List Of National Medal Of Science Winners
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The National Medal of Science is an honor bestowed by the President of the United States to individuals in science and engineering who have made important contributions to the advancement of knowledge in the following six fields: behavioral and social sciences, biology,
chemistry Chemistry is the science, scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a natural science that covers the Chemical element, elements that make up matter to the chemical compound, compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions ...
, engineering,
mathematics Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
and physical sciences. The Committee on the National Medal of Science under the National Science Foundation (NSF) is responsible for recommending medal candidates to the President.


Behavioral and Social Science

*1964
Neal Elgar Miller Neal Elgar Miller (August 3, 1909 – March 23, 2002) was an American experimental psychologist. Described as an energetic man with a variety of interests, including physics, biology and writing, Miller entered the field of psychology to pursue ...
*1986 Herbert A. Simon *1987 Anne Anastasi, George J. Stigler *1988 Milton Friedman *1990 Leonid Hurwicz, Patrick Suppes *1991 George A. Miller *1992 Eleanor J. Gibson *1994 Robert K. Merton *1995
Roger N. Shepard Roger Newland Shepard (January 30, 1929 – May 30, 2022) was an American cognitive science, cognitive scientist and author of the "universal law of generalization" (1987). He was considered a father of research on spatial relations. He studied m ...
*1996 Paul A. Samuelson *1997
William K. Estes William Kaye Estes (June 17, 1919 – August 17, 2011) was an American psychologist. A ''Review of General Psychology'' survey, published in 2002, ranked Estes as the 77th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. In order to develop a statist ...
*1998 William Julius Wilson *1999 Robert M. Solow *2000 Gary S. Becker *2003
R. Duncan Luce Robert Duncan Luce (May 16, 1925 – August 11, 2012) was an American mathematician and social scientist, and one of the most preeminent figures in the field of mathematical psychology. At the end of his life, he held the position of Distingu ...
*2004
Kenneth J. Arrow Kenneth Joseph Arrow (23 August 1921 – 21 February 2017) was an American economist, mathematician, writer, and political theorist. He was the joint winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with John Hicks in 1972. In economics ...
*2005
Gordon H. Bower Gordon Howard Bower (December 30, 1932 – June 17, 2020) was a cognitive psychologist studying human memory, language comprehension, emotion, and behavior modification. He received his Ph.D. in learning theory from Yale University in 1959. He he ...
*2008
Michael I. Posner Michael I. Posner (; born September 12, 1936) is an American psychologist who is a researcher in the field of attention, and the editor of numerous cognitive and neuroscience compilations. He is emeritus professor of psychology at the Univers ...
*2009 Mortimer Mishkin *2011 Anne Treisman *2012 Robert Axelrod *2014 Albert Bandura


