student radio

Campus radio (also known as college radio, university radio or student radio) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college, university or other educational institution. Programming may be exclusively created or produced by students, or may include program contributions from the local community in which the radio station is based. Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel, sometimes with the aim of broadcasting educational programming, while other radio stations exist to provide alternative to commercial broadcasting or government broadcasters.

Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments, and have very different characteristics from one country to the next. One commonality between many radio stations regardless of their physical location is a willingness—or, in some countries, even a licensing requirement—to broadcast musical selections that are not categorized as commercial hits. Because of this, campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends, including genres such as punk and new wave, alternative rock, indie rock and hip hop, long before those genres become part of the musical mainstream. Campus radio stations also often provide airplay and promotional exposure to new and emerging local artists.

Many campus radio stations carry a variety of programming including news (often local), sports (often relating to the campus), and spoken word programming as well as general music. Often the radio format is best described as a freeform, with much creativity and individualism among the disc jockeys and show hosts. Some of these radio stations have gained critical acclaim for their programming and are considered by the community in which they are embedded to be an essential media outlet.

Transmission

Although the term ''campus radio'' implies full-power AM or FM transmission over the air, many radio stations experiment with low-power broadcasting, closed circuit or carrier current systems, often to on-campus listeners only. Some radio stations are distributed through the cable television system on cable FM or the second audio program of a TV radio station. Some universities and colleges broadcast one or more Internet radio feeds—either instead of, or in addition to a campus radio station—which may differ in radio formats significantly from licensed traditional campus radio.

Campus radio around the world

Argentina

The first (and one of the most popular) campus radio in Argentina's history is LR11 Radio Universidad Nacional de La Plata, which belongs to the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. It was inaugurated on 5 April 1924 as an element of scientific dissemination and university extension, and it is the first university radio station in the world.

The most famous campus/college radio in the country, FM Radio Universidad ("University Radio"), is an Argentine radio station based in the city of Rosario, belonging to the National University of Rosario (UNR). It was created in 1994, and it has a strong focus on programs covering national/international news and current political topics of discussion, as well as AOR musical segments. The radio transmits on the 103.3 MHz frequency of the modulated frequency.

Australia

Student radio stations generally operate under a community broadcasting licence. Some services, such as 87.8 UCFM Canberra, operate under a narrowcast licence, while others broadcast exclusively online.

* Adelaide – Radio Adelaide, University of Adelaide
* Armidale – TUNE! FM, University of New England
* Batchelor – Radio Rum Jungle, Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education
* Bathurst – 2MCE, Charles Sturt University
* Canberra – 87.8 UCFM, University of Canberra
* Darwin – 104.1 Territory FM, Charles Darwin University
* Launceston, Tasmania – LCFM, Launceston College
* Melbourne – 3SSR, Swinburne University of Technology
* Melbourne – SYN, RMIT University
* Newcastle – 2NUR, University of Newcastle
* Perth – Curtin Radio, Curtin University
* Sydney – 2SER, Macquarie University and University of Technology, Sydney
* Sydney – SURG, Sydney University Radio Group
* Sydney – Sydney TAFE Radio, Sydney Institute of TAFE
* Wodonga – Wodonga TAFE Radio, Wodonga Institute Of TAFE

Austria

* Radio Radieschen 91.3 - a campus radio station running a 24/7 program by students of FHWien.
* Radio Campus - a campus radio station run by students of the University of Vienna.

Bangladesh

BUET Radio is the first campus radio in Bangladesh among the engineering universities. It started its journey on 30 October 2015. This organization run by the students of the institution.

BRUR Campus Radio is the Campus Online Radio of Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, following aims and objectives:
To bring life skills and educational information, development motivation & entertainment programming to the university students.
To provide a platform for the students to build their communication skills and give them exposure to a
working media environment.

