Sportwashing

Sportswashing is a term used to describe the practice of individuals, groups, corporations, or governments using sports to improve reputations tarnished by wrongdoing. A form of propaganda, sportswashing can be accomplished through hosting sporting events, purchasing or sponsoring sporting teams, or participating in a sport.

At the international level, it is believed that sportswashing has been used to direct attention away from poor human rights records and corruption scandals. At the individual and corporate levels, it is believed that sportswashing has been used to cover up vices, crimes, and scandals. Sportswashing is an example of reputation laundering.

Overview

Internationally, sportswashing has been described as part of a country's soft power. Russia's hosting of the 2018 FIFA World Cup has been cited as an example, as the country's global reputation was low due to its foreign policy and the event changed the focus of discussions to the success of the World Cup.

People from countries accused of sportswashing often argue that they simply want to enjoy sporting events in their home countries and that sporting boycotts and event relocation are both unfair to sporting fans and are ineffective in changing government policy.

Companies that have been accused of sportswashing include Ineos' sponsorship of Team Sky (now the Ineos Grenadiers) in 2019, and Arabtec's sponsorship of Manchester City F.C.

Sportswashing is often very costly to the entity using it. For example, in March 2021, human rights organization Grant Liberty said that Saudi Arabia alone has spent at least $1.5 billion on alleged sportswashing activities.

Corporate sponsorship

* Russian state-owned oil company Gazprom's sponsorship of the German Bundesliga football team Schalke 04, events of the UEFA Champions League and kits.
* Russian holding company USM Holdings Limited's sponsorship of Everton F.C.; the company is owned by Alisher Usmanov, a pro-Kremlin businessman.

* Qatar Airways' sponsorships of football teams, including FC Barcelona, A.S. Roma, Boca Juniors, Paris Saint-Germain F.C., and FC Bayern Munich.
* Qatar's Hamad International Airport's sponsorship of Bayern Munich since 2018.
* Brunei's flag carrier Royal Brunei Airlines' sponsorship deal with AFL Europe in 2014. The sponsorship deal ended the same year after protests from rights groups.
* Venezuelan state-owned oil company PDVSA's sponsorship of Formula One driver Pastor Maldonado who raced for Williams Grand Prix Engineering in 2011–2013 and Lotus F1 in 2014–2015. The PDVSA logo was included on both teams' car decals during those periods.
* Chinese state-owned broadcaster CCTV's sponsorship of Jordan Grand Prix Formula One team in 2003.
* Bahrain's flag carrier Gulf Air's sponsorships of Chelsea F.C. and Queens Park Rangers F.C.
* Saudi Arabia State-owned oil company Aramco's sponsorship of Aston Martin Formula 1 team as well as the Formula One events as whole.
* Saudi Arabia's flag carrier Saudia's sponsorship of Formula One team Williams Grand Prix Engineering from 1977 to 1984.
* Russian flag carrier Aeroflot's sponsorship of Manchester United. The sponsorship was ended following the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
* The Rwanda tourism authority's sponsorship of Arsenal.
* The Azerbaijan tourism authority's sponsorship of Atlético Madrid.
* The Saudi Arabia Public Investment Fund-backed Neom sponsorship of McLaren Formula E and Extreme E racing team.
* Shell oil company's major partnership with British Cycling in 2022.
* Hong Kong-based insurance company AIA Group sponsorship of English football club Tottenham Hotspur F.C.. AIA Group endorsed the Hong Kong national security law in 2020, which was condemned by several British politicians who demanded the team to drop the sponsorship.

Hosting

Basketball

* The 1978 FIBA World Championship, held in the Philippines under Ferdinand Marcos.
* The 2013 FIBA Americas Championship, held in Venezuela.
* The 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup, held in China.
* The 2021 BAL season, held in Rwanda.
* The 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup, set to partially be held in the Philippines under Bongbong Marcos.