Biological Sciences

*1963
Cornelius Van Niel Cornelis Bernardus van Niel (also known as Kees van Niel) (November 4, 1897 – March 10, 1985) was a Dutch-American microbiologist. He introduced the study of general microbiology to the United States and made key discoveries explaining t ...
*1964 Theodosius Dobzhansky, Marshall W. Nirenberg *1965 Francis Peyton Rous, George G. Simpson,
Donald D. Van Slyke Donald Dexter Van Slyke (March 29, 1883 – May 4, 1971) was a Dutch American biochemist. His achievements included the publication of 317 journal articles and 5 books, as well as numerous awards, among them the National Medal of Science and ...
*1966 Edward F. Knipling, Fritz Albert Lipmann,
William C. Rose William Cumming Rose (April 4, 1887 – September 25, 1985) was an American biochemist and nutritionist. He discovered the amino acid threonine, and his research determined the necessity for essential amino acids in diet and the minimum daily re ...
, Sewall Wright *1967
Kenneth S. Cole Kenneth Stewart Cole (July 10, 1900 – April 18, 1984) was an American biophysicist described by his peers as "a pioneer in the application of physical science to biology". Cole was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1967. Biography He w ...
,
Harry F. Harlow Harry Frederick Harlow (October 31, 1905 – December 6, 1981) was an American psychologist best known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importance of caregivin ...
, Michael Heidelberger, Alfred Sturtevant *1968
Horace Barker Horace Albert "Nook" Barker (November 29, 1907 – December 24, 2000) was an American biochemist and microbiologist who studied the operation of biological and chemical processes in plants, humans and other animals, including using radioacti ...
, Bernard B. Brodie,
Detlev W. Bronk Detlev Wulf Bronk (August 13, 1897 – November 17, 1975) was a prominent American scientist, educator, and administrator. He is credited with establishing biophysics as a recognized discipline. Bronk served as president of Johns Hopkins Universi ...
, Jay Lush, Burrhus Frederic Skinner *1969 Robert J. Huebner,
Ernst Mayr Ernst Walter Mayr (; 5 July 1904 – 3 February 2005) was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists. He was also a renowned Taxonomy (biology), taxonomist, tropical explorer, ornithologist, Philosophy of biology, philosopher o ...
*1970
Barbara McClintock Barbara McClintock (June 16, 1902 – September 2, 1992) was an American scientist and cytogeneticist who was awarded the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. McClintock received her PhD in botany from Cornell University in 1927. There s ...
, Albert Sabin *1973
Daniel I. Arnon Daniel Israel Arnon (November 14, 1910 – December 20, 1994) was a Polish-born American plant physiologist and National Medal of Science recipient whose research led to greater insights into the operation of photosynthesis and nutrition in plan ...
,
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. (November 19, 1915 – March 9, 1974) was an American pharmacologist and biochemist born in Burlingame, Kansas. Sutherland won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 "for his discoveries concerning the mechan ...
*1974 Britton Chance, Erwin Chargaff, James V. Neel, James Augustine Shannon *1975 Hallowell Davis,
Paul Gyorgy Paul György (April 7, 1893 – March 1, 1976) was a Hungarian-born American biochemist, nutritionist, and pediatrician best known for his discovery of three B vitamins: riboflavin, B6, and biotin. Gyorgy was also well known for his research into ...
,
Sterling B. Hendricks Sterling Brown Hendricks (April 13, 1902 – January 4, 1981) was an American agriculturist notable for his research on the structural aspects of organic and inorganic chemistry, soil chemistry and plant physiology and nutrition. Hendricks was a mem ...
, Orville Vogel *1976
Roger C.L. Guillemin Roger Charles Louis Guillemin (born January 11, 1924) is a French-American neuroscientist. He received the National Medal of Science in 1976, and the Nobel prize for medicine in 1977 for his work on neurohormones, sharing the prize that year ...
, Keith Roberts Porter,
Efraim Racker Efraim Racker (June 28, 1913 – September 9, 1991) was an Austrian biochemist who was responsible for identifying and purifying Factor 1 (F1), the first part of the ATP synthase enzyme to be characterised. F1 is only a part of a larger ATP syn ...
, Edward O. Wilson *1979
Robert H. Burris Robert H. Burris (April 13, 1914 – May 11, 2010) was a professor in the Biochemistry Department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1961. Research in Burris's lab focused on enzyme react ...
, Elizabeth C. Crosby, Arthur Kornberg, Severo Ochoa, Earl Reece Stadtman, G. Ledyard Stebbins,
Paul A. Weiss Paul Alfred Weiss (March 21, 1898 – September 8, 1989) was an Austrian biologist who specialised in morphogenesis, development, differentiation and neurobiology. A teacher, experimenter and theorist, he made a lasting contribution to scien ...
*1981 Philip Handler *1982
Seymour Benzer Seymour Benzer (October 15, 1921 – November 30, 2007) was an American physicist, molecular biologist and behavioral geneticist. His career began during the molecular biology revolution of the 1950s, and he eventually rose to prominence in the ...
,
Glenn W. Burton Family: Joe Burton (son) Glenn W. Burton (May 5, 1910 near Clatonia, Gage County, Nebraska – November 22, 2005 Tifton, Georgia) was an American agricultural scientistHallauer, Arnel RGlenn Willard Burton.National Academy of Sciences: National Aca ...
, Mildred Cohn *1983
Howard Bachrach Howard Lloyd Bachrach (May 21, 1920 – June 26, 2008) was an American scientist who made research contributions to the understanding of viruses such as foot-and-mouth disease and polio. Bachrach's work led to the first vaccination developed throu ...
, Paul Berg,
Wendell L. Roelofs Wendell L. Roelofs (born July 26, 1938) was the first researcher to characterize insect sex pheromone structures, developing microchemical techniques for the isolation and identification of pheromone components. Education and career Roelofs obt ...
,
Berta Scharrer Berta Vogel Scharrer (December 1, 1906 – July 23, 1995) was an American scientist who helped to found the scientific discipline now known as neuroendocrinology. Career Berta Vogel was born in Munich, Germany to Karl Phillip Vogel and Johanna W ...
*1986 Stanley Cohen, Donald Henderson, Vernon Mountcastle,
George Emil Palade George Emil Palade (; November 19, 1912 – October 7, 2008) was a Romanian cell biologist. Described as "the most influential cell biologist ever",
, Joan A. Steitz *1987
Michael E. Debakey Michael Ellis DeBakey (September 7, 1908 – July 11, 2008) was a Lebanese-American general and cardiovascular surgeon, scientist and medical educator who became Chairman of the Department of Surgery, President, and Chancellor of Baylor College ...
, Theodor O. Diener, Harry Eagle, Har Gobind Khorana, Rita Levi-Montalcini *1988
Michael S. Brown Michael Stuart Brown ForMemRS NAS AAA&S APS (born April 13, 1941) is an American geneticist and Nobel laureate. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Joseph L. Goldstein in 1985 for describing the regulation of choleste ...
,
Stanley N. Cohen Stanley Norman Cohen (born February 17, 1935) is an American geneticist and the Kwoh-Ting Li Professor in the Stanford University School of Medicine. Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer were the first scientists to transplant genes from one livin ...
,
Joseph L. Goldstein Joseph Leonard Goldstein ForMemRS (born April 18, 1940) is an American biochemist. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1985, along with fellow University of Texas Southwestern researcher, Michael Brown, for their studies re ...
, Maurice Hilleman,
Eric R. Kandel Eric Richard Kandel (; born Erich Richard Kandel, November 7, 1929) is an Austrian-born American medical doctor who specialized in psychiatry, a neuroscientist and a professor of biochemistry and biophysics at the College of Physicians and Surge ...
,
Rosalyn S. Yalow Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (July 19, 1921 – May 30, 2011) was an American medical physicist, and a co-winner of the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (together with Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally) for development of the radioimmunoassay ...
*1989 Katherine Esau, Viktor Hamburger, Philip Leder, Joshua Lederberg,
Roger W. Sperry Roger Wolcott Sperry (August 20, 1913 – April 17, 1994) was an American neuropsychologist, neurobiologist, cognitive neuroscientist, and Nobel laureate who, together with David Hunter Hubel and Torsten Nils Wiesel, won the 1981 Nobel Prize i ...
,
Harland G. Wood Harland Goff Wood (September 2, 1907 – September 12, 1991) was an American biochemist notable for proving ttp://ech.case.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=WHG WOOD, HARLAND GOFF - The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History/ref> in 1935 that animals, humans ...
