Metroid

is an action-adventure game franchise created by Nintendo. The player controls the bounty hunter Samus Aran, who protects the galaxy from Space Pirates and other malevolent forces and their attempts to harness the power of the parasitic Metroid creatures.

The first ''Metroid'' was developed by Nintendo R&D1 and released on the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1986. It was followed by '' Metroid II: Return of Samus'' (1991) for the handheld Game Boy and ''Super Metroid'' (1994) for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. After a hiatus, ''Metroid Fusion'' (2002) and '' Metroid: Zero Mission'' (2004) were released for the Game Boy Advance.

The first 3D ''Metroid'' game, ''Metroid Prime'' (2002), was developed by Retro Studios for the GameCube, followed by '' Metroid Prime 2: Echoes'' (2004) and the Wii game '' Metroid Prime 3: Corruption'' (2007). '' Metroid: Other M'' (2010), developed by Team Ninja for the Wii, received weaker reviews. After another hiatus, developer MercurySteam helmed the return of 2D ''Metroid'' with '' Metroid: Samus Returns'' (2017) for the handheld Nintendo 3DS, followed by ''Metroid Dread'' (2021) for the Nintendo Switch.

''Metroid'' combines the platforming of ''Super Mario Bros.'' and the exploration of ''The Legend of Zelda'' with a science fiction setting and an emphasis on nonlinear gameplay. Players battle hostile alien enemies and obtain power-ups as they progress through the game world. The series is known for its isolated atmosphere, featuring few non-player characters. Most ''Metroid'' games are side-scrolling, while the ''Prime'' games use a first-person perspective.

, the ''Metroid'' series had sold over 17.44 million copies. The series has been represented in other Nintendo media, including the ''Super Smash Bros.'' series. Additional media includes soundtracks, comic books, and manga. Along with the 1997 Konami game '' Castlevania: Symphony of the Night'', the early ''Metroid'' games defined the Metroidvania subgenre, inspiring other games with continuous, explorable side-scrolling levels. Samus was one of the first prominent female video game characters.

History

2D origins (1986–2004)

The central figures in the production and development of the ''Metroid'' series are Satoru Okada, who directed ''Metroid'' and created the series; Yoshio Sakamoto, who acted as a character designer for the first game and has directed or supervised the development of most of the subsequent games; Gunpei Yokoi, who headed the R&D1 division and produced the first two games; Makoto Kano, who wrote the scenario for ''Metroid'', co-designed the second game, and produced the third; and Hiroji Kiyotake, who designed characters for the original game.

The original ''Metroid'', an action game for the Family Computer Disk System, was developed by Nintendo's Research and Development 1 (R&D1) and released in Japan on August 6, 1986. It was published for the Nintendo Entertainment System in August 1987 in North America and on January 15, 1988, in Europe. It was directed by Satoru Okada.

''Metroid'' was designed to be a shooting game that combined the platform jumping of ''Super Mario Bros.'' with the non-linear exploration of ''The Legend of Zelda'' and a darker aesthetic. The name of the game is a portmanteau) and android, and was meant to allude to the mainly underground setting of the first game as well as its robot-like protagonist. Halfway through development of the original ''Metroid'', one of the staff said to his fellow developers "Hey, wouldn't that be kind of cool if it turned out that this person inside the suit was a woman?", and the idea was accepted. Ridley Scott's 1979 science-fiction horror film ''Alien'' was described by Sakamoto as a "huge influence" after the world of the first ''Metroid'' had been created. In recognition of this, a main antagonist was given the name Ridley, after director Ridley Scott. The development staff were also influenced by the work of the film's creature designer H. R. Giger, finding his style to be fitting for the ''Metroid'' universe.

'' Metroid II: Return of Samus'' was released for the Game Boy in 1991 in North America and in 1992 in Japan. ''Metroid II'' also further established Samus' visual design, with the bulky Varia Suit upgrade and different arm cannons.

As R&D1 were committed to making another game, Nintendo brought in Intelligent Systems to develop ''Super Metroid'' for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). ''Super Metroid'' drastically expanded the ''Metroid'' formula, with numerous new power-ups and a richer story. It was released to critical acclaim and is considered one of the best SNES games. It was directed by Yoshio Sakamoto, character designer for the first ''Metroid''; Sakamoto has directed or produced most of the 2D ''Metroid'' games since.

