Mahameghavahana dynasty (c. 225 BCE – 300 CE)

Mahamegha Vahana was the founder of the Kalingan Chedi or Cheti Dynasty. The names of Sobhanaraja, Chandraja, Ksemaraja also appear in context. But,

Kharavela Kharavela (also transliterated Khārabēḷa) was a monarch of Kalinga in present-day Odisha, India, who ruled during the second or first century BCE. The primary source for Kharavela is his rock-cut Hathigumpha inscription. The inscription is ...

is the most well known among them. The exact relation between Mahamegha Vahana and Kharavela is not known. *Maharaja Vasu *King Mahamegha Vahana *Sobhanaraja *Chandraja *Ksemaraja *Vakradeva (or) Virdhharaja *

(c. 193 BCE–155 BCE) * Kudepasiri Vakradeva ll *Vaduka *Galaveya * Mana-Sada * Siri-Sada * Maha-Sada * Sivamaka-Sada * Asaka-Sada

Kingdom of Kangleipak (Manipur) (c. 200 BCE –1950 CE)

The Meitei people are made up of seven major clans, known as Salai Taret The clans include– #

Mangang Mangang is one of the seven clans of Meetei, which is among the Yek or Salai of Hao people of Manipur. It consists of several Yumnaks which are native peoples of ancient Kangleipak (now Manipur), one of the states of India India, of ...

Khuman Salai Khuman Salai ( mni, ꯈꯨꯃꯟ ꯁꯂꯥꯢ) (literally, ''"Khuman dynasty"'') is a clan, which probably ruled parts of Kangleipak (present day Manipur) prior to subjugation by the Ningthouja dynasty (Mangang) c. 13th Century. The Khuman-Lon ...

Luwang Luwang is one of the seven clans of the Meitei people. Luwang consists of several Yumnaks which are native peoples of ancient Kangleipak (now Manipur), one of the States of India. Origin Luwang was the son of Iputhou Pakhangba also known as K ...

Angom Angom is one of the seven clans of the Meitei people. Angom consists of several Yumnaks which are native peoples of ancient Kangleipak, now Manipur state of India. See also *Mangang *Luwang * Khuman *Moilang *Kha Nganpa *Salai Leishangthem ...

Moilang Moilang or Moirang (modern term) is one of the seven clans of the Meitei people. Moirang consists of many several Yumnaks which are native peoples of ancient Kangleipak (now Manipur), one of the states of India. See also *Mangang *Luwang * Khu ...

Khaba Nganba Khaba (also read as Hor-Khaba) was a pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, active during the 3rd Dynasty of the Old Kingdom period. The exact time during which Khaba ruled is unknown but may have been around 2670 BC,Thomas Schneider: ''Lexikon der Pha ...

Salai Leishangthem Salai Leishangthem or Salang Leishangthem (modern term) or Chenglei is one of the seven clans of the Meitei people. Salai Leishangthem consists of many several Yumnaks which are native peoples of ancient Kangleipak (now Manipur), one of the st ...

Ancient dynasty of Kangleipak (c. 200 BCE −33 CE)

Khapa-Nganpa Salai

*Taang-chaa Leela Pakhangpa (200 BCE) *Kangba *Maliya Fampalcha (150 BCE) *Kaksu Tonkonpa *Koilou Nongtailen Pakhangpa *Samlungpha (44–34 BCE) *Chingkhong Poireiton (34–18 BCE ) *Singtabung (18–8 BCE) *Paangminnaba (8–1 BCE)

Luwang Salai

*Luwang Khunthipa (1–5 CE) *Luwang Punshipa (5–33 CE)

Ningthouja or Mangang dynasty (c. 33–1074 CE)

*Nongta Lailen Pakhangpa (33–154 CE) *Khuiyoi Tompok (154–264 CE) *Taothingmang (264–364 CE) *Khui Ningonba (364–379 CE) *Pengsipa (379–394 CE) *Kaokhangpa (394–411 CE) *Naokhampa (411–428 CE) *Naophangpa (428–518 CE) *Sameilang (518–568 CE) *Urakonthoupa (568–658 CE) *Naothingkhon (663–763 CE) *Khongtekcha (763–773 CE) *Keilencha (784–799 CE) *Yalaba (799–821 CE) *Ayangpa (821–910 CE) *Ningthoucheng (910–949 CE) *Chenglei-Ipan-Lanthapa (949–969 CE) *Keiphaba Yanglon (969–984 CE) *Irengba (984–1074 CE)

Kangleipak dynasty (c. 1074–1819 CE)

# Loiyumpa (1074–1112) # Loitongpa (1112–1150) #

Atom Yoilempa Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus. The nucleus is made of one or more protons and a number of neutrons. Only the most common variety of hydrogen has no neutrons. Every solid, liquid, gas, and ...

(1150–1163) # Iyanthapa (1163–1195) # Thayanthapa (1195–1231) # Chingthang Lanthapa (1231–1242) # Thingpai Shelhongpa (1242–1247) # Pulanthapa (1247–1263) # Khumompa (1263–1278) # Moilampa (1278–1302) # Thangpi Lanthapa (1302–1324) # Kongyampa (1324–1335) # Telheipa (1335–1355) # Tonapa (1355–1359) # Tapungpa (1359–1394) # Lailenpa (1394–1399) # Punsipa (1404–1432) # Ningthoukhompa (1432–1467) # Senpi Kiyampa (1467–1508) # Koilempa (1508–1512) # Lamkhyampa (1512–1523) # Nonginphapa (1523–1524) # Kapompa (1524–1542) # Tangchampa (1542–1545) # Chalampa (1545–1562) # Mungyampa (1562–1597) # Khaki Ngampa(1597–1652) # Khunchaopa (1652–1666) # Paikhompa (1666–1697) #

Charairongba ) , title = Ningthou , titletext = , more = , image = , image_size = , alt = , caption = , succession = , moretext = , reign ...

(1697–1709) # Gharib Nawaz (Ningthem Pamheipa) (1709–1754), (adoption of the name Manipur) # Chit Sain (1754–1756) # Gaurisiam (1756–1763) #

Ching-Thang Khomba Ningthou Ching-Thang Khomba (also Rajarshi Bhagya Chandra, Jai Singh Maharaja) (1748–1799) was a Meitei monarch of the 18th century CE. The inventor of the Manipuri Raas Leela dance, with his daughter ''Shija Lailoibi'' playing as Radha at ...

(Bhagya Chandra) (1764–1798) #

Rohinchandra Rohinchandra, also known as Harshachandra Singh, Labeinya Chandra and Rabino Chandra (died 1801) was a Manipuri King who ruled between 1798 and 1801. He was the son of Bhagya Chandra. See also *List of Manipuri kings * Manipur (princely state) ...

(Harshachandra Singh) (1798–1801) #

Maduchandra Singh Madu Chandra was a Meitei royal who ruled between 1801 and 1806. He fought for power during the dynastic squabbles in Manipur after the death of Ching-Thang Khomba. See also *List of Manipuri kings List of Monarchs that ruled the Kingdom ...

(1801–1806) #

Charajit Singh Chourjit Singh, also known as Charajit Singh, was a Meitei King and a Maharaja of Kangleipak (), who ruled between 1806 and 1812. See also *List of Manipuri kings List of Monarchs that ruled the Kingdom of Manipur (present state of Mani ...

(1806–1812) #

Marjit Singh Marjit Singh was a Meitei king who ruled Manipur kingdom between 1812 and 1819 as a vassal of Burma, but was eventually expelled by the Burmese.: "Marjit ruled over Manipur for seven years (1812-1819) as a vassal of the Burmese King." The Burm ...

(1812–1819) ''(Came to power with Burmese support)''.

Burmese rule (c. 1819–1825 CE)

Princely State (c. 1825–1947 CE)

Gambhir Singh Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba (1788–1834), also known as Raja Gambhir Singh, was a ruler of the Manipur Kingdom. Biography He was a son of Chingthang Khomba. He succeeded his nephew Yumjaotaba in April 1821 during the seven years devastation. He ...

(1825–1834) (''Restored after the

First Anglo-Burmese War The First Anglo-Burmese War ( my, ပထမ အင်္ဂလိပ်-မြန်မာ စစ်; ; 5 March 1824 – 24 February 1826), also known as the First Burma War, was the first of three wars fought between the British and Burmese ...

'') *''Regency'' for Chandrakirti Singh (1834–1850) *

Nara Singh Nara Singh (1792 – 11 April 1850) also known as Chingthanglen Pamheiba and Meetingu Lairen Nonglen Sendreng Manik Khomba, was a ruler of the Kingdom of Manipur. He ruled first as regent from 1834 to 1844 and then as king for a period of s ...

(1844–1850) *

Debendro Singh Debindro Singh or Devendra Singh or Devendrajit Singh or Debendra Singh (died 1871) was a Manipur (princely state), Manipuri King who ruled in 1850 for a period of only three months at the age of forty-seven. He ended the custom of paying bribes ...

(1850) *

Chandrakirti Singh Maharaja Chandrakirti Singh (1850 – May 1886) was a Meitei monarch and the Maharaja of Manipur Kingdom. He was the son of Maharaja Gambhir Singh. Biography He was born in Imphal, and resided there till the end of his Regime in 1886. Before ...

(1850–1886) * Surchandra Singh (1886–1890) * Kulachandra Singh (1890–1891) *

Churachand Singh Maharaja Sir Meidingngu Churachand , also known as Churachandra or Chura Chand (1886–1941), was a Meitei King and a Maharaja of Kangleipak (). He ascended the throne after his predecessor Kulachandra Singh was jailed. He was a 5-year-old ...

(1891–1941) *

Bodhchandra Singh Maharaja Bodhchandra Singh or Bodhachandra Singh (1908–1955) was the last ruler of the Kingdom of Manipur. He ruled between 1941 and 15 October 1949. He married seven or nine women, his first wife being HH Srimati Maharani Tharendra Kishori ...

(1941–1947)

Kuninda Kingdom (c. 2nd century BCE to 3rd century CE)

The Kingdom of Kuninda was an ancient central Himalayan kingdom documented from around the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE, located in the southern areas of modern

Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh (; ; "Snow-laden Mountain Province") is a state in the northern part of India. Situated in the Western Himalayas, it is one of the thirteen mountain states and is characterized by an extreme landscape featuring several peaks ...

and far western areas of

Uttarakhand Uttarakhand ( , or ; , ), also known as Uttaranchal ( ; the official name until 2007), is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the "Devbhumi" (literally 'Land of the Gods') due to its religious significance and ...

. ;The only known ruler of Kuninda Kingdom is: *

Amoghabhuti Amogh was a king of the Kuninda Kingdom in northern India, during the late 2nd century BCE to early 1st century BCE. He is well known for his beautiful silver and copper coinage where his name is mentioned, along with his title, ''Maharaja''. His ...

(late 2nd to early 1st century BCE)

Foreign Assimilated Kingdoms in Indian Subcontinent

These empires were vast, centered in

Persia Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

or the Mediterranean; their

satrap A satrap () was a governor of the provinces of the ancient Median and Achaemenid Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires. The satrap served as viceroy to the king, though with consid ...

ies (provinces) in India were at their outskirts. The sequence of there invasions are- * The boundaries of the

Achaemenid Empire The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire (; peo, 𐎧𐏁𐏂, , ), also called the First Persian Empire, was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC. Based in Western Asia, it was contemporarily the largest em ...

after conquest of Indus valley reached North-West of the

Indus River The Indus ( ) is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia. The river rises in mountain springs northeast of Mount Kailash in Western Tibet, flows northwest through the disputed region of Kashmir, ...

in 535 to 518 BCE. *

Alexander the Great Alexander III of Macedon ( grc, wikt:Ἀλέξανδρος, Ἀλέξανδρος, Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the Ancient Greece, ancient Greek kingdom of Maced ...

(326–323 BCE) of the Argead dynasty who fought

Porus Porus or Poros ( grc, Πῶρος ; 326–321 BC) was an ancient Indian king whose territory spanned the region between the Jhelum River (Hydaspes) and Chenab River (Acesines), in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. He is only menti ...

in the

Battle of the Hydaspes River The Battle of the Hydaspes was fought between Alexander the Great and king Porus in 326 BC. It took place on the banks of the Jhelum River (known to the ancient Greeks as Hydaspes) in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent (modern-day Pu ...

. *

Seleucus I Nicator Seleucus I Nicator (; ; grc-gre, Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ , ) was a Macedonian Greek general who was an officer and successor ( ''diadochus'') of Alexander the Great. Seleucus was the founder of the eponymous Seleucid Empire. In the po ...

(323–321 BCE), diadochos was defeated by

Seleucid–Mauryan war The Seleucid–Mauryan War was fought between 305 and 303 BC. It started when Seleucus I Nicator, of the Seleucid Empire, sought to retake the Indian satrapies of the Macedonian Empire which had been occupied by Emperor Chandragupta Maurya, of ...

305 BCE. * The

Hellenistic In Classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in ...

Euthydemid Dynasty The Euthydemid dynasty was a Hellenistic dynasty founded by Euthydemus I in 230 BC which ruled the Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms throughout the Hellenistic period from 230 BC to 10 AD, upon the death of its last ruler, Strato III in Gand ...

under Demetrius I also reached the north-western frontiers of India in 200s BCE.

Indo-Greek Kingdom (''Yavanarajya'') (c. 200 BCE – 10 CE)

* Demetrius I (c. 200–190 BCE), founder of dynasty *

Euthydemus II Euthydemus II (Greek: ) was a Greco-Bactrian king who ruled in Bactria in 185-180 BCE. Rule Son of Demetrius I of Bactria, Euthydemus II became king in the 180s BCE, either after his father's death or as a sub-king to him. The style and rare nick ...

( c. 190–185 BCE) *

Pantaleon Pantaleon, also known as Panteleimon, (Greek: ) was a Greek king who reigned some time between 190–180 BC in Bactria and India. He was a younger contemporary or successor of the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius, and is sometimes believed to hav ...

(c. 190–180 BCE) *

Demetrius II of India Demetrius II (Greek: ) was an Indo-Greek king who ruled briefly during the 2nd century BC. Little is known about him and there are different views about how to date him. Earlier authors such as Tarn and Narain saw him as a son and sub-king of Dem ...

Antimachus I Anthimachus I Theos (Greek: ; known as Antimakha in Indian sources) was believed to have been an illegitimate son of Euthydemus, and one of the Greco-Bactrian kings, generally dated from around 185 BC to 170 BC. Rule William Woodthorpe Tarn ...

(c. 171–160 BCE) *

Antimachus II Antimachus II Nikephoros (Greek: ; the epithet means "the Victorious") was an Indo-Greek king. He ruled a vast territory from the Hindu-Kush to the Punjab around 170 BCE. He was almost certainly the eponymous son of Antimachus I, who is known from ...

(c. 170–165 BCE) *

Menander I Menander I Soter ( grc, Μένανδρος Σωτήρ, Ménandros Sōtḗr, Menander the Saviour; pi, मिलिन्दो, Milinda), was a Greco-Bactrian and later Indo-Greek King (reigned c.165/155Bopearachchi (1998) and (1991), respectivel ...

(c. 165/155–130 BCE) * Agathokleia (c. 130–125) *

Strato I Straton or Strato may refer to: * Strato I, Indo-Greek king * Strato II, Indo-Greek king * Strato of Lampsacus (c. 335 – c. 269 BC), Greek philosopher * Straton of Sardis, Greek poet and anthologist * Abdashtart I (Straton I, 365–352 BC), kin ...

(c. 125–105 BCE) *

Demetrius III Aniketos Demetrius III Aniketos (Greek: ; epithet means "the Invincible") is an Indo-Greek king who reigned in the area of Gandhara and Punjab. Controversy about time of reign The coins of Demetrius III are few and rather crude. He copies some of his ima ...

(c. 105–100 BCE) *

Amyntas Nikator Amyntas Nicator ( grc, Ἀμύντας Νικάτωρ, Amyntas Nikatōr; epithet means "the Conqueror") was an Indo-Greek king. His coins have been found both in eastern Punjab and Afghanistan, indicating that he ruled a considerable territory. ...

(c. 100–90 BCE) *

Menander II Menander II Dikaios (Greek: ; epithet means "the Just") may have been an Indo-Greek King who ruled in the areas of Arachosia and Gandhara in the north of modern Pakistan. However, since he is entirely known through his coins, this may have jus ...

(c. 90–80 BCE) * Demetrius IV (c. 80–30 BCE) *

Strato II Strato II Soter ( grc, Στράτων B΄ ὁ Σωτήρ, ''Strátōn B΄ ho Sotḗr''; epithet means "the Saviour") also known as Stratha, was an Indo-Greek king. He ruled c. 25 BCE to 10 CE according to Bopearachchi. R. C. Senior suggests ...

(c. 30–10 BCE) *

Strato III Strato III Philopator ( el, Στράτων Γ΄ Φιλοπάτωρ; epither means "the Father-loving") was an Indo-Greek king who ruled c. 25 BCE to 10 CE. He is only known through the joint coins with his father Strato II. He may have been su ...

(c. 10 CE), last ruler

Indo-Scythian (''Saka'') ( c. 12 BCE – 395 CE)

Aprācas rulers (c. 12 BCE − 45 CE )

Vijayamitra Vijayamitra (ruled 12 BCE - 20 CE) was an Indo-Scythian king of the Apracas who ruled in the north-western region of ancient India, located in Bajaur of modern Pakistan. Rukhana reliquary Vijayamitra is mentioned in a recently discovered inscr ...

(c. 12 BCE − 15 CE) *

Indravasu Indravasu ( Kharosthi: 𐨀𐨁𐨎𐨡𐨿𐨪𐨬𐨯𐨂 ', ' Richard Salomon, ''An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman'', Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 116, No. 3 (Jul. - Se ...

(c. 15 – 20 CE) *

Vispavarman Vispavarma ( Kharosthi: 𐨬𐨁𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨬𐨪𐨿𐨨 ', ') or Visnuvarma ( Kharosthi: 𐨬𐨁𐨮𐨸𐨂𐨬𐨪𐨿𐨨 ', '; ruled circa 0-20 CE) was an Indo-Scythian king of the Apracas, who ruled in the area of Bajaur in modern north ...

* Iṃdravarmo * Aspa (c. 20 – 45 CE) *

Sasan Sāssān (Middle Persian 𐭮𐭠𐭮𐭠𐭭 Sāsān > Persian ساسان, also known as Sasan), considered the eponymous ancestor of the Sasanian (or Sassanid) Dynasty (ruled 224-651) in Persia, was "a great warrior and hunter" and a Zoroas ...

(c. 45 – 50 CE)

Northern Satraps rulers (''Mathura area'') (c. 20 BCE – 20 CE)

* Hagamasha (satrap) * Hagana (satrap) *

Rajuvula Rajuvula (Greek alphabet, Greek ; Brahmi script, Brahmi: , ; Kharosthi: , ; , ; , ) was an Indo-Scythian Great Satrap (''Mahākṣatrapa''), one of the "Northern Satraps" who ruled in the area of Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, Mathura in the northe ...

(Great Satrap) (c. 10 CE) *

Sodasa Sodasa (Kharosthi: , ; Middle Brahmi script: , , also , ) was an Indo-Scythian Northern Satrap and ruler of Mathura during the later part of the 1st century BCE or the early part of 1st century CE. He was the son of Rajuvula, the Great Satrap ...

Minor local rulers

Bhadayasa Bhadayasa, also Bhadrayasha ( Kharosthi: , ), was a minor Indo-Scythian ruler in the areas of Eastern Punjab and Mathura in India, during the 1st century CE. He is considered one of the Northern Satraps. He is mainly known through his coins, ...

* Mamvadi * Arsakes

Northwestern Scythian rulers (c. 85 BCE – 10 CE)

Maues Maues (Greek: ; (epigraphic); Kharosthi: , , called , on the Taxila copper plate; also called , in the Mathura lion capital inscription,) was the first Indo-Scythian king, ruling from 98/85 to 60/57 BCE. He invaded India and establishe ...

(c. 85–60 BCE) * Vonones (c. 75–65 BCE) *

Spalahores Spalahores, also spelled Spalohres or Spalahora, (Greek: ; , (epigraphic); Kharosthi: , ; ruled circa 57-35 BCE), was an Iranian king who ruled Sakastan in the 1st-century BC. Name Spalahores's name is attested on his coins in the Greek form ...

(c. 75–65 BCE) * Spalarises (c. 60–57 BCE) *

Azes I Azes I (Greek: , epigraphically ; Kharosthi: , ) was an Indo-Scythian ruler who ruled around c. 48/47 BCE – 25 BCE with a dynastic empire based in the Punjab and Indus Valley, completed the domination of the Scythians in the northwestern In ...

(c. 57–35 BCE) *

Azilises Azilises (Greek: , (epigraphic); Kharosthi: , ) was an Indo-Scythian king who ruled in the area of Gandhara circa 57-35 BCE. Name Azes's name is attested on his coins in the Greek form () and the Kharosthi form (), which are both derived ...

(c. 57–35 BCE) *

Azes II Azes II (Greek: , epigraphically ; Kharosthi: , ), may have been the last Indo-Scythian king, speculated to have reigned circa 35–12 BCE, in the northern Indian subcontinent (modern day Pakistan). His existence has been questioned; if he did ...

(c. 35–12 BCE) *

Zeionises Zeionises (Greek: , (epigraphic); Kharosthi: , , , ;) was an Indo-Scythian satrap. Name Zeionises's name appears on his coins in the Greek form () and the Kharosthi form (), and on a silver vase from Taxila in the Kharosthi form (), whic ...

(c. 10 BCE–10 CE) *

Kharahostes Kharahostes or Kharaosta (Greek: , (epigraphic); Kharosthi: , , , ;) was an Indo-Scythian ruler (probably a satrap) in the northern Indian subcontinent around 10 BCE – 10 CE. He is known from his coins, often in the name of Azes II, a ...

(c. 10 BCE–10 CE)

Kshaharatas rulers

* Liaka Kusuluka *

Kusulaka Patika Patika Kusulaka (Kharosthi: , ) was an Indo-Scythian satrap in the northwestern South Asia during the 1st century BCE. Name Patika Kusulaka's name appears on the Taxila copper plate as (). This name is composed of: (), which is from the Saka nam ...

Bhumaka Bhumaka (Kharosthi: , ; Brahmi: , ; ?–119 CE) was a Western Kshatrapa ruler of the early 2nd century CE. He was the father of the great ruler Nahapana, according to one of the latter's coins. He was preceded by Abhiraka (Aubhirakes), of whom ...

Nahapana Nahapana (Ancient Greek: ; Kharosthi: , ; Brahmi: , ;), was an important ruler of the Western Kshatrapas, descendant of the Indo-Scythians, in northwestern India, who ruled during the 1st or 2nd century CE. According to one of his coins, he w ...

(founder of the

Western Satraps The Western Satraps, or Western Kshatrapas (Brahmi:, ''Mahakṣatrapa'', "Great Satraps") were Indo-Scythian (Saka) rulers of the western and central part of India ( Saurashtra and Malwa: modern Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh ...

)

Western Satraps (''Western Saka'') (c. 119 – 395 CE)

(c. 119–124) *

Chastana Chashtana (Greek: (epigraphic), ; Brahmi: ; Kharosthi: , ) was a ruler of the Saka Western Satraps in northwestern India during 78-130 CE, when he was the satrap of Ujjain. Name Chashtana's name is attested in the Greek forms () and (), ...

(c. 124) *

Jayadaman Jayadaman was a Western Kshatrapa ruler, although possibly only a Kshatrapa, rather than a Mahakshatrapa. He was the son of Chastana, and the father of Rudradaman I, but he may have pre-deceased Chastana, and never ruled as supreme ruler of the Wes ...

(c. 124–130) *

Rudradaman I Rudradāman I (r. 130–150) was a Śaka ruler from the Western Kshatrapas dynasty. He was the grandson of the king Caṣṭana. Rudradāman I was instrumental in the decline of the Sātavāhana Empire. Rudradāman I took up the title of '' Ma ...