Boxing

* The 1973 light heavyweight boxing match between South African Pierre Fourie and American Bob Foster, held in Rand Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa during the apartheid era.
* The 1974 undisputed world heavyweight title match between George Foreman and Muhammad Ali, known as The Rumble in the Jungle, held in Kinshasa, Zaire (now Democratic Republic of the Congo).
* The 1975 world heavyweight title trilogy match between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier, known as Thrilla in Manila, held in Quezon City, Philippines during the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos.
* The 1980 WBA World Heavyweight Championship match between Gerrie Coetzee and Mike Weaver, held in Sun City, South Africa during the apartheid era.
* The 2015 AIBA World Boxing Championships held in Qatar.
* The 2019 world heavyweight title rematch between Andy Ruiz Jr. and Anthony Joshua, known as Clash on The Dunes, held in Diriyah, Saudi Arabia.

Cycling

* Vuelta a Venezuela held since 1963.
* Vuelta a Cuba held in 1964–2010.
* Vuelta al Táchira held since 1966.
* Tour of Qatar held in 2002–2016.
* Tour of Beijing held in 2011–2014.
* Dubai Tour held in 2014–2018.
* Abu Dhabi Tour held in 2015–2018.
* 2016 UCI Road World Championships held in Qatar.
* Tour of Guangxi held since 2017.
* Second stage of 2018 Giro d'Italia held in Israel.
* UAE Tour held since 2019
* Tour Femenino de Venezuela held in 2019.
* Tour of Oman held since 2020.
* The 2025 UCI Road World Championships scheduled to be held in Rwanda.

Football tournaments

* The 1934 FIFA World Cup held during the rule of Benito Mussolini in Italy.
* The 1964 European Nations' Cup held in Spain under the dictatorship of Francisco Franco.
* The 1972 AFC Asian Cup held in Thailand under a military dictatorship.
* The 1978 FIFA World Cup held in Argentina under a military dictatorship.
* The 1985 FIFA World Youth Championship held in Soviet Union.
* The 1985 FIFA U-16 World Championship held in China.
* The 1988 AFC Asian Cup held in Qatar.
* The 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship held in Saudi Arabia.
* The 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup held in China.
* The 1995 FIFA World Youth Championship held in Qatar.
* The 2002 Supercoppa Italiana between Juventus and Parma held in Libya under Muammar Gaddafi regime.
* The 2004 AFC Asian Cup held in China.
* The 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup held in China (initially awarded the 2003 bid but moved to the United States due to SARS).
* The 2007 Copa América held in Venezuela.
* The 2011 AFC Asian Cup held in Qatar.
* The 2013 Trophée des Champions between Paris Saint-Germain and Bordeaux held in Gabon.
* The 2014 FIFA World Cup held in Brazil.
* The 2018 FIFA World Cup held in Russia.
* The Supercoppa Italiana held two controversial football matches in Saudi Arabia:
** The 2018 Supercoppa Italiana between Juventus and AC Milan held in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
** The 2019 Supercoppa Italiana between Juventus and S.S. Lazio held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

* The 2019 UEFA Europa League Final between Chelsea and Arsenal held in Azerbaijan
* The 2019 FIFA Club World Cup held in Qatar.
* The Supercopa de España held football matches in Saudi Arabia:
** 2019–2020 Supercopa de España held in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
** 2021–2022 Supercopa de España held in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
** 2022–2023 Supercopa de España held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
* The 2020 FIFA Club World Cup held in Qatar.
* The Euro 2020 held in various countries, including the countries with poor human rights record:
** Group F and round of 16 held in Budapest, Hungary
** Group A and quarter-finals held in Baku, Azerbaijan
** Group B, Group E and quarter-finals held in Saint Petersburg, Russia
* The 2021 Copa América held in Brazil.
* The 2021 Diego Maradona tribute match betweet FC Barcelona and Boca Juniors dubbed as "Maradona Cup" held in Saudi Arabia.
* The 2021 Trophée des Champions between Lille and Paris Saint-Germain in Israel.
* The 2021 Africa Cup of Nations held in Cameroon.
* The 2022 Trophée des Champions between Paris Saint-Germain and Nantes also held in the same place as last season.
* The 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar.
* The 2022 FIFA Club World Cup held in China (planned).
* The 2023 AFC Asian Cup to be held in Qatar (originally in China)

Esports

* The 2019 BLAST Pro Series Finals held in the Kingdom of Bahrain.
* Danish esports organization, RFRSH Entertainment and Riot Games both signing a deal to develop Saudi Arabia's NEOM project and boost esports in the region. Riot ended up scrapping the partnership after facing intense backlash from fans and their employees.