In 2002, Nintendo released ''Metroid Fusion'', a 2D game for the Game Boy Advance (GBA). It was developed by R&D1 and written and directed by Sakamoto. Its gameplay is similar to that of ''Super Metroid'', but with a more mission-based structure that gives more guidance to the player. The team's next GBA project was '' Zero Mission'' (2004), a remake of the original ''Metroid''. Both GBA games received acclaim. A Nintendo restructure merged R&D1 with R&D2 in 2003, shortly ahead of the release of ''Zero Mission''. A 2D ''Metroid'' game for the DS, ''Metroid Dread'', was in development around 2006, but was not released until 2021 for the Switch.

Transition to 3D (2002–2007)

Nintendo considered developing a ''Metroid'' game for the Nintendo 64, but could not generate concrete ideas; Sakamoto said: "When I held the N64 controller in my hands I just couldn't imagine how it could be used to move Samus around". An unidentified company received an offer from Nintendo to develop an N64 ''Metroid'', but they turned it down, saying they were not confident they could create a worthwhile successor to ''Super Metroid''. Samus first appeared in 3D in the N64 fighting game ''Super Smash Bros.'' (1999).

In 2000, Nintendo producer Shigeru Miyamoto visited the new Nintendo subsidiary Retro Studios in Austin, Texas, and tasked Retro with developing a ''Metroid'' game for their new console, the GameCube. ''Metroid Prime'', the first 3D ''Metroid'' game, moved the nonlinear structure of ''Super Metroid'' to a first-person perspective; Nintendo stressed that it was not a first-person shooter but a "first-person adventure". '' Metroid Prime 2: Echoes'' (2004) saw Samus switching between parallel light and dark worlds, and introduced more difficulty. '' Metroid Prime 3: Corruption'', released for Wii in 2007, added motion controls and has Samus exploring separate planets, with more emphasis on shooting action. The ''Prime'' games were rereleased for Wii in the compilation '' Metroid Prime: Trilogy''.

In 2005, Nintendo released ''Metroid Prime Pinball'', a pinball spin-off, for the handheld Nintendo DS. ''Metroid Prime Hunters'', a multiplayer game developed by Nintendo Software Technology, was released for the DS in 2006.

Genre divergence and critical decline (2010–2016)

A new 3D ''Metroid'' game, '' Metroid: Other M'', developed with Japanese studio Team Ninja and directed by Sakamoto, was released for Wii in 2010. It featured a third-person perspective and placed a greater focus on story and action. ''Other M'' received weaker reviews, with criticism for its characterization of Samus as timid and emotional and its reduced emphasis on exploration. ''Polygon'' described ''Other M'' as "such a massive misfire and a flop with fans that it practically killed the series", with no major new ''Metroid'' games in the following decade.

The franchise was represented by a minigame, "Metroid Blast", in the Wii U game ''Nintendo Land'' (2012), which had a mixed reception. The player using the Wii U GamePad controls Samus' gunship, while up to four players with Wii Remotes and Nunchuks control Mii characters on foot, wearing Varia Suits. Miyamoto said this reflected his ideas for future ''Metroid'' games.

In 2014, a former artist from Next Level Games said that Next Level had built a Nintendo 3DS ''Metroid'' prototype before Nintendo asked them to develop '' Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon'' instead. In 2016, Nintendo released '' Metroid Prime: Federation Force'', a multiplayer game for the 3DS developed by Next Level Games. It received criticism for its multiplayer focus and frivolous tone.

Return to original genre (2017–present)

In 2017, Nintendo released a remake of ''Metroid II'' for the 3DS, '' Metroid: Samus Returns'', developed by MercurySteam and Nintendo EPD. It retained the side-scrolling gameplay of the original, adding 3D graphics and new gameplay features such as melee combat.

At E3 2017, Nintendo announced ''Metroid Prime 4'' for the Nintendo Switch. According to ''Eurogamer'', it was initially developed by Bandai Namco Studios, but Nintendo was not satisfied with its progress. In 2019, development restarted under Retro Studios, the developer of the previous ''Metroid Prime'' games.

In 2021, Nintendo released a new 2D ''Metroid'' game, ''Metroid Dread'', for the Nintendo Switch, developed with MercurySteam. The game is a realization of the cancelled Nintendo DS project from the late 2000s. By May 10, 2022, it had sold more than 2.9 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling ''Metroid'' game.

Gameplay

The ''Metroid'' series contains gameplay elements from shooter, platformer, and adventure games. The series is notable for its non-linear progression and solitary exploration format where the player only controls Samus Aran, with few or no other characters to interact with. The series has been a 2D side-scroller in all its incarnations until the ''Metroid Prime'' series changed the perspective to a first-person perspective, leading to a new first-person shooter element. The player gains items and power-ups for Samus's cybernetic suit primarily through exploration, and occasionally by defeating alien creatures through real-time combat with the suit's arm cannon. Many such upgrades enable further avenues of exploration. A recurring upgrade is the Morph Ball, which allows Samus to curl into a ball, roll into tight places and plant bombs.