KUET RADIO is a university-based radio station in Khulna University of Engineering & Technology. The student-run organization operates under the DEPARTMENT OF STUDENTS WELFARE of the Khulna University of Engineering & Technology and was established in 2016. This station broadcasts campus-based programs and public notices of the administration. Only KUETIANS an EX-KUETIANS can perform here.

SUSTcast is the campus radio station made for Shahjalal University of Science and Technology. It is the first-ever AI-based online campus radio among universities in Bangladesh. SUSTcast, a joint project of RoboSUST, Dept. of CSE, and Team Meow is open for all the students and teachers of Shahjalal University of Science and Technology. Different organizations and teacher-students from the university can perform on this platform regularly. Moreover, AI always plays music from various genres all the time.

UAPIANS RADIO is an online-based Radio which is organized by the Students of the University of Asia Pacific.

Belgium

* Urgent.fm (Ghent University)
* Radio Campus ( Université Libre de Bruxelles)
* www.xlair.be (Royal Institute for Theatre, Cinema and Sound, RITCS)

Brazil

In Brazil, most campus radios operate under an educational radio license, granted by the Ministry of Communications and the National Telecommunications Agency. In Brazil, educational radios are prohibited from broadcast commercial advertising on its programming, except in the form of cultural support. According to the Brazilian Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (ABERT), in April 2013, Brazil had 466 educational radios.
* USP FM – 93.7 MHz – São Paulo – University of São Paulo
* UNESP FM – 105.7 MHz – Bauru – São Paulo State University
* FM Unitau – 107.7 MHz – Taubaté – University of Taubaté
* Universitária FM – 104.7 MHz – Vitória – Federal University of Espírito Santo
* Udesc FM – 100.1 MHz – Florianópolis – Santa Catarina State University
* Universitária FM – 107.9 MHz – Fortaleza – Federal University of Ceará
* Rádio da Universidade AM – 1080 kHz – Porto Alegre – Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul
* Mix FM – 107.1 MHz – Canoas – Lutheran University of Brazil
* UPF FM – 99.9 MHz – Passo Fundo – University of Passo Fundo
* UCS FM - 106.5 MHz – Caxias do Sul – University of Caxias do Sul
* Univates FM – 95.1 MHz – Lajeado – University of Taquari Valley
* Uni FM – 107.9 MHz – Santa Maria – Federal University of Santa Maria
* Federal FM – 107.9 MHz – Pelotas – Federal University of Pelotas
* URI FM – 106.1 MHz – Santiago – Integrated Regional University of Upper Uruguay and Missões
* Universitária FM – 99.9 MHz – Recife – Federal University of Pernambuco
* Universitária FM – 95.9 MHz – Boa Vista – Federal University of Roraima
* Universitária AM – 870 kHz – Goiânia – Federal University of Goiás

Brunei Darussalam

UBD FM is the first university-based radio station in Brunei Darussalam. The student-run organisation operates under the Educational and Technology Center of the Universiti Brunei Darussalam and was established in 2008.

Canada

In Canada, radio stations are regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), which provides that "a campus radio station is a radio station owned or controlled by a not-for-profit organization associated with a post-secondary educational institution". The CRTC distinguishes two types of campus radio: ''instructional'' (for training of professional broadcasters) and ''community-based campus'' (programming provided by volunteers who are not training to be professionals). The community-based radio format is the predominant one, colloquially known as "campus-community radio." In recent years, some community-based campus radio stations, including CFFF-FM in Peterborough and CJMQ-FM in Sherbrooke, have in fact had their CRTC licenses formally reclassified from campus radio to community radio.

Campus radio stations broadcasting at full power are assigned a permanent frequency and call letters and, aside from a requirement not to compete directly with commercial radio stations, are full players in the Canadian broadcasting spectrum. Campus radio stations in Canada are more commonly associated with universities than with colleges, although some colleges also have licensed campus radio stations. As well, some institutions maintain unlicensed campus radio operations which broadcast only by closed circuit, cable FM or Internet streaming. Also see United States section for more general information.