(c. 130–150) *

Damajadasri I Damajadaśri I (circa 170–175 CE) was a ruler of the Western Kshatrapas dynasty. He was the son of Rudradaman I. His reign saw the decline of dynasty after his dominions were conquered by the Satavahanas and saw the rise of the Abhiras in the ...

(170–175) *

Jivadaman Jivadaman was a Saka ruler of the Western Kshatrapas in northwestern India from during the 2nd century CE. He was the son of Damajadasri I (170–175), and the brother of Satyadaman. Biography The exact dating of Jivadaman's reign has been deb ...

(175–199) *

Rudrasimha I 300px, Gunda inscription of Rudrasimha, Saka year 103. Rudrasimha I was a Western Kshatrapa ruler, who reigned from 178 to 197 CE. He was son of Rudradaman I, grandson of Jayadaman, and grand-grandson of Chashtana. During his reign, the Abhira ...

(175–188) * Isvaradatta (188–191) *

(restored) (191–197) *

(restored) (197–199) * Rudrasena I (200–222) * Samghadaman (222–223) *

Damasena Damasena was a Western Kshatrapa ruler, who reigned from 223 to 232 CE. From the reign of Rudrasimha I, the date of minting of each coin, reckoned in the Saka era, is usually written on the obverse behind the king's head in Brahmi numerals, ...

(223–232) * Damajadasri II (232–239) with * Viradaman (234–238) * Yasodaman I (239) *

Vijayasena Vijayasena (Brahmi 𑀯𑀺𑀚𑀬𑀲𑁂𑀦 reigned 238-250) was a Saka ruler of the Western Satraps in India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, th ...

(239–250) *

Damajadasri III Damajadasri III (Brahmi ) was a ruler of the Western Satraps. His reign lasted possibly from c. 251 AD to 256 AD. Biography Damajadasri was one of the four sons of Damasena. Damajadasri was the youngest of his siblings. He succeeded his elder br ...

(251–255) *

Rudrasena II Rudrasena II () was a ruler of the Pravarapura-Nandivardhana branch of the Vakataka dynasty. While his reign was short, he notably married Prabhavatigupta, the daughter of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II. His early death led to Prabhavatigupt ...

(255–277) * Visvasimha (277–282) *

Bhratadarman Bhartrdaman was a Saka ruler of the Western Kshatrapas in northwestern India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and ...

(282–295) *

Visvasena Viśvasena (Middle Brahmi: ', r.293–304 CE) was a ruler of the Western Satraps, and the 22nd ruler of the Kshatrapa dynasty. He was the last Kshatrapa ruler of the Chastana family, brother and successor to Bhartrdaman and son of Rudrasena II. ...

(293–304) *

Rudrasimha II Rudrasimha II (304–348) was a ruler of the Western Satraps He declared on his coins to be the son of a Lord (Svami) named Jivadaman. His coinage is coeval with that of other rulers, who may have been sub-kings and were his sons: Yasodaman II ...

, son of Lord (Svami)

(304–348) with * Yasodaman II (317–332) * Rudradaman II (332–348) * Rudrasena III (348–380) * Simhasena (Indo-Scythian ruler) (380–382) * Rudrasena IV (382–388) *

Rudrasimha III Rudrasimha III (IAST: Rudrasiṃha) was the last ruler of the Western Satraps in India, in the 4th century AD. Rudrasimha III succeeded Rudrasena IV as the leader of the Indo-Scythians in India. Both were the sons of the Saka ruler Satyasimha, ma ...

(388–395)

Pāratas rulers (c. 125 – 300 CE)

* Yolamira (c. 125–150) * Bagamira (c. 150) * Arjuna (c. 150–160) * Hvaramira (c. 160–175) * Mirahvara (c. 175–185) * Miratakhma (c. 185–200) * Kozana (c. 200–220) * Bhimarjuna (c. 220–235) * Koziya (c. 235–265) * Datarvharna (c. 265–280) * Datayola II (c. 280–300)

Kushan Empire (c. 1 – 375 CE)

Indo-Parthian (''Pahalava'') (c. 21 – 100 CE)

Gondophares Gondophares I (Greek: Γονδοφαρης ''Gondopharēs'', Υνδοφερρης ''Hyndopherrēs''; Kharosthi: 𐨒𐨂𐨡𐨥𐨪 ', '; 𐨒𐨂𐨡𐨥𐨪𐨿𐨣 ', '; 𐨒𐨂𐨡𐨂𐨵𐨪‎ ', ') was the founder of the Indo-Parthian K ...

I (c. 21–50) *

Abdagases I Abdagases I (Greek: Ἀβδαγάσης, epigraphically ΑΒΔΑΓΑΣΟΥ; Kharosthi: 𐨀𐨬𐨡𐨒𐨮 ', 'Gardner, Percy, ''The Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum'', p. 107-108) was an Indo-Part ...

(c. 50–65) * Satavastres (c. 60) * Sarpedones (c. 70) * Orthagnes (c. 70) *

Ubouzanes Ubouzanes (Greek: ΥΒΟΥΖΑΝΗϹ ''Ubouzanēs'' (epigraphic)) was a ruler of the remnants of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom in Arachosia in the first century CE. He was the son of Orthagnes.Christine Fröhlich.Indo-Parthian Dynasty" ''Encyclopædi ...

(c. 77) *

Sases Sases, also known as Gondophares IV Sases (Kharosthi: 𐨒𐨂𐨡𐨂𐨥𐨪 𐨯𐨯 ', '), was an Indo-Parthian king who ruled in northwestern parts of India in modern Pakistan. He is only known from coins and ruled for at least 26 years dur ...

or Gondophares II (c. 85) * Abdagases II (c. 90) *

Pakores Pacores or Pakores (Greek: ΠΑΚΟΡΗϹ ''Pakorēs''; Kharosthi: 𐨤𐨐𐨂𐨪 ', '; Aramaic: pkwry) (100–135 AD) was a king who ruled the remnants of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom in Arachosia from 100–130 AD following Ubouzanes. He was an ...

(c. 100)

Indo-Sasanian Kingdom (c. 233 – 365 CE)

Ardashir I Kushanshah Ardashir I Kushanshah was the first Kushanshah of the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom from 233 to 245. He was succeeded by Peroz I Kushanshah. Name ''Ardashir'' is the Middle Persian form of the Old Persian ''Ṛtaxšira'' (also spelled ''Artaxšaçā ...

(233–245 CE) *

Peroz I Kushanshah Peroz I Kushanshah (Bactrian script: ''Πιρωςο Κοϸανο ϸαηο'') was Kushanshah of the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom from 245 to 275. He was the successor of Ardashir I Kushanshah. He was an energetic ruler, who minted coins in Balkh, Her ...

(245–275 CE) *

Hormizd I Kushanshah Hormizd I Kushanshah was Kushanshah of the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom from 275 to 300. His reign was marked by his rebellion against his brother and suzerain the Sasanian King of Kings Bahram II (). Hormizd I Kushanshah was notably the first Ku ...

(275–300 CE) *

Hormizd II Kushanshah Hormizd II Kushanshah (also spelled Hormozd or Ohrmazd), was Kushanshah of the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom from 300 to 303. Like his predecessors, he was, in effect a governor of the Sasanian Empire for the eastern regions of Marw, Tukharistan and Gan ...

(300–303 CE) *

Peroz II Kushanshah Peroz II Kushanshah (Bactrian script: ''Πιρωςο Κοϸανο ϸαηο'') was the penultimate Kushanshah of the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom from 303 to 330. He was the successor of Hormizd II Kushanshah. Like his two previous predecessors—Hor ...

(303–330 CE) *

Varahran Kushanshah Bahram Kushanshah (also spelled Varahran), was the last Kushanshah of the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom from 330 to 365. He was the successor of Peroz II Kushanshah. Name His theophoric name "Varahran" is the New Persian form of the Middle Persian ...

(330-365 CE)

Alchon Huns (''Huna'') (c. 400 – 670 CE)

* ''Anonymous kings'' (c. 400 – 430 CE) *

Khingila Khingila I ( Bactrian: χιγγιλο ''Khingilo'', Brahmi script: ''Khi-ṇgi-la'', Middle Chinese: 金吉剌 ''Jīnjílà'', Persian: شنگل ''Shengel''; c.430-490) was the founding king of the Hunnic Alkhan dynasty ( Bactrian: αλχανο ...

(c. 430 – 490 CE) *

Javukha Javukha (Brahmi: ''Ja-vu-kha'', Bactrian: ''Zabocho'', or ''Zabokho'') was the third known king of the Alchon Huns, in the 5th century CE. He is described as such in the Talagan copper scroll inscription, where he is also said to be Maharaja ("G ...

/Zabocho (c. mid 5th – early 6th CE) *

Mehama Mehama ( Bactrian: ''Meyam'', Brahmi: ''Me-ha-ma''), ruled c.461-493, was a king of Alchon Huns dynasty. He is little known, but the Talagan copper scroll mentions him as an active ruler making a donation to a Buddhist stupa in 492/93.For an imag ...

(c. 461 – 493 CE) * Lakhana Udayaditya (c. 490's CE) * Aduman *

Toramana Toramana also called Toramana Shahi Jauvla ( Gupta script: ''Toramāṇa'', ruled circa 493-515 CE) was a king of the Alchon Huns who ruled in northern India in the late 5th and the early 6th century CE. Toramana consolidated the Hephthalite p ...

(c. 490 – 515 CE) *

Mihirakula Mihirakula (Gupta script: , ''Mi-hi-ra-ku-la'', Chinese: 摩酰逻矩罗 ''Mo-hi-lo-kiu-lo''), sometimes referred to as Mihiragula or Mahiragula, was the second and last Alchon Hun king of northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent between ...

(c. 515 – 540 CE) * Toramana II (c. 530 – 570 CE) * Pravarasena (c. 530 – 590 CE) * Gokarna (c. 570 – 590 CE) *

Narendraditya Khinkhila Toramana II (Gupta script: '' Śrī Toramāṇa'', "Lord Toramana") was a ruler of the Alchon Huns in the 6th century CE. Confrontation with the Nezaks Around the middle of the 6th century CE, the Alchons, after having extensively invaded the ...

(c. 590 – 630 CE) *

(630 – 670 CE)

Chutu dynasty of Banavasi (c. 100 BCE–200 CE)

The following Chutu rulers are known from coins and inscriptions: * Chutukulananda * Mulananda * Sivalananda

Nagvanshi dynasty of Chotanagpur (c. 64–1952 CE)

Following is the list of Nagvanshi rulers according to Nagpuri poem "Nagvanshavali" written by Beniram Mehta and book "Nagvansh" written by Lal Pradumn Singh. The list of Kings and chronology varies in these books. 57th Nagvanshi king

Dripnath Shah Dripnath Shah was a Nagvanshi king in the 18th century. His capital was at Palkot. He succeeded Maninath Shah and ruled from 1762 to 1790 CE. He became a vassal of the East India Company in 1771. He submitted list of Nagvanshi kings to Governor ...

(c.1762–1790 CE) submitted list of Nagvanshi kings to Governor general of India in 1787.

Raja

*Raja

Phani Mukut Rai Phani Mukut Rai was a legendary Nagvanshi king. According to the Nagvanshi tradition, he was first Nagvanshi king and founder of Nagvanshi dynasty in 1st century CE. However the story of Phani Mukut Rai is considered a myth by histrorian and sch ...

(c. 64 – 162 CE) *Raja Mukut Rai (c. 162 – 221 CE) *Raja Ghat Rai (c. 221 – 278 CE) *Raja Madan Rai (c. 278 – 307 CE) *Raja Pratap Rai (c. 307 – 334 CE) *Raja Kandrap Rai (c. 334 – 365 CE) *Raja Udaimani Rai (c. 365 – 403 CE) *Raja Jaimani Rai (c. 403 – 452 CE) *Raja Srimani Rai (c. 452 – 476 CE) *Raja Phani Rai (c. 476 – 493 CE) *Raja Gendu Rai (c. 493 – 535 CE) *Raja Hari Rai (c. 535 – 560 CE) *Raja Gajraj Rai (c. 560 – 606 CE) *Raja Sundar Rai (c. 606 – 643 CE) *Raja Mukund Rai (c. 643 – 694 CE) *Raja Udai Rai (c. 694 – 736 CE) *Raja Kanchan Rai (c. 736 – 757 CE) *Raja Magan Rai (c. 757 – 798 CE) *Raja Jagan Rai (c. 798 – 837 CE) *Raja Mohan Rai (c. 837 – 901 CE) *Raja Gajdant Rai (c. 901 – 931 CE) *Raja Gajghant Rai (c. 931 – 964 CE) *Raja Chandan Rai (c. 964 – 992 CE) *Raja Anand Rai (c. 992 – 1002 CE) *Raja Sripati Rai (c. 1002 – 1055 CE) *Raja Jaganand Rai (c. 1055 – 1074 CE) *Raja Nripendra Rai (c. 1074 -1084 CE) *Raja Gandharva Rai (c. 1084 -1098 CE) *Raja

Bhim Karn Bhim Karna (c. 1098 - 1132 CE ) was Nagvanshi king in 12th century. He succeeded Gandharv Rai. The change of title of Nagvanshi kings from Rai to Karna may be due to victory over or alliance with descedant of Lakshmikarna of Kalachuri dynasty. ...

(c.1098 -c.1132) *Raja Jash Karn (c.1132-c.1180) *Raja Jai Karn (c.1180-c.1218) *Raja Go Karn (c.1218-c.1236) *Raja Hari Karn (c.1236-c.1276) *Raja Shiv Karn (c.1276-c.1299) *Raja Benu Karn (c.1299-c.1360) *Raja Phenu Karn *Raja Tihuli Karn *Raja

Shivdas Karn Shivdas Karn was Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur, Nagvanshi king in 14th century. He succeeded Go Karn. He established Vishnu idol in the Hapamuni temple in Gumla district in Vikram Samvat 1458 (1401 CE) according to an inscription in Sanskrit. The tem ...

(c.1367-c.1389) *Raja Udai Karn (c.1389-c.1427) *Raja Pritvi Karn (c.1427-c.1451) *Raja

Pratap Karn Pratap Karn (c.1451-c.1469) was Nagvanshi king in 15th century. According to ''Nag vanshavali'' written by Beniram Mahata, during reign of Pratap Karn, king of Sandhya, Tamar, ghatwar kings rebelled. The king of Tamar indulged in plunder and l ...

(c.1451-c.1469) *Raja Chhatra Karn (c.1469 – c.1515) *Raja Virat Karn (c.1515 – c.1522) *Raja Sindhu Karn (c.1522 – c.1535) *Raja Madhu Karn Shah (c. 1584 -c.1599) *Raja

Bairisal Bairisal was a Nagvanshi king in 17th century. According to Wester, he was king of Khukhragarh during reign of Akbar. However many historian not agree with him. According to them Bairisal was brother of Gajapati the Ujjainiya king of Jagdishpur. ...

(c. 1599 -c.1614) *Raja Durjan Sal (c. 1614–1615)(c.1627 -c.1640) *Raja Deo Shah *Raja Raghunath Shah (1640–1690) *Raja

Ram Shah Ram Shah ( ne, राम शाह; reign before 16061636) was the king of the Gorkha Kingdom (present-day Gorkha District, Nepal). He was the son of King of Gorkha Purna Shah and brother of Chatra Shah. He acceded in the throne in c. 1606 after ...

(1690–1715) *Raja

Yadunath Shah Yadunath Shah was a Nagvanshi king in the 18th century. His capital was at Navratangarh. He succeeded Raghunath Shah and ruled from 1790 to 1724 CE. He shifted his capital from Navratangarh to Palkot. In 1719, Ranjit Rai, the Chero ruler of Pal ...

(1715–1724) *Raja Shivnath Shah (1724–1733) *Raja Udainath Shah (1733–1740) *Raja Shyamsundar Nath Shah (1740–1745) *Raja Balram Nath Shah (1745–1748) *Raja Maninath Shah (1748–1762) *Raja

Dhripnath Shah Dripnath Shah was a Nagvanshi king in the 18th century. His capital was at Palkot. He succeeded Maninath Shah and ruled from 1762 to 1790 CE. He became a vassal of the East India Company in 1771. He submitted list of Nagvanshi kings to Governor ...

(1762–1790) *Raja Deo Nath Shah (1790–1806)

Maharaja

*Maharaja Gobind Nath Shah Deo (1806–1822) *Maharaja Jagannath Shah Deo (1822–1872) *Maharaja

Udai Pratap Nath Shah Deo Udai Pratap Nath Shahdeo (23 March 1866 - 21 September 1950), was the Nagvanshi Maharaja of Chotanagpur Zamindari estate. He donated large tracts of land to build infrastructure of Ranchi city. He built the Ratu Palace in Ranchi in 1901. He was c ...

(1872–1950) *Maharaja

Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo (14 December 1931 – 10 July 2014), was the last ruling Nagvanshi Maharaja of Chotanagpur Zamindari estate and a politician. Early life Lal Chintamani Sharan Nath Shahdeo was born in the royal family of Nag ...

(1950–1952)

Bharshiva dynasty (Nagas of Padmavati) (c. 170–350 CE)

*Vrisha-naga ''(Possibly ruled at Vidisha in the late 2nd Century)''. *Vrishabha or Vrisha-bhava (''May also be the name of a distinct king who succeeded Vrisha-naga''). *Bhima-naga (210–230 CE) (''Probably the first king to rule from Padmavati'') *Skanda-naga *Vasu-naga *Brihaspati-naga *Vibhu-naga *Ravi-naga *Bhava-naga *Prabhakara-naga *Deva-naga *Vyaghra-naga *Ganapati-naga

Chandra dynasty (c. 202–1050 CE)

;List of rulers–

Abhira dynasty of Nasik (203–370 CE)

The following is the list of the sovereign and strong Abhira rulers: * Abhira Sivadatta * Sakasena alias Saka Satakrni * Abhira Ishwarsena alias ''Mahaksatrapa'' Isvaradatta * Abhira Vashishthiputra Vasusena

Gupta Empire (c. 240 – 750 CE)

;Imperial Gupta rulers-

Later Gupta dynasty (c. 490 – 750 CE)

The genealogy of Later Gupta rulers regin is disputed, this list is approx to there original regin:

Vakataka dynasty (c. 250–500 CE)

Pallava dynasty (c. 275 – 897 CE)

Early or Middle Pallavs rulers regin is disputed, this timeline is approx to there original regin:

Aulikara Empire of Dashapura (c. 300 – 560 CE)

Rulers of First Aulikara dynasty- * Jayavarma * Simhavarma * Naravarma * Vishvavarma * Bandhuvarma Rulers of

Second Aulikara dynasty The Second Aulikara dynasty (Late Brahmi script: ''Au-li-ka-rā'') was a royal dynasty that ruled over the Malwa plateau, and at its peak under Yashodharman Vishnuvardhana controlled a vast area, consisting of almost all of Northern India and p ...

- * Drumavardhana * Jayavardhana * Ajitavardhana * Vibhishanavardhana * Rajyavardhana * Prakashadharma *

Yashodharman Yashodharman ( Gupta script: ''Ya-śo-dha-rmma'', ) (r. 515 – 545) was a ruler of Malwa, in central India, during the early part of the 6th century. He probably belonged to the Second Aulikara dynasty. He conquered much of the Indian subco ...

(c. 515–545 CE) *

Shiladitya Shiladitya (IAST: Śīlāditya) is the title of a 7th-century Indian king mentioned in the writings of the Chinese traveler Xuanzang (Hieun Tsang). Xuanzang mentions him in Fascicle V of ''Dà Táng Xīyù Jì'' (''Great Tang Records on the Wester ...

(c. 545–550/560 CE), last known ruler of dynasty

Kadamba dynasties (345 – 1310 CE)

Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi (c. 345 – 540 CE)

Banavasi branch rulers- *

Mayurasharma Mayurasharma or Mayuravarma (reigned 345–365 C.E.), a native of Talagunda (in modern Shimoga district), was the founder of the Kadamba Kingdom of Banavasi, the earliest native kingdom to rule over what is today the modern state of Karnataka, ...

(345–365) * Kangavarma (365–390) * Bhageerath (390–415) * Raghu (415–435) *

Kakusthavarma Kakusthavarma () or Kakusthavarman was a ruler of the Kadamba dynasty in South India. He succeeded his brother Raghu as king. Under Kakusthavarma's rule the Kadamba kingdom attained the height of its power and influence, and the Kadambas enjoye ...

(435–455) * Santivarma (455–460) * Shiva Mandhatri (460–475) * Mrigeshavarma (475–485) * Ravivarma (485–519) * Harivarma (519–530) Triparvatha branch rulers- * Krishna Varma I (455–475) * Vishnuvarma (475–485) * Simhavarma (485–516) * Krishna Varma II (516–540)

Kadamba dynasty of Goa (960 – 1345 CE)

* Shashthadeva I alis Kantakacharya (c. 960 CE), founder of dynasty * Nagavarma * Guhalladeva I * Shashathadeva II * Guhalladeva II (1038–1042) * Veeravarmadeva ( 1042–1054) * Jayakeshi I (1054–1080) * Guhalladeva II alias Tribhuvanamalla (1080–1125) * Vijayaditya I alias Vijayarka, (ruling prince up to 1104) * Jayakeshi II (1125–1148) * Shivachitta alis Paramadideva ( 1148–1179) * Vishnuchitta alias Vijayaditya II (1179–1187) * Jayakeshi III (1188–1216) * Vajradeva alis Shivachitta (regin?) * Sovideva alis Tribhuvanamalla (1216–1246?) * Shashthadeva III (?1246–1265) * Kamadeva (1265–1310), last known ruler of dynasty

Kadamba dynasty of Hangal (980 – 1275 CE)

;known rulers are- * Chattadeva (980–1031), founder of dynasty * Kamadeva * Somadeva * Mayuravarma

Other minor Kadamba Kingdoms

;

Kadambas of Halasi The Kadambas of Halasi was a South Indian dynasty during the Late Classical period on the Indian subcontinent, which originated in the region of Halasi, Karnataka; who were known for their own style of temple building. The Kadamba dynasty wa ...