Golf

* PGA Tour China held since 2014.
* China Tour held in 2014–2019.
* Saudi International held since 2019.
* Aramco Team Series held since 2020.
* Aramco Saudi Ladies International held since 2020.
* LIV Golf Invitational Series funded by the government of Saudi Arabia, scheduled to begin in 2022.

Motorsport

Formula One

* Spanish Grand Prix held from 1951 to 1975
* Argentine Grand Prix held from 1953 to 1981
* Portuguese Grand Prix held from 1958 to 1960
* South African Grand Prix held from 1960 to 1985
* Mexican Grand Prix held since 1962
* Brazilian Grand Prix held from 1972 to 1984
* Hungarian Grand Prix held since 1986
* Malaysian Grand Prix held from 1999 to 2017
* Bahrain Grand Prix held since 2004
* Chinese Grand Prix held since 2004
* Abu Dhabi Grand Prix held since 2009
* Russian Grand Prix held from 2014 to 2021
* 2016 European Grand Prix held in Baku, Azerbaijan
* Azerbaijan Grand Prix held since 2017
* Turkish Grand Prix held in 2020 and 2021
* Qatar Grand Prix held since 2021
* Saudi Arabian Grand Prix held since 2021

Formula E

* Beijing ePrix held in 2014–2015.
* Putrajaya ePrix held in 2014–2015.
* Moscow ePrix held in 2015.
* Diriyah ePrix held since 2018.
* Sanya ePrix held in 2019.
* Jakarta ePrix held since 2022.

Grand Prix Motorcycle Racing

* East German motorcycle Grand Prix held in 1958–1972.
* Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix held in 1981–1982.
* South African motorcycle Grand Prix held in 1983–1985.
* Malaysian motorcycle Grand Prix held since 1991.
* Indonesian motorcycle Grand Prix held in 1996–1997 and since 2022.
* Qatar motorcycle Grand Prix held since 2004.
* Chinese motorcycle Grand Prix held from 2005 to 2008.
* Thailand motorcycle Grand Prix held since 2018.

Rally

* Qatar International Rally held since 1983.
* Rally Indonesia held between 1996 and 1997 respectively.
* Rally China held in 1999 season only.
* Rally of Turkey held from 2003 until 2006, then in 2008 and 2010, and then again from 2018 until 2020.
* Jordan Rally held in 2008, 2010 and 2011.
* The Dakar Rally held in Saudi Arabia since 2020.

Olympic Games

* The 1936 Winter Olympics held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Nazi Germany.
* The 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Nazi Germany.
* The 1968 Summer Olympics held in Mexico City, Mexico.
* The 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union.
* The 1988 Summer Olympics held in military-led Seoul, South Korea.
* The 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing, China.
* The 2014 Winter Olympics held in Sochi, Russia.
* The 2016 Summer Olympics held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
* The 2022 Winter Olympics held in Beijing, China.

Rugby Union

Rugby Union tours involving South Africa during the Apartheid era:

* The 1949, 1960, 1970, 1976 New Zealand tours to South Africa
* The 1951–1952, 1960–1961, 1965, 1969–1970 South African tours to Britain and Ireland
* The 1952, 1961, 1968, 1974 South Africa tours to France
* The 1953, 1961, 1963, 1969 Australia tours to South Africa
* The 1955, 1962, 1968, 1974, 1980 British & Irish Lions tours to South Africa
* The 1956, 1965, 1971 South Africa tours to Australia
* The 1956, 1965, 1981 South Africa tours to New Zealand
* The 1958 France rugby union tour of South Africa, 1958, 1964 France rugby union tour of South Africa, 1964, 1967 France rugby union tour of South Africa, 1967, 1971 France rugby union tour of South Africa, 1971, 1975 France rugby union tour of South Africa, 1975, 1980 France rugby union tour of South Africa, 1980 France tours to South Africa
* The 1960 Scotland rugby union tour of South Africa, 1960 Scotland tour to South Africa
* The 1964 Wales rugby union tour of Africa, 1964 Wales tour to South Africa
* The 1965 Argentina rugby union tour of Rhodesia and South Africa, 1965, 1971 Argentina rugby union tour of South Africa, 1971 Argentina tours to South Africa both with tests against the South African Gazelles
* The 1972 England rugby union tour of South Africa, 1972, 1984 England rugby union tour of South Africa, 1984 England tours to South Africa
* The 1973 Italy rugby union tour of Rhodesia and South Africa, 1973 Italy tour to South Africa
* The 1980 South Africa rugby union tour of South America, 1980 South African tour to South America
* The 1980 South American Jaguars rugby union tour of South Africa, 1980, 1982 South American Jaguars rugby union tour of South Africa, 1982 and 1984 South American Jaguars tours to South Africa
* The 1981 Ireland rugby union tour of South Africa, 1981 Ireland tour to South Africa
* The unofficial New Zealand Cavaliers, 1986 New Zealand tour to South Africa

During Socialist Republic of Romania, communist rule, Romania undertook several Rugby Union tours:
* The 1973 Romania rugby union tour of Argentina, 1973 Romania tour to Argentina
* The 1975 Romania rugby union tour of New Zealand, 1975 Romania tour to New Zealand
* The 1979 Romania rugby union tour of Wales, 1979 Romania tour to Wales
* The 1980 Romania rugby union tour of Ireland, 1980 Romania tour to Ireland
* The 1981 Romania rugby union tour of Scotland, 1981 Romania tour to Scotland
* The 1984–1985 Romania rugby union tour of England, 1984–1985 Romania tour to England

During 1987 Fijian coups d'état, military rule in Fiji, the country's Rugby Union team went on numerous overseas tours:
* The 1989 Fiji rugby union tour of Europe, 1989 Fiji tour to Europe
* The 1989 Fiji rugby union tour of Oceania, 1989 Fiji tour to Oceania
* The 1990 Fiji rugby union tour of Hong Kong and France, 1990 Fiji tour to Hong Kong and France
* The 1995 Fiji rugby union tour of Wales and Ireland, 1995 Fiji tour to Wales and Ireland
* The 1996 Fiji rugby union tour of Hong Kong, 1996 Fiji tour to Hong Kong
* The 1996 Fiji rugby union tour of New Zealand and South Africa, 1996 Fiji tour to New Zealand and South Africa
* The 1997 Fiji rugby union tour of New Zealand, 1997 Fiji tour to New Zealand

During the National Reorganization Process, 1976–1983 military dictatorship in Argentina, seven countries played against Argentina's Rugby Union team: New Zealand, Australia, Fiji, Wales, England, Italy and France.
* The 1976 Argentina rugby union tour of Wales and England, 1976 Argentina tour to Wales with one provincial match in England v North & Midlands
* The 1976 New Zealand rugby union tour of South America, 1976 New Zealand tour to Argentina with a match against Uruguay national rugby union team, Uruguay
* The 1977 France rugby union tour of Argentina, 1977 France tour to Argentina
* The 1978 Argentina rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and Italy, 1978 Argentina tour to England with a match in Wales a unofficial international against Wales B a provincial match in Ireland v Leinster Rugby, Leinster and a test match in Italy
* The 1979 Argentina rugby union tour of New Zealand, 1979 Argentina tour to New Zealand
* The 1979 Australia rugby union tour of Argentina, 1979 Australia tour to Argentina
* The 1980 Fiji rugby union tour of Argentina, 1980 Fiji tour to Argentina
* The 1981 England rugby union tour of Argentina, 1981 England tour to Argentina
* The 1982 Argentina rugby union tour of France and Spain, 1982 Argentina tour to France and Spain
* The 1983 Argentina rugby union tour of Australia, 1983 Argentina tour to Australia

Tennis

* South African Open (tennis), South Africa Open during the apartheid period (1948-1994).
* 1972 Federation Cup (tennis), 1972 Federation Cup held in apartheid South Africa.
* 1974 Davis Cup held in apartheid South Africa.
* St. Petersburg Open held since 1993.
* Dubai Tennis Championships held since 1993.
* ATP Qatar Open held since 1993.
* WTA Qatar Open held since 2001.
* China Open (tennis), China Open held since 2004.
* Wuhan Open held since 2014.
* 2017 Fed Cup held in Belarus
* Diriyah Tennis Cup held since 2019.