Canada's oldest community-based campus radio station is CFRC at Queen's University in Kingston, which has been on the air since 1923; it began as a commercial radio station and a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation affiliate, but became the country's first university-owned station in 1942 and fully transitioned to a campus radio station in 1957. CJRT-FM, a campus radio station of the instructional type, has been on air since 1949.

The CRTC places responsibilities upon campus radio stations in Canada through the use of ''conditions of license'' that radio stations must follow in order to keep broadcasting. Campus radio stations, for example, are expected to be leaders in the Canadian content system which mandates a minimum number of Canadian musical selections throughout the day. The minimum Canadian content required for a campus station is 35%. Individual programs have their own requirements which depend on a particular program's content category. Generally, for popular music programs (pop, rock, dance, country-oriented, acoustic, and easy listening), hosts must play a minimum of 35% Canadian content. Programs featuring Special Interest Music (concert, folk-oriented, world, blues, jazz, non-classic religious and experimental) must have at least 12% Canadian content. In early 2005, Humber College's radio station CKHC-FM became the first broadcast radio station in Canada to air 100% Canadian content. Other requirements generally made of campus radio stations include quotas of non-hit, folk and ethnic musical selections as well as spoken word programming.

Most campus radio stations in Canada are members of the National Campus and Community Radio Association.

On 23 January 2012, the CRTC announced it would be eliminating instructional radio stations.

Denmark

There are five student radio stations in Denmark related to the largest universities in Denmark.
Only the town of Roskilde has a university and no permanent radio, but every year the five existing student radio stations work together in producing 10 days of radio on the Roskilde festival.
The project is a cooperation between all the student radios organized by the cooperation organization called DDS and could be considered a temporary radio station.

The five student radio stations in Denmark are listed below with the city they relate to in Denmark.
* Universitetsradioen in Copenhagen
* XFM Lyngby in Lyngby
* Odense studenterradio in Odense
* Arhus studenterradio in Århus
* Aalborg studenterradio in Aalborg

All the radios broadcast radio in local frequencies on FM in their related city. XFM actually has two departments one in Copenhagen and one in Lyngby and is the only radio who has two broadcast licenses.

The only one of the radio stations which broadcasts radio directly on campus is Aalborg studentradio. As many of the American studentradio Aalborg has speaker directly on the university where they can broadcast radio to the students cad Campus Rdio AAU.

France

Radio Campus France is a national, non-profit radio broadcasting network grouping 22 public college radio stations located in the largest French cities. Acting as an umbrellas for college radio in French public Universities, it proves that there is strength in numbers, and that music, technology and education are natural bedfellows. Not just a collection of disparate elements, Radio Campus is a vocal leader in the areas of digital broadcasting, keeping tabs on the development of terrestrial radio, as well as developing new network interfaces for radio stations across the nation to share content. With a broad music program, the playlist is powered by the passion of fans, and heralds a modern way for groups to interact in the social web. Whether through their support of regular residency shows from the likes of Beats In Space, or Warp Records, or broadcasting live from Gilles Peterson's Worldwide Festival in Sete, it is the love of the music which connects the listeners, and that makes Radio Campus a unique and special group indeed.

The Radio Campus France radio stations include:
* Amiens – Radio Campus Amiens 88.7
* Angers – Radio Campus Angers 103.0
* Besançon – Radio Campus Besançon 102.4
* Bordeaux – Radio Campus Bordeaux 88.1
* Brest – Radio-U 101.1
* Caen – Radio Campus Clermont-Ferrand 93.3
* Dijon – Radio Dijon Campus 92.2
* Grenoble – Radio Campus Grenoble 90.8
* Lille – Radio Campus Lille 106.6
* Lyon – Radio Brume 90.7
* Marseille – Radio Grenouille 88.8
* Montpellier – Radio Campus Montpellier 102.2
* Orléans