Timeline Of Hydrogen Technologies

This is a timeline of the history of hydrogen technology.

Timeline

16th century

* c. 1520 – First recorded observation of hydrogen by Paracelsus through dissolution of metals (iron, zinc, and tin) in sulfuric acid.

17th century

* 1625 – First description of hydrogen by Johann Baptista van Helmont. First to use the word "gas".
* 1650 – Turquet de Mayerne obtained a gas or "inflammable air" by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on iron.
* 1662 – Boyle's law (gas law relating pressure and volume)
* 1670 – Robert Boyle produced hydrogen by reacting metals with acid.
* 1672 – "New Experiments touching the Relation between Flame and Air" by Robert Boyle.
* 1679 – Denis Papin – safety valve
* 1700 – Nicolas Lemery showed that the gas produced in the sulfuric acid/iron reaction was explosive in air

18th century

* 1755 – Joseph Black confirmed that different gases exist. / Latent heat
* 1766 – Henry Cavendish published in "On Factitious Airs" a description of " dephlogisticated air" by reacting zinc metal with hydrochloric acid and isolated a gas 7 to 11 times lighter than air.
* 1774 – Joseph Priestley isolated and categorized oxygen.
* 1780 – Felice Fontana discovers the water-gas shift reaction
* 1783 – Antoine Lavoisier gave hydrogen its name ('' Gk'': hydro = water, genes = born of)
* 1783 – Jacques Charles made the first flight with his hydrogen balloon "La Charlière".
* 1783 – Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre Laplace measured the heat of combustion of hydrogen using an ice calorimeter.
* 1784 – Jean-Pierre Blanchard, attempted a dirigible hydrogen balloon, but it would not steer.
* 1784 – The invention of the Lavoisier Meusnier iron-steam process, generating hydrogen by passing water vapor over a bed of red-hot iron at 600 °C.
* 1785 – Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier built the hybrid Rozière balloon.
* 1787 – Charles's law (gas law, relating volume and temperature)
* 1789 – Jan Rudolph Deiman and Adriaan Paets van Troostwijk using an electrostatic machine and a Leyden jar for the first electrolysis of water.
* 1800 – William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle decomposed water into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis with a voltaic pile.
* 1800 – Johann Wilhelm Ritter duplicated the experiment with a rearranged set of electrodes to collect the two gases separately.

19th century

* 1801 – Humphry Davy discovers the concept of the Fuel Cell.
* 1806 – François Isaac de Rivaz built the de Rivaz engine, the first internal combustion engine powered by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.
* 1809 – Thomas Forster observed with a theodolite the drift of small free pilot balloons filled with "inflammable gas"
* 1809 – Gay-Lussac's law (gas law, relating temperature and pressure)
* 1811 – Amedeo Avogadro – Avogadro's law a gas law
* 1819 – Edward Daniel Clarke invented the hydrogen gas blowpipe.
* 1820 – W. Cecil wrote a letter "On the application of hydrogen gas to produce a moving power in machinery"
* 1823 – Goldsworthy Gurney demonstrated limelight.
* 1823 – Döbereiner's Lamp a lighter invented by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner.
* 1823 – Goldsworthy Gurney devised an oxy-hydrogen blowpipe.
* 1824 – Michael Faraday invented the rubber balloon.
* 1826 – Thomas Drummond built the Drummond Light.
* 1826 – Samuel Brown tested his internal combustion engine by using it to propel a vehicle up Shooter's Hill
* 1834 – Michael Faraday published Faraday's laws of electrolysis.
* 1834 – Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron – Ideal gas law
* 1836 – John Frederic Daniell invented a primary cell in which hydrogen was eliminated in the generation of the electricity.
* 1839 – Christian Friedrich Schönbein published the principle of the fuel cell in the "Philosophical Magazine".
* 1839 – William Robert Grove developed the Grove cell.
* 1842 – William Robert Grove developed the first fuel cell (which he called the gas voltaic battery)
* 1849 – Eugène Bourdon – Bourdon gauge (manometer)
* 1863 – Etienne Lenoir made a test drive from Paris to Joinville-le-Pont with the 1-cylinder, 2-stroke Hippomobile running on coal gas
* 1866 – August Wilhelm von Hofmann invents the Hofmann voltameter for the electrolysis of water.
* 1873 – Thaddeus S. C. Lowe – Water gas, the process used the water gas shift reaction.
* 1874 – Jules Verne – The Mysterious Island, "water will one day be employed as fuel, that hydrogen and oxygen of which it is constituted will be used"
* 1884 – Charles Renard and Arthur Constantin Krebs launch the airship La France.
* 1885 – Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski published hydrogen's critical temperature as 33 K; critical pressure, 13.3 atmospheres; and boiling point, 23 K.
* 1889 – Ludwig Mond and Carl Langer coined the name ''fuel cell'' and tried to build one running on air and Mond gas.
* 1893 – Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald experimentally determined the interconnected roles of the various components of the fuel cell.
* 1895 – Hydrolysis
* 1896 – Jackson D.D. and Ellms J.W., hydrogen production by microalgae (''Anabaena'')
* 1896 – Leon Teisserenc de Bort carries out experiments with high flying instrumental weather balloons.
* 1897 – Paul Sabatier facilitated the use of hydrogenation with the discovery of the Sabatier reaction.
* 1898 – James Dewar liquefied hydrogen by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in London.
* 1899 – James Dewar collected solid hydrogen for the first time.
* 1900 – Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin launched the first hydrogen-filled Zeppelin LZ1 airship.

