Koningsdag Festival

''Koningsdag'' () or King's Day is a national holiday in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Celebrated on 27 April (26 April if the 27th is a Sunday), the date marks the birth of King Willem-Alexander. When the Dutch monarch is female, the holiday is known as ''Koninginnedag'' () or Queen's Day and, under Queen Beatrix until 2013, was celebrated on 30 April.

The holiday was initially observed on 31 August 1885 as ''Prinsessedag'' or Princess's Day, the fifth birthday of Princess Wilhelmina, then heir presumptive to the Dutch throne. On her accession in November 1890 the holiday acquired the name ''Koninginnedag'', first celebrated on 31 August 1891. In September 1948, Wilhelmina's daughter Juliana ascended to the throne and the holiday was moved to her birthday, 30 April. The holiday was celebrated on this date from 1949.

Juliana's daughter, Beatrix, retained the celebration on 30 April after she ascended the throne in 1980, though her birthday was on 31 January. Beatrix altered her mother's custom of receiving a floral parade at Soestdijk Palace, instead choosing to visit different Dutch towns each year and join in the festivities with her children.

In 2009, the Queen was celebrating Queen's Day in the city of Apeldoorn when a man attempted to attack her by trying to ram the royal family's bus with his car; instead he drove into a crowd of people and crashed into a monument: seven people in the crowd were killed, as was the driver.

Queen Beatrix abdicated on ''Koninginnedag'' 2013, and her son, Willem-Alexander, ascended the throne (the first king since the observance of the national holiday). As a result, the holiday became known as ''Koningsdag'' from 2014 on, and the celebration was moved three days ahead to 27 April, his actual birthday.

''Koningsdag'' is known for its nationwide ''vrijmarkt'' ("free market"), at which the Dutch sell their used items. It is also an opportunity for "orange madness" or ''oranjegekte'', a kind of frenzy named for the national colour.

History

Wilhelmina (1885–1948)

Faced with an unpopular monarchy, in the 1880s the liberals in Dutch government sought a means of promoting national unity. King William III was disliked, but his four-year-old daughter Princess Wilhelmina was not. A holiday honouring King William had been intermittently held on his birthday, and J. W. R. Gerlach, editor of the newspaper ''Utrechts Provinciaal en Stedelijk Dagblad'', proposed that the princess's birthday be observed as an opportunity for patriotic celebration and national reconciliation. ''Prinsessedag'' or Princess's Day was first celebrated in the Netherlands on 31 August 1885, Wilhelmina's fifth birthday. The young princess was paraded through the streets, waving to the crowds. The first observance occurred only in Utrecht, but other municipalities quickly began to observe it, organizing activities for children. Further processions were held in the following years, and when Wilhelmina inherited the throne in 1890, ''Prinsessedag'' was renamed ''Koninginnedag'', or Queen's Day. By then almost every Dutch town and city was marking the holiday.

The celebration proved popular, and when the Queen came of age in 1898, her inauguration was postponed six days to 6 September so as not to interfere with ''Koninginnedag''. The annual holiday fell on the final day of school summer vacation, which made it popular among schoolchildren. It is uncertain how much Wilhelmina enjoyed the festivities; although writer Mike Peek, in a 2011 magazine article about ''Koninginnedag'', suggests she was enthusiastic, there is a story of Wilhelmina, after a tired return from one of these birthday processions, making her doll bow until the toy's hair was dishevelled, and telling it, "Now you shall sit in a carriage and bow until your back aches, and see how much you like being a Queen!"

''Koninginnedag'' 1902 not only honoured the Queen's birthday, but was celebrated with increased enthusiasm as it marked her recovery from serious illness. Wilhelmina rarely attended ''Koninginnedag'' festivities after reaching adulthood. She attended ceremonies for her silver jubilee in 1923, which included massive festivities in Amsterdam and The Hague, despite the Queen's request that large sums not be spent because economic conditions at the time were difficult. To ensure that even the poorer parts of the city were included, bands played simultaneously at 28 locations across The Hague. Wilhelmina made further exceptions for such events as her fiftieth birthday in 1930. During the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II, ''Koninginnedag'' celebrations were banned, and members of the Orange Committees, which organize the holiday events, destroyed their records for fear of German reprisals.