;Kadambas of Bankapur ;Kadambas of Bayalnad ;Kadambas of Nagarkhanda ;Kadambas of Uchchangi ;Kadambas of Bayalnadu (Vainadu)

Varman dynasty of Kamarupa (350–650 CE)

The dynastic line, as given in the Dubi and Nidhanpur copperplate inscriptions:

Ganga dynasty (350–1424 CE)

Other minor Ganga states

Gudari Kataka ''Ganga State''

According to Gangavansucharitam written in sixteenth or seventeenth century, ''Bhanu Deva IV also known as Kajjala Bhanu'' founded a new small princedom in southern Odisha at Gudari in modern

Rayagada Rayagada is a municipality in Rayagada district in the Indian state of Odisha. It is the administrative headquarters of Rayagada district. History The city of Rayagada was founded by King Vishwanath Dev Gajapati (1527-1531 CE) of the Suryavan ...

district after he was toppled from power by his general Kapilendra Deva. * Kajjala Bhanu (or Bhanu Deva IV) * Svarna Bhanu * Kalasandha Deva * Chudanga Deva * Harimani Deva * Narasimha Deva * Ananta Deva * Padmanabha Deva * Pitambara Deva * Vasudeva * Purrushottama Anangabhima Deva (or Bhima Deva)

Chikiti ''Ganga State'' (c. 881–1950 CE)

Historians conclude that the rulers of

Chikiti Chikiti is a town and a notified area committee, notified area council located in Ganjam district in the state of Odisha, India. Geography Chikiti is located at . It has an average elevation of . Demographics India census, Chikiti had a popul ...

were from the line of Ganga ruler Hastivarman. * Kesaba Rautara (or Bira Karddama Singha Rautara) (881–940) * Balabhadra Rautara (941–997) * Madhaba Rautara (998–1059) * Languli Rautara (1060–1094) * Mohana Rautara (1095–1143) * Balarama Rautara (1144–1197) * Biswanatha Rautara (1198–1249) * Harisarana Rautara (1250–1272) * Raghunatha Rautara (1273–1313) * Dinabandhu Rautara (1314–1364) * Gopinatha Rautara (1365–1417) * Ramachandra Rautara (1418–1464) * Narayana Rautara (1465–1530) * Narasingha Rautara (1531–1583) * Lokanatha Rautara (1584–1633) * Jadumani Rautara (1634–1691) * Madhusudana Rajendra Deba (1692–1736) * Kulamani Rajendra Deba (1737–1769) * Krusnachandra Rajendra Deba (1770–1790) * Pitambara Rajendra Deba (1791–1819) * Gobindachandra Rajendra Deba (1820–1831) * Kulamani Rajendra Deba (1832–1835) * Brundabanachandra Rajendra Deba (1835–1846) * Jagannatha Rajendra Deba (1847–1855) * Biswambhara Rajendra Deba (1856–1885) * Kisorachandra Rajendra Deba (1885–1903) * Radhamohana Rajendra Deba (1903–1923) * Gaurachandra Rajendra Deba (1923–1934) * Sachhidananda Rajendra Deba (1934–1950)

Parlakhemundi ''Ganga State'' (c. 1309–1950)

Parlakhemundi Paralakhemundi shortly known as Parala is district Headquarter of Gajapati district and one of the oldest Municipality established in 1885, in the Indian state of Odisha. Majority of the people in the town speak Odia. The city and the Distri ...

state rulers were the direct descendants of the Eastern Ganga dynasty rulers of Odisha. * Narasingha Deba (1309–1320) * Madanrudra Deba (1320–1339) * Narayana Rudra Deba (1339–1353) * Ananda Rudra Deba (1353–1354) * Ananda Rudra Deba (1354–1367) * Jayarudra Deba (1367–1399) * Lakhsmi Narasingha Deba (1399–1418) * Madhukarna Gajapati (1418–1441) * Murtunjaya Bhanu Deba (1441–1467) * Madhaba Bhanu Deba (1467–1495) * Chandra Betal Bhanu Deba (1495–1520) * Subarnalinga Bhanu Deba (1520–1550) * Sibalinga Narayan Bhanudeo (1550–1568) * Subarna Kesari Govinda Gajapati Narayan Deo (1568–1599) * Mukunda Rudra Gajapati Narayan Deo (1599–1619) * Mukunda Deo (1619–1638) * Ananta Padmanabh Gajapati Narayan Deo I (1638–1648) * Sarbajgan Jagannatha Gajapati Narayan Deo I (1648–1664) * Narahari Narayan Deo (1664–1691) * Bira Padmanabh Narayan Deo II (1691–1706) * Prataprudra Gajapati Narayan Deo I (1706–1736) *

Jagannatha Gajapati Narayana Deo II Jagannatha Gajapati Narayana Deo II (Odia: ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ଗଜପତି ନାରାୟଣ ଦେବ) was the Odia monarch of the Paralakhemundi Estate in the southern part of today's Odisha and northern Andhra Prad ...

(1736–1771) * Goura Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo I (1771–1803) * Purushottam Gajapati Narayan Deo (1803–1806) * Jagannath Gajapati Narayan Deo III (1806–1850) * Prataprudra Gajapati Narayan Deo II (1850–1885) * Goura Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo II (1885–1904) * Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo (1913–1950) * '' Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo'' (1950 – 25 May 1974), titular * '' Gopinath Gajapati Narayan Deo'' (25 May 1974 – 10 January 2020), titular * '' Kalyani Gajapati'' (10 January 2020–present), titular

Traikutaka dynasty (c. 370–520 CE)

The following Traikuta rulers are known from the coins and inscriptions of

Gupta Empire The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire which existed from the early 4th century CE to late 6th century CE. At its zenith, from approximately 319 to 467 CE, it covered much of the Indian subcontinent. This period is considered as the Gol ...

: * Maharaja Indradatta (415–440 CE) * Maharaja Dahrasena * Maharaja Vyaghrasena, son of Dahrasena (480 CE) * Maharaja Madhyamasena * Vikramasena

Vishnukundina dynasty (c. 420–624 CE)

* Madhava Varma I (420–455) * Indra Varma (455–461) * Madhava Verma II (461–508) * Vikramendra Varma I (508–528) * Indra Bhattaraka Varma (528–580) * Janssraya Madhava Varma IV (580–624)

Maitraka dynasty of Vallabhi (c. 475–776 CE)

* Bhatarka (c. 475–492) * Dharasena I (c. 493–499) * Dronasinha (also known as Maharaja) (c. 500–520) * Dhruvasena I (c. 520–550) * Dharapatta (c. 550–556) * Guhasena (c. 556–570) * Dharasena II (c. 570–595) * Siladitya I (also known as Dharmaditya) (c. 595–615) * Kharagraha I (c. 615–626) * Dharasena III (c. 626–640) * Dhruvasena II (also known as Baladitya) (c. 640–644) * Chkravarti king Dharasena IV (also known as Param Bhatarka, Maharajadhiraja, Parameshwara) (c. 644–651) * Dhruvasena III (c. 651–656) * Kharagraha II (c. 656–662) * Siladitya II * Siladitya III * Siladitya IV * Siladitya V * Siladitya VI * Siladitya VII (c. 766 CE)Mahajan V.D. (1960, reprint 2007). ''Ancient India'', S.Chand & Company, New Delhi, , pp.594–6

Rai dynasty (c. 489–632 CE)

Rai Diwa The Rai dynasty (c. 489–632 CE) was a polity of ancient Sindh. Scholarship Pre-Islamic Sindh has been the subject of voluminous scholarship concerning the eve of Arab conquests; otherwise, the paucity of source materials remains a severe hin ...

ji (Devaditya) *

Rai Sahiras The Rai dynasty (c. 489–632 CE) was a polity of ancient Sindh. Scholarship Pre-Islamic Sindh has been the subject of voluminous scholarship concerning the eve of Arab conquests; otherwise, the paucity of source materials remains a severe hi ...

(Shri Harsha) *

Rai Sahasi The Rai dynasty (c. 489–632 CE) was a polity of ancient Sindh. Scholarship Pre-Islamic Sindh has been the subject of voluminous scholarship concerning the eve of Arab conquests; otherwise, the paucity of source materials remains a severe hin ...

(Sinhasena) * Rai Sahiras II, died battling the King of

Nimroz Nimruz or Nimroz (Dari: ; Balochi: ) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the southwestern part of the country. It lies to the east of the Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran and north of Balochistan, Pakistan, also border ...

Rai Sahasi II RAI – Radiotelevisione italiana (; commercially styled as Rai since 2000; known until 1954 as Radio Audizioni Italiane) is the national public broadcasting company of Italy, owned by the Ministry of Economy and Finance. RAI operates many terr ...

, the last of the line

Chalukya dynasty (c. 500–1200 CE)

Shahi Kingdom (c. 500–1026 CE)

In Kabul Shahi Kingdom two Dynasties ruled (both were

Hindu Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism.Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...

dynasties) from: *

Turk Shahi The Turk Shahis or Kabul Shahis were a dynasty of Western Turk, or mixed Turko-Hephthalite, origin, that ruled from Kabul and Kapisa to Gandhara in the 7th to 9th centuries AD. They may have been of Khalaj ethnicity."The new rulers of Kabul, ...

(c. 500–850 CE) *

Hindu Shahi The Hindu Shahis (also known as Oddiyana, Odi Shahis, Uḍi Śāhis, or Brahman Shahis, 822–1026 CE) were a dynasty that held sway over the Kabul Valley, Gandhara and western Punjab region, Punjab during the early medieval period in the Indian ...

(c. 850–1026 CE)

Turk Shahi dynasty (c. 500–850 CE)

* Nandin Rulers of Gilgit (500–552) * Khingala of Kapisa (535–552) * Patoladeva / Navasurendradiyta (552–575) * Srideva / Surendra Vikrmadiyta (575–605) * Patoladeva /

Vajraditya The Karkota Dynasty (c. 625 − 855 CE) ruled over the Kashmir valley and some northern parts of the Indian subcontinent during 7th and 8th centuries. Their rule saw a period of political expansion, economic prosperity and emergence of Kashmir ...

(605–645) *

Barha Tegin Barha Tegin (665 - 680 CE) was the first ruler of the Turk Shahis. He is only known in name from the accounts of the Muslim historian Al-Biruni and reconstructions from Chinese sources, and the identification of his coinage remains conjectural. R ...

(645–680) *

Tegin Sha Tegin ( otk, 𐱅𐰃𐰏𐰤, Tegin, also tigin, MC *''dək-gɨn'' > Pinyin: ''Tèqín''; , erroneously ''Tèlè'' ) is a Turkic title, commonly attachable to the names of the junior members of the Khagan's family. However, Ligeti cast doub ...

(680–739) * Fromo Kesar /

Gesar The Epic of King Gesar ( Tibetan, Bhutanese: གླིང་གེ་སར །), also spelled Geser (especially in Mongolian contexts) or Kesar (), is a work of epic literature of Tibet and greater Central Asia. The epic originally develo ...

(739–755)

Hindu Shahi dynasty (c. 850–1026 CE)

* Samantadeva Kallar / Lalliya (850–895), first ruler of dynasty * Kamalavarmadeva / Kamaluka (895–921) * Bhimadeva (921–964) * Ishtthapala (ruled 8 months) *

Jayapala Jayapala or Jaipal was a ruler of the Hindu Shahi dynasty from 964 to 1001 CE. His kingdom stretched from Laghman to Kashmir and Sirhind to Multan, with Peshawar being in the center. He was the son of Hutpal and the father of Anandapala. Epit ...

(964–1001) *

Anandapala The Hindu Shahis (also known as Odi Shahis, Uḍi Śāhis, or Brahman Shahis, 822–1026 CE) were a dynasty that held sway over the Kabul Valley, Gandhara and western Punjab during the early medieval period in the Indian subcontinent. Details r ...

(1001–1010) * Trilochanapala (1010–22) assassinated by mutinous troops) * Bhimapala (died in 1022–1026), last ruler of dynasty

Pushyabhuti dynasty (c. 500 – 647 CE)

;Rulers-

Jaintia Kingdom (c. 515–1835 CE)

Old dynasty

#Urmi Rani (?-550) #Krishak Pator (550–570) #Hatak (570–600) #Guhak (600–630)

Partitioned Jaintia

#Jayanta (630–660) #Joymalla (660-?) #Mahabal (?) #Bancharu (?-1100) #Kamadeva (1100–1120) #Bhimbal (1120)

Brahmin dynasty

#Kedareshwar Rai (1120–1130) #Dhaneshwar Rai (1130–1150) #Kandarpa Rai (1150–1170) #Manik Rai (1170–1193) #Jayanta Rai (1193–1210) #Jayanti Devi #Bara Gossain

New dynasty

#Prabhat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1500–1516) #Majha Gosain Syiem Sutnga (1516–1532) #Burha Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1532–1548) #Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga I (1548–1564) #Bijay Manik Syiem Sutnga (1564–1580) #Pratap Ray Syiem Sutnga (1580–1596) #Dhan Manik Syiem Sutnga (1596–1612) #Jasa Manik Syiem Sutnga (1612–1625) #Sundar Ray Syiem Sutnga (1625–1636) #Chota Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1636–1647) #Jasamanta Ray Syiem Sutnga (1647–1660) #Ban Singh Syiem Sutnga (1660–1669) #Pratap Singh Syiem Sutnga (1669–1678) #Lakshmi Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1678–1694) #Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga I (1694–1708) #Jay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1708–1731) #Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga II (1731–1770) #Chattra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1770–1780) #Yatra Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1780–1785) #Bijay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1785–1786) #Lakshmi Singh Syiem Sutnga (1786–1790) #Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga II (1790–1832) #Rajendra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1832–1835)

Kalachuri dynasties (c. 550 – 1225 CE)

Kalachuri dynasty of Mahishmati/Malwa (''Early Kalachuris'') (c. 550 – 625 CE)

The following are the known rulers of the Kalachuri dynasty of

Malwa Malwa is a historical region of west-central India occupying a plateau of volcanic origin. Geologically, the Malwa Plateau generally refers to the volcanic upland north of the Vindhya Range. Politically and administratively, it is also syno ...

with their estimated reigns (

IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It is based on a scheme that emerged during ...

names in brackets): * Krishnaraja (''Kṛṣṇarāja'') (r. c. 550–575 CE) * Shankaragana (''Śaṃkaragaṇa'') (r. c. 575–600 CE) * Buddharaja (''Buddharāja'') (r. c. 600–625 CE)

Kalachuri dynasty of Tripuri/Chedi (''Later Kalachuris'') (c. 675 – 1212 CE)

;Rulers- * Vamaraja-deva (675–700 CE), founder of dynasty * Shankaragana I (750–775 CE) * Lakshmana-raja I (825–850 CE) * Kokalla I (850–890 CE); his younger son established the Ratnapura Kalachuri branch * Shankaragana II (890–910 CE), alias Mugdhatunga * Balaharsha (910–915 CE) * Yuvaraja-deva I (915–945 CE) * Lakshmana-raja II (945–970 CE) *

Shankaragana III Shankaragana III ( IAST: Śankaragaṇa, r. c. 970-980 CE) was a ruler of the Kalachuri dynasty of Tripuri in central India. His kingdom was centered around the Chedi or Dahala region in present-day Madhya Pradesh. He defeated a weak Gurjara-Prat ...

(970–980 CE) * Yuvaraja-deva II (980–990 CE) *

Kokalla II Kokalla II ( IAST: , r. c. 990-1015 CE) was a ruler of the Kalachuri dynasty of Tripuri in central India. His kingdom was centered around the Chedi or Dahala region in present-day Madhya Pradesh. His Gurgi inscription suggests that he raided the ...

(990–1015 CE) * Gangeya-deva (1015–1041 CE) * Lakshmi-karna (1041–1073 CE), alias Karna * Yashah-karna (1073–1123 CE) * Gaya-karna (1123–1153 CE) * Nara-simha (1153–1163 CE) * Jaya-simha (1163–1188 CE) * Vijaya-simha (1188–1210 CE) * Trailokya-malla (c. 1210– at least 1212 CE), last ruler

Kalachuri dynasty of Ratnapura (c. 1000 – 1225 CE)

The following is a list of the Ratnapura Kalachuri rulers, with estimated period of their reigns: * Kalinga-raja (1000–1020 CE), founder of dynasty * Kamala-raja (1020–1045 CE) * Ratna-raja (1045–1065 CE), alias Ratna-deva I * Prithvi-deva I (1065–1090 CE), alias Prithvisha * Jajalla-deva I (1090–1120 CE) (declared independence) * Ratna-Deva II (1120–1135 CE) *

Prithvi-deva II Prithvi-deva II was one of the most powerful Ratnapura Kalachuri kings, who ruled over the present-day Indian state of Chhattisgarh. His reign is placed 1135-1165 CE. Reign The Chindaka Nagas of Chakrakota had allied themselves with the Gang ...

(1135–1165 CE) * Jajalla-deva II (1165–1168 CE) * Jagad-deva (1168–1178 CE) * Ratna-deva III (1178–1200 CE) * Pratapa-malla (1200–1225 CE) * Parmardi Dev (governor of Eastern Gangas)

Kalachuri dynasty of Kalyani (''Southern Kalachuris'') (c. 1130 – 1184 CE)

;Rulers- *

Bijjala II Bijjala II (1130–1167 CE) kn, ಇಮ್ಮಡಿ ಬಿಜ್ಜಳ was the Mahamandaleshwara of the Kalyani Chalukyas. He was the most famous of the southern Kalachuri kings who ruled initially as a vassal of Chalukya Vikramaditya VI. He ru ...

(1130–1167), proclaimed independence from

Kalyani Chalukyas The Western Chalukya Empire ruled most of the Deccan Plateau, western Deccan, South India, between the 10th and 12th centuries. This Kannada people, Kannadiga dynasty is sometimes called the ''Kalyani Chalukya'' after its regal capital at Kalya ...

in 1162 CE * Sovideva (1168–1176) * Mallugi, overthrown by his brother Sankama * Sankama (1176–1180) * Ahavamalla (1180–83) * Singhana (1183–84), last ruler

Patola/Gilgit Shahi dynasty (c. 550 – 750 CE)

;Regin of known rulers is disputed- * Somana (Mid 6th century CE) * Vajraditayanandin (585–605 CE) * Vikramadityanandin (605–625 CE) * Surendravikramadityanandin (625–644 or 654 CE) * Navasurendrāditya-nandin (644 or 654–685 CE) * Jayamaṅgalavikramāditya-nandin (685–710 CE) * Nandivikramadityanandin (710–715 CE) * ''Su-fu-che-li-chi-li-ni'' (name by foreign sources) (715–720 CE) * Surendradityanandin (720–740 or 750 CE), last known ruler

Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (c. 550 – 1036 CE)

Pratiharas of Mandavyapura (Mandor) (c. 550 – 860 CE)

R. C. Majumdar, on the other hand, assumed a period of 25 years for each generation, and placed him in c. 550 CE. The following is a list of the dynasty's rulers (

names in brackets) and estimates of their reigns, assuming a period of 25 years. * Harichandra (Haricandra) alias Rohilladhi (r. c. 550 CE), founder of dynasty * Rajilla (r. c. 575 CE) * Narabhatta (Narabhaṭa) alias Pellapelli (r. c. 600 CE) * Nagabhata (Nāgabhaṭa) alias Nahada (r. c. 625 CE) * Tata (Tāta) and Bhoja (r. c. 650 CE) * Yashovardhana (Yaśovardhana) (r. c. 675 CE) * Chanduka (Canduka) (r. c. 700 CE) * Shiluka (Śīluka) alias Silluka (r. c. 725 CE) * Jhota (r. c. 750 CE) * Bhilladitya alias Bhilluka (r. c. 775 CE) * Kakka (r. c. 800 CE) * Bauka (Bāuka) (r. c. 825 CE) * Kakkuka (r. c. 861 CE), last ruler

Imperial Pratiharas of Kannauj (c. 730 – 1036 CE)

;List of rulers–

Other Pratihara Branches

;Baddoch Branch (c. 600 – 700 CE) Known Baddoch rulers are- * Dhaddha 1 (600–627) *Dhaddha 2 (627–655) * Jaibhatta (655–700) ;Rajogarh Branch Badegujar were rulers of Rajogarh * Parmeshver Manthandev, (885–915) *No records found after Parmeshver Manthandev

Kingdom of Mewar (c. 566 – 1947 CE)

In the 6th century, three different Guhila dynasties are known to have ruled in present-day

Rajasthan Rajasthan (; lit. 'Land of Kings') is a state in northern India. It covers or 10.4 per cent of India's total geographical area. It is the largest Indian state by area and the seventh largest by population. It is on India's northwestern si ...

: #Guhilas of

Nagda Nagda is an industrial town in Ujjain district of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It lies in the administrative headquarters of the city of Ujjain, in the Malwa region of western Madhya Pradesh. It is situated on the bank of the Chambal Rive ...

Ahar Ahar ( fa, italic=yes, اهر, az, اهر) is a city and capital of Ahar County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. According to the 2016 census, Ahar was the fourth most populated city of the province with a population of 100,641 in 20,844 fam ...

– most important branch and future ruling dynasty of Mewar. #Guhilas of Kishkindha (modern Kalyanpur) #Guhilas of Dhavagarta (modern

Dhor The Dhor Koli also known as Tokre Koli, or Tokare Koli is a subcaste of the Koli caste found in the Indian states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and Rajasthan. Dhor Kolis are bamboo cutters by profession. Origin and distribution The Dho ...

)

Guhila dynasty (c. 566 – 1303 CE)

Branching of Guhil dynasty

During reign of Rawal Ran Singh (1158–1168), the Guhil dynasty got divided into two branches. ;First (Rawal Branch) Rawal Khshem Singh (1168–1172), son of Ran Singh, ruled over Mewar by building Rawal Branch. ;Second (Rana Branch) Rahapa, the second son of Ran Singh started the Rana Branch by establishing Sisoda bases. Later

Hammir Singh Maharana Hammir Singh (1314–1364), or Hammir (not to be confused with Hammir Singh of Ranthambore), was a 14th-century Hindu Rajput ruler of Mewar in present-day Rajasthan, India. Hammir Singh, was a scion of the cadet branch Rana of the Guhi ...

of Sisoda base started main Sisodia or Mewar dynasty in 1326 CE.

Rana branch rulers (c. 1168 – 1326 CE)

"Rahapa", a son of Ranasimha alias Karna, established the Rana branch. According to the 1652 Eklingji inscription, Rahapa's successors were:

Sisodia dynasty (c. 1326 – 1947 CE)

Gauda Kingdom (c. 590 – 626 CE)

Shashanka Shashanka (IAST: Śaśāṃka) was the first independent king of a unified polity in the Bengal region, called the Gauda Kingdom and is a major figure in Bengali history. He reigned in the 7th century, some historians place his rule between circ ...

(590–625 CE), first recorded independent king of

Bengal Bengal ( ; bn, বাংলা/বঙ্গ, translit=Bānglā/Bôngô, ) is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal, predom ...

, created the first unified political entity in

Manava Manava (c. 750 BC – 690 BC) is an author of the Hindu geometric text of ''Sulba Sutras.'' The Manava Sulbasutra is not the oldest (the one by Baudhayana is older), nor is it one of the most important, there being at least three Sulbasu ...

(625–626 CE), ruled for 8 months before being conquered by

Harshavardhana Harshavardhana (IAST Harṣa-vardhana; c. 590–647 CE) was a Pushyabhuti emperor who ruled northern India from 606 to 647 CE. He was the son of Prabhakaravardhana who had defeated the Alchon Huna invaders, and the younger brother of Rajyava ...

and

Bhaskarvarman Bhaskaravarman () (600–650), the last of the Varman dynasty, was an illustrious king of medieval Kamarupa. After being captured by the Gauda king during the reign of his father, he was able to re-establish the rule of the Varman's. He made ...

Chacha dynasty of Sindh (c. 632–724 CE)

The known rulers of the Brahman dynasty are: * Chach (632–671 CE) * Chandar (671–679 CE) * Dāhir (679–712 CE) from Alor ;Under the

Umayyad Caliphate The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE; , ; ar, ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, al-Khilāfah al-ʾUmawīyah) was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by th ...

: * Dahirsiya (679–709 CE) from

Brahmanabad Mansura ( ar, المنصورة, al-manṣūra, the triumphant ity}), referred to as Brahmanabad ( ur, برہمن آباد ; sd, برهمڻ آباد, barhamaṇabād) in later centuries, was the historic capital of the Muslim Caliphate in Sindh ...

* Hullishāh (712–724 CE) * Shishah (until 724 CE)

Karkota dynasty of Kashmir (c. 625–855 CE)

*Durlabhavardhana (625–662), (founder of the dynasty) *Durlabhaka or Pratipaditya (662–712) *Chandrapeeda or Varnaditya (712–720) *Tarapida or Udayaditya (720–724) *

Lalitaditya Muktapida Lalitaditya alias Muktapida (IAST: Lalitāditya Muktāpīḍa; r. c. 724 CE–760 CE) was a powerful ruler of the Karkota dynasty of Kashmir region in the Indian subcontinent. The 12th-century chronicler Kalhana characterizes Lalitaditya as a ...

(724–760), (built the famous

Martand Sun Temple The Martand Sun Temple is a Hindu temple located near the city of Anantnag in the Kashmir Valley of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), India. It dates back to the eighth century AD and was dedicated to Surya, the chief solar deity in Hinduism ...

Kashmir Kashmir () is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term "Kashmir" denoted only the Kashmir Valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal Range. Today, the term encompas ...

) *Kuvalayaditya (760–761) *Vajraditya or Bapyayika or Lalitapida (761–768) *Prithivyapida I (768–772) *Sangramapida (772–779) *Jayapida (also Pandit and poet) (779–813) *Lalitapida (813–825) *Sangramapida II (825–832) *Chipyata-Jayapida (832–885), (last ruler of dynasty) ;Other puppet rulers under

Utpala dynasty Utpala dynasty was a Kashmiri dynasty which ruled over the Kashmir region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent from 8th to 10th century CE. The kingdom was established by Avanti Varman, ending the rule of Karkota dynasty in 855 CE. ...

are: *Ajitapida *Anangapida *Utpalapida *Sukhavarma

Chahamana (Chauhan) dynasties (c. 551 – 1315 CE)

;The ruling dynasties belonging to the Chauhan clan included– *

Chahamanas of Shakambhari The Chahamanas of Shakambhari (IAST: Cāhamāna), colloquially known as the Chauhans of Sambhar or Chauhans of Ajmer, were an Indian dynasty that ruled parts of the present-day Rajasthan and neighbouring areas in India, between the 6th and 12th ...