20th century

* 1901 – Wilhelm Normann introduced the hydrogenation of fats.
* 1903 – Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovskii published "The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices"
* 1907 – Lane hydrogen producer
* 1909 – Count Ferdinand Adolf August von Zeppelin made the first long distance flight with the Zeppelin LZ5.
* 1909 – Linde–Frank–Caro process
* 1910 – The first Zeppelin passenger flight with the Zeppelin LZ7.
* 1910 – Fritz Haber patented the Haber process.
* 1912 – The first scheduled international Zeppelin passenger flights with the Zeppelin LZ13.
* 1913 – Niels Bohr explains the Rydberg formula for the spectrum of hydrogen by imposing a quantization condition on classical orbits of the electron in hydrogen
* 1919 – The first Atlantic crossing by airship with the Beardmore HMA R34.
* 1920 – Hydrocracking, a plant for the commercial hydrogenation of brown coal is commissioned at Leuna in Germany.
* 1923 – Steam reforming, the first synthetic methanol is produced by BASF in Leuna
* 1923 – J. B. S. Haldane envisioned in Daedalus; or, Science and the Future "great power stations where during windy weather the surplus power will be used for the electrolytic decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen."
* 1926 – Wolfgang Pauli and Erwin Schrödinger show that the Rydberg formula for the spectrum of hydrogen follows from the new quantum mechanics
* 1926 – Partial oxidation, Vandeveer and Parr at the University of Illinois used oxygen in the place of air for the production of syngas.
* 1926 – Cyril Norman Hinshelwood described the phenomenon of chain reaction.
* 1926 – Umberto Nobile made the first flight over the north pole with the hydrogen airship Norge
* 1929 – Paul Harteck and Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer achieve the first synthesis of pure parahydrogen.
* 1929 – The hydrogen-filled LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin made a 33,234 km (20,651 mi; 17,945 nmi) circumnavigation of the world. It was the first and only airship to do so, and the second circumnavigation of the globe by air. The voyage took a total of 21 days, 5 hours, and 31 minutes.
* 1930 – Rudolf Erren – Erren engine – GB patent GB364180 – Improvements in and relating to internal combustion engines using a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen as fuel
* 1935 – Eugene Wigner and H.B. Huntington predicted metallic hydrogen.
* 1937 – The Zeppelin LZ 129 Hindenburg was destroyed by fire.
* 1937 – The Heinkel HeS 1 experimental gaseous hydrogen fueled centrifugal jet engine is tested at Hirth in March- the first working jet engine
* 1937 – The first hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator went into service at Dayton, Ohio.
* 1938 – The first 240 km hydrogen pipeline Rhine-Ruhr.
* 1938 – Igor Sikorsky from Sikorsky Aircraft proposed liquid hydrogen as a fuel.
* 1939 – Rudolf Erren – Erren engine – US patent 2,183,674 – Internal combustion engine using hydrogen as fuel
* 1939 – Hans Gaffron discovered that algae can switch between producing oxygen and hydrogen.
* 1941 – The first mass application of hydrogen in internal combustion engines: Russian lieutenant Boris Shelishch in the besieged Leningrad has converted some hundreds cars "GAZ-AA" which served posts of barrage balloons of air defense.
* 1943 – Liquid hydrogen is tested as rocket fuel at Ohio State University.
* 1943 – Arne Zetterström describes hydrox
* 1947 – Willis Lamb and Robert Retherford measure the small energy shift (the Lamb shift) between the 2s1/2 and 2p1/2 levels of hydrogen, providing a great stimulus to the development of quantum electrodynamics
* 1949 – Hydrodesulfurization (Catalytic reforming is commercialized under the name Platforming process)
* 1951 – Underground hydrogen storage
* 1952 – Ivy Mike, the first successful test of a nuclear explosive based on hydrogen (actually, deuterium) fusion
* 1952 – Non-Refrigerated transport Dewar
* 1955 – W. Thomas Grubb modified the fuel cell design by using a sulphonated polystyrene ion-exchange membrane as the electrolyte.
* 1957 – Pratt & Whitney's model 304 jet engine using liquid hydrogen as fuel tested for the first time as part of the Lockheed CL-400 Suntan project.
* 1957 – The specifications for the U-2 a double axle liquid hydrogen semi-trailer were issued.
* 1958 – Leonard Niedrach devised a way of depositing platinum onto the membrane, this became known as the Grubb-Niedrach fuel cell
* 1958 – Allis-Chalmers demonstrated the D 12, the first 15 kW fuel cell tractor.
* 1959 – Francis Thomas Bacon built the Bacon Cell, the first practical 5 kW hydrogen-air fuel cell to power a welding machine.
* 1960 – Allis-Chalmers builds the first fuel cell forklift
* 1961 – RL-10 liquid hydrogen fuelled rocket engine first flight
* 1964 – Allis-Chalmers built a 750-watt fuel cell to power a one-man underwater research vessel.
* 1965 – The first commercial use of a fuel cell in Project Gemini.
* 1965 – Allis-Chalmers builds the first fuel cell golf carts.
* 1966 – General Motors presents Electrovan, the world's first fuel cell automobile.
* 1966 – Slush hydrogen
* 1966 – J-2 (rocket engine) liquid hydrogen rocket engine flies
* 1967 – Akira Fujishima discovers the Honda-Fujishima effect which is used for photocatalysis in the photoelectrochemical cell.
* 1967 – Hydride compressor
* 1970 – Nickel hydrogen battery
* 1970 – John Bockris or Lawrence W. Jones coined the term ''hydrogen economy''
* 1973 – The 30 km hydrogen pipeline in Isbergues
* 1973 – Linear compressor
* 1975 – John Bockris – Energy The Solar-Hydrogen Alternative –
* 1979 – HM7B rocket engine
* 1981 – Space Shuttle Main Engine first flight
* 1988 – First flight of Tupolev Tu-155. This was a variant of the Tu-154 airliner designed to run on hydrogen.
* 1990 – The first solar-powered hydrogen production plant Solar-Wasserstoff-Bayern became operational.
* 1996 – Vulcain rocket engine
* 1997 – Anastasios Melis discovered that the deprivation of sulfur will cause algae to switch from producing oxygen to producing hydrogen
* 1998 – Type 212 submarine
* 1999 – Hydrogen pinch
* 2000 – Peter Toennies demonstrates superfluidity of hydrogen at 0.15 K

