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This is a list of
plant Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae exclu ...
species that, when consumed by humans, are known or suspected to produce psychoactive effects: changes in nervous system function that alter perception, mood, consciousness, cognition or behavior. Many of these plants are used intentionally as
psychoactive drug A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, psychoactive agent or psychotropic drug is a chemical substance, that changes functions of the nervous system, and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition or behavior. ...
s, for medicinal, religious, and/or recreational purposes. Some have been used ritually as
entheogen Entheogens are psychoactive substances that induce alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior for the purposes of engendering spiritual development or otherwiseRätsch, Christian, ''The Encyclopedia of Psychoac ...
s for millennia. The plants are listed according to the specific psychoactive chemical substances they contain; many contain multiple known psychoactive compounds.


Cannabinoids

Species of the genus ''
Cannabis ''Cannabis'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae. The number of species within the genus is disputed. Three species may be recognized: '' Cannabis sativa'', '' C. indica'', and '' C. ruderalis''. Alternative ...
'', known colloquially as marijuana, including ''
Cannabis sativa ''Cannabis sativa'' is an annual herbaceous flowering plant indigenous to Eastern Asia, but now of cosmopolitan distribution due to widespread cultivation. It has been cultivated throughout recorded history, used as a source of industrial fibe ...
'' and ''
Cannabis indica ''Cannabis indica'' is an annual plant species in the family Cannabaceae which produces large amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and is cultivated for purposes including hashish in India. The high concentrations of THC provide euphoric effec ...
'', is a popular psychoactive plant that is often used medically and recreationally. The principal psychoactive substance in ''Cannabis'',
tetrahydrocannabinol Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis and one of at least 113 total cannabinoids identified on the plant. Although the chemical formula for THC (C21H30O2) describes multiple isomers, the term ''THC' ...
(THC), contains no
nitrogen Nitrogen is the chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a nonmetal and the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table, often called the pnictogens. It is a common element in the universe, estimated at se ...
, unlike many (but not all) other psychoactive substances and is not an
indole Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound In chemistry, organic compounds are generally any chemical compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen or carbon-carbon bonds. Due to carbon's ability to catenate (form chains with other c ...
,
tryptamine Tryptamine is an indolamine metabolite of the essential amino acid, tryptophan. The chemical structure is defined by an indole ─ a fused benzene and pyrrole ring, and a 2-aminoethyl group at the second carbon (third aromatic atom, with the f ...
, phenethylamine,
anticholinergic Anticholinergics (anticholinergic agents) are substances that block the action of the neurotransmitter called acetylcholine (ACh) at synapses in the central and peripheral nervous system. These agents inhibit the parasympathetic nervous sys ...
(deliriant) or
dissociative Dissociatives, colloquially dissos, are a subclass of hallucinogens which distort perception of sight and sound and produce feelings of detachment – dissociation – from the environment and/or self. Although many kinds of drugs are capable of ...
drug. THC is just one of more than 100 identified
cannabinoid Cannabinoids () are several structural classes of compounds found in the cannabis plant primarily and most animal organisms (although insects lack such receptors) or as synthetic compounds. The most notable cannabinoid is the phytocannabinoid tet ...
compounds in ''Cannabis'', which also include
cannabinol Cannabinol (CBN) is a mildly psychoactive cannabinoid that acts as a low affinity partial agonist at both CB1 and CB2 receptors. This activity at CB1 and CB2 receptors constitutes interaction of CBN with the endocannabinoid system (ECS). CBN ...
(CBN) and
cannabidiol Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid discovered in 1940. It is one of 113 identified cannabinoids in cannabis plants, along with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and accounts for up to 40% of the plant's extract. , clinical research on CBD in ...
(CBD). ''Cannabis'' plants vary widely, with different strains producing dynamic balances of cannabinoids (THC, CBD, etc.) and yielding markedly different effects. Popular strains are often hybrids of ''C. sativa'' and ''C. indica''. The medicinal effects of cannabis are widely studied, and are active topics of research both at universities and private research firms. Many jurisdictions have laws regulating or prohibiting the cultivation, sale and/or use of
medical Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practic ...
and recreational cannabis.


Tryptamines

Many of the psychedelic plants contain
dimethyltryptamine ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT or ''N'',''N''-DMT, SPL026) is a substituted tryptamine that occurs in many plants and animals, including human beings, and which is both a derivative and a structural analog of tryptamine. It is used as a ...
(DMT), or other
tryptamines Substituted tryptamines, or serotonin analogues, are organic compounds which may be thought of as being derived from tryptamine itself. The molecular structures of all tryptamines contain an indole ring, joined to an amino (NH2) group via an ethy ...
, which are either snorted (Virola, Yopo snuffs), vaporized, or drunk with MAOIs (
Ayahuasca AyahuascaPronounced as in the UK and in the US. Also occasionally known in English as ''ayaguasca'' ( Spanish-derived), ''aioasca'' (Brazilian Portuguese-derived), or as ''yagé'', pronounced or . Etymologically, all forms but ''yagé'' desce ...
). It cannot simply be eaten as it is not orally active without an
MAOI Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of drugs that inhibit the activity of one or both monoamine oxidase enzymes: monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). They are best known as effective antidepressants, especia ...
and it needs to be extremely concentrated to be vaporized.


Acanthaceae Acanthaceae is a family (the acanthus family) of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are tropical herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. Only a few species are distributed in tem ...

''Species'', ''Alkaloid content, where given, refers to dried material'' * '' Fittonia albivenis'', a common ornamental plant from South America.


Aceraceae Aceraceae were recognized as a family of flowering plants also called the maple family. They contain two to four genera, depending upon the circumscription, of some 120 species of trees and shrubs. A common characteristic is that the leaves are ...

* ''
Acer saccharinum ''Acer saccharinum'', commonly known as silver maple, creek maple, silverleaf maple, soft maple, large maple, water maple, swamp maple, or white maple, is a species of maple native to the eastern and central United States and southeastern Can ...
'' (silver maple) was found to contain the indole alkaloid
gramine Gramine (also called donaxine) is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid present in several plant species. Gramine may play a defensive role in these plants, since it is toxic to many organisms. Occurrence Gramine has been found in the giant reed, ...
(not active and extremely toxic) 0.05% in the leaves, so it is possible that other members of this plant family contain active compounds.


Aizoaceae The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing 135 genera and about 1800 species. They are commonly known as ice plants or carpet weeds. They are often called vygies in South Africa and Ne ...

* '' Delosperma acuminatum'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT * '' Delosperma cooperi'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT * '' Delosperma ecklonis'', DMT * '' Delosperma esterhuyseniae'', DMT * '' Delosperma hallii'', 5-MeO-DMT * '' Delosperma harazianum'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT *: ''Delosperma harazianum''
Shibam, DMT * '' Delosperma hirtum'', DMT *: ''Delosperma hallii
aff. litorale'' * '' Delosperma lydenbergense'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT * '' Delosperma nubigenum'', 5-MeO-DMT * '' Delosperma pageanum'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT * '' Delosperma pergamentaceum'', Traces of DMT * '' Delosperma tradescantioides'', DMT


Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because some taxa were used as dog poison Members of ...

* '' Prestonia amazonica'': DMT * ''
Voacanga africana ''Voacanga africana'' is a small tree native to tropical Africa belonging to the family Apocynaceae that grows to in height and bears leaves that are up to in length. The yellow or white flowers are succeeded by paired, follicular, dehiscent ...
'': Iboga alkaloids


Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylaceae (the coca family) is a family of flowering trees and shrubs consisting of 4 genera and 271 species. The four genera are ''Aneulophus'' Benth., ''Erythroxylum'' P.Browne, ''Nectaropetalum'' Engl., and ''Pinacopodium'' Exell & Mend ...