(Chauhans of Ajmer) (c. 551 – 1194 CE) *

Chahamanas of Naddula The Chahamanas of Naddula, also known as the Chauhans of Nadol, were an Indian dynasty. They ruled the Marwar area around their capital Naddula (present-day Nadol in Rajasthan) between 10th and 12th centuries. They belonged to the Chahamana (Ch ...

(Chauhans of Nadol) (c. 950 – 1197 CE) *

Chahamanas of Jalor The Chahamanas of Jalor, also known as the Chauhans of Jalor in vernacular legends, were an Indian dynasty that ruled the area around Jalore in present-day Rajasthan between 1160 and 1311. They belonged to the Chahamana (Chauhan) clan of the R ...

(c. 1160 – 1311 CE), branched off from the Chahamanas of Naddula *

Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura The Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura were a 13th-century Indian dynasty. They ruled the area around their capital Ranastambhapura (Ranthambore) in present-day Rajasthan, initially as vassals of the Delhi Sultanate, and later gained independenc ...

(c. 1192 – 1301 CE), branched off from the Chahamanas of Shakambhari * Chahamanas of Chandravati and Abu ( Kingdom of Sirohi) (c. 1311 – 1949 CE) * Chahamanas of Lata * Chahamanas of Dholpur * Chahamanas of Partabgarh * Hada Chauhan kingdoms of Hadoti region are– ** Kingdom of Bundi (c. 1342 – 1949 CE) ** Kingdom of Kota (c. 1579 – 1948 CE) ** Kingdom of Jhalawar (c. 1838 – 1949 CE), branched off from the Kingdom of Kota in 1838 CE.

Chahamanas of Sambhar Ajmer and Delhi (c. 551 – 1194 CE)

Following is a list of Chahamana rulers of

Shakambhari Shakambhari (Sanskrit: शाकम्भरी, IAST: Śākambharī), also referred to as Shatakshi, is a goddess of nourishment. She is regarded to be an incarnation of Mahadevi, and identified with both Lakshmi and Durga in Hinduism. After ...

Ajmer Ajmer is one of the major and oldest cities in the Indian state of Rajasthan and the centre of the eponymous Ajmer District. It is located at the centre of Rajasthan. It is also known as heart of Rajasthan. The city was established as "''Aj ...

and

Delhi Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, primarily its western or right bank, Delhi shares borders w ...

with approximate period of reign, as estimated historian by R. B. Singh:

Chahamanas of Naddula (c. 950 – 1197 CE)

Following is a list of Chahmana rulers of Naddula, with approximate period of reign, as estimated by R. B. Singh:

Chahamanas of Jalor (c. 1160 – 1311 CE)

The Chahamana rulers of the Jalor branch, with their estimated periods of reign, are as follows: Virama-deva (1311 CE) was last ruler of dynasty, crowned during the

Siege of Jalore In 1311 Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji dispatched an army to capture the Jalore Fort in present-day Rajasthan, India. Jalore was ruled by the Chahamana ruler Kanhadadeva, whose armies had earlier fought several skirmishes with the Delhi ...

, but died 2 days later.

Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura (c. 1192 – 1301 CE)

Mlechchha dynasty of Kamarupa (650–900 CE)

* Salastamba (650–670), founder of dynasty * Vijaya alias Vigrahastambha * Palaka * Kumara * Vajradeva * Harshadeva alias Harshavarman (725–745) * Balavarman II * Jivaraja * Digleswaravarman * Salambha * Harjjaravarman (815–832) * Vanamalavarmadeva (832–855) * Jayamala alias Virabahu (855–860) * Balavarman III (860–880) * Tyagasimha (890–900), last ruler of dynasty

Garhwal Kingdom of Uttrakhand (c. 688–1949 CE)

Mola Ram Mola Ram or Maula Ram ( deva, मौला राम) (1743–1833), p.119 was an Indian art, Indian painter, who originated the Garhwal division, Garhwal branch of the Kangra painting, Kangra school of painting., pp.75–76 He was also a poe ...

the 18th century painter, poet, historian and diplomat of Garhwal wrote the historical work ''Garhrajvansh Ka Itihas'' (History of the Garhwal royal dynasty) which is the only source of information about several Garhwal rulers.

Mallabhum (Bishnupur) kingdom (c. 694–1947 CE)

Mallabhum kingdom or Bishnupur kingdom was the kingdom ruled by the

Malla Malla may refer to: Places ;Bolivia *Malla, Bolivia, a locality *Malla Jawira, a river * Malla Jaqhi, a mountain *Malla Municipality *Malla Qullu, a mountain ;India * Mallapuram, Tamil Nadu *Malla (tribe), an ancient republic, one of the sixte ...

kings of

Bishnupur Bishnupur or Vishnupur may refer to: Administrative divisions * Bishnupur district in Manipur, India * Bishnupur district, West Bengal in West Bengal, India * Bishnupur subdivision in West Bengal, India Municipal division * Bishnupur Rural Munic ...

, primarily in the present

Bankura district Bankura district (Pron: bãkuɽa) is an administrative unit in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is part of Medinipur division—one of the five administrative divisions of West Bengal. Bankura district is surrounded by Purba Bardhaman distri ...

in Indian state of

West Bengal West Bengal (, Bengali: ''Poshchim Bongo'', , abbr. WB) is a state in the eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabitants within an area of . West Bengal is the fourt ...

. (also known as Mallabhoom,

Chand Kingdom of Kumaon (700–1790 CE)

Badri Datt Pandey Pandit Badri Datt Pande (15 February 1882 – 13 January 1965) was an Indian historian, freedom fighter, Social Reformer and subsequently, a Member of Parliament from Almora in independent India. Along with Govind Ballabh Pant, he was one of th ...

, in his book ''Kumaun Ka Itihaas'' lists the Chand kings as following:

Karttikeyapur (Katyur) Kingdom (700–1065 CE)

The period of certain Katyuri rulers, is generally determined as below, although there is some ambiguity in respect to exact number of years ruled by each King ;List– * Vasu Dev (700–849 CE) * Basantana Dev (850–870 CE) * Kharpar Dev (870–880 CE) * Abhiraj Dev (880–890 CE) * Tribhuvanraj Dev (890–900 CE) * Nimbarta Dev (900–915 CE) * Istanga (915–930 CE) * Lalitasura Dev (930–955 CE) * Bhu Dev (955–970 CE) * Salonaditya (970–985 CE) * Ichchhata Dev (985–1000 CE) * Deshat Dev (1000–1015 CE) * Padmata Dev (1015–1045 CE) * Subhiksharaja Dev (1045–1060 CE) * Dham Dev (1060–1064 CE) * Bir Dev (Very short period until 1065 CE)

Varman dynasty of Kannauj (c. 725–770 CE)

Yashovarman Yashovarman (IAST: Yaśovarman) was a medieval Indian ruler of Kannauj, who founded the Varman dynasty of Kannauj. There are few sources that provide information of his life, although he was indubitably a powerful man. Life Yashovarman was ki ...

(c. 725–752 CE), founder of dynasty *

Āma Āma was a medieval Indian king who ruled Kannauj and surrounding areas during the 8th and the 9th centuries. According to the Jain chronicles, he was the son and successor of Yashovarman. Jain account The Jain chronicle ''Bappabhatti-Suri-C ...

Dunduka Dunduka was a ruler of the state of Kannauj in North India during the early 8th century CE. Early life Dunduka was the son and successor of Āma, the king of Kannauj and surrounding areas during the late 8th century CE. Āma, his father, had lost ...

Bhoja Bhoja (reigned c. 1010–1055 CE) was an Indian king from the Paramara dynasty. His kingdom was centered around the Malwa region in central India, where his capital Dhara-nagara (modern Dhar) was located. Bhoja fought wars with nearly all h ...

(ruled until 770 CE), last ruler of dynasty.

Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta (c. 735–982 CE)

Dantidurga Dantidurga (reigned 735–756 CE), also known as Dantivarman II was the founder of the Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta.Reu (1933), p54 His capital was based in Gulbarga region of Karnataka. His successor was his uncle Krishna I who extended his ...

(735–756 CE), founder of dynasty *

Krishna I Krishna I ( kn, ಅಕಾಲವರ್ಷ ಶುಭತುಂಗ ಕೃಷ್ಣ) (reign 756–774 CE), an uncle of Dantidurga, took charge of the growing Rashtrakuta Empire by defeating the last Badami Chalukya ruler Kirtivarman II in 757. This ...

(756–774 CE) * Govinda II (774–780 CE) *

Dhruva Dharavarsha Dhruva (ruled 780–793 CE) was one of the most notable rulers of the Rashtrakuta Empire. He ascended the throne after replacing his elder brother Govinda II. Govinda II had become unpopular among his subjects on account of his various miscondu ...

(780–793 CE) *

Govinda III Govinda III (reign 793–814 CE) was a famous Rashtrakuta ruler who succeeded his illustrious father Dhruva Dharavarsha. He was militarily the most successful emperor of the dynasty with successful conquests-from Kanyakumari in the south to Kan ...

(793–814 CE) *

Amoghavarsha Amoghavarsha I (also known as Amoghavarsha Nrupathunga I) (r.814–878 CE) was the greatest emperor of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, and one of the most notable rulers of Ancient India. His reign of 64 years is one of the longest precisely dated mo ...

I (814–878 CE), he was the founded of

Manyakheta Malkhed originally known as Manyakheta (IAST: Mānyakheṭa, Prakrit: "Mannakheḍa"), and also known as Malkhed,Village code= 311400 Malkhed (J), Gulbarga, Karnataka is a town in Karnataka, India. It is located on the banks of Kagina river i ...

city, which became the capital of the dynasty. *

Krishna II Krishna II (reigned 878–914 CE) was king of the Rashtrakuta empire. He throne after the demise of his father Amoghavarsha I Nrupatunga. His Kannada name was Kannara.Reu (1933), p75 His queen was a Haihaya princess of Chedi called Mahadevi. F ...

(878–914 CE) *

Indra III Indra III (reigned 914–929 CE) was the grandson of Rashtrakuta Krishna II and son of Chedi princess Lakshmi. He became the ruler of the empire due to the early demise of his father Jagattunga.From the Sangli, Karhad, Deoli and Bagumra inscri ...

(914–929 CE) *

Amoghavarsha II Amoghavarsha II (ruled 929–930) was a Rashtrakuta ruler. He succeeded his father Indra III Indra III (reigned 914–929 CE) was the grandson of Rashtrakuta Krishna II and son of Chedi princess Lakshmi. He became the ruler of the empire d ...

(929–932 CE) *

Govinda IV Govinda IV (reigned 930–935 CE) was the younger brother of Amoghavarsha II. He became the Rashtrakuta emperor in 930 as described in the Kalasa record of Chikmagalur. He was a very unpopular ruler who indulged in licentious acts.Reu (1933), p ...

(930–935 CE) *

Amoghavarsha III Amoghavarsha III (reigned 936–939 CE), whose Kannada name was Baddega ( kn, ಬದ್ದೆಗ), was in exile in Tripuri and was a younger brother of Indra III and uncle to Govinda IV. He came to power with the help of feudatory King Arikesar ...

(934–939 CE) *

Krishna III Krishna III whose Kannada name was Kannara (r. 939 – 967 C.E.) was the last great warrior and able monarch of the Rashtrakuta dynasty of Manyakheta. He was a shrewd administrator and skillful military campaigner. He waged many wars to bring b ...

(939–967 CE) *

Khottiga Amoghavarsha Khottiga or Amoghavarsha IV (ruled 967–972 CE), who bore the title ''Nityavarsha'', was a ruler of the Rashtrakuta Empire. During this period the Rashtrakutas started to decline. The Paramara King Siyaka II plundered Manyakheta and Khottiga d ...

(967–972 CE) *

Karka II Karka II (ruled 972–973 CE) succeeded his uncle Kottigga Amoghavarsha to the Rashtrakuta throne. By this time the once great Rashtrakuta empire was declining. His able feudatory, the Western Ganga King Marasimha II Satyavakya defeated the Pa ...

or Amoghhavarsha IV (972–973 CE) *

Indra IV Indra IV (ruled 973–982 CE) was the last Rashtrakuta ruler and a nephew of the feudatory king of Western Ganga Dynasty of Talakad. The Ganga king Marasimha II tried hard to keep the dwindling Rashtrakuta Empire intact after the betrayal and in ...

(973–982 CE), was the only a claimer for the lost throne.

Tomar dynasty of Delhi (c. 736–1151 CE)

Various historical texts provide different lists of the Tomara kings: * Khadag Rai's history of

Gwalior Gwalior() is a major city in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh; it lies in northern part of Madhya Pradesh and is one of the Counter-magnet cities. Located south of Delhi, the capital city of India, from Agra and from Bhopal, the s ...

('' Gopācala ākhyāna'') names 18 Tomara kings, plus Prithvi Pala (who is probably the

Chahamana Chauhan, historically ''Chahamana'', is a clan name historically associated with the various ruling Rajput families during the Medieval India in Rajasthan. Subclans Khichi, Hada, Songara, Bhadauria, Devda etc. are the branches or subclan ...

king

Prithviraja III Prithviraja III (IAST: Pṛthvī-rāja; reign. – 1192 CE), popularly known as Prithviraj Chauhan or Rai Pithora, was a king from the Chauhan (Chahamana) dynasty who ruled the territory of Sapadalaksha, with his capital at Ajmer in present- ...

). According to Khadag Rai, Delhi was originally ruled by the legendary king

Vikramaditya Vikramaditya (IAST: ') was a legendary king who has been featured in hundreds of traditional stories including those in ''Baital Pachisi'' and ''Singhasan Battisi''. Many describe him as ruler with his capital at Ujjain (Pataliputra or Pratis ...

. It was deserted for 792 years after his death, until Bilan Dev

eer Mahadev or Birmaha EER may refer to: * East of England Regiment, a British Army Reserve unit * Effective exchange rate * Energy efficiency rating in the Australian Capital Territory * Energy efficiency ratio, of a cooling device * Engineering education research * En ...

of Tomara dynasty re-established the city (in 736 CE). * The Kumaon-Garhwal manuscript names only 15 rulers of "Toar" dynasty, and dates the beginning of their rule to 789 CE (846

Vikram Samvat Vikram Samvat (IAST: ''Vikrama Samvat''; abbreviated VS) or Bikram Sambat B.S. and also known as the Vikrami calendar, is a Hindu calendar historically used in the Indian subcontinent. Vikram Samvat is generally 57 years ahead of Gregorian Calend ...

). *

Abul Fazl Abul is an Arabic masculine given name. It may refer to: * Abul Kalam Azad * Abul A'la Maududi * Abul Khair (disambiguation), several people * Abul Abbas (disambiguation), several people * Abul Hasan * Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi * Abu'l-Fazl ibn ...

's ''

Ain-i-Akbari The ''Ain-i-Akbari'' ( fa, ) or the "Administration of Akbar", is a 16th-century detailed document recording the administration of the Mughal Empire under Emperor Akbar, written by his court historian, Abu'l Fazl in the Persian language. It for ...

'' (Bikaner manuscript, edited by

Syed Ahmad Khan Sir Syed Ahmad Khan KCSI (17 October 1817 – 27 March 1898; also Sayyid Ahmad Khan) was an Indian Muslim reformer, philosopher, and educationist in nineteenth-century British India. Though initially espousing Hindu-Muslim unity, he ...

) names 19 Tomara kings. It places the first Tomara king in 372 CE (429 Vikram Samvat). It might be possible that the era mentioned in the original source used by Abul Fazl was

Gupta era The Gupta era is a historical calendar era that begins from c. 318–319 CE. It was used by the Gupta emperors, as well as their vassals and their successors in present-day northern India and Nepal. It is identical to the Vallabhi era (or Valabh ...

, which starts from 318 to 319 CE; Abul Fazl might have mistaken this era to be Vikrama Samvat. If this is true, then the first Tomara king can be dated to 747 CE (429+318), which is better aligned with the other sources. As stated earlier, the historians doubt the claim that the Tomaras established Delhi in 736 CE.

Pala Empire (c. 750–1174 CE)

Shilahara dynasty of Maharashtra (765–1265 CE)

Shilahara Kingdom was split into three branches: * First branch ruled North Konkan * Second branch ruled South Konkan (between 765 and 1029 CE) * Third branch ruled in modern districts of

Kolhapur Kolhapur () is a city on the banks of the Panchganga River in the southern part of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the administrative headquarter of the Kolhapur district. In, around 2 C.E. Kolapur's name was 'Kuntal'. Kolhapur is kn ...

, Satara and

Belgaum Belgaum (ISO 15919, ISO: ''Bēḷagāma''; also Belgaon and officially known as Belagavi) is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka located in its northern part along the Western Ghats. It is the administrative headquarters of the eponymous ...

(between 940 and 1215 CE) after which they were overwhelmed by the

Yadavas The Yadava (literally, descended from Yadu) were an ancient Indian people who believed to be descended from Yadu, a legendary king of Chandravamsha lineage. The community was formed of various clans, being the Abhira, Andhaka, Vrishni, and Satv ...

South Konkan branch (c. 765–1020 CE)

;List of rulers– # Sanaphulla (765–795 CE) # Dhammayira (795–820 CE) # Aiyaparaja (820–845 CE) # Avasara I (845–870 CE) # Adityavarma (870–895 CE) # Avasara II (895–920 CE) # Indraraja (920–945 CE) # Bhima (945–970 CE) # Avasara III (970–995 CE) # Rattaraja (995–1020 CE)

North Konkan (Thane) branch (c. 800–1265 CE)

;List of rulers– #

Kapardin I Kapardin I was Shilahara ruler of North Konkan branch from c. 800 CE – 825 CE. He was the first known Shilahara king of North Konkan, was placed in charge of the country by the Rashtrakuta king Govinda III. Since then North Konkan came to b ...

(800–825 CE) #

Pullashakti Pullashakti was Shilahara ruler of north Konkan branch from 825 CE – 850 CE. Kapardin I was succeeded by his son Pullashakti who has left a much-abraded inscription in Kanheri cave No. 73. In the Kanheri cave inscription Pullashakti is cal ...

(825–850 CE) # Kapardin II (850–880 CE) #

Vappuvanna Vappuvanna was a Shilahara ruler of north Konkan branch, or modern-day western India, from 880 CE – 910 CE. Kapardin II was followed by his son Vappuvanna, about whom his successors' records give only conventional praise.(Dept. Gazetteer: 200 ...

(880–910 CE) #

Jhanjha Jhanjha was Shilahara ruler of north Konkan branch from 910 CE – 930 CE. Vappuvanna was followed by Jhanjha . He is mentioned by Al-Masudi as ruling over Samur (i.e., Chaul in the Kolaba district) in 916 CE. He was a very devout Shaiva. He ...

(910–930 CE) #

Goggiraja Goggiraja was Shilahara ruler of north Konkan branch from 930 CE – 945 CE. Jhanjha was succeeded by his younger brother Goggiraja, but about him and his successor Vajjada I, Vajjada was followed by his brother Chhadvaideva, who is omitted in ...

(930–945 CE) # Vajjada I (945–965 CE) # Chhadvaideva (965–975 CE) #

Aparajita Aparajita was an able Shilahara ruler of north Konkan branch from 975 CE – 1010 CE. Chhadvaideva was followed by his nephew Aparajita, the son of Vajjada. Aparajita was an ambitious king. He sought to extend his sphere of influence by ...

(975–1010 CE) #

Vajjada II Vajjada II was Shilahara ruler of north Konkan branch from 1010 CE – 1015 CE. Aparajita was succeeded by his son Vajjada II, about whom only conventional praise is given in the records of his successors. An inscription from Hangal, however, ...

(1010–1015 CE) #

Arikesarin Arikesarin was Shilahara ruler of north Konkan branch from 1015 CE – 1022 CE. Vajjada was succeeded by his younger brother Arikesarin alias Keshideva I. While yet a prince, he had taken part in the Paramara king Sindhuraja's campaign in Sout ...

(1015–1022 CE) #

Chhittaraja Chhittaraja was Shilahara ruler of north Konkan branch from 1022 CE – 1035 CE. Chhittaraja succeeded his uncle Arikesarin some time before 1026 CE, when he issued his Bhandup plates. Chhittaraja was a patron of art and literature. He built t ...

(1022–1035 CE) # Nagarjuna (1035–1045 CE) # Mummuniraja (1045–1070 CE) # Ananta Deva I (1070–1127 CE) #

Aparaditya I Aparaditya I was Shilahara ruler of north Konkan The Konkan ( kok, कोंकण) or Kokan () is a stretch of land by the western coast of India, running from Damaon in the north to Karwar in the south; with the Arabian Sea to the w ...

(1127–1148 CE) #

Haripaladeva Haripaladeva was the Shilahara ruler of the north Konkan branch from 1148 CE – 1155 CE. Aparaditya was followed by Haripaladeva, several of whose inscriptions ranging in dates from Shaka 1070 to Shaka 1076 have been discovered in Thane ...

(1148–1155 CE) # Mallikarjuna (1155–1170 CE) # Aparaditya II ( 1170–1197 CE) # Ananta Deva II (1198–1200 CE) #

Keshideva II Keshideva II was Shilahara ruler of north Konkan branch from 1200 CE – 1245 CE. Aparaditya's successor Keshideva II is known from two stone inscriptions. The earlier of them is dated in Shaka 1125 CE and was found at Mandavi in the Vasai Talu ...

(1200–1245 CE) # Ananta Deva III (1245–1255 CE) #

Someshvara Someshwara or its variant spellings ''Someshwar'', ''Someshvara'' and ''Someshvar'' may refer to: * Soma (deity), a Vedic Hindu deity * Shiva, a Hindu deity People * Someshvara I, 11th century Indian king from the Western Chalukya dynasty * Somes ...

(1255–1265 CE), last ruler of dynasty

Kolhapur branch (c. 940–1212 CE)

;List of rulers– # Jatiga I (940–960 CE) # Naivarman (960–980 CE) # Chandra (980–1000 CE) #

Jatiga II Jatiga II (1000 CE - 1020 CE) was the first ruling king of the Shilahara dynasty. His reign can be placed between 1000 and 1020 CE as his grandson King Marasimha is known to be ruling in 1058 CE The records of King Marasimha mention him as Tagr ...

(1000–1020 CE) #

Gonka During the reign of Gonka I (1020 CE - 1050 CE), the Chalukyas conquered Kolhapur, under their king Jayasinha (before 1024 CE). The Shilaharas had to submit to the Chalukyas in order to retain their kingdom. In the records, Gonka is described as ...

(1020–1050 CE) # Guhala I (1050 CE) # Kirtiraja (1050 CE) # Chandraditya (1050 CE) #

Marsimha Marasimha (1050 CE - 1075 CE) succeeded Gonka. He was not very ambitious. In a copper plate grant describes the fort of Kilagila as his capital. Guvala II succeeded his father in 1057 CE. However, till 1110 CE the history of the Shilahara family ...

(1050–1075 CE) # Guhala II (1075–1085 CE) #

Bhoja I Bhoja I was a medieval Shilahara king of Southern Maharashtra (Kolhapur) on the west coast of India. On the death of Guhala 11 in 1055 CE, Bhallala and Bhoja I must have ruled the kingdom. Achugi II, the Sinda ruler of Yelburga, is said to h ...

(1085–1100 CE) # Ballala (1100–1108 CE) # Gonka II (1108 CE) #

Gandaraditya I Gandaraditya (1108 CE – 1138 CE): Bhoja I was succeeded by Gandaraditya. who claimed to be the undisputed king of Konkan. During the later period of his regime, his son Vijayaditya defeated Jayakesin II of Goa who had ousted the Shilahara ru ...

(1108–1138 CE) #

Vijayaditya I Vijayaditya I (died 1175) was a king of the Shilahara dynasty. He joined in a conspiracy which was being formed by Bijjala, a minister of his feudal Lord Taila III, and in the revolution that ensued the Chalukya supremacy came to an end circa 11 ...