21st century

* 2001 – The first type IV hydrogen tanks for compressed hydrogen at 700 bar (10000 PSI) were demonstrated.
* 2002 – Type 214 submarine
* 2002 – The first hydrail locomotive was demonstrated in Val-d'Or, Quebec.
* 2004 – DeepC is an autonomous underwater vehicle propelled by an electric motor powered by a hydrogen fuel cell.
* 2005 – Ionic liquid piston compressor
* 2013 – The first commercial 2 megawatt power to gas installation in Falkenhagen comes online for 360 cubic meters of hydrogen per hour hydrogen storage into the natural gas grid.
* 2014 – The Japanese fuel cell micro combined heat and power (mCHP) ENE FARM project passes 100,000 sold systems.
* 2016 – Toyota releases its first hydrogen fuel cell car, the Toyota Mirai, Mirai
* 2017 – Hydrogen Council formed to expedite development and commercialization of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies
* 2019 – Researchers at the KU Leuven university, Belgium, have developed a solar hydrogen panel that is able to Hydrogen production, produce 250l of hydrogen, H2 / d directly from sunlight and water vapor utilizing photocatalytic water splitting, phytocatalytic water splitting and they are reporting a conversion efficiency of 15%.

According to IEEE Spectrum this is a gain of +14,900% from the efficiency figure 10 years back (0.1%).

* 2019 – Powerpaste, a magnesium and hydrogen-based fluid magnesium hydride paste, that releases hydrogen in a predictable manner when it Chemical reaction, reacts with water was published. Powerpaste is developed and patented by the Fraunhofer Society, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft.

*2021 – Enapter, co-founded by Vaitea Cowan, was awarded the 2021 Earthshot Prize for the ‘Fix our Climate’ category for its AEM Electrolyser technology which turns renewable electricity into emission-free hydrogen gas.
*2022 – Researchers in University of Cambridge, Cambridge develop floating Artificial photosynthesis, artificial leaves for light-driven hydrogen production. The lightweight, flexible devices are scalable and can float on water similar to lotus leaves.

See also

* Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020–present
* List of years in science ( in science)

References

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Technology timelines, Hydrogen technologies
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