* '' Erythroxylum pungens'': DMT


Fabaceae (Leguminosae)

* ''
Acacia acuminata ''Acacia acuminata'', known as mangart and jam, is a tree in the family Fabaceae. Endemic to Western Australia, it occurs throughout the south west of the State. It is common in the Wheatbelt, and also extends into the semi-arid interior. ...
'', Up to 1.5% alkaloids, mainly consisting of
dimethyltryptamine ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT or ''N'',''N''-DMT, SPL026) is a substituted tryptamine that occurs in many plants and animals, including human beings, and which is both a derivative and a structural analog of tryptamine. It is used as a ...
in bark & leaf Also, harman, tryptamine, NMT, other alkaloids in leaf. * '' Acacia alpina'', Active principles in leaf * '' Acaciella angustissima'', β-methyl-phenethylamine, NMT and DMT in leaf (1.1-10.2 ppm) * '' Vachellia aroma'', Tryptamine alkaloids. Significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds. * '' Acacia auriculiformis'', 5-MeO-DMT in stem bark * ''
Acacia baileyana ''Acacia baileyana'' or Cootamundra wattle is a shrub or tree in the flowering plant family Fabaceae. The scientific name of the species honours the botanist Frederick Manson Bailey. It is indigenous to a very small area in southern inland New ...
'', 0.02% tryptamine and β-carbolines, in the leaf, Tetrahydroharman * '' Acacia beauverdiana'', Psychoactive Ash used in Pituri. * ''
Senegalia berlandieri ''Senegalia berlandieri'' (Berlandier acacia, guajillo acacia, guajillo, huajillo, huajilla) is a shrub native to the Southwestern United States and northeast Mexico that belongs to the Mimosoid clade of Fabaceae. It grows tall, with blossoms ...
'', DMT, phenetylamine, mescaline,
nicotine Nicotine is a natural product, naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and ''Duboisia hopwoodii'') and is widely used recreational drug use, recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic. As ...
* ''
Senegalia catechu ''Senegalia catechu'' is a deciduous, thorny tree which grows up to in height. The plant is called ''khair''
in H ...
'', DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark * ''
Vachellia caven ''Vachellia caven'' (Roman cassie, , aromo criollo, caven, , , espinillo, espinillo de baado, espino, espino maulino) is an ornamental tree in the family Fabaceae. ''Vachellia caven'' is native to Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Urugua ...
'', PsychoactiveIndex of Rätsch, Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen, Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen, 7. Auflage. AT Verlag, 2004, 941 Seiten. at * '' Senegalia chundra'', DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark * '' Acacia colei'', DMT * '' Acacia complanata'', 0.3% alkaloids in leaf and stem, almost all N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, with traces of tetrahydroharman, some of tryptamine * ''
Acacia confusa ''Acacia confusa'' is a perennial tree native to South-East Asia. Some common names for it are acacia petit feuille, Ayangile, small Philippine acacia, Formosa acacia (Taiwan acacia), Philippine Wattle, and Formosan koa. It grows to a height of 1 ...
'', DMT & NMT in leaf, stem & bark 0.04% NMT and 0.02% DMT in stem. Also N,N-dimethyltryptamine
N-oxide In chemistry, an amine oxide, also known as an amine ''N''-oxide or simply ''N''-oxide, is a chemical compound that contains the functional group , a nitrogen-oxygen coordinate covalent bond with three additional hydrogen and/or substituent-grou ...
* ''
Vachellia cornigera ''Vachellia cornigera'', commonly known as bullhorn acacia (family Fabaceae), is a swollen-thorn tree native to Mexico and Central America. The common name of "bullhorn" refers to the enlarged, hollowed-out, swollen thorns (technically called sti ...
'', Psychoactive, Tryptamines DMT according to C. Rastch. * '' Acacia cultriformis'', Tryptamine, in the leaf, stem and seeds. Phenethylamine in leaf and seeds * '' Acacia cuthbertsonii'', Psychoactive * ''
Acacia decurrens ''Acacia decurrens'', commonly known as black wattle or early green wattle, is a perennial tree or shrub native to eastern New South Wales, including Sydney, the Greater Blue Mountains Area, the Hunter Region, and south west to the Australian C ...
'', Psychoactive, but less than 0.02% alkaloids * '' Acacia delibrata'', Psychoactive * '' Acacia falcata'', Psychoactive, but less than 0.02% alkaloids Psychoactive 0.2–0.3% alkaloids * ''
Vachellia farnesiana ''Vachellia farnesiana'', also known as ''Acacia farnesiana'', and previously ''Mimosa farnesiana'', commonly known as sweet acacia, huisache, or needle bush, is a species of shrub or small tree in the legume family, Fabaceae. Its flowers are u ...
'', Traces of 5-MeO-DMT in fruit. β-methyl-phenethylamine, flower. Ether extracts about 2–6% of the dried leaf mass. Alkaloids are present in the bark and leaves. Amphetamines and mescaline also found in tree. * ''
Acacia flavescens ''Acacia flavescens'', also known as the red wattle, yellow wattle or primrose ball wattle, is a tree in the genus ''Acacia'' native to eastern Australia. Description The tree typically grows to a height of and has rough, furrowed and shaggy ...
'', Strongly Psychoactive, Bark. * ''
Acacia floribunda ''Acacia floribunda'' is a perennial evergreen shrub or tree. It is a species of wattle native to New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria, but is cultivated extensively, and has naturalised in South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia, an ...
'', Tryptamine, phenethylamine, in flowers other tryptamines, DMT,tryptamine,NMT 0.3–0.4% phyllodes. * '' Acacia georginae'', Psychoactive, plus deadly toxins * '' Vachellia horrida'', Psychoactive * ''
Acacia implexa ''Acacia implexa'', commonly known as lightwood or hickory wattle, is a fast-growing Australian tree, the timber of which is used for furniture making. The wood is prized for its finish and strength. The foliage was used to make pulp and dye cl ...
'', Psychoactive * '' Mimosa jurema'', DMT, NMT * '' Vachellia karroo'', Psychoactive * '' Senegalia laeta'', DMT, in the leaf * '' Acacia longifolia'', 0.2% tryptamine in bark, leaves, some in flowers, phenylethylamine in flowers, 0.2% DMT in plant. Histamine alkaloids. * ''
Acacia sophorae ''Acacia sophorae'', commonly known as coastal wattle or coast wattle, is a wattle found in coastal and subcoastal south-eastern Australia from the Eyre Peninsula to southern Queensland. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of sallow wattle ...
'', Tryptamine in leaves, bark * '' Acacia macradenia'', Tryptamine * ''
Acacia maidenii ''Acacia maidenii'', also known as Maiden's wattle, is a tree native to Australia (New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria). It has been introduced into India, (Tamil Nadu) and Argentina, and it grows on plantations in South Africa. Descriptio ...
'', 0.6% NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio in the stem bark, both present in leaves * ''
Acacia mangium ''Acacia mangium'' is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae, that is native to northeastern Queensland in Australia, the Western Province of Papua New Guinea, Papua, and the eastern Maluku Islands. Common names include black ...
'', Psychoactive * '' Acacia melanoxylon'', DMT, in the bark and leaf, but less than 0.02% total alkaloids * ''
Senegalia mellifera ''Senegalia mellifera'' is a common thorn tree in Africa. The name ''mellifera'' refers to its sweet-smelling blossoms and honey. Its lumber turns pitch black when oiled. Common names of the tree include Blackthorn and Swarthaak (Afrikaans). I ...
'', DMT, in the leaf * ''
Vachellia nilotica ''Vachellia nilotica'', more commonly known as ''Acacia nilotica'', and by the vernacular names of gum arabic tree, babul, thorn mimosa, Egyptian acacia or thorny acacia, is a flowering tree in the family Fabaceae. It is native to Africa, the Mid ...
'', DMT, in the leaf * '' Vachellian ilotica subsp. adstringens'', Psychoactive, DMT in the leaf * ''
Acacia neurophylla ''Acacia neurophylla'', also known as wodjil, is a shrub or tree belonging to the genus '' Acacia'' and the subgenus ''Juliflorae'' that is endemic to south western Australia. Description The shrub or tree typically grows to a height of and pr ...
'' DMT in bark, Harman in leaf. * '' Acacia obtusifolia'', Tryptamine, DMT, NMT, other tryptamines, 0.4–0.5% in dried bark,0.15–0.2% in leaf, 0.07% in branch tips. * '' Vachellia oerfota'', Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf, NMT * ''
Acacia penninervis ''Acacia penninervis'', commonly known as mountain hickory wattle, or blackwood, is a perennial shrub or tree is an ''Acacia'' belonging to subgenus ''Phyllodineae'', that is native to eastern Australia. Description The shrub or tree typically ...
'', Psychoactive * ''
Acacia phlebophylla ''Acacia phlebophylla'', a type of acacia also known by the names Buffalo sallow wattle and Mount Buffalo wattle, is a straggling shrub to small, twisted tree reaching up to 5 m in height. It is a close relative of '' Acacia alpina''. It has larg ...
'', 0.3% DMT in leaf, NMT * ''
Acacia podalyriifolia ''Acacia podalyriifolia'' is a perennial tree which is fast-growing and widely cultivated. It is native to Australia but is also naturalised in Malaysia, Africa, India and South America. Its uses include environmental management and it is al ...
'', Tryptamine in the leaf, 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark, phenethylamine, trace amounts. Although this species is claimed to contain 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark the reference for this is invalid as there is no reference to Acacia Podalyriffolia anywhere in the reference article. Additionally, well known and proven extraction techniques for DMT have failed to produce any DMT or alkaloids from fresh bark or the leaves on multiple sample taken at various seasons. Should DMT actually exist in this species of Acacia then it exists in extremely small amounts and have failed to produce any alkaloids with Acid/Base extraction techniques using HCl/Na(OH)2. On the same note, more academic research is definitely required into the DMT content of this and other Australian Acacia species with proper chemical analysis of sample. * '' Senegalia polyacantha'', DMT in leaf and other tryptamines in leaf, bark * ''Senegalia polyacantha'' ssp. ''campylacantha'', Less than 0.2% DMT in leaf, NMT; DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark * '' Senegalia rigidula'', DMT, NMT, tryptamine, traces of amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and others * '' Acacia sassa'', Psychoactive * '' Vachellia schaffneri'', β-methyl-phenethylamine, Phenethylamine Amphetamines and mescaline also found. * ''
Senegalia senegal ''Senegalia senegal'' (also known as ''Acacia senegal'') is a small thorny deciduous tree from the genus '' Senegalia'', which is known by several common names, including gum acacia, gum arabic tree, Sudan gum and Sudan gum arabic. In parts of I ...
'', Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf, NMT, other tryptamines. DMT in plant, DMT in bark. * ''