The original ''Metroid'' was influenced by two other major Nintendo franchises: ''Mario'', from which it borrowed extensive areas of platform jumping, and ''The Legend of Zelda'', from which it borrowed non-linear exploration. The game differed in its atmosphere of solitude and foreboding. ''Metroid'' was also one of the first video games to feature an exploration to the left as well as the right, and backtracking to already explored areas to search for secret items and paths.

Story

''Metroid'' follows the adventures of bounty hunter Samus Aran, who battles the villainous Space Pirates. The pirates threaten the Galactic Federation with their attempts to harness biological weapons such as the parasitic Metroid creatures and the hazardous Phazon material. Samus was raised by the Chozo, an avian race, after her parents were killed by Space Pirates. She serves in the military of the Galactic Federation before departing and beginning work as a bounty hunter, while facing the forces of Ridley and Mother Brain.

In the original ''Metroid'', Samus travels to the planet Zebes to stop the Space Pirates from using the Metroids to create biological weapons. She defeats the cybernetic lifeform Mother Brain, as well as its guardians, Kraid and Ridley.

The ''Metroid Prime'' series is set between ''Metroid'' and ''Metroid II''. In ''Metroid Prime'', Samus travels to Tallon IV to stop the Space Pirates from exploiting a powerful radioactive substance named Phazon, where she defeats the titular enemy, a Phazon infected Metroid. ''Metroid Prime: Hunters'' sees Samus respond to a distress call to the Alimbic Cluster, and fights alongside other bounty hunters against a creature named Gorea. In ''Metroid Prime 2: Echoes'', Samus explores the planet Aether, which has been split into "light" and "dark" dimensions, and battles Dark Samus (the revived Metroid Prime) and the Ing race. In ''Metroid Prime 3: Corruption'', Samus searches for bounty hunters who have been infected with Phazon, while being slowly corrupted by Phazon herself, but ultimately succeeds in eradacating both the Phazon and her double. ''Metroid Prime: Federation Force'', the only game in which players do not control Samus, sees Samus mind-controlled by Space Pirates; the Federation Force battles to rescue her and destroy the Space Pirates.

In ''Metroid II'', Samus travels to the Metroid homeworld, SR388, to exterminate the species, but saves a hatchling Metroid that bonds to her and delivers it to the Ceres research station for study. In ''Super Metroid'', Ridley steals the hatchling and takes it to Zebes, where the Space Pirates are attempting to clone the Metroids. Samus is nearly killed by the revived Mother Brain, but is rescued by the now grown Metroid which sacrifices itself and Samus destroys Mother Brain in retaliation. She then escapes as Zebes explodes.

In ''Metroid: Other M'', set after ''Super Metroid'', Samus investigates a derelict space station with a Galactic Federation platoon. They team up to stop a clone of Mother Brain created by a Federation group. In ''Metroid Fusion'', Samus investigates a space station in orbit around SR388 infested with parasitic organisms which can infect and take the shape of its victims known as X parasites. Samus is infected by one but is saved using a vaccine made from the baby Metroid's cells. She discovers that the Federation has been cloning Metroids in secret, and sets the space station on a collision with SR388 to destroy the X parasites. ''Metroid Dread'' continues where ''Fusion'' left off, with the Federation dispatching a squadron of advanced automatons known as E.M.M.I. to investigate the planet ZDR, where X parasite has been sighted. Samus is sent to the planet herself after contact is lost, coming into conflict with the X and a Chozo war criminal named Raven Beak, stopping both from invading the rest of the galaxy.

Audio

The ''Metroid'' series has been noted and praised for its unique style of video game music. Hirokazu "Hip" Tanaka, composer of the original ''Metroid'', has said he wanted to make a score that made players feel like they were encountering a "living creature" and had no distinction between music and sound effects. The only time the main ''Metroid'' theme was heard was after Mother Brain is defeated; this is intended to give the player a catharsis. At all other times, no melodies are present in the game. The composer of ''Super Metroid'', Kenji Yamamoto, came up with some of the games' themes by humming them to himself while riding his motorcycle to work. He was asked to compose the music for ''Metroid Prime'' to reinforce the series continuity. ''Metroid Primes Dolby Pro Logic II surround sound was mixed by a member of Dolby.