*1990
Baruj Benacerraf Baruj Benacerraf (; October 29, 1920 – August 2, 2011) was a Venezuelan-American immunologist, who shared the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the "discovery of the major histocompatibility complex genes which encode cell s ...
, Herbert W. Boyer, Daniel E. Koshland, Jr., Edward B. Lewis,
David G. Nathan David Gordon Nathan (born May 25, 1929) is a pediatrician and hematologist. He is known for his authorship of ''Nathan and Oski's Hematology of Infancy and Childhood'', a standard reference in pediatrics, currently in its seventh edition. Nathan ...
,
E. Donnall Thomas Edward Donnall "Don" Thomas (March 15, 1920 – October 20, 2012)Frederick R. Appelbaum.Perspective: E. Donnall Thomas (1920–2012) Science 338(6111):1163, 30 November 2012 was an American physician, professor emeritus at the University o ...
*1991 Mary Ellen Avery,
G. Evelyn Hutchinson George Evelyn Hutchinson (January 30, 1903 – May 17, 1991) was a British ecologist sometimes described as the "father of modern ecology." He contributed for more than sixty years to the fields of limnology, systems ecology, radiation ecolog ...
, Elvin A. Kabat,
Robert W. Kates Robert W. Kates (January 31, 1929 – April 21, 2018) was an American geographer and independent scholar in Trenton, Maine, and University Professor (Emeritus) at Brown University. Background Kates was born in Brooklyn, New York. Unusually for an ...
,
Salvador E. Luria Salvador Edward Luria (August 13, 1912 – February 6, 1991) was an Italian microbiologist, later a naturalized U.S. citizen. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1969, with Max Delbrück and Alfred Hershey, for their discoverie ...
, Paul A. Marks,
Folke K Skoog Folke Karl Skoog (July 15, 1908 – February 15, 2001) was a Swedish-born American plant physiologist who was a pioneer in the field of plant growth regulators, particularly cytokinins. Skoog was a recipient of the National Medal of Science 19 ...
, Paul C. Zamecnik *1992
Maxine Singer Maxine Frank Singer (born February 15, 1931) is an American molecular biologist and science administrator. She is known for her contributions to solving the genetic code, her role in the ethical and regulatory debates on recombinant DNA techniq ...
, Howard M. Temin *1993 Daniel Nathans,
Salome G. Waelsch Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch (October 6, 1907 – November 7, 2007) was a German-born U.S. geneticist and co-founder of the field of developmental genetics, which investigates the genetic mechanisms of development.Scott Gilbert"Salome Gluecksoh ...
*1994 Thomas Eisner,
Elizabeth F. Neufeld Elizabeth Fondal Neufeld (born September 27, 1928) is a French-American geneticist whose research has focused on the genetic basis of metabolic disease in humans. Life Neufeld and her Russian Jewish family emigrated to the United States from Par ...
*1995 Alexander Rich *1996 Ruth Patrick *1997 James D. Watson, Robert A. Weinberg *1998 Bruce Ames, Janet Rowley *1999 David Baltimore, Jared Diamond, Lynn Margulis *2000
Nancy C. Andreasen Nancy Coover Andreasen (born November 11, 1938) is an American neuroscientist and neuropsychiatrist. She currently holds the Andrew H. Woods Chair of Psychiatry at the Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa. ...
, Peter H. Raven, Carl Woese *2001 Francisco J. Ayala,
George F. Bass George Fletcher Bass (; December 9, 1932 – March 2, 2021) was an American archaeologist. An early practitioner of underwater archaeology, he co-directed the first expedition to entirely excavate an ancient shipwreck at Cape Gelidonya in 1960 a ...
,
Mario R. Capecchi Mario Ramberg Capecchi (born 6 October 1937) is an Italian-born molecular geneticist and a co-awardee of the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering a method to create mice in which a specific gene is turned off, known as knock ...
, Ann Graybiel,
Gene E. Likens Gene Elden Likens (born January 6, 1935) is an American limnologist and ecologist. He co-founded the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in 1963, and founded the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in Millbroo ...
, Victor A. McKusick, Harold Varmus *2002 James E. Darnell,
Evelyn M. Witkin Evelyn M. Witkin (born Evelyn Maisel; March 9, 1921) is an American geneticist who was awarded the National Medal of Science for her work on DNA mutagenesis and DNA repair. Research In 1944, Witkin spent the summer at Cold Spring Harbor Laborato ...
*2003 J. Michael Bishop,
Solomon H. Snyder Solomon Halbert Snyder (born December 26, 1938) is an American neuroscientist who has made wide-ranging contributions to neuropharmacology and neurochemistry. He studied at Georgetown University, and has conducted the majority of his research at ...
,
Charles Yanofsky Charles Yanofsky (April 17, 1925 – March 16, 2018) was an American geneticist on the faculty of Stanford University who contributed to the establishment of the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis and discovered attenuation, a riboswitch mechani ...
*2004
Norman E. Borlaug Norman Ernest Borlaug (; March 25, 1914September 12, 2009) was an American agronomist who led initiatives worldwide that contributed to the extensive increases in agricultural production termed the Green Revolution. Borlaug was awarded multiple ...
, Phillip A. Sharp, Thomas Starzl *2005
Anthony Fauci Anthony Stephen Fauci (; born December 24, 1940) is an American physician-scientist and immunologist serving as the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the chief medical advisor to the president. ...
,
Torsten N. Wiesel Torsten Nils Wiesel (born 3 June 1924) is a Swedish neurophysiologist. With David H. Hubel, he received the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system; the prize was s ...
*2006
Rita R. Colwell Rita Rossi Colwell (born November 23, 1934) is an American environmental microbiologist and scientific administrator. Colwell holds degrees in bacteriology, genetics, and oceanography and studies infectious diseases. Colwell is the founder and ...
, Nina Fedoroff, Lubert Stryer *2007
Robert J. Lefkowitz Robert Joseph Lefkowitz (born April 15, 1943) is an American physician (internist and cardiologist) and biochemist. He is best known for his groundbreaking discoveries that reveal the inner workings of an important family G protein-coupled recep ...
,
Bert W. O'Malley Bert W. O’Malley is the Tom Thompson Distinguished Service Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Chancellor at Baylor College of Medicine. A native of Pittsburgh, he has a bachelor's degree from the University of Pittsburgh (A&S 1959) a ...
*2008
Francis S. Collins Francis Sellers Collins (born April 14, 1950) is an American physician-geneticist who discovered the genes associated with a number of diseases and led the Human Genome Project. He is the former director of the National Institutes of Health ( ...
,
Elaine Fuchs Elaine V. Fuchs is an American cell biologist famous for her work on the biology and molecular mechanisms of mammalian skin and skin diseases, who helped lead the modernization of dermatology. Fuchs pioneered reverse genetics approaches, which ...
, Craig Venter *2009
Susan L. Lindquist Susan Lee Lindquist, ForMemRS (June 5, 1949 – October 27, 2016) was an American professor of biology at MIT specializing in molecular biology, particularly the protein folding problem within a family of molecules known as heat-shock proteins ...
,
Stanley B. Prusiner Stanley Benjamin Prusiner (born May 28, 1942) is an American Neurology, neurologist and biochemist. He is the director of the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Prusiner discovered prions, ...
*2010 Ralph L. Brinster, Rudolf Jaenisch *2011 Lucy Shapiro,
Leroy Hood Leroy "Lee" Edward Hood (born October 10, 1938) is an American biologist who has served on the faculties at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and the University of Washington. Hood has developed ground-breaking scientific instrume ...
,
Sallie Chisholm Sallie Watson "Penny" Chisholm (born 1947) is an American biological oceanographer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is an expert in the ecology and evolution of ocean microbes. Her research focuses particularly on the most abun ...
*2012 May Berenbaum, Bruce Alberts *2013
Rakesh K. Jain Rakesh K. Jain (born 1950) is the Andrew Werk Cook Professor of Tumor Biology at Massachusetts General Hospital in the Harvard Medical School and Director of the E.L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology at the Massachusetts General Hospital. ...
*2014 Stanley Falkow, Mary-Claire King,
Simon Levin Simon Asher Levin (born April 22, 1941) is an American ecologist and the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and the director of the Center for BioComplexity at Princeton University. He spec ...