Wrestling

* Collision in Korea held in Pyongyang, North Korea in 1995.
* WWE in Saudi Arabia held in Saudi Arabia since 2014.
* WWE Crown Jewel held in Saudi Arabia since 2018.

Other events

* Some of UFC matches are held in China, Russia, and the United Arab Emirates.
* Proposed National Football League, NFL games in China, including the China Bowl (NFL), China Bowl.
* The 1986 Commonwealth Games held in Scotland.
* The 1991 Pan American Games held in Cuba.
* The 1998 Commonwealth Games held in Malaysia.
* The 2006 Asian Games held in Qatar.
* The 2014 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships held in Belarus.
* The 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan.
* The 2017 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games held in Turkmenistan.
* The Women's World Chess Championship 2017 held in Iran.
* The 2018 Asian Games held in Indonesia.
* The 2019 Winter Universiade held in Russia.
* The 2019 European Games held in Belarus.
* The 2019 Military World Games held in China.
* The 2019 Southeast Asian Games held in The Philippines.
* The 2021 Summer World University Games scheduled to be held in China after a 2-year delay from its original dates.
* The World Chess Championship 2021 held in the United Arab Emirates.
* The 2022 Gay Games scheduled to be held in Hong Kong.
*The 2022 World Aquatics Championships held in Budapest.
* The 2022 Asian Games scheduled to be held in China.
* The 2030 Asian Games scheduled to be held in Qatar.
* The 2034 Asian Games scheduled to be held in Saudi Arabia.

Ownership

Association football

* Italian media proprietor Silvio Berlusconi, through his Fininvest holding, owned Serie A club A.C. Milan, Milan AC in 1986 and had 98% of the club's Share (finance), share until 2017. Berlusconi gained popularity in the country using his team's success, Mediatization (media), strongly supported by his own mass media including Mediaset, to improve public opinion, which was useful for his Political career of Silvio Berlusconi, political purposes. He founded Forza Italia, a center-right political party, party, and in 1994 became Prime Minister of Italy, Prime Minister of the country. During more than two decades of government divided into four periods, Berlusconi was involved in abuse of office, bribery, corruption of public personnel and false accounting cases as well as sex scandals, among other Controversies surrounding Silvio Berlusconi, controversies. He proposed and approved many ''Ad hominem, ad personam'' laws (a type of clientelism) in favour of his own business, including the Milanese club as the Trials and allegations involving Silvio Berlusconi#False accounting on Lentini affair: not guilty (law changed), Lentini affair in 1995, the ''Italian Law 91/1981, Article 18B, Decreto salva-calcio'' in 2003, which allowed Milan to be Debt relief, relieved its debt of Euro, € 242 million, and the decriminalisation of false accounting during his Berlusconi II Cabinet, second government, a charge for which his club and local rival F.C. Internazionale Milano, Internazionale were tried and acquitted five years later due that measure; obtaining political support from the Milan fanbase, one of the largest in the country. In 2018, after he sold Milan to Chinese businessman Li Yonghong, Berlusconi, through Fininvest, owned A.C. Monza, club which then competed in the national Serie C, with 100% of the club's shares.
* Russian oligarchs, Russian politician and businessman Roman Abramovich's ownership of Chelsea F.C. (2003–2022), which some have reported was done at the request of Russian President Vladimir Putin.
* Russian pro-Kremlin businessman Alisher Usmanov Ownership of Arsenal F.C. & W.F.C., formally owned partial shares of Arsenal F.C.
* Abu Dhabi majority ownership of City Football Group. In 2015, the Abu Dhabi United Group announced consortium with Chinese State-owned CITIC Group for City Football Group, an entity which in turn owns
**Manchester City F.C. (since 2008)
**Melbourne City FC
**Montevideo City Torque
**New York City FC,
**Yokohama F. Marinos,
**Girona FC,
**Sichuan Jiuniu F.C. (partially).
**Mumbai City FC (partially).
* Saudi prince Abdullah bin Musaid Al Saud ownership of Sheffield United F.C., Sheffield United.