Developers from Retro Studios noted how the 6  MB memory budget for all sound effects of a level in ''Metroid Prime'' was crucial in producing a quality soundtrack, as each sound had to be of high quality to be included. Composer Kenji Yamamoto used heavy drums, piano, voiced chants, clangs of pipes, and electric guitar. '' Metroid Prime 3: Corruption'' took advantage of the increased RAM in the Wii, allowing for higher-quality audio samples. Kenji Yamamoto, who composed the music for ''Super Metroid'' and the ''Prime'' trilogy, copied the musical design of the original ''Metroid'' in ''Metroid Prime 3'', by keeping the music and themes dark and scary until the very end, when uplifting music is played during the credits.

In other media

''Super Smash Bros.'' franchise

Samus is a playable character in all five ''Super Smash Bros.'' games. Games from ''Super Smash Bros. Brawl'' onward also feature Zero Suit Samus, a version of the heroine using the blue form-fitting suit seen in ''Zero Mission'' and the ''Prime'' series. Ridley makes cameos in ''Super Smash Bros.'', where he can be seen flying through the level Zebes, and in ''Super Smash Bros. Melee'' both as an unlockable trophy and in the game's opening, where he is fighting Samus at Ceres Space Station. In ''Super Smash Bros. Brawl'', Ridley appears as a boss character in both normal and Meta Ridley forms. Due to demand from fans, Ridley was made a playable fighter in ''Super Smash Bros. Ultimate'' alongside fellow newcomer Dark Samus. Kraid also appeared in ''Super Smash Bros. Melee'' as a stage hazard in Brinstar Depths and unlockable trophy. Various other characters such as Metroids, Mother Brain and Dark Samus appear as either trophies or stickers in the ''Super Smash Bros.'' series as well. A number of locations from the ''Metroid'' franchise have appeared in ''Super Smash Bros.'' games as battle stages.

Other games

Samus has appeared in other Nintendo games such as ''Super Mario RPG'', the NES version of ''Tetris'', '' Tetris DS'', ''Galactic Pinball'', ''Kirby Super Star'', ''Kirby's Dream Land 3'' and ''WarioWare''.

A Metroid-lookalike enemy, called the Komayto, appears in ''Kid Icarus'' for the NES; the characters allude to the similarities between the two in '' Kid Icarus: Uprising''. In '' Dead or Alive: Dimensions'', a fighting game developed by Team Ninja for the 3DS, one stage is a replica of the arena in which Samus fights Ridley in ''Metroid: Other M'' and features both as non-playable characters; When asked why Samus is not playable in ''Dimensions'', Team Ninja's Yosuke Hayashi stated in an interview that "it would be better to let her focus on her job rather than kicking everyone's butt in 'Dead or Alive: Dimensions''. The Wii U launch game ''Nintendo Land'' has a minigame based on the series called "Metroid Blast".

Television

A ''Metroid'' animated series was considered for the ''Super Mario Bros. Power Hour'', a cancelled animation block that would have aired in the 1980s. Concept art was produced for the series, which notably featured a male incarnation of Samus. ''Power Hour'' never moved forward in the intended format, instead being replaced by ''The Super Mario Bros. Super Show'' which aired in 1989. Mother Brain was the primary villain in the '' Captain N: The Game Master'' TV show.

Manga

Comics and manga have been made for various magazines based on ''Metroid'', ''Super Metroid'', ''Metroid Prime'', ''Metroid Prime 2: Echoes'', and ''Metroid: Zero Mission'' in both the United States and Japan. Samus Aran and other ''Metroid'' characters also featured in the ''Captain N: The Game Master'' comic books by Valiant Comics. In Japan, a ''Metroid'' manga series was published in Kodansha's ''Monthly Magazine Z'' beginning in November 2003, and ran for 16 chapters which were later collected into two Tankōbon volumes. The series chronicled Samus' life up through the events of the original game, and went on to influence the plots of subsequent games in the franchise. Also in Japan, ''Comic Bom Bom'' published a three-volume manga starring Samus,

Proposed film

In 2003, two producers optioned the rights to create a live-action film based on ''Metroid'', but the rights expired. Director John Woo acquired the rights a few years later, and his studio Lion Rock Productions was to produce and release the film before 2006. Writers on the film included David Greenwalt, who had worked on ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'', ''Angel'' and ''Grimm''. According to producer Brad Froxhoven, the film would have explored Samus' origin story; she would be "an exceptionally talented, but also flawed character who was looking for redemption ... We wanted to see her struggle, to be humbled, and to be forced to rise up against crazy odds. And of course we wanted to see the cool weapons in all of their glory".