Chemistry

*1964 Roger Adams *1982 F. Albert Cotton, Gilbert Stork *1983 Roald Hoffmann, George C. Pimentel,
Richard N. Zare Richard Neil Zare (born November 19, 1939, in Cleveland, Ohio) is the Marguerite Blake Wilbur Professor in Natural Science and a Professor of Chemistry at Stanford University. Throughout his career, Zare has made a considerable impact in physic ...
*1986 Harry Gray,
Yuan Tseh Lee Yuan Tseh Lee (; born 19 November 1936) is a Taiwanese chemist and a Professor Emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley. He was the first Taiwanese Nobel Prize laureate who, along with the Hungarian-Canadian John C. Polanyi and America ...
,
Carl S. Marvel Carl Shipp "Speed" Marvel (September 11, 1894 – January 4, 1988) was an American chemist who specialized in polymer chemistry. He made important contributions to U.S. synthetic rubber program during World War II, and later worked at developing ...
, Frank H. Westheimer *1987
William Summer Johnson William Summer Johnson (February 24, 1913 – August 19, 1995) was an American chemist and teacher. From 1940 to 1958, Johnson was an instructor and then professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 1958, he moved to Stanford Universi ...
,
Walter H. Stockmayer Walter Hugo Stockmayer (April 7, 1914 in Rutherford, New Jersey – May 9, 2004 in Norwich, Vermont) was an internationally known chemist and university teacher. A former member of the National Academy of Sciences, he was recognized as one of the ...
, Max Tishler *1988
William O. Baker William Oliver Baker (July 15, 1915 – October 31, 2005) was president of Bell Labs from 1973 to 1979 and advisor on scientific matters to five United States presidents. Biography He was born on July 15, 1915 in Chestertown, Maryland. He receive ...
, Konrad E. Bloch, Elias J. Corey *1989 Richard B. Bernstein, Melvin Calvin, Rudolph Marcus,
Harden M. McConnell Harden M. McConnell (July 18, 1927 – October 8, 2014) was an American physical chemist. His many awards included the National Medal of Science and the Wolf Prize, and he was elected to the National Academy of Science." Education and career Hard ...
*1990 Elkan Blout, Karl Folkers, John D. Roberts *1991
Ronald Breslow Ronald Charles David Breslow (March 14, 1931 – October 25, 2017) was an American chemist from Rahway, New Jersey. He was University Professor at Columbia University, where he was based in the Department of Chemistry and affiliated with the Dep ...
, Gertrude B. Elion,
Dudley R. Herschbach Dudley Robert Herschbach (born June 18, 1932) is an American chemist at Harvard University. He won the 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with Yuan T. Lee and John C. Polanyi "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elemen ...
, Glenn T. Seaborg *1992
Howard E. Simmons, Jr. Howard Ensign Simmons Jr. (June 17, 1929 – April 26, 1997) was an American chemist with DuPont who discovered the Simmons–Smith reaction. Biography He was born on June 17, 1929. In 1952, Simmons received the Charles Goodyear Medal. In ...
*1993 Donald J. Cram, Norman Hackerman *1994
George S. Hammond George Simms Hammond (May 22, 1921 – October 5, 2005) was an American scientist and theoretical chemist who developed "Hammond's postulate", and fathered organic photochemistry,–the general theory of the geometric structure of the transition ...
*1995 Thomas Cech,
Isabella L. Karle Isabella Karle (December 2, 1921 – October 3, 2017) was an American chemist who was instrumental in developing techniques to extract plutonium chloride from a mixture containing plutonium oxide. For her scientific work, Karle received the Gar ...
*1996 Norman Davidson *1997 Darleane C. Hoffman,
Harold S. Johnston Harold S. "Hal" JohnstonThe American Academy of Arts and Sciences lists Johnston's middle name as ''Sledge'', while his National Academy of Sciences biographical memoir states that his middle name is ''Siddle''. (October 11, 1920 – October 20, ...
*1998 John W. Cahn, George M. Whitesides *1999 Stuart A. Rice, John Ross, Susan Solomon *2000
John D. Baldeschwieler John D. Baldeschwieler (born 1933) is an American chemist who has made significant contributions in molecular structure and spectroscopy. Born on November 14, 1933, in Elizabeth, New Jersey, he was an alumnus of Cornell University (B.S., 1956, C ...
,
Ralph F. Hirschmann Ralph Franz Hirschmann (May 6, 1922 – June 20, 2009) was a German American chemist who led a team that was responsible for the first organic synthesis of an enzyme, a ribonuclease. Early life and education Born on May 6, 1922, in Fürth, h ...
*2001
Ernest R. Davidson Ernest R. Davidson, born October 12, 1936 in Terre Haute, Indiana, was Professor of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US (1961 - 1984, 2002 - 2020) and Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, US (1984 - 2002). He graduated from Wile ...
, Gabor A. Somorjai *2002 John I. Brauman *2004 Stephen J. Lippard *2005 Tobin J. Marks *2006
Marvin H. Caruthers Marvin H. Caruthers (born February 11, 1940) is an American biochemist who is a Distinguished Professor at the University of Colorado Boulder. Caruthers earned a B.S in chemistry at the Iowa State University in 1962 and a Ph.D in Biochemistry ...
, Peter Dervan *2007 Mostafa El-Sayed *2008 Joanna S. Fowler,
JoAnne Stubbe JoAnne Stubbe is an American chemist best known for her work on ribonucleotide reductases, for which she was awarded the National Medal of Science in 2009. In 2017, she retired as a Professor of Chemistry and Biology at the Massachusetts Institut ...
*2009
Stephen J. Benkovic Stephen James Benkovic (born April 20, 1938) is an American chemist. He is Evan Pugh Professor and Eberly Chair in Chemistry at Penn State University. His research has focused on mechanistic enzymology and the discovery of enzyme inhibitors. He ...
,
Marye Anne Fox Marye Anne Payne Fox (9 December 1947 – 9 May 2021) was an American physical organic chemist and university administrator. She was the first female chief executive of North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina. In April 2004, Fo ...
*2010 Jacqueline K. Barton, Peter J. Stang *2011
Allen J. Bard Allen Joseph Bard (born December 18, 1933) is an American chemist. He is the Hackerman-Welch Regents Chair Professor and director of the Center for Electrochemistry at the University of Texas at Austin. Bard is considered a "father of modern ele ...
,
M. Frederick Hawthorne Marion Frederick Hawthorne (August 24, 1928 – July 8, 2021) was an inorganic chemist who made contributions to the chemistry of Boranes, boron hydrides, especially their Cluster chemistry, clusters. Early life and education Hawthorne was born ...
*2012
Judith P. Klinman Judith P. Klinman (born April 17, 1941 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American chemist, biochemist, and molecular biologist known for her work on enzyme catalysis. She became the first female professor in the physical sciences at the Unive ...
,
Jerrold Meinwald Jerrold Meinwald (January 16, 1927 – April 23, 2018) was an American chemist known for his work on chemical ecology, a field he co-founded with his colleague and friend Thomas Eisner. He was a Goldwin Smith Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at ...
*2013 Geraldine Richmond *2014
A. Paul Alivisatos Armand Paul Alivisatos (born November 12, 1959) is an American chemist who serves as the 14th president of the University of Chicago. He is a pioneer in nanomaterials development and an authority on the fabrication of nanocrystals and their use i ...