Vachellia seyal ''Vachellia seyal'', the red acacia, known also as the shittah tree (the source of shittim wood), is a thorny, 6– to 10-m-high (20 to 30 ft) tree with a pale greenish or reddish bark. At the base of the feathery leaves, two straight, ligh ...
'', DMT, in the leaf. Ether extracts about 1–7% of the dried leaf mass. * '' Vachellia sieberiana'', DMT, in the leaf * '' Acacia simplex'', DMT and NMT, in the leaf, stem and trunk bark, 0.81% DMT in bark, MMT * ''
Vachellia tortilis ''Vachellia tortilis'', widely known as ''Acacia tortilis'' but now attributed to the genus '' Vachellia'', is the umbrella thorn acacia, also known as ''umbrella thorn'' and Israeli babool, a medium to large canopied tree native to most of Afr ...
'', DMT, NMT, and other tryptamines * '' Acacia vestita'', Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem, but less than 0.02% total alkaloids * ''
Acacia victoriae ''Acacia victoriae'', commonly known as gundabluie or bardi bush, is a shrub-like tree native to Australia. Subspecies: ''A. victoriae'' subsp. ''arida'' Pedley Distribution and ecology Found in arid and semi-arid areas, the ''Acacia victoria ...
'', tryptamines, 5-MeO-alkyltryptamine * List of acacia species having little or no alkaloids in the material sampled:
(0% \le C \le 0.02%, Concentration of alkaloids) ** '' Acacia acinacea'' ** ''
Acacia baileyana ''Acacia baileyana'' or Cootamundra wattle is a shrub or tree in the flowering plant family Fabaceae. The scientific name of the species honours the botanist Frederick Manson Bailey. It is indigenous to a very small area in southern inland New ...
'' ** ''
Acacia decurrens ''Acacia decurrens'', commonly known as black wattle or early green wattle, is a perennial tree or shrub native to eastern New South Wales, including Sydney, the Greater Blue Mountains Area, the Hunter Region, and south west to the Australian C ...
'' ** ''
Acacia dealbata ''Acacia dealbata'', the silver wattle, blue wattle or mimosa, is a species of flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae, native to southeastern Australia in New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and the Australian Capital Territory, and widel ...
'' ** ''
Acacia mearnsii ''Acacia mearnsii'', commonly known as black wattle, late black wattle or green wattle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is usually an erect tree with smooth bark, bipinnate lea ...
'' ** '' Acacia drummondii'' ** ''
Acacia elata ''Acacia elata'' the cedar wattle or mountain cedar wattle is a tree found in eastern Australia. Description The tree can grow to a height of around when mature, with exceptional specimens reaching over . It has deeply fissured bark with a dar ...
'' ** '' Acacia falcata'' ** '' Acacia leprosa'' ** '' Acacia linearis'' ** '' Acacia melanoxylon'' ** ''
Acacia pycnantha ''Acacia pycnantha'', most commonly known as the golden wattle, is a tree of the family Fabaceae native to southeastern Australia. It grows to a height of and has phyllodes (flattened leaf stalks) instead of true leaves. Sickle-shaped, these ...
'' ** ''
Acacia retinodes ''Acacia retinodes'' is an evergreen shrub that is native plant, native to South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. Short racemes of yellow flowers are produced periodically throughout the year.
'' ** '' Acacia saligna'' ** ''
Acacia stricta ''Acacia stricta'' (hop wattle, straight wattle) is a perennial tree. The plant is adaptable to most soils, tolerating full sun or partial to complete shade. Tolerates drought conditions and moderately salty winds. The shrub is useful in plantin ...
'' ** '' Acacia verticillata'' ** '' Acacia vestita'' * ''
Albizia inundata ''Albizia inundata'' is a perennial tree native to South America. Common names include ''maloxo, muqum, paloflojo, timbo blanco, timbo-ata'', and also ''"canafistula"'' though this usually refers ''Cassia fistula''.ILDIS (2005) It grows to a ...
'' leaves contain DMT. * ''
Anadenanthera colubrina ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' (also known as vilca, huilco, huilca, wilco, willka, curupay, curupau, cebil, or angico) is a South American tree closely related to yopo, or ''Anadenanthera peregrina''. It grows to tall and the trunk is very thorn ...
'',
Bufotenin Bufotenin (5-HO-DMT, bufotenine) is a tryptamine derivative - more specifically, a DMT derivative - related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is an alkaloid found in some species of toads (especially the skin), mushrooms and plants. ...
, Beans,Dr. Duke's
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases Bufotenin oxide, Beans, N,N-
Dimethyltryptamine ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT or ''N'',''N''-DMT, SPL026) is a substituted tryptamine that occurs in many plants and animals, including human beings, and which is both a derivative and a structural analog of tryptamine. It is used as a ...
, Beans, pods, * '' Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil'' –
Bufotenin Bufotenin (5-HO-DMT, bufotenine) is a tryptamine derivative - more specifically, a DMT derivative - related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is an alkaloid found in some species of toads (especially the skin), mushrooms and plants. ...
and
Dimethyltryptamine ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT or ''N'',''N''-DMT, SPL026) is a substituted tryptamine that occurs in many plants and animals, including human beings, and which is both a derivative and a structural analog of tryptamine. It is used as a ...
have been isolated from the seeds and seed pods,
5-MeO-DMT 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine) or O-methyl-bufotenin is a psychedelic of the tryptamine class. It is found in a wide variety of plant species, and also is secreted by the glands of at least one toad species, the Colorado R ...
from the bark of the stems. The seeds were found to contain 12.4% bufotenine, 0.06% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.06% DMT. * '' Anadenanthera peregrina'', 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-
beta-carboline β-Carboline (9''H''- pyrido ,4-''b'' ndole) represents the basic chemical structure for more than one hundred alkaloids and synthetic compounds. The effects of these substances depend on their respective substituent. Natural β-carbolines prima ...
, Plant,Dr. Duke's
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-methyl-beta-carboline, Plant, 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Bark, 5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, Bark,
Bufotenin Bufotenin (5-HO-DMT, bufotenine) is a tryptamine derivative - more specifically, a DMT derivative - related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is an alkaloid found in some species of toads (especially the skin), mushrooms and plants. ...
, plant, beans,
Bufotenin Bufotenin (5-HO-DMT, bufotenine) is a tryptamine derivative - more specifically, a DMT derivative - related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is an alkaloid found in some species of toads (especially the skin), mushrooms and plants. ...
N-oxide In chemistry, an amine oxide, also known as an amine ''N''-oxide or simply ''N''-oxide, is a chemical compound that contains the functional group , a nitrogen-oxygen coordinate covalent bond with three additional hydrogen and/or substituent-grou ...
, Fruit, beans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-oxide, Fruit * '' Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina'',
Bufotenine Bufotenin (5-HO-DMT, bufotenine) is a tryptamine derivative - more specifically, a DMT derivative - related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is an alkaloid found in some species of toads (especially the skin), mushrooms and plants. The nam ...
is in the seeds. * ''
Desmanthus illinoensis ''Desmanthus illinoensis'', commonly known as Illinois bundleflower, prairie-mimosa or prickleweed, is a common plant in many areas of the south central and Midwestern US. Habitat It can often be found growing on the sides of roads, needing fu ...
'', 0–0.34% DMT in root bark, highly variable. Also NMT, N-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, 2-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, and
gramine Gramine (also called donaxine) is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid present in several plant species. Gramine may play a defensive role in these plants, since it is toxic to many organisms. Occurrence Gramine has been found in the giant reed, ...
(toxic). * '' Desmanthus leptolobus'', 0.14% DMT in root bark, more reliable than D. illinoensis * '' Desmodium caudatum'' (syn. ''Ohwia caudata''), Roots: 0.087% DMT, * ''
Desmodium intortum ''Desmodium intortum'', known as greenleaf desmodium and also as beggarlice along with other members of its genus, is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Desmodium'', native to Mexico, Central America, northern South America, the Galápag ...
'', Bufotentine, DMT * '' Codariocalyx motorius''(syn. ''Desmodium gyrans''), DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, leaves, roots * '' Desmodium racemosum'', 5-MeO-DMT * ''
Desmodium triflorum ''Grona triflora'', known as creeping tick trefoil or three-flower beggarweed, is a plant in the family Fabaceae. It is native to tropical regions around the globe and introduced to subtropical regions including the southern United States. Fil ...
'', 0.0004% DMT-N-oxide, roots, less in stems and trace in leaves. * '' Lespedeza capitata'', * ''
Lespedeza bicolor ''Lespedeza bicolor'' is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common names shrubby bushclover, shrub lespedeza, and bicolor lespedeza. It is native to Asia * '' Lespedeza bicolor var. japonica'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves and root bark * '' Mimosa ophthalmocentra'', Dried root: DMT 1.6%, NMT 0.0012% and hordenine 0.0065% * '' Mimosa scabrella'', tryptamine, NMT, DMT and N-methyltetrahydrocarboline in bark * '' Mimosa somnians'', tryptamines and MMT * ''
Mimosa tenuiflora ''Mimosa tenuiflora'', syn. ''Mimosa hostilis'', also known as jurema preta, calumbi (Brazil), tepezcohuite (México), carbonal, cabrera, jurema, black jurema, and binho de jurema, is a perennial tree or shrub native to the northeastern region of ...
'' (syn. "Mimosa hostilis"), 0.31-0.57% DMT (dry root bark). * '' Mimosa verrucosa'', DMT in root bark * ''
Mucuna pruriens ''Mucuna pruriens'' is a tropical legume native to Africa and tropical Asia and widely naturalized and cultivated. Its English common names include monkey tamarind, velvet bean, Bengal velvet bean, Florida velvet bean, Mauritius velvet bean, Yo ...
'', "The leaves, seeds, stems and roots contain L-Dopa, Serotonin, 5-HTP, and Nicotine, as well as N,N-DMT, Bufotenine, and 5-MeO-DMT." * '' Petalostylis casseoides'', 0.4–0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems * '' Petalostylis labicheoides var. casseoides'', DMT in leaves and stems * '' Phyllodium pulchellum''(syn. ''Desmodium pulchellum''), 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT DMT (dominates in seedlings and young plants), 5-MeO-DMT (dominates in mature plant), whole plant, roots, stems, leaves, flowers * '' Erythrina flabelliformis'', other '' Erythrina'' species, seeds contain the alkaloids erysodin and erysovin