(1138–1175 CE) # Bhoja II (1175–1212 CE)

Ayudha dynasty of Kannauj (c. 770–810 CE)

*Vajrayudha (770–783), founder of dynasty *Indrayudha *Chakrayudha (until 810)

Chandela dynasty of Jejakabhukti (c. 831–1315 CE)

The ''Chandelas of Jejakabhukti'' were a dynasty in

Central India Central India is a loosely defined geographical region of India. There is no clear official definition and various ones may be used. One common definition consists of the states of Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, which are included in alm ...

. They ruled much of the

Bundelkhand Bundelkhand (, ) is a geographical and cultural region and a proposed state and also a mountain range in central & North India. The hilly region is now divided between the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, with the larger portion lyin ...

region (then called ''Jejakabhukti'') between the 9th and the 13th centuries. Based on epigraphic records, the historians have come up with the following list of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti (

names in brackets): *

Nannuka Nannuka (r. c. 831-845 CE) was the founder of the Chandela dynasty of India. He ruled in the Jejakabhukti region (Bundelkhand in present-day Madhya Pradesh). The poetic ballads about the Chandelas do not mention Nannuka at all, and instead name ...

, (c. 831-845 CE) * Vakpati (Vākpati), (c. 845-865 CE) *

Jayashakti Jayashakti ( IAST: Jayaśakti) was a 9th-century ruler from the Chandela dynasty of Central India. In the Chandela records, he is generally mentioned with his younger brother and successor, Vijayashakti. The two are believed to have ruled the Ch ...

(Jayaśakti) and

Vijayashakti Vijayashakti (IAST: Vijayaśakti) was a 9th-century ruler from the Chandela dynasty of Bundelkhand region in central India. In the Chandela records, he is generally mentioned with his elder brother and predecessor Jayashakti. The two are believe ...

(Vijayaśakti), (c. 865-885 CE) *

Rahila Rahila (IAST: Rāhila, reigned c. 885-905 CE) was a king of the Chandela dynasty of India. He ruled in the Jejakabhukti region (Bundelkhand in present-day Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh). Rahila was the son of his predecessor Vijayashakti. R. ...

(Rāhila), (c. 885-905 CE) * Shri Harsha (Śri Harśa), (c. 905-925 CE) * Yasho-Varman (Yaśovarman), (c. 925-950 CE) * Dhanga-Deva (Dhaṅgadeva), (c. 950-999 CE) * Ganda-Deva (Gaṇḍadeva), (c. 999-1002 CE) *

Vidyadhara Vidyadhara(s) (Sanskrit , literally "wisdom-holders") are a group of supernatural beings in Indian religions who possess magical powers. In Hinduism, they also attend Shiva, who lives in the Himalayas. They are considered ''Upadeva''s, or demi ...

(Vidyādhara), (c. 1003-1035 CE) * Vijaya-Pala (Vijayapāla), (c. 1035-1050 CE) * Deva-Varman, (c. 1050-1060 CE) * Kirtti-Varman (Kīrtivarman), (c. 1060-1100 CE) * Sallakshana-Varman (Sallakṣaṇavarman), (c. 1100-1110 CE) * Jaya-Varman, (c. 1110-1120 CE) * Prithvi-Varman (Pṛthvīvarman), (c. 1120-1128 CE) * Madana-Varman, (c. 1128-1165 CE) * Yasho-Varman II (c. 1164-65 CE); did not rule or ruled for a very short time * Paramardi-Deva, (c. 1165-1203 CE) * Trailokya-Varman, (c. 1203-1245 CE) * Vira-Varman (Vīravarman), (c. 1245-1285 CE) * Bhoja-Varman, (c. 1285-1288 CE) * Hammira-Varman (Hammīravarman), (c. 1288-1311 CE) * Vira-Varman II (c. 1311–1315 CE) (an obscure ruler with low titles, attested by only one 1315 CE inscription)

Seuna (Yadava) dynasty of Devagiri (c. 850–1334 CE)

Dridhaprahara Dridhaprahara (IAST: Dṛḍhaprahāra, r. c. 860-880) is the earliest historically attested ruler of the Seuna (Yadava) dynasty that ruled the western Deccan region in present-day India. Early life According to Jain tradition, Dridhaprahara wa ...

* Seunachandra (850–874) * Dhadiyappa (874–900) * Bhillama I (900–925) * Vadugi (Vaddiga) (950–974) * Dhadiyappa II (974–975) * Bhillama II (975–1005) * Vesugi I (1005–1020) * Bhillama III (1020–1055) * Vesugi II (1055–1068) * Bhillama III (1068) * Seunachandra II (1068–1085) * Airamadeva (1085–1115) * Singhana I (1115–1145) * Mallugi I (1145–1150) * Amaragangeyya (1150–1160) * Govindaraja (1160) * Amara Mallugi II (1160–1165) * Kaliya Ballala (1165–1173) *

Bhillama V Bhillama V (r. c. 1175-1191 CE) was the first sovereign ruler of the Seuna (Yadava) dynasty of Deccan region in India. A grandson of the Yadava king Mullagi, he carved out a principality in present-day Maharashtra by capturing forts in and around ...

(1173–1192), proclaimed independence from Kalyani Chalukya *

Jaitugi I Jaitugi (r. c. 1191-1200), also known as Jaitrapala, was a ruler of the Seuna (Yadava) dynasty of Deccan region in India. Early life Jaitugi was the son of his predecessor Bhillama V, who overthrew the Chalukya suzerainty to become independent ...

(1192–1200) * Singhana II (1200–1247) * Kannara (1247–1261) *

Mahadeva Mahadeva may refer to: Religion *Mahadeva, a title of the Hindu god Shiva ** Parashiva, a form of Shiva ** Parameshwara (god), a form of Shiva *Para Brahman, a Hindu deity *Adi-Buddha, in Buddhism, the "First Buddha" or the "Primordial Buddha" *M ...

(1261–1271) * Amana (1271) *

Ramachandra Rama (; ), Ram, Raman or Ramar, also known as Ramachandra (; , ), is a major deity in Hinduism. He is the seventh and one of the most popular ''avatars'' of Vishnu. In Rama-centric traditions of Hinduism, he is considered the Supreme Being ...

(1271–1312) * Singhana III (1312–1313) * Harapaladeva (1313–1318) * Mallugi III (1318–1334)

Paramara dynasty of Malwa (c. 9th century to 1305 CE)

According to historical 'Kailash Chand Jain', "Knowledge of the early Paramara rulers from Upendra to Vairisimha is scanty; there are no records, and they are known only from later sources." The Paramara rulers mentioned in the various inscriptions and literary sources include: After death of

Mahalakadeva Mahālakadeva (died 1305 CE), also known as Mahlak Deo or Mahlak Deva, was a king of the Paramara dynasty in central India. The last known ruler of the dynasty, he was defeated and killed by the forces of Alauddin Khalji of Delhi. Political st ...

in 1305 CE, Paramara dynasty rule was ended in

region, but not in other Parmar states.

Utpala dynasty of Kashmir (c. 855 – 1009 CE)

Didda Didda (1003 CE), also known as ''The Catherine of Kashmir'' was the ruler of Kashmir from 980 CE to 1003 CE. She first acted as regent for her son and various grandsons from 958 CE to 980 CE, and from 980 CE as sole ruler and monarch. Most knowled ...

(c. 980 – 1003 CE) placed

Samgrāmarāja Sangramaraja or Samgramaraja ( IAST: ) was the founder of the Lohara dynasty and ruled Kashmir from 1003 to 1028. He is credited for having defeated Mahmud of Ghazni's invasion attempts of Kashmir.India - Early History, Publications Division Min ...

, son of her brother on the throne, who became founder of the

Lohara dynasty The Lohara dynasty were Hindu rulers of Kashmir in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, between 1003 and approximately 1320 CE. The early history of the dynasty was described in the ''Rajatarangini'' (''Chronicle of Kings''), a work wri ...

Somavamshi dynasty (c. 882 – 1110 CE)

Historian

Krishna Chandra Panigrahi Krishna Chandra Panigrahi (1 December 1909 – 25 February 1987), often referred to as K.C. Panigrahi, was a notable Indian historian, archaeologist and literary expert from Odisha. Early life and education He was born in Khiching, the former ...

provides the following chronology of the later Somavamshis:

Pala dynasty (Kamarupa) (900–1100 CE)

Brahma Pala Brahma Pala (reigned 900-920) was the founder of the Pala Dynasty (900–1100) of the Kamarupa kingdom. He married Kula Devi, by whom he had a successor to his throne named Ratna Pala. See also * Kamarupa - Late to end period * Pushyavarman * B ...

(900–920), founder of dynasty *

Ratna Pala Ratna Pala (reigned 920-960) was the son of Brahma Pala in Pala Dynasty (900–1100) of Kamarupa Kingdom. His queen's name was Durlabha. He was succeeded by Indra Pala. The Gachtal plates of Go Pala have thrown fresh light on the achievements a ...

(920–960) *

Indra Pala Indra Pala (ruled 960–990) was ruler of Pala Dynasty (900–1100) of Kamarupa Kingdom. Ratna Pala's son, Purandera Pala, predeceased him, and thus the later's son, Indra Pala, his grandson became successor. Indra Pala defeated King Kalyan C ...

(960–990) *

Go Pala Go Pala was successor and son of Indra Pala and his queen Rajya Devi, of Pala Dynasty of Kamarupa Kingdom, who ruled for the period 990-1015 A.D. The following description is taken from the copper plate grant of Dharma Pala: "In his ( Brahma P ...

, also Gopalavarman (990–1015) *

Harsha Pala Harsha Pala was son of Go Pala, the ruler of Pala Dynasty of Kamarupa Kingdom and Queen Nayana. He ruled for the period 1015-1035 A.D. Copper plate description of Dharma Pala Dharma Pala (1035–1060) was ruler of Pala Dynasty (900–1100) ...

(1015–1035) *

Dharma Pala Dharma Pala (1035–1060) was ruler of Pala Dynasty (900–1100) of Kamarupa Kingdom. Harsha Pala Harsha Pala was son of Go Pala, the ruler of Pala Dynasty of Kamarupa Kingdom and Queen Nayana. He ruled for the period 1015-1035 A.D. Copp ...

(1035–1060) *

Jaya Pala Jaya Pala (1075-1100) was a ruler during the Pala Dynasty (900–1100) of Kamarupa Kingdom. About A member of the Brahma Pala dynasty, Jaya Pala ruled over Kamarupa at the close of the 11th century. He is mentioned in a Siliinpur stone inscr ...

(1075–1100), last ruler of dynasty

Paramara dynasty of Chandravati (Abu) (910 – 1220 CE)

The following is a list of Paramara rulers of Chandravati, with approximate regnal years, as estimated by epigraphist H. V. Trivedi. The rulers are sons of their predecessors unless noted otherwise:

Kingdom of Ladakh (c. 930 – 1842 CE)

Maryul dynasty of Ngari (c. 930 – 1460 CE)

;Known Maryul rulers are- *

Lhachen Palgyigon Lhachen Palgyigon () () was the founding king of the Kingdom of Maryul, based in modern Ladakh. Palgyigon was a son of Kyide Nyimagon, a descendant of the Old Tibetan dynasty, who unified the Western Tibet (Ngari) during the Tibetan Era of Fragm ...

(c. 930 CE) *

Lhachen Utpala Lhachen Utpala (c. 1080–1110) was an early ruler of Ladakh. He is mentioned in the ''Ladakhi Chronicles'' as is his advancement upon the Tibetan territory of Kullu Valley, Kulu. He expanded his kingdom up to the realms of Burang County, Purang a ...

(c. 1110 CE)

Namgyal dynasty (Gyalpo of Ladakh) (c. 1460 – 1842 CE)

The kings of the Namgyal dynasty along with their periods of reign are as follows: *

Lhachen Bhagan Lhachen Bhagan was a Basgo king who united Ladakh in 1460 by overthrowing the king of Leh. He took on the surname Namgyal (meaning victorious) and founded the Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh. Founding of the Namgyal dynasty According to the ''Ladakh ...

(c. 1460–1485) *''Unknown ruler'' (c. 1485–1510) *Lata Jughdan (c. 1510–1535) *Kunga Namgyal I (c. 1535–1555) *Tashi Namgyal (c. 1555–1575) *Tsewang Namgyal I (c. 1575–1595) *Namgyal Gonpo (c.1595–1600) *

Jamyang Namgyal Jamyang Namgyal (died 1616) was a 17th-century Namgyal dynasty king (''gyalpo'') of Ladakh, India from 1595 till his death in 1616 AD. He was succeeded by his son Sengge Namgyal in the year 1616 AD. Biography Jamyang Namgyal was born to and w ...

(c. 1595–1616) *

Sengge Namgyal Sengge Namgyal (''Sen-ge-rnam-rgyal'', c. 1570–1642) was a 17th-century Namgyal dynasty King of Ladakh, India from 1616 to his death in 1642. A Buddhist, he was noted for his immense work in building monasteries, palaces and shrines in Ladakh ...

(first rule, c. 1616–1623) *Norbu Namgyal (c. 1623–1624) *

(second rule, c. 1624–1642) *Deldan Namgyal (c. 1642–1694) *Delek Namgyal (c. 1680–1691) *Nyima Namgyal (c. 1694–1729) *Deskyong Namgyal (c. 1729–1739) *Phuntsog Namgyal (c. 1739–1753) *Tsewang Namgyal II (c. 1753–1782) *Tseten Namgyal (c. 1782–1802) * Tsepal Dondup Namgyal (c. 1802–1837, 1839–1840) *Kunga Namgyal II (c. 1840–1842) ;Later

Ladakh Ladakh () is a region administered by India as a union territory which constitutes a part of the larger Kashmir region and has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since 1947. (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and ...

was conquered by

Sikh Empire The Sikh Empire was a state originating in the Indian subcontinent, formed under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who established an empire based in the Punjab. The empire existed from 1799, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahor ...

in 1842 CE.

Solanki dynasty (Chaulukyas of Gujarat) (c. 940–1244 CE)

The Chalukya rulers of Gujarat, with approximate dates of reign, are as follows: *

Mularaja Mularaja () was the founder of the Chaulukya dynasty of India. Also known as the Chalukyas of Gujarat or Solanki, this dynasty ruled parts of present-day Gujarat. Mularaja supplanted the last Chavda dynasty, Chavda king, and founded an independe ...

() * Chamundaraja () *

Vallabharaja Vallabha-raja (r. c. 1008 CE) was an Indian king who ruled parts of present-day Gujarat. He was a member of the Chaulukya (also called Chalukya or Solanki) dynasty. He ruled for less than a year, and died of smallpox while marching against an enem ...

() * Durlabharaja () *

Bhima I Bhima I (r. c. 1022–1064 CE) was a Chaulukya king who ruled parts of present-day Gujarat, India. The early years of his reign saw an invasion from the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud, who sacked the Somnath temple. Bhima left his capital and took s ...

() *

Karna Karna (Sanskrit: कर्ण, IAST: ''Karṇa''), also known as Vasusena, Anga-raja, and Radheya, is one of the main protagonists of the Hindu epic '' Mahābhārata''. He is the son of the sun god Surya and princess Kunti (mother of the ...

() *

Jayasimha Siddharaja Jayasiṃha ( ), who assumed the title Siddharāja (), was an Indian king who ruled western parts of India. He was a member of the Chaulukya (also called Solanki) dynasty. Jayasimha's capital was located at Anahilapataka (modern Patan) in pres ...

() * Kumarapala () * Ajayapala () *

Mularaja II Mularaja (), also known as ''Bala Mularaja'' ("Child Mularaja"), was an Indian king from the Chaulukya dynasty of Gujarat. He ruled the present-day Gujarat and surrounding areas from his capital Anahilapataka (modern Patan). He ascended the thron ...

() *

Bhima II Bhima II (r. c. 1178–1240 CE), also known as ''Bhola Bhima'', was an Indian king who ruled parts of present-day Gujarat. He was a member of the Chaulukya (also called Chalukya or Solanki) dynasty. During his reign, the dynasty's power decli ...

() *

Tribhuvanapala Tribhuvanapala (r. c. 1240–1244 CE) was the last king of the Chaulukya dynasty of western India. He ruled parts of present-day Gujarat from his capital at Anahilapataka (modern Patan). He ruled for a short period before dying heirless or be ...

()

Kachchhapaghata dynasty (c. 950–1150 CE)

Simhapaniya (Sihoniya) and Gopadri (Gwalior) branch

* Lakshmana (r. c. 950–975), first ruler of dynasty * Vajradaman (r. c. 975–1000) * Mangalaraja (r. c. 1000–1015) * Kirtiraja (r. c. 1015–1035) * Muladeva (r. c. 1035–1055) * Devapala (r. c. 1055–1085) * Padmapala (r. c. 1085–1090) * Mahipala (r. c. 1090–1105) * Ratnapala (r. c. 1105–1130) * Ajayapala (r. c. 1192–1194) * Sulakshanapala (r. c. 1196)

Dubkund (Dobha) branch

* Yuvaraja (r. c. 1000) * Arjuna (r. c. 1015–1035) * Abhimanyu (r. c. 1035–1045) * Vijayapala (r. c. 1045–1070) * Vikramasimha (r. c. 1070–1100)

Nalapura (Narwar) branch

* Gaganasimha (r. c. 1075–1090) * Sharadasimha (r. c. 1090–1105) * Virasimha (r. c. 1105–1125) * Tejaskarana (r. c. 1125–1150), last ruler of dynasty

Kachwaha dynasty (c. 966–1949 CE)

Kachwahas King Sorha Dev and

Dulha Rao Jaipur State was a princely state in India during East India Company rule and thereafter under the British Raj. It signed a treaty creating a subsidiary alliance with the Company in 1818, after the Third Anglo-Maratha War. It accede ...

defeated

Meena Meena () is a sub-group of Bhils. They speak Meena language. They started adopting the Brahmin worship system. Its name is also transliterated as ''Meenanda'' or ''Mina''. Historians claim that they belong to the Matsya tribe. They got the sta ...

of Dhundhar kingdom & established Kachwaha dynasty, which ruled for more than 1000 years & still ruling in

Jaipur Jaipur (; Hindi Language, Hindi: ''Jayapura''), formerly Jeypore, is the List of state and union territory capitals in India, capital and largest city of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of Rajasthan. , the city had a pop ...

district of

Rulers

* 27 Dec 966 – 15 Dec 1006 Sorha Dev (d. 1006) * 15 Dec 1006 – 28 Nov 1036

(d. 1036) * 28 Nov 1036 – 20 Apr 1039 Kakil (d. 1039) * 21 Apr 1039 – 28 Oct 1053 Hanu (d. 1053) * 28 Oct 1053 – 21 Mar 1070 Janddeo (d. 1070) * 22 Mar 1070 – 20 May 1094 Pajjun Rai (d. 1094) * 20 May 1094 – 15 Feb 1146 Malayasi (d. 1146) * 15 Feb 1146 – 25 Jul 1179 Vijaldeo (d. 1179) * 25 Jul 1179 – 16 Dec 1216 Rajdeo (d. 1216) * 16 Dec 1216 – 18 Oct 1276 Kilhan (d. 1276) * 18 Oct 1276 – 23 Jan 1317 Kuntal (d. 1317) * 23 Jan 1317 – 6 Nov 1366 Jonsi (d. 1366) * 6 Nov 1366 – 11 Feb 1388 Udaikarn (d. 1388) * 11 Feb 1388 – 16 Aug 1428 Narsingh (d. 1428) * 16 Aug 1428 – 20 Sep 1439 Banbir (d. 1439) * 20 Sep 1439 – 10 Dec 1467 Udharn (d. 1467) * 10 Dec 1467 – 17 Jan 1503 Chandrasen (d. 1503) * 17 Jan 1503 – 4 Nov 1527

Prithviraj Singh I Prithviraj Singh I (? –1527), also known as Prithvi Singh I, was a 16th-century Rajput ruler of Amber. He was a monarch of strong religious inclinations and during his reign, Amber became increasingly politically active. He took part in the R ...

(d. 1527) * 5 Nov 1527 – 19 Jan 1534

Puranmal Puranmal (died 19 January 1534) was a sixteenth-century ruler of Amber. Life Puranmal inherited the throne after the death of his father, Prithviraj Singh I, in 1527. His succession may have been based on the fact that his mother, a daughter o ...

(d. 1534) * 19 Jan 1534 – 22 Jul 1537 Bhim Singh (d. 1537) * 22 Jul 1537 – 15 May 1548 Ratan Singh (d. 1548) * 15 May 1548 – 1 June 1548

Askaran Askaran (? – ) was a sixteenth-century Rajput monarch. Though briefly Raja of Amber, for the majority of his life Askaran was the ruler of Narwar. He also had a distinguished career as a military officer under the Mughal emperor Akbar and r ...

(d. 1599) * 1 Jun 1548 – 27 Jan 1574

Bharmal Raja Bharmal, also known as Bihari Mal, Bhagmal and Bihar Mal ( 1498 – 27 January 1574), was the 22nd Rajput ruler of Amber, which was later known as Jaipur, in the present-day Rajasthan state of India. His daughter, Mariam-uz-Zamani (po ...

(d. 1574) * 27 Jan 1574 – 4 Dec 1589

Bhagwant Das Raja Bhagwant Das (1527 – 4 December 1589) was the 23rd Kacchwaha ruler of Amber. His sister, Mariam-uz-Zamani, was the chief consort of Emperor Akbar and mother of his successor, Emperor Jahangir. His son, Man Singh I, one of the Navaratnas ...

(b. 1527 – d. 1589) * 4 Dec 1589 – 6 Jul 1614

Man Singh Man Singh I, popularly known as Mirza Raja Man Singh (21 December 1550 – 6 July 1614) was the 29th Kachwaha Rajput Raja of Amer, later known as Jaipur state, in Rajputana. He was the most powerful and trusted general of the Mughal e ...

(b. 1550 – d. 1614) * 6 Jul 1614 – 13 Dec 1621 Bhau Singh (d. 1621) * 13 Dec 1621 – 28 Aug 1667

Jai Singh I Jai Singh I (15 July 1611 – 28 August 1667) was a senior general ("Mirza Raja") of the Mughal Empire and the Raja of the Kingdom of Amber (later called Jaipur). His predecessor was his grand uncle, Raja Bhau Singh. Accession and early ca ...

(b. 1611 – d. 1667) * 10 Sep 1667 – 30 Apr 1688:

Ram Singh I Ram Singh I was the elder son of Jai Singh I and was the ruler of Amber (now part of the Jaipur Municipal Corporation), and head of the Kachwaha Rajput clan. He was also subehdar of Kashmir. He was commissioned by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb ...

(b. 1640 – d. 1688) * 30 Apr 1688 – 19 Dec 1699:

Bishan Singh Bishan Singh was the grandson of Ram Singh I and was ruler of Amer, and head of the Kachwaha Rajput Clan. He was also the subahdar of Assam from 1687 to 1695. Accession On the death of his grandfather Ramsingh I, the 16-year-old Bishan S ...

(b. 1672 – d. 1699) * 19 Dec 1699 – 21 Sep 1743:

Jai Singh II Jai Singh II (3 November 1681 – 21 September 1743) popularly known as Sawai Jai Singh was the 29th Kachwaha Rajput ruler of the Kingdom of Amber, who later founded the fortified city of Jaipur and made it his capital. He was born at Amber, th ...

(b. 1688 – d. 1743) * 1743 – 12 Dec 1750:

Ishwari Singh Maharaja Sir Ishwari Singhji, KCIE (8 March 1893 – 23 April 1945) was the 27th ruler of the princely state of Bundi belonging to Hada Chauhan clan of Rajputs.Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey edited by Arnold ...

(b. 1721 – d. 1750) * Dec 1750 – 6 Mar 1768:

Madho Singh I Madho Singh I (December 1728 – March 5, 1768) was ruler of the state of Jaipur in the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan.D.K. Taknet, Razia Grover, Nandita Bhardwaj, 2016Jaipur: Gem of India He was the younger son of Jai Singh II and bec ...