Engineering Sciences

*1962 Theodore von Kármán *1963 Vannevar Bush, John Robinson Pierce *1964 Othmar H. Ammann,
Charles S. Draper Charles Stark "Doc" Draper (October 2, 1901 – July 25, 1987) was an American scientist and engineer, known as the "father of inertial navigation". He was the founder and director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Instrumentati ...
*1965 Hugh L. Dryden,
Clarence L. Johnson Clarence Leonard "Kelly" Johnson (February 27, 1910 – December 21, 1990) was an American aeronautical and systems engineer. He is recognized for his contributions to a series of important aircraft designs, most notably the Lockheed U-2 ...
, Warren K. Lewis *1966
Claude E. Shannon Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 – February 24, 2001) was an American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer known as a "father of information theory". As a 21-year-old master's degree student at the Massachusetts Institu ...
*1967
Edwin H. Land Edwin Herbert Land, ForMemRS, FRPS, Hon.MRI (May 7, 1909 – March 1, 1991) was an Russian-American scientist and inventor, best known as the co-founder of the Polaroid Corporation. He invented inexpensive filters for polarizing light, a ...
,
Igor I. Sikorsky Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky (russian: И́горь Ива́нович Сико́рский, p=ˈiɡərʲ ɪˈvanəvitʃ sʲɪˈkorskʲɪj, a=Ru-Igor Sikorsky.ogg, tr. ''Ígor' Ivánovich Sikórskiy''; May 25, 1889 – October 26, 1972)Fortie ...
*1968 J. Presper Eckert, Nathan M. Newmark *1969
Jack St. Clair Kilby Jack St. Clair Kilby (November 8, 1923 – June 20, 2005) was an American electrical engineer who took part (along with Robert Noyce of Fairchild) in the realization of the first integrated circuit while working at Texas Instruments (TI) in 1 ...
*1970 George E. Mueller *1973 Harold E. Edgerton,
Richard T. Whitcomb Richard Travis Whitcomb (February 21, 1921 – October 13, 2009) was an American aeronautical engineer who was noted for his contributions to the science of aerodynamics. Biography Whitcomb was born in Evanston, Illinois. His father, who had ...
*1974 Rudolf Kompfner, Ralph Brazelton Peck, Abel Wolman *1975 Manson Benedict, William Hayward Pickering, Frederick E. Terman, Wernher Von Braun *1976 Morris Cohen,
Peter C. Goldmark Peter Carl Goldmark (born Péter Károly Goldmark; December 2, 1906 – December 7, 1977) was a Hungarian-American engineer who, during his time with Columbia Records, was instrumental in developing the long-playing microgroove 33 rpm phonogra ...
, Erwin Wilhelm Müller *1979
Emmett N. Leith Emmett Norman Leith (March 12, 1927 in Detroit, Michigan – December 23, 2005 in Ann Arbor, Michigan) was a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Michigan and, with Juris Upatnieks of the University of Michigan, the co-inventor ...
, Raymond D. Mindlin, Robert N. Noyce,
Earl R. Parker Earl Randall Parker (November 22, 1912 — May 9, 1998) was an American engineer and professor. Parker began his metallurgy career in the mid 1930s as a researcher for the General Electric Research Laboratory. In the mid 1940s, Parker began teachin ...
, Simon Ramo *1982
Edward H. Heinemann Edward Henry Heinemann (March 14, 1908 – November 26, 1991) was a military aircraft designer for the Douglas Aircraft Company. Biography Heinemann was born in Saginaw, Michigan. He moved to California as a boy and was raised in Los Angeles. ...
,
Donald L. Katz Donald Laverne Katz (August 1, 1907 near Jackson, Michigan – May 29, 1989 Ann Arbor, Michigan) was an American chemist and chemical engineer. The 1983 National Medal of Science was presented to Katz by President Ronald Reagan "for solving ...
*1983
William R. Hewlett William Redington Hewlett ( ; May 20, 1913 – January 12, 2001) was an American engineer and the co-founder, with David Packard, of the Hewlett-Packard Company (HP). Early life and education Hewlett was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where his ...
,
George M. Low George Michael Low (born Georg Michael Löw, June 10, 1926 – July 17, 1984) was an administrator at NASA and the 14th president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Low was one of the senior NASA officials who made numerous decisions as ...
, John G. Trump *1986
Hans Wolfgang Liepmann Hans Wolfgang Liepmann (July 3, 1914 – June 24, 2009) was an American fluid dynamicist, aerospace scientist and emeritus Theodore von Kármán Professor of Aeronautics at the California Institute of Technology."Hans Liepmann" at the GALCIT ...
,
T. Y. Lin Tung-Yen Lin (; November 14, 1912 – November 15, 2003) was a Chinese-American structural engineer who was the pioneer of standardizing the use of prestressed concrete. Biography Born in Fuzhou, Republic of China (ROC), as the fourth of ele ...
, Bernard M. Oliver *1987
Robert B. Bird Robert Byron Bird (February 5, 1924 – November 13, 2020) was an American chemical engineer and professor emeritus in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He was known for his research in transport pheno ...
,
H. Bolton Seed Harry Bolton Seed (August 19, 1922 – April 23, 1989) was an educator, scholar, former professor at the University of California, Berkeley. He was regarded as the founding father of geotechnical earthquake engineering. Biography Early life H ...
, Ernst Weber *1988 Daniel C. Drucker, Willis M. Hawkins,
George W. Housner George W. Housner (December 9, 1910 in Saginaw, Michigan – November 10, 2008 in Pasadena, California) was a professor of earthquake engineering at the California Institute of Technology and National Medal of Science laureate. Biography Housner ...
*1989
Harry George Drickamer Harry George Drickamer (November 19, 1918 – May 6, 2002), born Harold George Weidenthal, was a pioneer experimentalist in high-pressure studies of condensed matter. His work generally concerned understanding the electronic properties of matter ...
, Herbert E. Grier *1990 Mildred S. Dresselhaus,
Nick Holonyak, Jr. Nick Holonyak Jr. ( ; November 3, 1928September 18, 2022) was an American engineer and educator. He is noted particularly for his 1962 invention and first demonstration of a semiconductor laser diode that emitted visible light. This device was t ...
*1991 George Heilmeier,
Luna B. Leopold Luna Bergere Leopold (October 8, 1915 – February 23, 2006) was a leading U.S. geomorphologist and hydrologist, and son of Aldo Leopold. He received a B.S. in civil engineering from the University of Wisconsin in 1936; an M.S. in physics-meteor ...
,
H. Guyford Stever Horton Guyford Stever (October 24, 1916 – April 9, 2010) was an American administrator, physicist, educator, and engineer. He was a director of the National Science Foundation (from February 1972 to August 1976). Biography Stever was raised in ...
*1992
Calvin F. Quate Calvin Forrest Quate (December 7, 1923 – July 6, 2019) was one of the inventors of the atomic force microscope. He was a professor emeritus of Applied Physics and Electrical Engineering at Stanford University. Education He earned his bache ...
,
John Roy Whinnery John Roy Whinnery (July 26, 1916 – February 1, 2009) was an American electrical engineer and educator who worked in the fields of microwave theory and laser experimentation. Biography Whinnery received the B.S. degree in Electrical Enginee ...
*1993 Alfred Y. Cho *1994
Ray W. Clough Ray William Clough, (July 23, 1920 – October 8, 2016), was Byron L. and Elvira E. Nishkian Professor of structural engineering in the department of civil engineering at the University of California, Berkeley and one of the founders of the finite ...
*1995
Hermann A. Haus Hermann Anton Haus (August 8, 1925 – May 21, 2003) was a Slovene-American physicist, electrical engineer, and Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Haus' research and teaching ranged from fundamental investigations o ...
*1996 James L. Flanagan,
C. Kumar N. Patel Chandra Kumar Naranbhai Patel (born 2 July 1938) is an electrical engineer. He developed the carbon dioxide laser in 1963; it is now widely used in industry for cutting and engraving a wide range of materials like plastic and wood. Because t ...
*1998
Eli Ruckenstein Eli Ruckenstein (August 13, 1925 – September 30, 2020) was an American Distinguished Professor at the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The State University of New York at Buffalo. His main research areas were catalysis, surface ...
*1999 Kenneth N. Stevens *2000 Yuan-Cheng B. Fung *2001 Andreas Acrivos *2002 Leo Beranek *2003 John Prausnitz *2004
Edwin N. Lightfoot Edwin Niblock Lightfoot, Jr. (September 25, 1925 – October 2, 2017) was an American chemical engineer and Hilldale Professor Emeritus in the department of chemical and biological engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He is known ...
*2005
Jan D. Achenbach Jan Drewes Achenbach (20 August 1935 – 22 August 2020) was a professor emeritus (Walter P. Murphy Professor and Distinguished McCormick School Professor) at Northwestern University. Achenbach was born in the northern region of the Netherlands, ...
*2006
Robert S. Langer Robert Samuel Langer Jr. FREng (born August 29, 1948) is an American chemical engineer, scientist, entrepreneur, inventor and one of the twelve Institute Professors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was formerly the Germeshaus ...
*2007 David Wineland *2008 Rudolf E. Kálmán *2009
Amnon Yariv Amnon Yariv (born April 13, 1930) is an Israeli-American professor of applied physics and electrical engineering at Caltech, known for innovations in optoelectronics. Yariv obtained his B.S., M.S. and PhD. in electrical engineering from Universit ...
*2010 Shu Chien *2011 John Goodenough *2012 Thomas Kailath