Subfamily Caesalpinioideae

*
Petalostylis cassioides
': 0.4–0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems *
Petalostylis labicheoides
', Tryptamines in leaves and stems, MAO's up to 0.5%
/ref>


Lauraceae

** '' Nectandra megapotamica'', NMT


Malpighiaceae

* '' Diplopterys cabrerana'': McKenna et al. (1984) assayed and found the leaves contain 0.17% DMT


Myristicaceae The Myristicaceae are a Family (biology), family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, ...

* '' Horsfieldia superba'': 5-MeO-DMT and beta-carbolines * ''
Iryanthera macrophylla ''Iryanthera'' is a flowering plant genus in the family Myristicaceae. Species include: *'' Iryanthera campinae'' W.A.Rodrigues *'' Iryanthera coriacea'' Ducke *'' Iryanthera crassifolia'' A.C. Sm. *''Iryanthera dialyandra'' Ducke *''Iryanthera ...
'': 5-MeO-DMT in bark * '' Iryanthera ulei'': 5-MeO-DMT in bark * '' Osteophloem platyspermum'': DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in bark * ''
Virola calophylla ''Virola calophylla'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae. It is native to Central America and South America, namely Panama, Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia ( Department of Amazonas, Department of Vaupés), Ecuador ( Nap ...
'', Leaves 0.149% DMT, leaves 0.006% MMT 5-MeO-DMT in bark * ''
Virola calophylloidea ''Virola calophylloidea'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is someti ...
'', DMT * ''
Virola carinata ''Virola carinata'' is a New World, tropical evergreen tree in the family Myristicaceae that is indigenous to Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil ( Amazonas and Rondônia Rondônia () is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the northern sub ...
'', DMT in leaves * ''
Virola cuspidata ''Virola cuspidata'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes ...
'', DMT * '' Virola divergens'', DMT in leaves * '' Virola elongata''(syn. ''Virola theiodora''), DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in bark, roots, leaves and flowers * '' Virola melinonii'', DMT in bark * '' Virola multinervia'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in bark and roots * '' Virola pavonis'', DMT in leaves * '' Virola peruviana'', 5-MeO-DMT, traces of DMT and 5-MeO-tryptamine in bark * '' Virola rufula'', Alkaloids in bark and root, 95% of which is MeO-DMT 0.190% 5-MeO-DMT in bark, 0.135% 5-MeO-DMT in root, 0.092% DMT in leaves. * '' Virola sebifera'', The bark contains 0.065% to 0.25% alkaloids, most of which are DMT and 5-MeO-DMT. * '' Virola venosa'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in roots, leaves DMT


Ochnaceae Ochnaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). . In the APG III syst ...