(b. 1728 – d. 1768) * 7 Mar 1768 – 16 Apr 1778:

Prithvi Singh II Prithvi Singh II (1762 – 13 April 1778), also known as Prithviraj Singh II, was the Maharaja of Amer Kingdom (1768–1778). He was a son of Madho Singh I, Raja of Jaipur. Biography Prithvi Singh was 5 years old when he ascended the throne. ...

* 1778 – 1803: Pratap Singh (b. 1764 – d. 1803) * 1803 – 21 Nov 1818:

Jagat Singh II Jagat Singh II (17 September 1709 – 5 June 1751), was the Maharana of Mewar Kingdom (r. 1734 – 1751). He succeeded his father Sangram Singh II. He spent the fortunes of his kingdom while trying to place his nephew, Madho Singh I ...

(b. ... – d. 1818) * 22 Dec 1818 – 25 Apr 1819:

Mohan Singh Mohan Singh (4 March 1945 – 22 September 2013) was an Indian politician from the Samajwadi Party. He was elected three times to the Lok Sabha from Deoria in Uttar Pradesh. He was the General Secretary of the Samajwadi Party. He died on 22 ...

(regent) (b. 1809 – d. ...) * 25 Apr 1819 – 6 Feb 1835:

Jai Singh III Jai Singh III (1818 – 1835), was the Maharaja of Jaipur inke son ramsingh 2nd the 1835_1880 Early life He was a son of Jagat Singh of Amber, Raja of Jaipur. Maharaja Jagat Singh died under suspicious circumstances in November 1818 without ...

(b. 1819 – d. 1835) * Feb 1835 – 18 Sep 1880:

Ram Singh II Sawai Ram Singh II (28 September 1833 – 17 September 1880) was the Maharaja of Jaipur from 1835 until 1880, succeeding after the death of Jai Singh III. Reign Ram Singh ascended the throne of Jaipur in 1835 after the death of his father Jai ...

(b. 1835 – d. 1880) * 18 Sep 1880 – 7 Sep 1922:

Madho Singh II Maharajadhiraja Sawai Madho Singh II (28 August 1862 – 7 September 1922), was the Maharajadhiraja of Jaipur from 1880 until 1922. He was the adopted son of Ram Singh II, Raja of Jaipur. Biography He was born Kaim Singh, the second son of ...

(b. 1861 – d. 1922) * 7 Sep 1922 – 15 Aug 1947 (subsidiary):

Sawai Man Singh II Major General Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II GCSI GCIE (born Sawai Mor Mukut Singh; 21 August 1912 – 24 June 1970) was an Indian prince, government official, diplomat and sportsman. Man Singh II was the ruling Maharaja of the princely state ...

(b. 1912 – d. 1970) * 15 Aug 1947 – 7 Apr 1949 (independent):

(b. 1912 – d. 1970) He was the last ruler of Kachawa dynasty, he annexed

Jaipur State Jaipur State was a princely state in India during East India Company rule and thereafter under the British Raj. It signed a treaty creating a subsidiary alliance with the Company in 1818, after the Third Anglo-Maratha War. It acceded ...

with Union of India in 1949 CE.

Titular rulers

* 7 Apr 1949 – 24 Jun 1970:

* 24 Jun 1970 – 28 Dec 1971:

Sawai Bhawani Singh Brigadier Maharaja Sawai Bhawani Singh MVC (22 October 1931 – 17 April 2011) was an officer in the Indian Army and a entrepreneur. Singh served in the Indian army from 1951 to 1975. In the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, he was decor ...

(b. 1931 – d. 2011) ''Titles were abolished in 1971 according to the 26th amendment to the

Indian Constitution The Constitution of India ( IAST: ) is the supreme law of India. The document lays down the framework that demarcates fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental r ...

.'' * 28 Dec 1971 – 17 Apr 2011:

(b. 1931 – d. 2011) *17 Apr 2011 – present:

Padmanabh Singh Padmanabh Singh is the titular Maharajah of Jaipur. He is known as a noble and public figure in Jaipur as well as an established polo player. Personal life Padmanabh Singh was born in New Delhi on 2nd July 1998 to Diya Kumari, an Indian poli ...

(b. 1998)

Hoysala Empire (c. 1000–1343 CE)

* Nripa Kama (1000–1045)

Lohara dynasty of Kashmir (c. 1003–1320 CE)

The Lohara dynasty were

rulers of

from the Khasa tribe, in the northern part of the

, between 1003 and approximately 1320 CE. The dynasty was founded by the

Samgramaraja Sangramaraja or Samgramaraja (IAST: ) was the founder of the Lohara dynasty and ruled Kashmir from 1003 to 1028. He is credited for having defeated Mahmud of Ghazni's invasion attempts of Kashmir.India - Early History, Publications Division Minist ...

, the grandson of Khasha chief Simharaja and the nephew of the

Queen

First Lohara dynasty

Second Lohara dynasty

Khasa Malla Kingdom (c. 10th to 14th century CE)

The list of Khas Malla kings mentioned by

Giuseppe Tucci Giuseppe Tucci (; 5 June 1894 – 5 April 1984) was an Italian orientalist, Indologist and scholar of East Asian studies, specializing in Tibetan culture and the history of Buddhism. During its zenith, Tucci was a supporter of Italian fascism ...

is in the following succession up to Prithvi Malla: ;List– * Nāgarāja, (first known ruler of dynasty) * Chaap/Cāpa * Chapilla/Cāpilla * Krashichalla * Kradhichalla * Krachalla Deva (1207–1223 CE) * Ashoka Challa (1223–1287) * Jitari Malla * Ananda Malla * Ripu Malla (1312–1313) * Sangrama Malla * Aditya Malla * Kalyana Malla * Pratapa Malla * Punya Malla * Prithvi Malla * Abhaya Malla (14th century), (last ruler of dynasty)

Naga dynasty of Kalahandi (1005 – 1947 CE)

Imperial rulers *Raghunath Sai (1005–1040) *Pratap Narayan Deo (1040–1072) *Birabar Deo (1072–1108) *Jugasai Deo I (1108–1142) *Udenarayan Deo (1142–1173) *Harichandra Deo (1173–1201) *Ramachandra Deo (1201–1234) *Gopinath Deo (1234–1271) *Balabhadra Deo (1271–1306 *Raghuraj Deo (1306–1337) *Rai Singh Deo I (1337–1366) *Haria Deo (1366–1400) *Jugasai Deo II (1400–1436) *Pratap Narayan Deo II (1436–1468) *Hari Rudra Deo (1468–1496) *Anku Deo (1496–1528) *Pratap Deo (1528–1564) *Raghunath Deo (1564–1594) *Biswambhar Deo (1594–1627) *Rai Singh Deo II (1627–1658) *Dusmant Deo (1658–1693) *Jugasai Deo III (1693–1721) *Khadag Rai Deo (1721–1747) *Rai Singh Deo III (1747–1771) *Purusottam Deo (1771–1796) *Jugasai Dei IV (1796–1831) *Fateh Narayan Deo (1831–1853) *Udit Pratap Deo I (1853–1881) *Raghu Keshari De (1894–1897) *

Court of Wards The Court of Wards and Liveries was a court established during the reign of Henry VIII in England. Its purpose was to administer a system of feudal dues; but as well as the revenue collection, the court was also responsible for wardship and liv ...

(1897–1917) *Brajamohan Deo (1917–1939) *

Pratap Keshari Deo Maharaja Pratap Keshari Deo was the last ruler of Kalahandi State 1939-1947 and an Indian politician in post-independence India. He was elected from the Kalahandi in Odisha to the Lower House of the Indian Parliament the Lok Sabha. He was deputy ...

(1939–1947) Titular rulers *

(1948 – 8 October 2001) *Udit Pratap Deo II (8 October 2001 – 2 November 2019) *

Anant Pratap Deo Anant Pratap Deo is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Deo was a member of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly from the Bhawanathpur constituency in Garhwa district as an Indian National Congress member. Early life He ...

(2 November 2019 – current)

Sena dynasty of Bengal (1070 – 1230 CE)

Kakatiya dynasty (1083–1323)

* Beta I (1000–1030) * Prola I (1030–1075) * Beta II (1075–1110) *

Prola II Prola II (r. c. 1116-1157 CE) was a Kakatiya chief who ruled the area around Anumakomda (modern Hanamkonda) as a vassal of the Kalyani Chalukyas. He was the father of Rudra-deva, the first sovereign ruler of the Kakatiya family. Prola II was a s ...

(1110–1158) * Prataparudra I/Rudradeva I (1158–1195). irst independent ruler of this dynasty* Mahadeva (1195–1198). rother of King Rudradeva* Ganapati deva (1199–1261)

e changed capital from Hanumakonda to Orugallu(present day warangal) E, or e, is the fifth Letter (alphabet), letter and the second vowel#Written vowels, vowel letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the English alphabet, modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worl ...

Rudrama Devi Rudrama Devi, also Maharani Rudramma Devi, was a queen of the Kakatiya dynasty in the Deccan Plateau from 1263 to 1289 (or 1295) until her death. She was among the women to rule as monarchs in India and promoted a male image in order to do so ...

(1262–1296) nly woman ruler of this dynasty* Prataparudra II/ Rudradeva II (1296–1323). randson of Queen Rudrama and last ruler of this dynasty

Gahadavala dynasty (1089–1197 CE)

;List of rulers– *

Chandradeva Chandradeva (IAST: Candradeva, r. c. 1089–1103 CE), also known as Chandraditya, was an Indian king from the Gahadavala dynasty. He ruled the Antarvedi country in present-day Uttar Pradesh, including Kanyakubja and Varanasi. Although the G ...

(c. 1089–1103 CE), founder of dynasty * Madanapala (c. 1104–1113 CE) * Govindachandra (c. 1114–1155 CE *

Vijayachandra Vijaya-chandra (IAST: Vijayacandra, r. c. 1155-1169 CE) was an Indian king from the Gahadavala dynasty. He ruled the Antarvedi country in the Gangetic plains, which includes a major part of the present-day eastern Uttar Pradesh, including Varan ...

(c. 1155–1169 CE), alias Vijayapala or Malladeva *

Jayachandra Jaya-chandra (IAST: Jayacandra, r. c. 1170–1194 CE) was a king from the Gahadavala dynasty of northern India. He is also known as Jayachchandra (IAST: Jayaccandra) in inscriptions, and Jaichand in vernacular legends. He ruled the Antarvedi co ...

(c. 1170–1194 CE), called Jaichand in vernacular legends *

Harishchandra Harishchandra () is a legendary king of the Solar dynasty, who appears in several legends in texts such as the ''Aitareya Brahmana'', ''Mahabharata'', the ''Markandeya Purana'', and the ''Devi Bhagavata Purana''. The most famous of these storie ...

(c. 1194–1197 CE), last ruler of dynasty

Karnata dynasty of Mithila (1097 – 1324 CE)

;List of rulers–

Zamorin dynasty of Calicut (1124–1806 CE)

;List of rulers–

Jadeja Kingdom of Kutch (1147 – 1948 CE)

Cutch was ruled by the

Jadeja The Jadeja (also spelled Jarejo) (Gujarati: ) is a Rajput clan that inhabits the Indian state of Gujarat. They claim to be descended from the legendary Jamshed of Iran. They also claim descent from Krishna. They originated from pastoral communi ...

Rajput Rajput (from Sanskrit ''raja-putra'' 'son of a king') is a large multi-component cluster of castes, kin bodies, and local groups, sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating from the Indian subcontinent. The term Ra ...

dynasty of the

Samma tribe Samma are a very large and important indigenous tribe of Sindh. The Samma are spread across Pakistan and North- West India being most concentrated in Sindh , their origin but are also found throughout the Punjab region as well as parts of Baloc ...

from its formation in 1147 CE until 1948 CE when it acceded to newly formed, India. The Jadeja Rajputs had migrated from

Sindh Sindh (; ; ur, , ; historically romanized as Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southeastern region of the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the second-largest province ...

into Kutch in late 12th century and started their kingdom.

Bhati kingdom of Jaisalmer (c. 1153–1947 CE)

Rawals

* Rawal Jaisal Singh (1153–1168), founder of kingdom *Rawal Shalivahan Singh II (1168–1200) *Rawal Baijal Singh (1200–1200) *Rawal Kailan Singh (1200–1219) *Rawal Chachak Deo Singh (1219–1241) *Rawal Karan Singh I (1241–1271) *Rawal Lakhan Sen (1271–1275) *Rawal Punpal Singh (1275–1276) *Rawal Jaitsi Singh I (1276–1294) *Rawal Mulraj Singh I (1294–1295) *Rawal Durjan Sal (Duda) (1295–1306) *Rawal Gharsi Singh (1306–1335) *Rawal Kehar Singh II (1335–1402) *Rawal Lachhman Singh (1402–1436) *Rawal Bersi Singh (1436–1448) *Rawal Chachak Deo Singh II (1448–1457) *Rawal Devidas Singh (1457–1497) *Rawal Jaitsi Singh II (1497–1530) *Rawal

Karan Singh II Karan Singh II (7 January 1584 – March 1628) was the Maharana of Mewar Kingdom (r. 1620 – 1628). He was one of the sons of Maharana Amar Singh I and the grandson of Maharana Pratap. He, in turn, was succeeded by his son Jagat Singh I.. H ...

(1530–1530) *Rawal Lunkaran Singh (1530–1551) *Rawal Maldev Singh (1551–1562) *Rawal Harraj Singh (1562–1578) *Rawal Bhim Singh (1578–1624) *Rawal Kalyan Singh (1624–1634) *Rawal Manohar Das Singh (1634–1648) *Rawal Ram-Chandra Singh (1648–1651) *Rawal Sabal Singh (1651–1661)

Maharawals

*Maharawal Amar Singh of Jaisalmer (1661–1702) *Maharawal Jaswant Singh of Jaisalmer (1702–1708) *Maharawal Budh Singh (1708–1722) *Maharawal Akhi Singh (1722–1762) *Maharawal Mulraj II (1762–1820) *Maharawal Gaj Singh (1820–1846) *Maharawal Ranjit Singh of Jaisalmer (1846–1864) *Maharawal Bairi Sal (1864–1891) *Maharawal Shalivahan Singh III (1891 –1914) *Maharawal Jawahir Singh (1914–1947)

Titular Kings

* Girdhar Singh (1949–1950) *

Raghunath Singh Raghunath Singh (1911 – 26 April 1992) was an Indian politician Indian National Congress leader and was the first Member of Parliament. He belongs to a village Khewali, Lok Sabha from Varanasi, being elected in 1952, 1957 and 1962. He was ...

(1950–1982) * Brijraj Singh (1982–2020) * Chaitanya Raj Singh (2020–Till Present)

Chero dynasty (1174–1813 CE)

*Ghughulia (1174 CE), founder of dynasty *Raja Ramchandar Rai *Raja Sita Ram Rai *Raja Salabahim *Raja Phulchand * Raja Maharata Rai *Raja Kumkum Chand Rai *Raja Sambhal Rai *Raja Bhagwant Rai (1585–1605) *Raja Anant Rai (1605–1612) *Raja Shambhal Rai (1612–1627) *Raja Bhupal Rai (1637–1657) *Maharaja Medini Rai (1658–1674) *Raja Pratap Rai *Raja Rudra Rai (1674–1680) *Raja Dikpal Rai (1680–1697) *Raja Saheb Rai (1697–1716) *Raja Ranjit Rai (1716–1722) *Raja Devi Batesh Rai *Raja Jai Kishan Rai (1722–1770) *Raja Chitrajeet Rai (1771–1771) *Raja Gopal Rai (1771–1776) *Raja Gajraj Rai (1777–1780) *Raja Basant Rai (1780–1783) *Raja Churaman Rai (1783–1813), last ruler of dynasty

Chutia (Sadiya) Kingdom of Assam (1187–1524 CE)

* Birpal (1187–1224), founder of dynasty * Ratnadhwajpal (1224–1250) * Vijayadhwajpal (1250–1278) * Vikramadhwajpal (1278–1302) * Gauradhwajpal (1302–1322) * Sankhadhwajpal (1322–1343) * Mayuradhwajpal (1343–1361) * Jayadhwajpal (1361–1383) * Karmadhwajpal (1383–1401) * Satyanarayan (1401–1421) * Laksminarayan (1421–1439) * Dharmanarayan (1439–1458) * Pratyashnarayan (1458–1480) * Purnadhabnarayan (1480–1502) * Dharmadhajpal (1502–1522) * Nitypal (1522–1524), last ruler of dynasty

Bana dynasty ruled over Magadaimandalam (c. 1190–1260)

Kadava dynasty (c. 1216–1279)

* Kopperunchinga I (c. 1216–1242) * Kopperunchinga II (c. 1243–1279)

Kingdom of Marwar (1226–1950)

Rathore dynasty of Jodhpur

Rulers from Pali & Mandore (1226–1438)

Rulers from Jodhpur (1459–1950)

Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 CE)

Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290 CE)

Qutb-ud-din Aibak Qutb ud-Din Aibak ( fa, قطب‌الدین ایبک), (1150 – 14 November 1210) was a Turkic general of the Ghurid king Muhammad Ghori. He was in charge of the Ghurid territories in northern India, and after Muhammad Ghori's assassination in ...

(1206–1210) *

Aram Shah Aram Shah ( fa, آرام شاه) (died in June 1211, r. 1210–1211) was the second Sultan of the Delhi Sultanate. He briefly held the throne from Lahore after the unexpected death of Qutb ud-Din Aibak before being defeated and dethroned by I ...

(1210–1211) *

Shams-ud-din Iltutmish Shams ud-Din Iltutmish ( fa, شمس الدین ایلتتمش; died 30 April 1236, ) was the third of the Mamluk kings who ruled the former Ghurid territories in northern India. He was the first Muslim sovereign to rule from Delhi, and is thus ...

(1211–1236) *

Rukn-ud-din Firuz Rukn-ud-din Firuz ( fa, رکن‌الدین فیروز), also transliterated as Rukn al-Din Firoz (died 19 November 1236), was a ruler of Delhi sultanate for less than seven months in 1236. As a prince, he had administered the Badaun and Lahore ...

(1236) * Raziyyat ud din Sultana (1236–1240) * Muiz-ud-din Bahram (1240–1242) * Ala-ud-din Masud (1242–1246) * Nasir-ud-din Mahmud (1246–1266) * Ghiyas-ud-din Balban (1266–1286) * Muiz-ud-din Qaiqabad (1286–1290)

Khalji dynasty (1290–1320 CE)

* Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji (1290–1296) *

Alauddin Khilji Alaud-Dīn Khaljī, also called Alauddin Khilji or Alauddin Ghilji (), born Ali Gurshasp, was an emperor of the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent. Alauddin instituted a number of significant administrative ...

(1296–1316) * Shihabuddin Omar, Shihabuddin Omar Khan Khilji (1316) * Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah, Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah Khilji (1316–1320) * Khusrau Khan, Khusro Khan khilji (1320)

Tughlaq dynasty (1321–1414 CE)

* Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, Ghiyas ud din Tughluq (1321–1325) * Muhammad bin Tughluq, Muhammad Shah Tughuluq I (1325–1351) * Firuz Shah Tughlaq, Firuz Shah Tughluq (1351–1388) * Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq II (1388–1389) * Abu Bakr Shah (1389–1390) * Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III, Muhammad Shah Tughluq III (1390–1394) * Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah, Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah Tughluq (1394) * Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, Muhammad Shah Tughuluq IV (1394–1413) After the invasion of Timur in 1398, the governor of Multan, Khizr Khan abolished the Tughluq dynasty in 1414.

Jaunpur Sultanate (1394–1479 CE)

* Malik Sarwar Shah (1394–1399) * Mubarak Shah (1399–1402) * Ibrahim Shah (1402–1440) * Mahmud Shah (1440–1457) * Muhammad Shah (1457–1458) * Hussain Shah (1458–1479)

Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451 CE)

* Khizr Khan (1414–1421) * Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty), Mubarak Shah (1421–1434) * Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty), Muhammad Shah (1434–1445) * Alam Shah (1445–1451)

Lodi dynasty (1451–1526 CE)

* Bahlol Khan Lodi (1451–1489) * Sikandar Lodi (1489–1517) * Ibrahim Lodi (1517–1526), defeated by Babur (who replaced the Delhi Sultanate with the Mughal Empire)

Ahom dynasty of Assam (1228–1826 CE)

* Sukaphaa (1228–1268), founder of dynasty * Suteuphaa (1268–1281) * Subinphaa (1281–1293) * Sukhaangphaa (1293–1332) * Sukhrampha (1332–1364) * Interregnum (1364–1369) * Sutuphaa (1369–1376) * ''Interregnum'' (1376–1380) * Tyao Khamti (1380–1389) * ''Interregnum'' (1389–1397) * Sudangphaa (1397–1407) * Sujangphaa (1407–1422) * Suphakphaa (1422–1439) * Susenphaa (1439–1488) * Suhenphaa (1488–1493) * Supimphaa (1493–1497) * Suhungmung, Swarganarayan (1497–1539) * Suklenmung (1539–1552) * Sukhaamphaa (1552–1603) * Susenghphaa, Pratap Singha (1603–1641) * Suramphaa, Jayaditya Singha (1641–1644) * Sutingphaa (1644–1648) * Sutamla, Jayadhwaj Singha (1648–1663) * Supangmung, Chakradhwaj Singha (1663–1670) * Sunyatphaa, Udayaaditya Singha (1670–1672) * Suklamphaa, Ramadhwaj Singha (1672–1674) * Suhunga (1674–1675) * Gobar (1675–1675) * Sujinphaa (1675–1677) * Sudoiphaa (1677–1679) * Sulikphaa, Ratnadhwaj Singha (1679–1681) * Supaatphaa, Gadadhar Singha (1681–1696) * Sukhrungphaa, Rudra Singha (1696–1714) * Sutanphaa, Siba Singha (1714–1744) * Sunenphaa, Pramatta Singha (1744–1751) * Suremphaa, Rajeswar Singha (1751–1769) * Sunyeophaa, Lakshmi Singha (1769–1780) * Suhitpangphaa, Gaurinath Singha (1780–1795) * Suklingphaa, Kamaleswar Singha (1795–1811) * Sudingphaa, Chandrakanta Singha (1811–1818) * Purandar Singha (1818–1819) * Sudingphaa, Chandrakanta Singha (1819–1821) * Jogeshwar Singha (1821–1822) * Purandar Singha (1833–1838), last ruler of dynasty

Vaghela dynasty (1244–1304 CE)

The sovereign Vaghela rulers include: *Visala-deva (1244–1262), founder of the dynasty *Arjuna-deva (1262–1275), son of Pratapamalla *Rama (1275), son of Arjunadeva *Saranga-deva (1275–1296), son of Arjunadeva *Karna-deva (1296–1304), son of Rama; also called Karna II to distinguish him from Karna Chaulukya.