Mathematical, Statistical, and Computer Sciences

*1963
Norbert Wiener Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894 – March 18, 1964) was an American mathematician and philosopher. He was a professor of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). A child prodigy, Wiener later became an early researcher i ...
*1964 Solomon Lefschetz, H. Marston Morse *1965 Oscar Zariski *1966 John Milnor *1967 Paul Cohen *1968 Jerzy Neyman *1969 William Feller *1970 Richard Brauer *1973
John Tukey John Wilder Tukey (; June 16, 1915 – July 26, 2000) was an American mathematician and statistician, best known for the development of the fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm and box plot. The Tukey range test, the Tukey lambda distributi ...
*1974
Kurt Gödel Kurt Friedrich Gödel ( , ; April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher. Considered along with Aristotle and Gottlob Frege to be one of the most significant logicians in history, Gödel had an imme ...
*1975 John W. Backus, Shiing-Shen Chern, George B. Dantzig *1976 Kurt Otto Friedrichs, Hassler Whitney *1979
Joseph L. Doob Joseph Leo Doob (February 27, 1910 – June 7, 2004) was an American mathematician, specializing in analysis and probability theory. The theory of martingales was developed by Doob. Early life and education Doob was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, ...
, Donald E. Knuth *1982 Marshall Harvey Stone *1983
Herman Goldstine Herman Heine Goldstine (September 13, 1913 – June 16, 2004) was a mathematician and computer scientist, who worked as the director of the IAS machine at Princeton University's Institute for Advanced Study and helped to develop ENIAC, the ...
, Isadore Singer *1986 Peter Lax, Antoni Zygmund *1987 Raoul Bott, Michael Freedman *1988 Ralph E. Gomory, Joseph B. Keller *1989 Samuel Karlin, Saunders Mac Lane,
Donald C. Spencer Donald Clayton Spencer (April 25, 1912 – December 23, 2001) was an American mathematician, known for work on deformation theory of structures arising in differential geometry, and on several complex variables from the point of view of pa ...
*1990
George F. Carrier George Francis Carrier (May 4, 1918 – March 8, 2002) was an engineer and physicist, and the T. Jefferson Coolidge Professor of Applied Mathematics Emeritus of Harvard University. He was particularly noted for his ability to intuitively model a ...
, Stephen Cole Kleene, John McCarthy *1991 Alberto Calderón *1992
Allen Newell Allen Newell (March 19, 1927 – July 19, 1992) was a researcher in computer science and cognitive psychology at the RAND Corporation and at Carnegie Mellon University’s School of Computer Science, Tepper School of Business, and Department ...
*1993 Martin Kruskal *1994 John Cocke *1995 Louis Nirenberg *1996
Richard M. Karp Richard Manning Karp (born January 3, 1935) is an American computer scientist and computational theorist at the University of California, Berkeley. He is most notable for his research in the theory of algorithms, for which he received a Turing ...
,
Stephen Smale Stephen Smale (born July 15, 1930) is an American mathematician, known for his research in topology, dynamical systems and mathematical economics. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1966 and spent more than three decades on the mathematics facult ...
*1997 Shing-Tung Yau *1998 Cathleen Synge Morawetz *1999 Felix Browder, Ronald R. Coifman *2000 John Griggs Thompson,
Karen K. Uhlenbeck Karen Keskulla Uhlenbeck (born August 24, 1942) is an American mathematician and one of the founders of modern geometric analysis. She is a professor emeritus of mathematics at the University of Texas at Austin, where she held the Sid W. Richar ...
*2001 Calyampudi R. Rao, Elias M. Stein *2002 James G. Glimm *2003
Carl R. de Boor Carl-Wilhelm Reinhold de Boor (born 3 December 1937) is a German-American mathematician and professor emeritus at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 1993, de Boor was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering for contr ...
*2004 Dennis P. Sullivan *2005 Bradley Efron *2006 Hyman Bass *2007 Leonard Kleinrock,
Andrew J. Viterbi Andrew James Viterbi (born Andrea Giacomo Viterbi, March 9, 1935) is an American electrical engineer and businessman who co-founded Qualcomm Inc. and invented the Viterbi algorithm. He is the Presidential Chair Professor of Electrical Engineeri ...
*2009
David B. Mumford David Bryant Mumford (born 11 June 1937) is an American mathematician known for his work in algebraic geometry and then for research into vision and pattern theory. He won the Fields Medal and was a MacArthur Fellow. In 2010 he was awarded the ...
*2010 Richard A. Tapia,
Srinivasa S.R. Varadhan Sathamangalam Ranga Iyengar Srinivasa Varadhan FRS (born 2 January 1940) is an Indian American mathematician, widely recognised as one of the most influential mathematicians of the 20th century. He is known for his fundamental contributions to ...
*2011 Solomon Golomb,
Barry Mazur Barry Charles Mazur (; born December 19, 1937) is an American mathematician and the Gerhard Gade University Professor at Harvard University. His contributions to mathematics include his contributions to Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem in ...
*2012 Alexandre Chorin, posthumous David Blackwell *2013 Michael Artin