* The 2021 takeover of Newcastle United F.C., purchase of Newcastle United F.C., 80% financing provided by Saudi Arabia Public Investment Fund, this was "a blatant example of Saudi sportswashing", according to Kate Allen (Amnesty International), Kate Allen of Amnesty International UK.
* Kingdom of Bahrain 20% stake purchase of French football club Paris FC. The purchase was condemned by French-based human rights NGOs.
* Saudi Arabia Public Investment Fund is set to take over the Italian Serie A football club Inter Milan, the club was bought from embattled Chinese conglomerate Suning Holdings Group. The move was once again got criticized for sportswashing Saudi Arabia's human rights reputation. The reports also indicates the Kingdom are eyeing for French Ligue 1 club Olympique de Marseille.
* Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, ruler of Qatar, purchasing Football in France, French Football team, football club Paris Saint-Germain F.C., Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) in 2011.
* Controversial Indonesian conglomerate Bakrie Group ownership of Australian football club Brisbane Roar FC. In 2019, formed team administrator Joko Driyono was arrested by the Indonesian national police for destroying the evidence of match-fixing scandal.
* Washington Spirit's 2020 cultural exchange with Qatar.

Basketball

* Russian Russian oligarch, businessman Mikhail Prokhorov ownership of NBA team Brooklyn Nets. Prokhorov was known to be a close ally to Russian President Vladimir Putin. In 2017, Prokhorov sold the team which was alleged to be a request from Putin. The team was later bought by Hong Kong businessman Joe Tsai. Tsai was previously criticized for his praise of China's restrictions on personal freedoms and expressing his support of Hong Kong national security law.

Cricket

* The South Africa national cricket team held numerous tours dubbed as South African rebel tours around 1982-1990, defying sporting bodies' sanctions of numerous South African sport teams for participating in international sporting events. The tours have been regarded as part of the of apartheid government's sporting propaganda

Cycling

* There are numerous reports that 2020 Tour de France was used by problematic countries and companies to sportswash their tarnished reputation; the following teams have been accused of sportswashing during the event:
** Ineos Grenadiers
** Israel Start-Up Nation
** UAE Team Emirates
** Team Bahrain Victorious, Bahrain–McLaren

Motorsport

* Kingdom of Bahrain State-owned Sovereign wealth fund, Mumtalakat Holding Company partial stake at McLaren Group which includes its racing division McLaren Racing Limited which competed in Formula One, Formula E, and IndyCar Series.

Other

* The Al Maktoum family's ownership of Godolphin (racing), Godolphin and Essential Quality.

By individuals

* Daniel Kinahan's involvement in boxing as a promoter.
* Brother of Venezuelan United Socialist Party of Venezuela, PSUV politician and Bolibourgeoisie Jesse Chacón, Arné Chacón ownership of stable in Florida called Gadu Racing Stable Corp and participation of horse racing in United States.
* Chechnya leader Ramzan Kadyrov ownership of horse Mourilyan which competed in Melbourne Cup horse racing. The participation has gained controversy in Australia. Australian Senator Bob Brown called the Australian government to quarantine the prize money as concern of money laundering. and having runners in various meetings in the UK especially Royal Ascot
* International Cycling Union presenting a certificate of appreciation to Turkmen dictator Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow for "in development of sport and consolidation of universal peace and progress".

See also

* Greenwashing
* Pinkwashing (LGBT)
* Politics and sports
* Potemkin village
* Reputation laundering
* Soft power
* Spin (propaganda)
* Sport sanctions

References

{{reflist

Human rights
Deception
Promotion and marketing communications
Propaganda
Sports controversies
Politics and sports