Jaffna (Aryachakravarti) dynasty (1277–1619 CE)

;List of rulers– * Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan(1277–1284), founder of dynasty * Kulotunga Cinkaiariyan (1284–1292) * Vickrama Cinkaiariyan (1292–1302) * Varodaya Cinkaiariyan (1302–1325) * Martanda Cinkaiariyan (1325–1348) * Gunabhooshana Cinkaiariyan (1348–1371) * Virodaya Cinkaiariyan (1371–1380) * Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan (1380–1410) * Gunaveera Cinkaiariyan (1410–1440) * Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan (1440–1450 & 1467–1478) * Singai Pararasasegaram (1478–1519) * Cankili I (1519–1561) * Puviraja Pandaram (1561–1565 & 1582–1591) * Kasi Nayinar Pararacacekaran (1565–1570) * Periyapillai (1565–1582) * Ethirimana Cinkam (1591–1617) * Cankili II Cekaracacekaran (1617–1619), last ruler of dynasty

Kingdom of Tripura (1280–1949 CE)

Manikya dynasty

;List of rulers– * Ratna Manikya (1280 CE) * Pratap Manikya (1350 CE) * Mukul Manikya (1400 CE) On 9 September 1949, "Tripura Merger Agreement", was signed and come in effect from 15 October 1949 & Tripura became part of India, Indian Union.Suresh K. Sharma, ''Documents on North-East India: Tripura'', pp. 93-95

Nayaka Kingdoms (c. 1325–1815 CE)

Musunuri Nayaka Kingdom (c. 1325–1368 CE)

There were two Musunuri Nayak: * Musunuri Prolaya Nayudu (1323–1333) * Musunuri Kapaya Nayak (1333–1368)

Recherla Nayaka Kingdom (c. 1368–1435 CE)

Known rulers are: *Anapota Nayaka

Gandikota Kingdom (Pemmasani Nayaks) (c. 1441–1685 CE)

This is the list of Pemmasani Kings: * Pemmasani Kumara Veera Timma Nayaka (1441–1462) * Pemmasani Chenna vibhudu (1462–1505) * Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayaka (1505–1540) * Pemmasani Bangaru Timma Nayaka (1540–1565) * Pemmasani Narasimha Nayaka (1565–1598) * Pemmasani Timma Nayaka (1598–1623) * Pemmasani Chinna Timma Nayaka (1623–1652) * Pemmasani Veera Kumara Timma Nayaka (1652–1685)

Keladi Nayaka Kingdom (c. 1499–1763 CE)

*Chauda Gowda, (1499–1530) *Sadashiva Nayaka (1530–1566) *Sankanna Nayaka (1566–1570) *Chikka Sankanna Nayaka (1570–1580) *Rama Raja Nayaka (1580–1586) *Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka (1586–1629) *Virabhadra Nayaka (1629–1645) *Shivappa Nayaka (1645–1660) *Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka (1660–1662) *Bhadrappa Nayaka (1662–1664) *Somashekara Nayaka I (1664–1672) *Keladi Chennamma (1672–1697) *Basavappa Nayaka (1697–1714) *Somashekara Nayaka II (1714–1739) *Kiriya Basavappa Nayaka (1739–1754) *Chenna Basappa Nayaka (1754–1757) *Queen Virammaji (1757–1763)

Gingee (Senji) Nayak Kingdom (c. 1509–1649 CE)

Some of the Nayakas in the Gingee line were: *Krishnappa Nayaka (1509–1521) *Chennappa Nayaka *Gangama Nayaka *Venkata Krishnappa Nayaka *Venkata Rama Bhupaala Nayaka *Thriyambamka Krishnappa Nayaka *Varadappa Nayaka *Ramalinga Nayani vaaru *Venkata Perumal Naidu *Periya Ramabhadra Naidu *Ramakrishnappa Naidu (- 1649) ''Srinivasachari takes chronicles mentioned in copper plate grants into account and mentions the following Nayakas in the Gingee line, noting governorship of Gingee began in Saka era 1386 / CE 1464:'' *1490 – Vaiyappa Nayak *1490–1520 – Tubaki Krishnappa Nayaka (originally Bala / Vala Krishnappa who became Tubbaki / Dubakki / Dubala Krishnappa in local legends). *1520–1540 – Achyuta Vijaya Ramachandra Nayak *1540–1550 – Muthialu Nayak *1570–1600 – Venkatappa Nayak *1600–1620 – Varadappa Nayak *Appa Nayak – up to Muslim conquest.

Madurai Nayak dynasty (c. 1529–1736 CE)

*Viswanatha Nayak (1529–1563) *Kumara Krishnappa Nayak (1563–1573) *Joint Rulers Group I (1573–1595) *Joint Rulers Group II (1595–1602) *Muttu Krishnappa Nayak (1602–1609) *Muttu Virappa Nayak (1609–1623) *Tirumala Nayaka (1623–1659) *Muthu Alakadri Nayak (1659–1662) *Chokkanatha Nayak (1662–1682) *Rangakrishna Muthu Virappa Nayaka (1682–1689) *Rani Mangammal (1689–1704) *Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha Nayak (1704–1731) *Meenakshi (Nayak queen), Queen Meenakshi (1731–1736)

Thanjavur Nayak kingdom (c. 1532–1673 CE)

*Chevvappa Nayak a.k.a. Sevappa Nayak (1532–1580) *Achuthappa Nayak (1560–1614) *Raghunatha Nayak (1600–1634) *Vijaya Raghava Nayak (1634–1673)

Vellore Nayaka Kingdom (c. 1540–1601 CE)

The list of nayaks are unclear. Some of the Nayaks are: *Chinna Bommi Reddy *Thimma Reddy Nayak *Lingama Nayak

Chitradurga Nayaka Kingdom (c. 1588–1779 CE)

*Timmanna Nayaka (1568–1589) *Obanna Nayaka I (1588–1602) *Kasturi Rangappa Nayaka I (1602–1652) *Madakari Nayaka II (1652–1674) *Obanna Nayaka II (1674–1675) *Shoora Kantha Nayaka (1675–1676) *Chikkanna Nayaka (1676–1686) *Madakari Nayaka III (1686–1688) *Donne Rangappa Nayaka (1688–1689) *Bharamanna Nayaka of Bilichodu (1689–1721) *Madakari Nayaka IV (1721–1748) *Kasturi Rangappa Nayaka II (1748–1758), *Madakari Nayaka (1758–1779)

Kandy Nayak Kingdom (c. 1739–1815 CE)

*Sri Vijaya Rajasinha (1739–1747) *Kirti Sri Rajasinha (1747–1782) *Sri Rajadhi Raja Singha (1782–1798) *Sri Vikrama Rajasinha (1798–1815)

Other Nayaka kingdoms

* Nayakas of Shorapur * Nayakas of Kalahasti * Nayakas of Harappanahalli * Nayakas of Gummanayakana Palya * Nayakas of Kuppam * Nayakas of Rayalaseema * Nayakas of Jarimale * Nayakas of Gudekote * Nayakas of Nayakanahatti

Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448 CE)

;List of rulers– * Prolaya Vema Reddy (1325–1335), founder of dynasty * Anavota Reddy (1335–1364) * Anavema Reddy (1364–1386) * Kumaragiri Reddy (1386–1402) * Kataya Vema Reddy (1395–1414) * Allada Reddy (1414–1423) * Veerabhadra Reddy (1423–1448), last ruler of dynasty

Oiniwar (Sugauna) dynasty of Mithila (1325–1526 CE)

;List of rulers– According to historian Makhan Jha, the rulers of the Oiniwar dynasty are as follows: * Nath Thakur, founder of dynasty in 1325 CE * Atirupa Thakur * Vishwarupa Thakur * Govinda Thakur * Lakshman Thakur * Kameshwar Thakur * Bhogishwar Thakur, ruled for over 33 years * Ganeshwar Singh, reigned from 1355; killed by his cousins in 1371 after a long-running internecine dispute * Kirti Singh * Bhava Singh Deva * Deva Simha Singh * Shiva Simha Singh (or Shivasimha Rūpanārāyana), took power in 1402, missing in battle in 1406 * Lakshima Devi, chief wife of Shiva Simha Singh, ruled as regent for 12 years. She committed Sati (practice), sati after many years of waiting for her husband's return. * Padma Simha Singh, took power in 1418 and died in 1431 * Viswavasa Devi, wife of Padma Singh, died in 1443 * Hara Singh Deva, younger brother of Deva Singh * Nara Singh Deva, died in 1460 * Dhir Singh Deva * Bhairva Singh Deva, died in 1515, brother of Dhir Singh Deva * Rambhadra Deva * Laxminath Singh Deva, last ruler died in 1526 CE

Vijayanagara Empire (1336 – 1646 CE)

In Vijayanagara Empire four dynasties ruled for 310 years on whole

Sangama dynasty (1336 – 1485 CE)

* Harihara I (1336–1356 CE), founder of empire and dynasty * Bukka Raya I (1356–1377 CE), also founder of empire * Harihara II (1377–1404 CE) * Virupaksha Raya (1404–1405 CE) * Bukka Raya II (1405–1406 CE) * Deva Raya (1406–1422 CE) * Ramachandra Raya (1422 CE) * Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya (1422–1424) * Deva Raya II (1424–1446 CE) * Mallikarjuna Raya (1446–1465 CE) * Virupaksha Raya II (1465–1485 CE) * Praudha Raya (1485 CE), last ruler

Saluva dynasty (1485 – 1505 CE)

* Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya (1485–1491 CE), first ruler * Thimma Bhupala (1491 CE) * Narasimha Raya II (1491–1505 CE), last ruler

Tuluva dynasty (1491 – 1570 CE)

* Tuluva Narasa Nayaka (1491–1503 CE), first ruler * Viranarasimha Raya (1503–1509 CE) * Krishnadevaraya (1509–1529 CE), greatest ruler of empire * Achyuta Deva Raya (1529–1542 CE) * Sadasiva Raya (1542–1570 CE), last ruler

Aravidu dynasty (1542 – 1646 CE)

* Aliya Rama Raya (1542–1565 CE), first ruler * Tirumala Deva Raya (1565–1572 CE) * Sriranga Deva Raya (1572–1586 CE) * Venkatapati Deva Raya (1586–1614 CE) * Sriranga II (1614–1617 CE) * Rama Deva Raya (1617–1632 CE) * Peda Venkata Raya (1632–1642 CE) * Sriranga III (1642–1646/1652 CE), last ruler of dynasty and empire

Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527 CE)

* Ala-ud-Din Bahman Mohamed bin Laden Shah (1347–1358) * Mohammed Shah I, Muhammad Shah I (1358–1375) * Ala ud din Mujahid Shah (1375–1378) * Daud Shah I (1378) * Muhammad Shah II (1378–1397) * Ghiyas ud din Tahmatan Shah (1397) * Shams ud din Daud Shah II (1397) * Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah (1397–1422) * Ahmad Shah I Wali (1422–1435), established his capital at Bidar * Ala ud din Ahmad Shah II (1436–1458) * Ala ud din Humayun Shah (1458–1461) * Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III (1461–1463) * Muhammad Shah III Lashkari (1463–1482) * Mahmood Shah Bahmani II(1482–1518) * Ahmad Shah IV (1518–1521) * Ala ud din Shah (1521–1522) * Waliullah Shah (1522–1524) * Kalimullah Shah (1524–1527)

Malwa Sultanate (1392–1562 CE)

Ghoris (1390–1436 CE)

* Dilavar Khan Husain (1390–1405) * Hoshang Shah, Alp Khan Hushang (1405–1435) *Ghazni Khan Muhammad (1435–1436) * Masud Khan (1436)

Khaljis (1436–1535 CE)

* Mahmud Shah I (1436–1469) * Ghiyath Shah (1469–1500) * Nasr Shah (1500–1511) * Mahmud Shah II (1511–1530)

Patna Kingdom (1360–1948 CE)

The rulers of Patna state of the Chauhan clan: *Ramai Deva (1360–1380), founder of dynasty *Mahalinga Deva (1380–1385) *Vatsaraja Deva (1385–1410) *Vaijala Deva I (1410–1430) *Bhojaraj Deva (1430–1455) *Pratap Rudra Deva I (1455–1480) *Bhupal Deva I (1480–1500) *Vikramaditya Deva I (1500–1520) *Vaijal Deva II (1520–1540) *Bajra Hiradhara Deva (1540–1570) *Narsingh Deva (1570–1577) *Hamir Deva (1577–1581) *Pratap Deva II (1581–1620) *Vikramaditya Deva II (1620–1640) *Mukunda Deva (1640–1670) *Balaram Deva (1670–1678) *Hrdesha Deva (1678–1685) *Rai Singh Deva (1685–1762) *Prithviraj Deva (1762–1765) *Ramchandra Singh Deo I (1765–1820) *Bhupal Singh Deo (1820–1848) *Hiravajra Singh Deo (1848–1866) *Pratap Singh Deo (1866–25 November 1878) *Ramchandra Singh Deo II (25 November 1878 – 1895) *Lal Dalganjan Singh Deo (1895–1910) *Prithviraj Singh (1910–1924) *Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo (1924–1 January 1948), last official ruler of dynasty & merge kingdom in India in 1948 CE.

Baro-Bhuyan kingdoms (1365–1632 CE)

;List of Kingdoms and their rulers as–

Baro-Bhuyan of Assam (1365–1440 CE)

* Sasanka (Arimatta) (1365–1385 CE) * Gajanka (1385–1400 CE) * Sukranka (1400–1415 CE) * Mriganka (1415–1440 CE)

Baro-Bhuyan of Bengal (1576–1632 CE)

*Isa Khan *Musa Khan (Bengal Ruler) *Masum Khan

Tomara dynasty of Gwalior (1375–1523 CE)

The Tomara rulers of

include the following.

Kingdom of Mysore (1399–1950 CE)

Wadiyar dynasty (first rule, 1399–1761 CE)

;List of rulers– * Yaduraya Wodeyar or Raja Vijaya Raj Wodeyar (1399–1423 CE) * Hiriya Bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar I (1423–1459 CE) * Thimmaraja Wodeyar I (1459–1478 CE) * Hiriya Chamaraja Wodeyar II (1478–1513 CE) * Hiriya bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar III (1513–1553 CE) * Thimmaraja Wodeyar II (1553–1572 CE) * Bola Chamaraja Wodeyar IV (1572–1576 CE) * Bettada Devaraja Wodeyar (1576–1578 CE) * Raja Wodeyar I (1578–1617 CE) * Chamaraja Wodeyar V (1617–1637 CE) * Raja Wodeyar II (1637–1638 CE) * ''Ranadhira'' Kanthirava Narasaraja I, Kantheerava Narasaraja Wodeyar I (1638–1659 CE) * Dodda Kempadevaraja, Dodda Devaraja Wodeyar (1659–1673 CE) * Chikka Devaraja, Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar (1673–1704 CE) * Kanthirava Narasaraja II, Kantheerava Narasaraja Wodeyar II (1704–1714 CE) * Dodda Krishnaraja Wodeyar I (1714–1732 CE) * Chamaraja Wodeyar VI (1732–1734 CE) * ''Immadi'' Krishnaraja Wodeyar II (1734–1766 CE), ruled under Hyder Ali from 1761 CE * Nanajaraja Wodeyar (1766–1772 CE), ruled under Hyder Ali * Bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar VII (1772–1776 CE), ruled under Hyder Ali * Khasa Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII (1776–1796 CE), ruled under Hyder Ali until 1782 CE, then under Tipu Sultan until his deposition in 1796 CE. ;The reign of the Kings of Mysore (Wodeyar line) was interrupted from 1761 to 1799 CE.

Hyder Ali's dynasty of Mysore (1761–1799 CE)

* Hyder Ali (1761–1782 CE) * Tipu Sultan (1782–1799 CE), son of Hyder Ali.

Wodeyar dynasty (second rule, 1799–1950 CE)

* ''Mummudi'' Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar, Krishnaraja Wodeyar III (1799–1868 CE) * Chamaraja Wodeyar, Chamaraja Wodeyar IX (1868–1894 CE) * Maharani Kempa Nanjammani Vani Vilasa Sannidhana, Vani Vilas Sannidhana, queen of Chamaraja Wodeyar IX served as regent from (1894 to 1902 CE) * ''Nalvadi'' Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV, Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV (1894–1940 CE) * Jayachamaraja Wodeyar, Jayachamaraja Wodeyar Bahadur (1940–1950 CE)

Gajapati Empire (1434 – 1541 CE)

;Rulers–

Rathore dynasty of Bikaner (1465 – 1947 CE)

;Rulers–

Shahi dynasties (1490–1686 CE)

;Dynasties are as follow–

Barid Shahi dynasty (1490–1619 CE)

* Qasim Barid I 1490–1504 * Amir Barid I 1504–1542 * Ali Barid Shah I 1542–1580 * Ibrahim Barid Shah 1580–1587 * Qasim Barid Shah II 1587–1591 * Ali Barid Shah II 1591 * Amir Barid Shah II 1591–1601 * Mirza Ali Barid Shah III 1601–1609 * Amir Barid Shah III 1609–1619

Imad Shahi dynasty (1490–1572 CE)

* Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk (1490–1504) * Aladdin Imad Shah (1504–1530) * Darya Imad Shah (1530–1562) * Burhan Imad Shah (1562–1574) * Tufal Khan 1574

Adil Shahi dynasty (1490–1686 CE)

* Yusuf Adil Shah (1490–1511) * Ismail Adil Shah (1511–1534) * Mallu Adil Shah (1534) * Ibrahim Adil Shah I (1534–1558) * Ali Adil Shah I (1558–1579) * Ibrahim Adil Shah II (1580–1627) * Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur (1627–1657) * Ali Adil Shah II (1657–1672) * Sikandar Adil Shah (1672–1686)

Nizam Shahi dynasty (1490–1636 CE)

* Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I 1490–1510 * Burhan Shah I, Burhan Nizam Shah I 1510–1553 * Hussain Nizam Shah I 1553–1565 * Murtaza Nizam Shah I 1565–1588 * Hussain Nizam Shah II 1588–1589 * Ismail Nizam Shah 1589–1591 * Burhan Nizam Shah II 1591–1595 * Ibrahim Nizam Shah 1595–1596 * Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah II 1596 * Bahadur Nizam Shah 1596–1600 * Murtaza Nizam Shah II 1600–1610 * Burhan Nizam Shah III 1610–1631 * Hussain Nizam Shah III 1631–1633 * Murtaza Nizam Shah III 1633–1636

Qutb Shahi dynasty (1518–1686 CE)

* Sultan Quli Qutbl Mulk (1518–1543) * Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah (1543–1550) * Subhan Quli Qutb Shah (1550) * Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali, Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah (1550–1580) * Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–1612) * Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah (1612–1626) * Abdullah Qutb Shah (1626–1672) * Abul Hasan Qutb Shah (1672–1686)

Gatti Mudalis of Taramangalam (15th–17th century CE)

;List of known rulers– *Vanagamudi Gatti *Immudi Gatti *Gatti Mudali

Kingdom of Cochin (c. 1503–1948 CE)

Veerakerala Varma, nephew of Rajashekhara (Chera king), Cheraman Perumal Nayanar, is supposed to have been the first king of Cochin around the 7th century. But the records we have start in 1503. # Unniraman Koyikal I (?–1503) # Unniraman Koyikal II (1503–1537) # Veera Kerala Varma (1537–1565) # Keshava Rama Varma (1565–1601) # Veera Kerala Varma (1601–1615) # Ravi Varma I (1615–1624) # Veera Kerala Varma (1624–1637) # Godavarma (1637–1645) # Veerarayira Varma (1645–1646) # Veera Kerala Varma (1646–1650) # Rama Varma I (1650–1656) # Rani Gangadharalakshmi (1656–1658) # Rama Varma II (1658–1662) # Goda Varma (1662–1663) # Veera Kerala Varma (1663–1687) # Rama Varma III (1687–1693) # Ravi Varma II (1693–1697) # Rama Varma IV (1697–1701) # Rama Varma V (1701–1721) # Ravi Varma III (1721–1731) # Rama Varma VI (1731–1746) # Veera Kerala Varma I (1746–1749) # Rama Varma VII (1749–1760) # Veera Kerala Varma II (1760–1775) # Rama Varma VIII (1775–1790) # Shaktan Thampuran (Rama Varma IX) (1790–1805) # Rama Varma X (1805–1809), Vellarapalli-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Vellarapali") # Veera Kerala Varma III (1809–1828), Karkidaka Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "karkidaka" month (Malayalam calendar, Kollam Era)) # Rama Varma XI (1828–1837), Thulam-Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran (King who died in "Thulam" month (ME)) # Rama Varma XII (1837–1844), Edava-Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran (King who died in "Edavam" month (ME)) # Rama Varma XIII (1844–1851), Thrishur-il Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Thrishivaperoor" or Thrishur) # Veera Kerala Varma IV (1851–1853), Kashi-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Kashi" or Varanasi) # Ravi Varma IV (1853–1864), Makara Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Makaram" month (ME)) # Rama Varma XIV (1864–1888), Mithuna Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Mithunam" month (ME)) # Kerala Varma V (1888–1895), Chingam Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Chingam" month (ME)) # Rama Varma XV (1895–1914), a.k.a. Rajarshi, abdicated (d. in 1932) # Rama Varma XVI (1915–1932), Madrasil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in Madras or Chennai) # Rama Varma XVII (1932–1941), Dhaarmika Chakravarthi (King of Dharma), Chowara-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Chowara") # Kerala Varma VI (1941–1943), Midukkan (syn: Smart, expert, great) Thampuran # Ravi Varma V (1943–1946), Kunjappan Thampuran (Brother of Midukkan Thampuran) # Aikya Keralam Thampuran, Kerala Varma VII (1946–1948), Ikya-Keralam (Unified Kerala) Thampuran # Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran, Rama Varma XVIII (1948–1964), Pareekshit Thampuran

Koch dynasty (c. 1515–1949 CE)

Rulers of undivided Koch kingdom (c. 1515–1586)

*Biswa Singha (1515–1540) *Nara Narayan (1540–1586)

Rulers of Koch Bihar (c. 1586–1949)

* Lakshmi Narayan * Bir Narayan * Pran Narayan * Basudev Narayan * Mahindra Narayan * Roop Narayan * Upendra Narayan * Devendra Narayan * Dhairjendra Narayan * Rajendra Narayan * Dharendra Narayan * Harendra Narayan * Shivendra Narayan * Narendra Narayan * Nripendra Narayan * Rajendra Narayan, Rajendra Narayan II * Jitendra Narayan (father of Gayatri Devi) * Jagaddipendra Narayan (ruled until 1949)

Rulers of Koch Hajo (c. 1581–1616 CE)

* Raghudev (son of Chilarai, nephew of Nara Narayan) * Parikshit Narayan

Rulers of Darrang

* Balinarayan (brother of Parikshit Narayan) * Mahendra Narayan * Chandra Narayan * Surya Narayan

Rulers of Beltola

*Gaj Narayan Dev (brother of Parikshit Narayan, ruler of Koch Hajo, brother of Balinarayan, first Koch ruler of Darrang district, Darrang). *Shivendra Narayan Dev (Son of Gaj Narayan) *Gandharva Narayan Dev (Son of Shivendra Narayan) *Uttam Narayan Dev (Son of Gandharva Narayan Dev) *Dhwaja Narayan Dev (Son of Uttam Narayan Dev) *Jay Narayan Dev (Son of Dhwaja Narayan Dev) *Lambodar Narayan Dev (Son of Jay Narayan Dev) *Lokpal Narayan Dev (Son of Lambodar Narayan Dev) *Amrit Narayan Dev (Son of Lokpal Narayan Dev) *Chandra Narayan Dev (Son of Lokpal Narayan Dev) (died 1910 CE) *Rajendra Narayan Dev (Son of Chandra Narayan Dev) (died 1937 CE) *Lakshmipriya Devi (wife of Rajendra Narayan Dev) (reign:1937–1947 CE died: 1991 CE)

Rulers of Bijni

The Bijni rulers reigned between the Sankosh and the Manas rivers, the region immediately to the east of Cooch Behar State, Koch Bihar. * Chandra Narayan (son of Parikshit Narayan) * Joy Narayan * Shiv Narayan * Bijoy Narayan * Mukunda Narayan * Haridev Narayan * Balit Narayan * Indra Narayan * Amrit Narayan * Kumud Narayan * Jogendra Narayan * Bhairabendra Narayan

Rulers of Khaspur

The rulers of the Koch kingdom at Khaspur were: * Kamal Narayan (Gohain Kamal, son of Biswa Singha, governor of Khaspur) * Udita Narayan (declared independence of Khaspur in 1590) * Vijay Narayana * Dhir Narayana * Mahendra Narayana * Ranjit * Nara Singha * Bhim Singha (his only issue, daughter Kanchani, married a prince of Kachari kingdom, and Khaspur merged with the Kachari kingdom)

Khandwala (Raj Darbhanga) dynasty of Mithila (1526–1947 CE)