Physical Sciences

*1963 Luis W. Alvarez *1964 Julian Schwinger, Harold Clayton Urey, Robert Burns Woodward *1965
John Bardeen John Bardeen (; May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and engineer. He is the only person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the tran ...
, Peter Debye, Leon M. Lederman,
William Rubey William Walden Rubey (December 19, 1898 – April 12, 1974) was an American geologist. He was born in Moberly, Missouri. He attended the University of Missouri, and in 1920 he graduated with an A.B. degree. During the same year he married Susan El ...
*1966 Jacob Bjerknes,
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (; ) (19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995) was an Indian-American theoretical physicist who spent his professional life in the United States. He shared the 1983 Nobel Prize for Physics with William A. Fowler for "... ...
, Henry Eyring, John H. Van Vleck,
Vladimir K. Zworykin Vladimir Kosma Zworykin; or with the patronymic as ''Kosmich''; or russian: Кузьмич, translit=Kuz'mich, label=none. Zworykin anglicized his name to ''Vladimir Kosma Zworykin'', replacing the patronymic with the name ''Kosma'' as a middle na ...
*1967 Jesse Beams, Francis Birch,
Gregory Breit Gregory Breit (russian: Григорий Альфредович Брейт-Шнайдер, ''Grigory Alfredovich Breit-Shneider''; July 14, 1899, Mykolaiv, Kherson Governorate – September 13, 1981, Salem, Oregon) was a Russian-born Jewish Am ...
, Louis Hammett, George Kistiakowsky *1968
Paul Doughty Bartlett Paul Doughty Bartlett (August 14, 1907 – October 11, 1997) was an American chemist. Bartlett was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan and grew up in Indianapolis. He received his B.A. from Amherst College in 1928. After his graduation from Harvard with ...
, Herbert Friedman, Lars Onsager, Eugene Wigner *1969 Herbert C. Brown,
Wolfgang Panofsky Wolfgang Kurt Hermann "Pief" Panofsky (April 24, 1919 – September 24, 2007), was a German-American physicist who won many awards including the National Medal of Science. Early life Panofsky was born in Berlin, Germany to a family of art hi ...
*1970
Robert H. Dicke Robert Henry Dicke (; May 6, 1916 – March 4, 1997) was an American astronomer and physicist who made important contributions to the fields of astrophysics, atomic physics, physical cosmology, cosmology and gravity. He was the Albert Einstein ...
,
Allan R. Sandage Allan Rex Sandage (June 18, 1926 – November 13, 2010) was an American astronomer. He was Staff Member Emeritus with the Carnegie Observatories in Pasadena, California. He determined the first reasonably accurate values for the Hubble consta ...
, John C. Slater, John A. Wheeler, Saul Winstein *1973
Carl Djerassi Carl Djerassi (October 29, 1923 – January 30, 2015) was an Austrian-born Bulgarian-American pharmaceutical chemist, novelist, playwright and co-founder of Djerassi Resident Artists Program with Diane Middlebrook, Diane Wood Middlebrook. He is b ...
, Maurice Ewing,
Arie Jan Haagen-Smit Arie Jan Haagen-Smit (December 22, 1900 – March 17, 1977) was a Dutch chemist. He is best known for linking the smog in Southern California to automobiles and is therefore known by many as the "father" of air pollution control. After serving as ...
, Vladimir Haensel,
Frederick Seitz Frederick Seitz (July 4, 1911 – March 2, 2008) was an American physicist and a pioneer of solid state physics and lobbyist. Seitz was the 4th president of Rockefeller University from 1968–1978, and the 17th president of the United States Nat ...
,
Robert Rathbun Wilson Robert Rathbun Wilson (March 4, 1914 – January 16, 2000) was an American physicist known for his work on the Manhattan Project during World War II, as a sculptor, and as an architect of the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), ...
*1974 Nicolaas Bloembergen,
Paul Flory Paul John Flory (June 19, 1910 – September 9, 1985) was an American chemist and Nobel laureate who was known for his work in the field of polymers, or macromolecules. He was a leading pioneer in understanding the behavior of polymers in solu ...
, William Alfred Fowler,
Linus Carl Pauling Linus Carl Pauling (; February 28, 1901August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator. He published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific topi ...
, Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer *1975
Hans A. Bethe Hans Albrecht Bethe (; July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005) was a German-American theoretical physicist who made major contributions to nuclear physics, astrophysics, quantum electrodynamics, and solid-state physics, and who won the 1967 Nobel Pr ...
,
Joseph O. Hirschfelder Joseph Oakland Hirschfelder (May 27, 1911 – March 30, 1990) was an American physicist who participated in the Manhattan Project and in the creation of the nuclear bomb.
,
Lewis Sarett Lewis Hastings Sarett (December 22, 1917 – November 29, 1999) was an American organic chemist. While serving as a research scientist at Merck & Co., Inc., synthesized cortisone. Biography He was born in Champaign, Illinois. His father was Lew ...
,
E. Bright Wilson Edgar Bright Wilson Jr. (December 18, 1908 – July 12, 1992) was an American chemist. Wilson was a prominent and accomplished chemist and teacher, recipient of the National Medal of Science in 1975, Guggenheim Fellowships in 1949 and 1970, the ...
,
Chien-Shiung Wu ) , spouse = , residence = , nationality = ChineseAmerican , field = Physics , work_institutions = Institute of Physics, Academia SinicaUniversity of California at BerkeleySmith CollegePrinceton UniversityColumbia UniversityZhejiang Unive ...
*1976 Samuel Goudsmit,
Herbert S. Gutowsky Herbert Sander Gutowsky (November 8, 1919 – January 13, 2000) was an American chemist who was a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Gutowsky was the first to apply nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods ...
,
Frederick Rossini Frederick Dominic Rossini (July 18, 1899 – October 12, 1990) was an American thermodynamicist noted for his work in chemical thermodynamics. In 1920, at the age of twenty-one, Rossini entered Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, and soon was ...
,
Verner Suomi Verner may refer to: * Verner (name), a given name and a surname (including a list of people with the name) * Verner, Ontario, a town in Canada * Verner's law, historical sound change in the Proto-Germanic language * Verner Motor, a Czech aircraft ...
, Henry Taube, George Uhlenbeck *1979 Richard P. Feynman,
Herman Mark Herman Francis Mark (May 3, 1895, Vienna – April 6, 1992, Austin, Texas) was an Austrian-American chemist regarded for his contributions to the development of polymer science. Mark's x-ray diffraction work on the molecular structure of fibers ...
, Edward M. Purcell, John Sinfelt, Lyman Spitzer, Victor F. Weisskopf *1982
Philip W. Anderson Philip Warren Anderson (December 13, 1923 – March 29, 2020) was an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate. Anderson made contributions to the theories of localization, antiferromagnetism, symmetry breaking (including a paper in 1 ...
, Yoichiro Nambu, Edward Teller, Charles H. Townes *1983