* '' Testulea gabonensis'': 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT, DMT in bark and root bark, NMT


Pandanaceae

* Genus '' Pandanus'' (Screw Pine): DMT in nuts


Poaceae (Gramineae)

Some Graminae (grass) species contain
gramine Gramine (also called donaxine) is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid present in several plant species. Gramine may play a defensive role in these plants, since it is toxic to many organisms. Occurrence Gramine has been found in the giant reed, ...
, which can cause brain damage, other organ damage,
central nervous system The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is so named because the brain integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all p ...
damage and death in sheep. * ''
Arundo donax ''Arundo donax'' is a tall perennial cane. It is one of several so-called reed species. It has several common names including giant cane, elephant grass, carrizo, arundo, Spanish cane, Colorado river reed, wild cane, and giant reed. ''Arundo'' a ...
'', 0.0057% DMT in dried rhizome, no stem, 0.026% bufotenine, 0.0023% 5-MeO-MMT * ''
Phalaris aquatica ''Phalaris aquatica'', known by the common names bulbous canary-grass and Harding grass, is a species of grass in the genus ''Phalaris'' of the family Poaceae. Description It is an erect, waist-high, stout perennial bunch grass, with grayish to ...
'', 0.0007–0.18% Total alkaloids, 0.100% DMT, 0.022% 5-MeO-DMT, 0.005% 5-OH-DMT * ''
Phalaris arundinacea ''Phalaris arundinacea'', or reed canary grass, is a tall, Perennial plant, perennial bunchgrass that commonly forms extensive single-species stands along the margins of lakes and streams and in wet open areas, with a wide distribution in Europe ...
'', 0.0004–0.121% Total alkaloids * '' Phalaris brachystachys'', aerial parts up to 3% total alkaloids, DMT present * ''
Phragmites australis ''Phragmites australis'', known as the common reed, is a species of plant. It is a broadly distributed wetland grass that can grow up to tall. Description ''Phragmites australis'' commonly forms extensive stands (known as reed beds), which may ...
'', DMT in roots. None of the above alkaloids are said to have been found in '' Phalaris californica'', '' Phalaris canariensis'', ''
Phalaris minor ''Phalaris minor'' is a species of grass native to North Africa, Europe, and South Asia. The bunchgrass is widely naturalised elsewhere. Common names include little seed canary grass, small-seeded canary grass, small canary grass, lesser-canary ...
'' and hybrids of ''P. arundinacea'' together with ''P. aquatica''.


Polygonaceae The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants known informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The name is based on the genus '' Polygonum'', and was first used by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1 ...

* ''
Eriogonum ''Eriogonum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Polygonaceae. The genus is found in North America and is known as wild buckwheat. This is a highly species-rich genus, and indications are that active speciation is continuing. It incl ...
'' : DMT


Rubiaceae The Rubiaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules a ...

* '' Psychotria carthagenensis'', 0.2% average DMT in dried leaves * '' Psychotria colorata'', Presence of mu opioid receptor(MOR) agonist and
NMDA antagonist NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that work to antagonize, or inhibit the action of, the ''N''-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor ( NMDAR). They are commonly used as anesthetics for animals and humans; the state of anesthesia they induce ...
: hodgkinsine, psychotridine. Also mentioned in The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications. * '' Psychotria expansa'', DMT * '' Psychotria forsteriana'', DMT * ''
Psychotria insularum ''Psychotria insularum'' is a rainforest understory shrub from the coffee family, Rubiaceae. Its native range is the South Pacific. It has traditional uses in herbal medicine. In 2021, the potent anti-inflammatory rutin was isolated from ''P. ...
'', DMT * '' Psychotria poeppigiana'', DMT * '' Psychotria rostrata'', DMT * '' Psychotria rufipilis'', DMT * ''
Psychotria viridis ''Psychotria viridis'', also known as ''chacruna'', ''chacrona'', or ''chaqruy'' in the Quechua languages, is a perennial, shrubby flowering plant in the coffee family Rubiaceae. It is a close relative of '' Psychotria carthagenensis'' (a.k.a. ...
'', DMT 0.1–0.61% dried mass.


Rutaceae The Rutaceae is a family, commonly known as the rueRUTACEAE
in BoDD – Botanical Der ...

* '' Dictyoloma incanescens'', 5-MeO-DMT in leaves, 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT in bark * '' Dutaillyea drupacea'', > 0.4% 5-MeO-DMT in leaves * '' Dutaillyea oreophila'', 5-MeO-DMT in leaves * ''
Tetradium ruticarpum ''Tetradium ruticarpum'' is a tree that comes from China and Korea. It was previously classified in the genus '' Euodia'' as ''Euodia ruticarpa''. The fruit is usually used, denoted sometimes as ''fructus''. It has a strong bitter taste, and i ...
''(syn. ''Evodia rutaecarpa''), 5-MeO-DMT in leaves, fruit and roots * ''
Limonia acidissima ''Limonia acidissima'' is the only species within the monotypic genus ''Limonia''. Common names for the species in English include wood-apple and elephant-apple. It is sometimes also called monkey fruit. Description ''Limonia acidissima'' is a l ...
'', 5-MeO-DMT in stems * '' Euodia leptococca'' (formerly ''Melicope''), 0.2% total alkaloids, 0.07% 5-MeO-DMT; 5-MeO-DMT in leaves and stems, also "5-MeO-DMT-Oxide and a beta-carboline" * '' Pilocarpus organensis'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves (Might also contain pilocarpine) * '' Vepris ampody'', Up to 0.2% DMT in leaves and branches * '' Zanthoxylum arborescens'', DMT in leaves * '' Zanthoxylum procerum'', DMT in leaves * ''
Citrus limon The lemon (''Citrus limon'') is a species of small evergreen trees in the flowering plant family Rutaceae, native to Asia, primarily Northeast India (Assam), Northern Myanmar or China. The tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culin ...
'', DMT, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative in leaves * '' Citrus sinesis'',DMT, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative * ''
Citrus bergamia ''Citrus bergamia'', the bergamot orange (pronounced ), is a fragrant citrus fruit the size of an orange, with a yellow or green color similar to a lime, depending on ripeness. Genetic research into the ancestral origins of extant citrus cultiv ...
'',DMT, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative * ''
Mandarin orange The mandarin orange (''Citrus reticulata''), also known as the mandarin or mandarine, is a small citrus tree fruit. Treated as a distinct species of orange, it is usually eaten plain or in fruit salads. Tangerines are a group of orange-colou ...
'' Traces of N-methylated tryptamine derivative in leaf. * '' Chinotto Tree'', N-Methylated tryptamine derivative in leaf * ''
Citrus medica The citron (''Citrus medica''), historically cedrate, is a large fragrant citrus fruit with a thick rind. It is said to resemble a 'huge, rough lemon'. It is one of the original citrus fruits from which all other citrus types developed throu ...
'', N-Methylated tryptamine derivative in leaf