;List of rulers– * Raja Mahesh Thakur (Approx. 1526–1557) * Raja Gopal Thakur (Approx. 1557–1600) * Raja Parmanand Thakur (Approx. 1600–1607) * Raja Purushottam Thakur (ruled 1607–1623) * Raja Narayan Thakur (ruled 1623–1642). * Raja Sundar Thakur (ruled 1642–1662) * Raja Mahinath Thakur (ruled 1662–1684) * Raja Nirpat Thakur (ruled 1684–1700) * Raja Raghu Singh (ruled 1700–1736) * Raja Bishnu Singh (ruled 1736–1740) * Raja Narendra Singh (ruled 1740–1760) * Raja Pratap Singh (ruled 1760–1776) * Raja Madho Singh (ruled 1776–1808) * Maharaja Chhatra Singh Bahadur (ruled 1808–1839) * Maharaja Rudra Singh Bahadur (ruled 1839–1850) * Maharaja Maheshwar Singh Bahadur (ruled 1850–1860) * Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh Bahadur (ruled 1860–1898) * Maharaja Rameshwar Singh Bahadur (ruled 1898–1929) * Kameshwar Singh, Maharaja Kameshwar Singh Bahadur (ruled 1929–1947), last ruler of dynasty

Mughal Empire (1526–1857 CE)

* Babur (1526–1530), founder of the dynasty * Humayun (1530–1540) * Akbar (1556–1605) * Jahangir (1605–1627) * Shah Jahan (1627–1657) * Aurangzeb (1658–1707) *Muhammad Azam Shah (1707) * Bahadur Shah I (1707–1712) * Jahandar Shah (1712–1713) * Farrukh Siyar (1713–1719) * Rafi ud Darajat (1719) * Rafi ud Daulah (1719) * Nikusiyar (1719) * Muhammad Shah (first rule, 1719–1720) * Muhammad Ibrahim (Mughal emperor), Muhammad Ibrahim (1720) * Muhammad Shah (restored) (1720–1748) * Ahmad Shah Bahadur (1748–1754) * Alamgir II (1754–1759) * Shah Jahan III (1760) * Shah Alam II (1759–1806) * Akbar Shah II (1806–1837) * Bahadur Shah Zafar II (1837–1857), last of Mughals

Sur Empire (1540–1555 CE)

* Sher Shah Suri, Sher Shah (1540–1545), seized the Mughal Empire after defeating the second Mughal Emperor Humayun * Islam Shah Suri (1545–1554) * Firuz Shah Suri (1554) * Muhammad Adil Shah (died 1557), Muhammad Adil Shah (1554–1555) * Ibrahim Shah Suri (1555) * Sikandar Shah Suri (1554–1555) * Adil Shah Suri (1555–1556), last ruler of dynasty

Bhoi dynasty (1541–1947 CE)

Gajapati of Odisha

* Govinda Vidyadhara (1541–1548), founder of dynasty * Chakrapratapa (1548–1557) * Narasimha Ray Jena (1557–1558) * Raghuram Ray Chotaraya (1558–1560)

Khurda Kingdom

* Ramachandra Deva I (Abhinav Indradyumna) (1568–1600) * Purusottam Deva (1600–1621) * Narasingha Deva (1621–1647) * Balabhadra Deva (1647–1657) * Mukunda Deva I (1657–1689) * Divyasingha Deva I (1689–1716) * Harekrushna Deva (1716–1720) * Gopinath Deva (1720–1727) * Ramachandra Deva II (1727–1736) * Birakesari Deva I (Bhagirathi Deva) (1736–1793) * Divyasingha Deva II (1793–1798) * Mukundeva Deva II (1798–1804) Dhenkanal State List of rulers of the Dhenkanal princely state of the Bhoi dynasty branch: * Harisingh Vidyadhara (1530 -1594) * Loknath Ray Singh Bharamarbar (1594 - 1615) * Balabhadra Ray Singh (1615 - 1641) * Nilakantha Ray Singh (1641 - 1682) * Nrusingh Bhramarbar (1682 - 1708) * Kunja Behari Bhramarbar (1708 - 1728) * Braja Behari Bhramarbar (1728 - 1741) * Damodar Bhramarbar (1741 - 1743) * Trilochna Dev Mahendra Bahadur (1743 - 1785) * Ramchandra Mahendra Bahadur (1796 - 1807) * Krishna Chandra Mahendra Bahadur (1807 - 1822) * Shyam Chandra Mahendra Bahadur (1822 - 1830) * Bhagiratha Mahendra Bahadur (1830 - 1873) * Pitambar Deo (1873 - 1877) * Dinabandhu Mahendra Bahadur (1877 - 1885) * Surya Pratap Mahendra Bahadur (1885 - 1918) * Shankar Pratap Singh Dev Mahendra (1918 - 1948) Titular * Shankar Pratap Singh Dev Mahendra (1948 - 1965) * Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo (born 6 August 1941)

Puri Estate

* Mukundeva Deva II (1804–1817) (exiled and continued as Raja of Puri) * Ramchandra Deva III (1817–1854) * Birakesari Deva II (1854–1859) * Divyasingha Deva III (1859–1882) * Mukundeva Deva III (1882–1926) * Ramchandra Deva IV (1926–1947), last official ruler of dynasty

Titular rulers

* Ramchandra Deva IV (1947–1956) * Birakisore Deva III (1956–1970) * Dibyasingha Deb, Divyasingha Deva IV (1970–current, Current Raja of Puri and Titular Gajapati)

Kingdom of Ramnad (1601 – 1949 CE)

As Sethupathi chieftains of Madurai Nayaks (1601 – 1677)

* Udaiyan Sethupathi (Sadaikkan) (1601–1623) * Koottan Sethupathi (1623–1635) * Dalavai Raghunatha Sethupathi (1635–1645) * Thirumalai Raghunatha Sethupathi (1646–1676) * Raja Suriya Sethupathi (1676) * Aathana Raghunatha Sethupathi (1677)

Imperial Sethupathi rulers (1678 – 1795 CE)

* Raghunatha Kilavan, Raghunatha Kilavan Sethupathi (1678–1710) * Muthu Vairavanatha Sethupathi I (1710–1712) * Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi I, Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi (1713-1725) * Sundaresvara Raghunatha Sethupathi (1725) * Bavani Sangara Sethupathi (1725–1727) * Kumara Muthu Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi (1728–1735) * Sivakumara Muthu Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi (1735–1747) * Rakka Thevar Sethupathi (1748) * Sella Muthu Vijaya Raghunatha Sethupathi (1749–1762) * Muthuramalinga Sethupathi, Muthuramalinga Vijaya Ragunatha Sethupathi I (1762–1772 or 1781–1795)

Rulers of princely state under British Raj (1795 – 1949 CE)

As king

* Mangaleswari Nachiyar (1795–1803)

As Zamindars

* Mangaleswari Nachiyar (1803–1807) * Annaswami Sethupathi (1807–1820) * Ramaswami Sethupathi (1820–1830) * Muthu Chella Thevar Sethupathi (1830–1846) * Parvatha Vardhani Ammal Nachchiyar (1846–1862) * Muthuramalinga Sethupathi II (1862–1873) *

(1873–1889) * Bhaskara Sethupathy (1889–1903) * Dinakara Sethupathy * Raja Rajeswara Sethupathi (1903–1929) * Shanmugha Rajeswara Sethupathi (1929–1949), last ruler of kingdom

Chogyal Kingdom of Sikkim (1642 – 1975 CE)

;Rulers- * Phuntsog Namgyal (1642–1670), Ascended the throne and was consecrated as the first Chogyal of Sikkim. Made the capital in Yuksom. * Tensung Namgyal (1670–1700), Shifted capital to Rabdentse from Yuksom. * Chakdor Namgyal (1700–1717), His half-sister Pendiongmu tried to dethrone Chakdor, who fled to Lhasa, but was reinstated as king with the help of Tibetan people, Tibetans. * Gyurmed Namgyal (1717–1733), During his regin Sikkim was attacked by Nepali people, Nepalis. * Phuntsog Namgyal II (1733–1780), Nepalis raided Rabdentse, the then capital of Sikkim. * Tenzing Namgyal (1780–1793), Chogyal fled to Tibet, and later died there in exile. * Tsugphud Namgyal (1793–1863), The longest-reigning Chogyal of Sikkim. Shifted the capital from Rabdentse to Tumlong. Treaty of Titalia in 1817 between Sikkim and British India was signed in which territories lost to Nepal were appropriated to Sikkim. Darjeeling was gifted to British India in 1835. Two Britons, Archibald Campbell (doctor), Archibald Campbell and Joseph Dalton Hooker were captured by the Sikkimese in 1849. Hostilities between British India and Sikkim continued and led to a treaty signed, in which Darjeeling was ceded to the British Raj. * Sidkeong Namgyal (1863–1874) * Thutob Namgyal (1874–1914), John Claude White appointed as the first political officer in Sikkim in 1889. Capital shifted from Tumlong to Gangtok in 1894. * Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal (1914), The shortest-reigning Chogyal of Sikkim, ruled from 10 February to 5 December 1914. Died of heart failure, aged 35, in most suspicious circumstances. * Tashi Namgyal (1914–1963), Treaty between India and Sikkim was signed in 1950, giving India suzerainty over Sikkim. * Palden Thondup Namgyal (1963–1975), The last Chogyal of Sikkim, officially merged Sikkim into India, Indian Union.

Maratha Empire (1674 – 1947 CE)

Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj era

* Shivaji, Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaja (born on 19 February 1630, crowned on 6 June 1674; and died on 3 April 1680) * Sambhaji, Sambhaji Maharaja (1680–1689), elder son of Shivaji * Rajaram Chhatrapati (1689–1700), younger son of Shivaji * Tarabai, regent (1700–1707), widow of Chhatrapati Rajaram * Shivaji II (b. 1696, ruled 1700–14); first of the

Chhatrapatis ''The Empire was divided between two branches of the family (c. 1707–1710); and the division was formalized in 1731.''

Bhosale Chhatrapatis at Kolhapur (1700 – 1947 CE)

* Shivaji II (b. 1696, ruled 1700–14) * Sambhaji II of Kolhapur (b. 1698, r. 1714–60) * Rajmata Jijibai of Kolhapur, Rajmata Jijibai, regent (1760–73), senior widow of Sambhaji II * Rajmata Durgabai of Kolhapur, Rajmata Durgabai, regent (1773–79), junior widow of Sambhaji II * Shahu Shivaji II of Kolhapur (r. 1762–1813); adopted by Jijibai, his predecessor's senior widow * Sambhaji III of Kolhapur (b. 1801, r. 1813–21) * Shivaji III of Kolhapur (b. 1816, r. 1821–22) (council of regency) * Shahaji I of Kolhapur (b. 1802, r. 1822–38) * Shivaji IV of Kolhapur (b. 1830, r. 1838–66) * Rajaram I of Kolhapur (r. 1866–70) * Council of regency (1870–94) * Shivaji V of Kolhapur (b. 1863, r. 1871–83); adopted by his predecessor's widow * Rajarshi Shahu IV of Kolhapur (b. 1874, r. 1884–1922); adopted by his predecessor's widow * Rajaram II of Kolhapur (b. 1897 r. 1922–40) * Indumati Tarabai of Kolhapur, regent (1940–47), widow of Rajaram II * Shivaji VI of Kolhapur (b. 1941, r. 1941–46); adopted by his predecessor's widow * Vikramsinhrao Puar, Shahaji II of Kolhapur (b. 1910, r. 1947, d. 1983); formerly Maharaja of Dewas Senior; adopted by Indumati Tarabai, widow of Rajaram II ''The state acceded unto the Dominion of India following the independence of India in 1947.''

Bhosale Chhatrapatis at Satara (1707 – 1950 CE)

* Shahu I (1708–1749). Son of Sambhaji I. * Ramaraja (1749–1777). Grandson of Rajaram and Tarabai; adopted son of Shahu I. * Shahu II of Satara (1777–1808). Son of Ramaraja. * Pratapsinh I (1808–1839) * Shahaji III (1839–1848) * Pratapsinh II (adopted) * Rajaram III * Pratapsinh III * Raja Shahu III (1918–1950)

The Peshwas (1713 – 1858 CE)

Technically they were not monarchs, but hereditary prime ministers, though in fact they ruled instead of the Chhatrapati (Maratha emperor) after death of Chattrapati Shahu, and were hegemon of the Maratha confederation. * Balaji Vishwanath (1713–2 April 1720) (b. 1660, died 2 April 1720) * Bajirao, Peshwa Bajirao I (17 April 1720 – 28 April 1740) (b. 18 August 1700, died 28 April 1740) * Peshwa, Balaji Bajirao (4 July 1740 – 23 June 1761) (b. 8 December 1721, d. 23 June 1761) * Madhavrao Ballal (1761–18 November 1772) (b. 16 February 1745, d. 18 November 1772) * Narayanrao Bajirao (13 Dec 1772 – 30 August 1773) (b. 10 August 1755, d. 30 August 1773) * Raghunath Rao Bajirao (5 Dec 1773–1774) (b. 18 August 1734, d. 11 December 1783) * Sawai Madhavrao (1774–27 October 1795) (b. 18 April 1774, d. 27 October 1795) * Baji Rao II (6 Dec 1796 – 3 June 1818) (d. 28 January 1851) * Nana Sahib (1 July 1857 – 1858) (b. 19 May 1825, d. 24 September 1859)

Gaekwad dynasty of Baroda (1721 – 1947 CE)

* Pilaji Rao Gaekwad (1721–1732) * Damaji Rao Gaekwad (1732–1768) * Govind Rao Gaekwad (1768–1771) * Sayaji Rao Gaekwad I (1771–1789) * Manaji Rao Gaekwad (1789–1793) * Govind Rao Gaekwad (restored) (1793–1800) * Anand Rao Gaekwad (1800–1818) * Sayaji Rao Gaekwad II (1818–1847) * Ganpat Rao Gaekwad (1847–1856) * Khande Rao Gaekwad (1856–1870) * Malhar Rao Gaekwad (1870–1875) * Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III (1875–1939) * Pratap Singh Gaekwad (1939–1951)

Scindia of Gwalior (1731 – 1947 CE)

*Ranojirao Scindia (1731–19 July 1745) *Jayapparao Scindia (1745–25 July 1755) *Jankojirao I Scindia (25 July 1755 – 15 January 1761). Born 1745 * Meharban Dattaji Rao Scindia, Regent (1755–10 January 1760). Died 1760 * ''Vacant 15 January 1761 – 25 November 1763'' *Kedarjirao Scindia (25 November 1763 – 10 July 1764) *Manajirao Scindia Phakade (10 July 1764 – 18 January 1768) *Mahadaji Scindia (18 January 1768 – 12 February 1794). Born c. 1730, died 1794 *Daulatrao Scindia (12 February 1794 – 21 March 1827). Born 1779, died 1827 *Jankoji Rao Scindia II (18 June 1827 – 7 February 1843). Born 1805, died 1843 *Jayajirao Scindia (7 February 1843 – 20 June 1886). Born 1835, died 1886 *Madho Rao Scindia (20 June 1886 – 5 June 1925). Born 1876, died 1925 *George Jivajirao Scindia (Maharaja 5 June 1925 – 15 August 1947, Rajpramukh 28 May 1948 – 31 October 1956, later Rajpramukh). Born 1916, died 1961 ''Following the independence of India in 1947, the state acceded unto the Dominion of India.'' *Madhavrao Scindia (6 February 1949; died 2001) *Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia (born 1 January 1971)

Holkar rulers of Indore (1731 – 1948 CE)

* Malhar Rao Holkar, Malharrao Holkar (I) (r. 2 November 1731 – 19 May 1766) * Malerao Khanderao Holkar (r. 23 August 1766 – 5 April 1767) * Rajmata Ahilya Devi Holkar, Punyaslok Rajmata Ahilyadevi Holkar (r. 5 April 1767 – 13 August 1795) * Tukojirao Tanaji Holkar, Tukojirao Holkar (I) (r. 13 August 1795 – 29 January 1797) * Kashirao Tukojirao Holkar (r. 29 January 1797 – 1798) * Yashwantrao Holkar (I) (r. 1798–27 November 1811) * Malhar Rao Holkar II, Malharrao Yashwantrao Holkar II (r. November 1811–27 October 1833) * Marthand Rao Holkar, Martandrao Malharrao Holkar (r. 17 January 1834 – 2 February 1834) * Hari Rao Holkar, Harirao Vitthojirao Holkar (r. 17 April 1834 – 24 October 1843) * Khande Rao Holkar II, Khanderao Harirao Holkar II (r. 13 November 1843 – 17 March 1844) * Tukojirao Holkar II, Tukojirao Gandharebhau Holkar II (r. 27 June 1844 – 17 June 1886) * Shivajirao Holkar, Shivajirao Tukojirao Holkar (r. 17 June 1886 – 31 January 1903) * Tukojirao Holkar III, Tukojirao Shivajirao Holkar III (r. 31 January 1903 – 26 February 1926) * Yashwant Rao Holkar II, Yashwantrao Holkar II (r. 26 February 1926 – 1961) ''Following the independence of India in 1947, the state acceded unto the Dominion of India. The monarchy was ended in 1948, but the title is still held by Usha Devi Maharaj Sahiba Holkar XV Bahadur, Maharani of Indore since 1961.''

Bhosale Maharajas of Nagpur (1738 – 1854 CE)

* Raghoji I Bhonsle, Raghoji I (1738–1755) * Janoji Bhonsle, Janoji (1755–1772) * Sabaji Bhonsle, Sabaji (1772–1775) * Mudhoji I Bhonsle, Mudhoji I (1775–1788) * Raghoji II Bhonsle, Raghoji II (1788–1816) * Parsoji Bhonsle (1800–1850) * Mudhoji II Bhonsle, Mudhoji II (1816–1818) * Raghoji III Bhonsle, Raghoji III (1818–1853) ''The kingdom was annexed by the British on 13 March 1854 under the Doctrine of Lapse.''

Bhonsle Maratha dynasty of Thanjavur (1674 – 1855 CE)

The Thanjavur Marathas were the rulers of Thanjavur principality of Tamil Nadu between the 17th and 19th centuries. Their native language was Thanjavur Marathi dialect, Thanjavur Marathi. Venkoji, Shahaji's son and Shivaji's half brother, was the founder of the dynasty.

Sinsinwar Jat Kingdom of Bharatpur (1683–1947 CE)

;List of rulers

Pudukkottai Kingdom (1686 – 1948 CE)

;Rulers- * Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman (1686–1730), first ruler * Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman I (1730–1769) * Raya Raghunatha Tondaiman (1769–1789) * Vijaya Raghunatha Tondaiman (December 1789–February 1, 1807) * Vijaya Raghunatha Raya Tondaiman II (February 1, 1807–June 1825) * Raghunatha Tondaiman (June 1825–July 13, 1839) * Ramachandra Tondaiman (July 13, 1839 – April 15, 1886) * Martanda Bhairava Tondaiman (April 15, 1886 – May 28, 1928) * Rajagopala Tondaiman (October 28, 1928 – August 15, 1947), last ruler

Muslim vassals of the Mughal/British Paramountcy (1707 – 1856 CE)

Nawabs of Bengal (1707 – 1770 CE)

* Murshid Quli Jafar Khan (1707–1727) * Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan, Sujauddin Khan (1727–1739) * Sarfraz Khan (1739–1740) * Alivardi Khan (1740–1756) * Siraj Ud Daulah (1756–1757) * Mir Jafar (1757–1760) * Mir Qasim (1760–1763) * Mir Jafar (1763–1765) * Najm ud Daulah (1765–1766) * Saif ud Daulah (1766–1770)

Nawabs of Oudh (1719 – 1858 CE)

* Saadat Ali Khan I (1719–1737) * Safdarjung (1737–1753) * Shuja-ud-Daula (1753–1775) * Asaf-ud-Daula (1775–1797) * Wazir Ali Khan (1797–1798) * Saadat Ali Khan II (1798–1814) * Ghazi-ud-Din Haider (1814–1827) * Nasiruddin Haider (1827–1837) * Muhammad Ali Shah (1837–1842) * Amjad Ali Shah (1842–1847) * Wajid Ali Shah (1847–1856) * Birjis Qadra (1856–1858)

Nizams of Hyderabad (1720 – 1948 CE)

* Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asif Jah I, Mir Qamaruddin Khan, Nizal ul Mulk, Asif Jah I (1720–1748) * Nasir Jang Mir Ahmad, Mir Ahmed Ali Khan Nasir Jang Nazam-ud-Dowlah (1748–1750) * Muhyi ad-Din Muzaffar Jang Hidayat, Nawab Hidayat Mohuddin Sa'adu'llah Khan Bahadur, Muzaffar Jang (1750–1751) * Asaf ad-Dawlah Mir Ali Salabat Jang, Nawab Syed Mohammed Khan, Amir ul Mulk, Salabat Jang (1751–1762) * Ali Khan Asaf Jah II, Nawab Mir Nizam Ali Khan Bahadur, Nizam ul Mulk, Asif Jah II (1762–1803) * Mir Akbar Ali Khan Asif Jah III, Nawab Mir Akbar Ali Khan Sikandar Jah, Asif Jah III (1803–1829) * Nasir-ud-dawlah, Asif Jah IV, Nawab Mir Farkhonda Ali Khan Nasir-ud-Daulah, Asif Jah IV (1829–1857) * Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V, Nawab Mir Tahniat Ali Khan Afzal ud Daulah, Asif Jah V (1857–1869) * Mahbub Ali Khan, Asif Jah VI, Nawab Mir Mahboob Ali Khan, Asif Jah VI (1869–1911) * Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII, Nawab Mir Osman Ali Khan, Asif Jah VII (1911–1948)

Sivaganga Kingdom (1725 – 1947 CE)

;Rulers– * Muthu Vijaya Raghunatha Periyavudaya Thevar (1725–1750), founder of kingdom * Muthu Vaduganatha Periyavudaya Thevar (1750–1780) * Velu Nachiyar (1780–1790) * Vellacci (1790–1793) * Vangam Periya Udaya Thevar (1793–1801), last independent ruler ;Zamindar under British rule (1803–1947)

Kingdom of Travancore (1729 – 1949 CE)

;Rulers– * Marthanda Varma (1729–1758 CE), founder of kingdom * Dharma Raja (1758–1798 CE) * Balarama Varma (1798–1810CE) * Gowri Lakshmi Bayi (1810–1815 CE) * Gowri Parvati Bayi (1815–1829 CE) * Swathi Thirunal (1829–1846 CE) * Uthram Thirunal (1846–1860 CE) * Ayilyam Thirunal (1860–1880 CE) * Visakham Thirunal (1880–1885 CE) * Moolam Thirunal (1885–1924 CE) * Sethu Lakshmi Bayi (1924–1931 CE) * Chithira Thirunal (1931–1949 CE), last ruler

Newalkar dynasty of Jhansi (1769 – 1858 CE)

;List of rulers– * Raghunath Rao (1769–1796) * Shiv Hari Rao (1796–1811) * Ramchandra Rao (1811–1835) * Raghunath Rao III (1835–1838) * Sakku Bai Rao (1838–1839) * Gangadhar Rao (1843–1853) * Rani Lakshmi Bai as regent of Anand Rao, Damodar Rao of Jhansi (21 November 1853 – 10 March 1854, 4 June 1857 – 4/5 April 1858)

Sikh Empire (1801–1849 CE)

;List of rulers- * Ranjit Singh, Maharaja Ranjit Singh (b. 1780, crowned 12 April 1801; d. 1839 CE), founder of Sikh Empire * Kharak Singh (b. 1801, d. 1840 CE), eldest son of Ranjit Singh * Nau Nihal Singh (b. 1821, d. 1840 CE), grandson of Ranjit Singh * Chand Kaur (b. 1802, d. 1842 CE) was briefly Regent * Sher Singh (b. 1807, d. 1843 CE), son of Ranjit Singh * Duleep Singh (b. 1838, crowned 1843, d. 1893 CE), youngest son of Ranjit Singh The British Empire annexed the Punjab in 1845–49 CE; after the First Anglo-Sikh War, First and Second Anglo-Sikh War, Second Anglo-Sikh War (disdambiguation), Anglo-Sikh Wars

Dogra dynasty of Jammu and Kashmir (1846–1952 CE)

Emperors/Empresses of India (1857–1947 CE)

Dominion of India (1947–1950 CE)

* George VI, King of India (1947–1950 CE) retained the title "Emperor of India" until 22 June 1948.

Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1956 CE)

* George VI, King of Pakistan (1947–1952) * Elizabeth II, Queen of Pakistan (1952–1956)

Notes

References

Books

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Sources and external links

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