E. Margaret Burbidge Eleanor Margaret Burbidge, FRS (; 12 August 1919 – 5 April 2020) was a British-American observational astronomer and astrophysicist. In the 1950s, she was one of the founders of stellar nucleosynthesis and was first author of the influenti ...
, Maurice Goldhaber, Helmut Landsberg, Walter Munk, Frederick Reines,
Bruno B. Rossi Bruno Benedetto Rossi (; ; 13 April 1905 – 21 November 1993) was an Italian experimental physicist. He made major contributions to particle physics and the study of cosmic rays. A 1927 graduate of the University of Bologna, he became in ...
, J. Robert Schrieffer *1986
Solomon J. Buchsbaum Solomon J. Buchsbaum (December 4, 1929 – March 8, 1993) was a Polish American physicist and technologist, best known as chair of the White House Science Council under Presidents Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush, and as a senior executive ...
, Horace R. Crane, Herman Feshbach,
Robert Hofstadter Robert Hofstadter (February 5, 1915 – November 17, 1990) was an American physicist. He was the joint winner of the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics (together with Rudolf Mössbauer) "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei ...
,
Chen Ning Yang Yang Chen-Ning or Chen-Ning Yang (; born 1 October 1922), also known as C. N. Yang or by the English name Frank Yang, is a Chinese theoretical physicist who made significant contributions to statistical mechanics, integrable systems, gauge the ...
*1987 Philip Abelson, Walter Elsasser, Paul C. Lauterbur, George Pake,
James A. Van Allen James Alfred Van Allen (September 7, 1914August 9, 2006) was an American space scientist at the University of Iowa. He was instrumental in establishing the field of magnetospheric research in space. The Van Allen radiation belts were named afte ...
*1988
D. Allan Bromley David Allan Bromley (May 4, 1926 – February 10, 2005) was a Canadian-American physicist, academic administrator and science advisor to American president George H. W. Bush. His field of research was the study of low-energy nuclear reactions an ...
, Paul (Ching-Wu) Chu, Walter Kohn,
Norman F. Ramsey Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. (August 27, 1915 – November 4, 2011) was an American physicist who was awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics, for the invention of the separated oscillatory field method, which had important applications in the const ...
, Jack Steinberger *1989 Arnold O. Beckman, Eugene Parker,
Robert P. Sharp Robert Phillip Sharp (24 June 1911 – 25 May 2004) was an American geomorphologist and expert on the geological surfaces of the Earth and the planet Mars. Sharp served as the chairman of the Division of Geological Sciences at California In ...
, Henry Stommel *1990
Allan M. Cormack Allan MacLeod Cormack (February 23, 1924 – May 7, 1998) was a South African American physicist who won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (along with Godfrey Hounsfield) for his work on X-ray computed tomography (CT). Early life a ...
, Edwin M. McMillan, Robert Pound,
Roger Revelle Roger Randall Dougan Revelle (March 7, 1909 – July 15, 1991) was a scientist and scholar who was instrumental in the formative years of the University of California, San Diego and was among the early scientists to study anthropogenic globa ...
*1991 Arthur L. Schawlow,
Ed Stone Edward Carroll Stone (born January 23, 1936) is an American space scientist, professor of physics at the California Institute of Technology, and former director of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Biography Stone was born in Knoxvil ...
, Steven Weinberg *1992 Eugene M. Shoemaker *1993
Val Fitch Val Logsdon Fitch (March 10, 1923 – February 5, 2015) was an American nuclear physicist who, with co-researcher James Cronin, was awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics for a 1964 experiment using the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Broo ...
, Vera Rubin *1994 Albert Overhauser, Frank Press *1995 Hans Dehmelt, Peter Goldreich *1996
Wallace S. Broecker Wallace "Wally" Smith Broecker (November 29, 1931 – February 18, 2019) was an American geochemist. He was the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, a scientist at Columbia's Lamont–D ...
*1997
Marshall Rosenbluth Marshall Nicholas Rosenbluth (5 February 1927 – 28 September 2003) was an American plasma physicist and member of the National Academy of Sciences, and member of the American Philosophical Society. In 1997 he was awarded the National Medal of ...
, Martin Schwarzschild, George Wetherill *1998 Don L. Anderson,
John N. Bahcall John Norris Bahcall (December 30, 1934 – August 17, 2005) was an American astrophysicist, best known for his contributions to the solar neutrino problem, the development of the Hubble Space Telescope and for his leadership and development of th ...
*1999 James Cronin, Leo Kadanoff *2000 Willis E. Lamb, Jeremiah P. Ostriker,
Gilbert F. White Gilbert Fowler White (November 26, 1911 – October 5, 2006) was a prominent American geographer, sometimes termed the "father of floodplain management" and the "leading environmental geographer of the 20th century" (Wescoat, 2006). White is kno ...
*2001
Marvin L. Cohen Marvin Lou Cohen (born March 3, 1935) is an American theoretical physicist. He is a University Professor of Physics at the University of California, Berkeley. Cohen is a leading expert in the field of Condensed Matter Physics. He is highly cited ...
, Raymond Davis Jr.,
Charles Keeling Charles David Keeling (April 20, 1928 – June 20, 2005) was an American scientist whose recording of carbon dioxide at the Mauna Loa Observatory confirmed Svante Arrhenius's proposition (1896) of the possibility of anthropogenic contribution to ...
*2002 Richard Garwin, W. Jason Morgan, Edward Witten *2003 G. Brent Dalrymple, Riccardo Giacconi *2004 Robert N. Clayton *2005 Ralph A. Alpher, Lonnie Thompson *2006 Daniel Kleppner *2007 Fay Ajzenberg-Selove, Charles P. Slichter *2008
Berni Alder Berni Julian Alder (September 9, 1925 – September 7, 2020) was a German-born American physicist specialized in statistical mechanics, and a pioneer of computational modelling of matter. Biography Alder was born in Duisburg, Germany, in Septem ...
, James E. Gunn *2009 Yakir Aharonov, Esther M. Conwell, Warren M. Washington *2011
Sidney Drell Sidney David Drell (September 13, 1926 – December 21, 2016) was an American theoretical physicist and arms control expert. At the time of his death, he was professor emeritus at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and senior fello ...
, Sandra Faber, Sylvester James Gates *2012 Burton Richter,
Sean C. Solomon Sean Carl Solomon (born October 24, 1945) is the director of the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, where he is also the William B. Ransford Professor of Earth and Planetary Science. Before moving to Columbia in 2012, h ...
*2014 Shirley Ann Jackson


References


Citations


Sources


National Medal of Science - Recipient Search

National Medal of Science (1962-2014) - List of all recipients, by alphabetical order

National Medal of Science (1962-2014) - List of all recipients, in chronological order

National Medals 2014

National Medals 2015

National Medals 2016
{{Winners of the National Medal of Science National Medal of Science