Phenethylamines

Species, Alkaloid Content (Fresh) – Alkaloid Content (Dried) * '' Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica'' (syn. ''Opuntia cylindrica''), Mescaline * ''
Coryphantha ''Coryphantha'' (from Greek, "flowering on the top"), or beehive cactus, is a genus of small to middle-sized, globose or columnar cacti. The genus is native to arid parts of Central America, Mexico, through Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas ...
'' contains various phenethylamine alkaloids including macromerine, coryphanthine, ''O''-methyl-candicine, corypalmine, and ''N''-methyl-corypalmine. * ''
Cylindropuntia echinocarpa ''Cylindropuntia echinocarpa'' is a species of cactus known by the common names silver cholla, golden cholla, and Wiggins' cholla. It was formerly named ''Opuntia echinocarpa''.
'' (syn. ''Opuntia echinocarpa''), Mescaline 0.01%,
DMPEA DMPEA can refer to two subclasses of substituted phenethylamines: Dimethoxy-phenethylamines * 2,3-Dimethoxyphenethylamine * 2,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine * 2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine * 2,6-Dimethoxyphenethylamine * 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine ...
0.01%, 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01% * '' Cylindropuntia spinosior'' (syn. ''Opuntia spinosior''), Mescaline 0.00004%, 3-methoxytyramine 0.001%,
tyramine Tyramine ( ) (also spelled tyramin), also known under several other names, is a naturally occurring trace amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine acts as a catecholamine releasing agent. Notably, it is unable to cross the blood ...
0.002%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine. * ''
Echinopsis lageniformis ''Echinopsis lageniformis'' (syn. ''Trichocereus bridgesii''), the Bolivian torch cactus, is a fast-growing columnar cactus from the high deserts of Bolivia. Among the indigenous populations of Bolivia, it is sometimes called ''achuma'' or ''w ...
'' (syn. ''Trichocereus bridgesii''), Mescaline > 0.025%, also
DMPEA DMPEA can refer to two subclasses of substituted phenethylamines: Dimethoxy-phenethylamines * 2,3-Dimethoxyphenethylamine * 2,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine * 2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine * 2,6-Dimethoxyphenethylamine * 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine ...
< 1%, 3-methoxytyramine < 1%,
tyramine Tyramine ( ) (also spelled tyramin), also known under several other names, is a naturally occurring trace amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine acts as a catecholamine releasing agent. Notably, it is unable to cross the blood ...
< 1%; Mescaline 2% * '' Echinopsis macrogona'' (syn. ''Trichocereus macrogonus''), > 0.01–0.05% Mescaline * ''
Echinopsis pachanoi ''Echinopsis pachanoi'' (syn. ''Trichocereus pachanoi'')—known as San Pedro cactus—is a fast-growing columnar cactus native to the Andes Mountains at in altitude. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru, and it ...
'' (syn. ''Trichocereus pachanoi''), Mescaline 0.006–0.12%, 0.05% Average; Mescaline 0.01%–2.375% * ''
Echinopsis peruviana ''Echinopsis peruviana'' (syn. ''Trichocereus peruvianus''), the Peruvian torch cactus, is a fast-growing columnar cactus native to the western slope of the Andes in Peru, between about above sea level. Description The plant is bluish-green i ...
'' (syn. ''Trichocereus peruvianus''), Mescaline 0.0005%–0.12%;Forbidden Fruit Archives
 Mescaline * '' Echinopsis scopulicola'' (syn. ''Trichocereus scopulicola''), Mescaline Lycaeum * '' Echinopsis spachiana'' (syn. ''Trichocereus spachianus''), Mescaline; Mescaline * '' Echinopsis tacaquirensis'' subsp. ''taquimbalensis'' (syn. ''Trichocereus taquimbalensis''), > 0.005–0.025% mescaline * '' Echinopsis terscheckii'' (syn. ''Trichocereus terscheckii'', ''Trichocereus werdemannianus'') > 0.005–0.025% Mescaline; mescaline 0.01%–2.375% * '' Echinopsis valida'', 0.025% mescaline * ''
Lophophora williamsii The peyote (; ''Lophophora williamsii'' ) is a small, spineless cactus which contains psychoactive alkaloids, particularly mescaline. ''Peyote'' is a Spanish word derived from the Nahuatl (), meaning "caterpillar cocoon", from a root , "to ...
'' (Peyote), 0.4% Mescaline; 3–6% Mescaline * '' Opuntia acanthocarpa'' Mescaline * ''
Opuntia basilaris ''Opuntia basilaris'', the beavertail cactus or beavertail pricklypear, is a cactus species found in the southwest United States. It occurs mostly in the Mojave, Anza-Borrego, and Colorado Deserts, as well as in the Colorado Plateau and northw ...
'' Mescaline 0.01%, plus 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine * '' Pelecyphora aselliformis'', mescaline


Beta-carbolines

Beta-carboline β-Carboline (9''H''- pyrido ,4-''b'' ndole) represents the basic chemical structure for more than one hundred alkaloids and synthetic compounds. The effects of these substances depend on their respective substituent. Natural β-carbolines prima ...
s are "reversible" MAO-A inhibitors. They are found in some plants used to make
Ayahuasca AyahuascaPronounced as in the UK and in the US. Also occasionally known in English as ''ayaguasca'' ( Spanish-derived), ''aioasca'' (Brazilian Portuguese-derived), or as ''yagé'', pronounced or . Etymologically, all forms but ''yagé'' desce ...
. In high doses the harmala alkaloids are somewhat hallucinogenic on their own. β-carboline is a benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist and can therefore have convulsive, anxiogenic and memory enhancing effects.


Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because some taxa were used as dog poison Members of ...

* '' Amsonia tabernaemontana'', Harmine * '' Aspidosperma exalatum'', Beta-carbolines * '' Aspidosperma polyneuron'', Beta-carbolines * ''
Apocynum cannabinum ''Apocynum cannabinum'' (dogbane, amy root, hemp dogbane, prairie dogbane, Indian hemp, rheumatism root, or wild cotton) is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows throughout much of North America—in the southern half of Canada and throughou ...
'',
Harmalol Harmalol is a bioactive beta-carboline β-Carboline (9''H''- pyrido ,4-''b'' ndole) represents the basic chemical structure for more than one hundred alkaloids and synthetic compounds. The effects of these substances depend on their respective ...
* '' Ochrosia nakaiana'', Harman * '' Pleiocarpa mutica'', Beta-carbolines


Bignoniaceae Bignoniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales commonly known as the bignonias or trumpetvines.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Book ...

* '' Newbouldia laevis'', Harman


Calycanthaceae The Calycanthaceae (sweetshrubs or spicebushes) are a small family of flowering plants in the order Laurales. The family contains three genera and only 10 known species , restricted to warm temperate and tropical regions: * '' Calycanthus'' (thr ...

* '' Calycanthus occidentalis'',
Harmine Harmine is a beta-carboline and a harmala alkaloid. It occurs in a number of different plants, most notably the Syrian rue and ''Banisteriopsis caapi''. Harmine reversibly inhibits monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), an enzyme which breaks down monoamin ...


Chenopodiaceae Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus '' Amaranthus''. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making i ...

* '' Hammada leptoclada'', Tetrahydroharman, etc. * ''
Kochia scoparia ''Bassia scoparia'' is a large annual herb in the family Amaranthaceae (''sensu lato'') native to Eurasia. It has been introduced to many parts of North America,
'', Harmine, etc.


Combretaceae The Combretaceae, often called the white mangrove family, are a family of flowering plants in the order Myrtales. The family includes about 530 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas in ca 10 genera. The family includes the leadwood tree, ''Combret ...

* ''
Guiera senegalensis ''Guiera'' is a flowering plant genus in the family Combretaceae. ''Guiera senegalensis'' is the only known species in the genus, found in Tropical Africa in dry areas from Senegal to Sudan (requiring much sunlight and light dry soil). The plant ...
'', Harman, etc.


Cyperaceae

* '' Carex brevicollis'', Harmine, etc. * '' Carex parva'', Beta-carbolines


Elaeagnaceae The Elaeagnaceae are a plant family, the oleaster family, of the order Rosales comprising small trees and shrubs, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical Asia and Australia. The family has about 60 species ...

* ''
Elaeagnus angustifolia ''Elaeagnus angustifolia'', commonly called Russian olive, silver berry, oleaster, or wild olive, is a species of ''Elaeagnus'', native to western and central Asia, Iran, from southern Russia and Kazakhstan to Turkey, parts of Pakistan and parts of ...
'', Harman, etc. * '' Elaeagnus commutata'', Beta-carbolines * '' Elaeagnus hortensis'', Tetrahydroharman, etc. * '' Elaeagnus orientalis'', Tetrahydroharman * '' Elaeagnus spinosa'', Tetrahydroharman * ''
Hippophae rhamnoides ''Hippophae rhamnoides'', also known as sea-buckthorn, is a species of flowering plant in the family Elaeagnaceae, native to the cold-temperate regions of Europe and Asia. It is a spiny deciduous shrub. The plant is used in the food and cosmetic ...
'', Harman, etc. * ''
Shepherdia argentea ''Shepherdia argentea'', commonly called silver buffaloberry, bull berry, or thorny buffaloberry, is a species of '' Shepherdia'' in the Oleaster family. It is native to central and western North America, from the Prairie Provinces of Canada (A ...
'', Tetrahydroharmol * ''
Shepherdia canadensis ''Shepherdia canadensis'', commonly called Canada buffaloberry, russet buffaloberry, soopolallie, soapberry, or foamberry (Ktunaxa: ',) is one of a small number of shrubs of the genus '' Shepherdia'' that bears edible berries. Description The pl ...
'', Tetrahydroharmol


Gramineae Poaceae () or Gramineae () is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns and ...