According to Foxhoven, Nintendo was protective due to the failure of the 1993 ''Super Mario Bros.'' film. Nintendo had no answers to the team's questions about Samus' personal life, relationships, and other personal characteristics, and was uncomfortable with the film team "being the ones to propose those answers". Foxhoven said Nintendo left the discussions appreciating that they needed to develop the franchise further if it were to become a Hollywood film. In 2013, Sakamoto said he could support a film directed by Ryuji Kitaura, director of the CG scenes in ''Other M'', if the concept and methodologies were good enough.

Reception

''Metroid'' ranked as the 70th top game (collectively) by ''Next Generation'' in 1996 and the 6th in 1999, and as the eighth best game franchise by ''IGN'' in 2008. In 2001, ''Electronic Gaming Monthly'' named ''Super Metroid'' the best game ever. All the ''Metroid'' games released by 2005 were included in a ''Nintendo Power'' top 200 Nintendo games list, ''Prime'' in the IGN top 100, ''Metroid'', ''Super Metroid'', ''Prime'' and ''Echoes'' in a list by GameFAQs users; ''Metroid'' and ''Super Metroid'' in ''Game Informer''s list; and ''Prime'' and ''Super Metroid'' in ''Edge''s list. The series has influenced games including '' Castlevania: Symphony of the Night''.

Samus Aran was recognized by ''Guinness World Records'' as "enduringly popular" and as the "first playable human female character in a mainstream video game", although Toby Masuyo ("Kissy") from Namco's '' Alien Sector'' predates her by one year. Ridley was the second-most requested Nintendo character by ''IGN'' and number one by the fans to be added as a playable character to the ''Super Smash Bros.'' series and Mother Brain is often named among the best video game bosses.

The original ''Metroid'' has been described as boosted by its "eerie" music, adding a "sense of mystery and exploration" to the game by making the game "moody and atmospheric". ''IGN'' praised the well-timed music that helped add suspense. ''GameSpot'' described ''Super Metroid'' as better than the original "in literally every conceivable way", ''Metroid Fusion'' was noted for its "understated score" which fit the mood of the adventure and its excellent stereo sound effects, making it an uncommonly good Game Boy Advance sound experience. ''Metroid Prime'' was considered one of the best games ever made upon its release, winning Game of the Year from various publications and websites. ''IGN'' called the aural experience with ''Metroid Prime 2: Echoes'' "mesmerizing". Music from ''Metroid'' has been frequently re-released as part of "best of" video game music releases. ''Metroid Prime''s soundtrack was called the best sound design on the GameCube. The sound effects were also noted for a high degree of accuracy and blending with the soundtrack. On the popular video game music site OverClocked ReMix, ''Super Metroid'' is the tenth-most remixed video game, while the first ''Metroid'' video game was twenty-fifth.

Sales

''Metroid'', ''Metroid II: Return of Samus'', ''Super Metroid'', ''Metroid Fusion'', ''Metroid Prime'', ''Metroid Prime 2: Echoes'', ''Metroid Prime Hunters'', ''Metroid Prime 3: Corruption'', and ''Metroid Dread'' have each sold more than one million copies. By September 2012, the series had sold over 17.44 million copies worldwide.

Sales of ''Metroid'' games in Japan have typically been lower than in the United States. In its debut week in Japan, ''Metroid Prime 3: Corruption'' sold 32,388 units, ranking it behind ''Ryū ga Gotoku Kenzan!'', ''Super Smash Bros. Brawl'', ''Wii Fit'', and '' Gundam Musou Special''. ''Metroid: Other M'' was the third-bestselling video game in Japan during its week of release with 45,398 copies sold, ranking it behind ''Wii Party'' and '' Monster Hunter Diary: Poka Poka Airu Village''. It sold an additional 11,239 copies the following week.

Legacy

Along with the 1997 Konami game '' Castlevania: Symphony of the Night'', the early ''Metroid'' games defined a subgenre known as Metroidvania. Tom Happ, developer of the 2015 Metroidvania game ''Axiom Verge'', defined Metroidvania games as side-scrolling adventures with continuous maps, rather than discrete levels, that require the player to collect items and backtrack. Other notable Metroidvania games include ''Cave Story'' (2004), ''Shadow Complex'' (2009), ''Ori and the Blind Forest'' (2014), ''Hollow Knight'' (2017), and ''Chasm'' (2018).

In 2016, ''AM2R'', a fan-made remake of ''Metroid II'' was released. Nintendo issued takedown notices to halt its distribution, citing the potential damage to its intellectual property. ''AM2R'' was nominated for the Game Awards 2016, but was removed as it had not been cleared by Nintendo for inclusion.

Notes

References

External links

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{{Portal bar, Video games, Japan

Nintendo franchises
Science fiction video games
Video games adapted into comics
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video game franchises introduced in 1986
Metroidvania games