* ''
Arundo donax ''Arundo donax'' is a tall perennial cane. It is one of several so-called reed species. It has several common names including giant cane, elephant grass, carrizo, arundo, Spanish cane, Colorado river reed, wild cane, and giant reed. ''Arundo'' a ...
'', Tetrahydroharman * ''
Festuca arundinacea ''Festuca arundinacea'' ( syn., ''Schedonorus arundinaceus'' and ''Lolium arundinaceum'') is a species of grass commonly known as tall fescue. It is a cool-season perennial C3 species of bunchgrass native to Europe. It is an important forage g ...
'', Harman, etc. * ''
Lolium perenne ''Lolium perenne'', common name perennial ryegrass, English ryegrass, winter ryegrass, or ray grass, is a grass from the family Poaceae. It is native to Europe, Asia and northern Africa, but is widely cultivated and naturalised around the world. ...
'', (Perennial Ryegrass), Harman, etc. * ''
Phalaris aquatica ''Phalaris aquatica'', known by the common names bulbous canary-grass and Harding grass, is a species of grass in the genus ''Phalaris'' of the family Poaceae. Description It is an erect, waist-high, stout perennial bunch grass, with grayish to ...
'', Beta-carbolines * ''
Phalaris arundinacea ''Phalaris arundinacea'', or reed canary grass, is a tall, Perennial plant, perennial bunchgrass that commonly forms extensive single-species stands along the margins of lakes and streams and in wet open areas, with a wide distribution in Europe ...
'', Beta-carbolines


Lauraceae

* '' Nectandra megapotamica'', Beta-carbolines


Leguminosae

* ''
Acacia baileyana ''Acacia baileyana'' or Cootamundra wattle is a shrub or tree in the flowering plant family Fabaceae. The scientific name of the species honours the botanist Frederick Manson Bailey. It is indigenous to a very small area in southern inland New ...
'', Tetrahydroharman * '' Acacia complanata'', Tetrahydroharman, etc. * '' Burkea africana'', Harman, etc. * ''
Desmodium gangeticum ''Desmodium gangeticum'' is commonly known by the name salparni. It can be found throughout most parts of India and Himalayas. Description ''Desmodium gangeticum''s growth habit is a small shrub. It can grow up to 2–4 feet tall. The leaves ...
'', Beta-carbolines * '' Desmodium gyrans'', Beta-carbolines * '' Desmodium pulchellum'', Harman, etc. * ''
Mucuna pruriens ''Mucuna pruriens'' is a tropical legume native to Africa and tropical Asia and widely naturalized and cultivated. Its English common names include monkey tamarind, velvet bean, Bengal velvet bean, Florida velvet bean, Mauritius velvet bean, Yo ...
'', 6-Methoxy-Harman * '' Petalostylis labicheoides'', Tetrahydroharman; MAO's up to 0.5% * ''
Prosopis nigra ''Prosopis nigra'' (synonym ''Prosopis algarrobilla'') is a South American leguminous tree species that inhabits the Gran Chaco ecoregion (in particular, the transition zone between the Wet Chaco and the Southern Chaco), in Argentina and Paragua ...
'', Harman, etc. * ''Shepherdia pulchellum'', Beta-carbolines


Loganiaceae The Loganiaceae are a family of flowering plants classified in order Gentianales. The family includes up to 13 genera, distributed around the world's tropics. There are not any great morphological characteristics to distinguish these taxa from ot ...

* '' Strychnos melinoniana'', Beta-carbolines * '' Strychnos usambarensis'', Harman


Malpighiaceae

* '' Banisteriopsis argentia'', 5-methoxytetrahydroharman, (−)-N(6)-methoxytetrahydroharman, dimethyltryptamine-N(6)-oxide * ''
Banisteriopsis caapi ''Banisteriopsis caapi'', also known as ayahuasca, caapi, soul vine, or yagé (yage), is a South American liana of the family Malpighiaceae. It is one half of ayahuasca, a decoction with a long history of its entheogenic (connecting to spirit) us ...
'',
Harmine Harmine is a beta-carboline and a harmala alkaloid. It occurs in a number of different plants, most notably the Syrian rue and ''Banisteriopsis caapi''. Harmine reversibly inhibits monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), an enzyme which breaks down monoamin ...
0.31–0.84%,
tetrahydroharmine Tetrahydroharmine (THH) is a fluorescent indole alkaloid that occurs in the tropical liana species '' Banisteriopsis caapi''. THH, like other harmala alkaloids in ''B. caapi'', namely harmaline and harmine, is a reversible inhibitor of monoam ...
, telepathine, dihydroshihunine, 5-MeO-DMT in bark * '' Banisteriopsis inebrians'', Beta-carbolines * '' Banisteriopsis lutea'', Harmine, telepathine * '' Banisteriopsis metallicolor'', Harmine, telepathine * '' Banisteriopsis muricata'' Harmine up to 6%, harmaline up to 4%, plus DMT * '' Diplopterys cabrerana'', Beta-carbolines * '' Cabi pratensis'', Beta-carbolines * '' Callaeum antifebrile''(syn. ''Cabi paraensis''), Harmine * '' Tetrapterys methystica''(syn. ''Tetrapteris methystica''), Harmine


Myristicaceae The Myristicaceae are a Family (biology), family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, ...

* '' Gymnacranthera paniculata'', Beta-carbolines * '' Horsfieldia superba'' Beta-carbolines * ''
Virola cuspidata ''Virola cuspidata'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes ...
'', 6-Methoxy-Harman * '' Virola rufula'', Beta-carbolines * '' Virola theiodora'', Beta-carbolines


Ochnaceae Ochnaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). . In the APG III syst ...

* '' Testulea gabonensis'', Beta-carbolines


Palmae The Arecaceae is a family of perennial flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as palms. Those having a tree-like form are called palm tree ...

* ''
Plectocomiopsis geminiflora ''Plectocomiopsis'' is a dioecious genus of flowering plant in the arecaceae, palm family found in Indochina, Malaysia, Borneo and Sumatra. Hapaxanthic and armed with spines, they are a climbing rattan, closely related to the ''Myrialepis'' palm ...
'', Beta-carbolines


Papaveraceae The Papaveraceae are an economically important family of about 42 genera and approximately 775 known species of flowering plants in the order Ranunculales, informally known as the poppy family. The family is cosmopolitan, occurring in temperat ...

* ''
Meconopsis horridula ''Meconopsis horridula'', the prickly blue poppy, is a flowering plant from the family Papaveraceae. It is an endangered species that grows in high altitudes. The height of the plant varies from 20 cm to 1m. It is a monocarpic, dicot plant. ...
'', Beta-carbolines * ''
Meconopsis napaulensis ''Meconopsis napaulensis'', the Nepal poppy or satin poppy, is a plant of the family Papaveraceae. The plant contains beta-carbolines, which (in doses high enough) act as a psychedelic drug. However, its phytochemistry remains predominantly un ...
'', Beta-carbolines * '' Meconopsis paniculata'', Beta-carbolines * ''
Meconopsis robusta ''Meconopsis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae. It was created by French botanist Viguier in 1814 for the species known by the common name Welsh poppy, which Carl Linnaeus had described as ''Papaver cambricum''. ...
'', Beta-carbolines * '' Meconopsis rudis'', Beta-carbolines * ''
Papaver rhoeas ''Papaver rhoeas'', with common names including common poppy, corn poppy, corn rose, field poppy, Flanders poppy, and red poppy, is an annual herbaceous species of flowering plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae. It is a temperate native with ...
'', Beta-carbolines


Passifloraceae The Passifloraceae are a family of flowering plants, containing about 750 species classified in around 27 genera. They include trees, shrubs, lianas, and climbing plants, and are mostly found in tropical regions. The family takes its name from ...

* '' Passiflora actinia'', Harman * ''
Passiflora alata ''Passiflora alata'', the winged-stem passion flower, is a species of flowering plant. It is an evergreen vine, growing to or more, which bears an edible type of passion fruit. It is native to the Amazon, from Peru to eastern Brazil. Names The ...
'', Harman * ''
Passiflora alba ''Passiflora'', known also as the passion flowers or passion vines, is a genus of about 550 species of flowering plants, the type genus of the family Passifloraceae. They are mostly tendril-bearing vines, with some being shrubs or trees. They ...
'', Harman * '' Passiflora bryonoides'', Harman * ''
Passiflora caerulea ''Passiflora caerulea'', the blue passionflower, bluecrown passionflower or common passion flower, is a species of flowering plant native to South America. It has been introduced elsewhere. It is a vigorous, deciduous or semi-evergreen tendril vi ...
'', Harman * '' Passiflora capsularis'', Harman * ''
Passiflora decaisneana ''Passiflora'', known also as the passion flowers or passion vines, is a genus of about 550 species of flowering plants, the type genus of the family (biology), family Passifloraceae. They are mostly tendril, tendril-bearing vines, with some b ...
'', Harman * ''Passiflora edulis'', Harman, 0–7001 ppm in fruit * ''Passiflora eichleriana'', Harman * ''Passiflora foetida'', Harman * ''Passiflora incarnata'' (with bee), Harmine, Harmaline, Harman, etc. 0.03%. Alkaloids in rind of fruit 0.25% * ''Passiflora quadrangularis'', Harman * ''Passiflora ruberosa'', Harman * ''Passiflora subpeltata'', Harman * ''Passiflora warmingii'', Harman


Polygonaceae The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants known informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The name is based on the genus '' Polygonum'', and was first used by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1 ...

* ''Calligonum minimum'', Beta-carbolines * ''Leptactinia densiflora'', Leptaflorine, etc. * ''Ophiorrhiza japonica'', Harman * ''Pauridiantha callicarpoides'', Harman * ''Pauridiantha dewevrei'', Harman * ''Pauridiantha lyalli'', Harman * ''Pauridiantha viridiflora'', Harman * ''Simira klugei'', Harman * ''Simira rubra'', Harman


Rubiaceae The Rubiaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules a ...

* ''Borreria verticillata'', Beta-carbolines * ''Leptactinia densiflora'', Beta-carbolines * ''Nauclea diderrichii'', Beta-carbolines * ''Ophiorrhiza japonica'', Beta-carbolines * ''Pauridiantha callicarpoides'', Beta-carbolines * ''Pauridiantha dewevrei'', Beta-carbolines * ''Pauridiantha yalli'', Beta-carbolines * ''Pauridiantha viridiflora'', Beta-carbolines * ''Pavetta lanceolata'', Beta-carbolines * '' Psychotria carthagenensis'', Beta-carbolines * ''
Psychotria viridis ''Psychotria viridis'', also known as ''chacruna'', ''chacrona'', or ''chaqruy'' in the Quechua languages, is a perennial, shrubby flowering plant in the coffee family Rubiaceae. It is a close relative of '' Psychotria carthagenensis'' (a.k.a. ...
'', Beta-carbolines * ''Simira klugei'', Beta-carbolines * ''Simira rubra'', Beta-carbolines * ''Uncaria attenuata'', Beta-carbolines * ''Uncaria canescens'', Beta-carbolines * ''Uncaria orientalis'', Beta-carbolines


Rutaceae The Rutaceae is a family, commonly known as the rueRUTACEAE
in BoDD – Botanical Der ...

* ''Tetradium'' (syn. ''Evodia'') species: Some contain carbolines * '' Euodia leptococca'' Beta-carboline * ''Araliopsis tabouensis'', Beta-carbolines * ''Flindersia laevicarpa'', Beta-carbolines * ''Xanthoxylum rhetsa'', Beta-carbolines


Sapotaceae

* ''Chrysophyllum lacourtianum'', Norharman etc. * Scutellaria??? * Scutellaria nana???


Simaroubaceae

* ''Ailanthus malabarica'', Beta-carbolines. See also Nag Champa. * ''Perriera madagascariensis'', Beta-carbolines * ''Picrasma ailanthoides'', Beta-carbolines * ''Picrasma crenata'', Beta-carbolines * ''Picrasma excelsa'', Beta-carbolines * ''Picrasma javanica'', Beta-carbolines


Solanaceae

* ''Vestia foetida'', (Syn V. lycioides) Beta-carbolines


Symplocaceae

* ''Symplocos racemosa'', Harman


Tiliaceae

* ''Grewia mollis'', Beta-carbolines


Zygophyllaceae

* ''Fagonia cretica'', Harman * ''Nitraria schoberi'', Beta-carbolines * ''Peganum harmala'', (Syrian Rue), The seeds contain about 2–6% alkaloids, most of which is harmaline. Peganum harmala is also an abortifacient. * ''Peganum nigellastrum'', Harmine * ''Tribulus terrestris'', Harman * ''Zygophyllum fabago'', Harman, harmine


Opiates

Opiates are the natural products of many plants, the most famous and historically relevant of which is Papaver somniferum. Opiates are defined as natural products (or their esters and salts that revert to the natural product in the human body), whereas opioids are defined as semi-synthetic or fully synthetic compounds that trigger the Opioid receptor of the mu sub-type. Other opiate receptors, such as kappa- and delta-opiate receptors are part of this system but do not cause the characteristic behavioral depression and analgesia which is mostly mediated through the mu-opiate receptor. An opiate, in classical pharmacology, is a substance derived from opium. In more modern usage, the term opioid is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors in the brain (including antagonists). Opiates are alkaloid compounds naturally found in the Papaver somniferum plant (opium poppy). The psychoactive compounds found in the opium plant include morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Opiates have long been used for a variety of medical conditions with evidence of opiate trade and use for pain relief as early as the eighth century AD. Opiates are considered drugs with moderate to high abuse potential and are listed on various "Substance-Control Schedules" under the Uniform Controlled Substances Act of the United States of America. In 2014, between 13 and 20 million people used opiates recreationally (0.3% to 0.4% of the global population between the ages of 15 and 65). According to the CDC, from this population, there were 47,000 deaths, with a total of 500,000 deaths from 2000 to 2014. In 2016, the World Health Organization reported that 27 million people suffer from Opioid use disorder. They also reported that in 2015, 450,000 people died as a result of drug use, with between a third and a half of that number being attributed to opioids.


Papaver somniferum

*morphine *codeine *thebaine *oripavine


Mitragyna speciosa

*mitragynine *7-Hydroxymitragynine *mitragynine pseudoindoxyl


Picralima nitida

*Akuammicine *Pericine It may also have convulsant effects.


Psychotria colorata

*Hodgkinsine


Aspidosperma, Aspidosperma spp.

*Akuammicine


Plants containing other psychoactive substances


See also

* Aztec entheogenic complex * Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record * God in a Pill? * Hallucinogenic fish * Hallucinogenic plants in Chinese herbals * List of Acacia species known to contain psychoactive alkaloids * List of entheogenic/hallucinogenic species * List of plants used for smoking * List of poisonous plants * List of psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals * Louisiana State Act 159 * N,N-Dimethyltryptamine * Psilocybin mushrooms * Psychoactive cactus * Psychoactive plant


Notes


References


Bibliography

*


External links


Descriptions of psychoactive Cacti. Lycaeum Visionary Cactus Guide

Erowid Tryptamine FAQ – More Plants Containing Tryptamines

John Stephen Glasby, Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites, Published by CRC Press

Golden Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants

Hallucinogens on the Internet: A Vast New Source of Underground Drug Information John H. Halpern, M.D. and Harrison G. Pope, Jr., M.D.

Chemical Investigations of the Alkaloids from the Plants of the Family Elaeocarpaceae
– Peter L. Katavic, Chemical Investigations of the Alkaloids From the Plants Of The Family Elaeocarpaceae, School of Science/Natural Product Discovery (NPD), Faculty of Science, Griffith University
Alexander T. Shulgin, Psychotomimetic Drugs: Structure-Activity Relationships




* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100903043051/http://www.bio.uu.nl/~herba/Guyana/VTGG/Myristicaceae/Virola/index.html Virola – Dried Herbarium Specimens]
Virola Species Pictures – USGS

''Desmanthus illinoensis'' – USDA

Psychedelic Reader (Google Books)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Psychoactive Plants Entheogens Herbal and fungal hallucinogens, Medicinal plants Lists of plants Psychoactive drugs, * Hallucinations