Juliana (1948–1980)

Another summertime birthday celebration in the Netherlands was that of Wilhelmina's mother, Queen-Regent Emma, who after Wilhelmina attained adulthood generally spent her own birthday, 2 August, at Soestdijk Palace in Baarn. Until her death in 1934, Emma received an annual floral tribute from the townsfolk on her birthday. In 1937 Wilhelmina's daughter and heiress, Princess Juliana, took up residence at Soestdijk Palace following her marriage, and the townsfolk made their floral presentation to her, moving the date to Juliana's birthday, 30 April. In September 1948 Juliana ascended to the Dutch throne and from 1949 onwards ''Koninginnedag'' was on her birthday. The change in date attracted immediate approval from Dutch children, who gained an extra day of holiday. The first observance of the holiday on the new date included a huge circus at the Amsterdam Olympic Stadium—one not attended by the royal family, who remained at Soestdijk Palace. Queen Juliana retained the floral tribute, staying each year on ''Koninginnedag'' at Soestdijk Palace to receive it. The parade became televised in the 1950s, and ''Koninginnedag'' increasingly became a national holiday, with workers given the day off. Juliana had a reputation as a "queen of the people", and according to Peek, "it felt as if she invited her subjects to the royal home".

In early 1966 Juliana's eldest daughter, Princess Beatrix, married Klaus-Georg von Amsberg. The marriage was controversial because the new Prince Claus (as he was dubbed) was a German, and Claus himself had served in the German Army during the war. Anti-German riots in Amsterdam marred the wedding day and the following observances of ''Koninginnedag''. Fearing further demonstrations on the holiday, government officials decided to open Amsterdam city centre to the ''vrijmarkt'' ("free market") that had long been held on ''Koninginnedag'' in the outskirts of town, principally for children. The ''vrijmarkt'' occupied the space where demonstrations might have been held, and began a new custom.

Beatrix (1980–2013)

When Queen Beatrix succeeded her mother Juliana on the latter's abdication on 30 April 1980, the new queen decided to keep the holiday on 30 April as a tribute to her mother. (If 30 April fell on a Sunday, ''Koninginnedag'' was observed the previous day—this occurred most recently in 2006.) The reason was practical as well—Beatrix's actual birthday on 31 January would have been less conducive to the traditional outdoor activities. Rather than remaining at the palace and letting the Dutch people come to her, Beatrix instead usually visited two towns each year for ''Koninginnedag'' celebrations. Local crafts and customs were demonstrated for the royal family, who had the opportunity to join in.

''Koninginnedag'' celebrations have sometimes been affected or disrupted. In 1988 three British servicemen stationed in Germany who were in the Netherlands for ''Koninginnedag'' were killed in Irish Republican Army attacks. In 1996 the celebrations in Rotterdam were dampened by an alcohol ban, put in place following riots earlier in the week after local football club Feyenoord won the Dutch league championship. The Queen's scheduled 2001 visits to Hoogeveen and Meppel were postponed for one year owing to an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease.

On 30 April 2009, Beatrix and other members of the royal family were at the town of Apeldoorn when a 38-year-old man, Karst Tates, drove his Suzuki Swift automobile into the crowd, narrowly missing the open-top bus the royal family members were riding on. Seven people were killed and further celebrations were cancelled. Tates died of injuries sustained in the attack soon afterwards and his exact motives remain unclear, though it appears his target was the royal family. The incident provoked questions about whether the royal family should continue to participate in the celebrations. However, Beatrix indicated that the tragedy would not stop her from meeting her people. In 2010, Beatrix and her family visited Wemeldinge and Middelburg, in Zeeland province. There were no incidents, and afterwards, the Queen thanked Zeeland for giving ''Koninginnedag'' back to her family, and to her country.

Queen Beatrix visited the following towns and cities over the years on ''Koninginnedag'':

*1981: Veere and Breda
*1982: Harlingen and Zuidlaren
*1983: Lochem and Vaassen
*1984: The Hague
*1985: Anna Paulowna, Callantsoog, and Schagen
*1986: Deurne and Meijel
*1987: Breukelen
*1988: Genemuiden, Kampen, and informally Amsterdam
*1989: Goedereede and Oud-Beijerland
*1990: Haren and Loppersum
*1991: Buren and Culemborg
*1992: Rotterdam
*1993: Vlieland and Sneek
*1994: Emmeloord and Urk
*1995: Eijsden and Sittard
*1996: Sint Maartensdijk and Bergen op Zoom
*1997: Marken and Velsen
*1998: Doesburg and Zutphen
*1999: Houten and Utrecht
*2000: Katwijk and Leiden
*2001: ''visits cancelled''
*2002: Hoogeveen and Meppel
*2003: Wijhe and Deventer
*2004: Warffum and Groningen
*2005: Scheveningen and The Hague
*2006: Zeewolde and Almere
*2007: Woudrichem and 's-Hertogenbosch
*2008: Makkum and Franeker
*2009: Apeldoorn ( 2009 attack on the Dutch royal family)
*2010: Wemeldinge and Middelburg
*2011: Weert and Thorn
*2012: Rhenen and Veenendaal
*2013: ''visits cancelled''
On 28 January 2013 Queen Beatrix announced her abdication on 30 April 2013 in favour of her son, Willem-Alexander. Since this date coincided with ''Koninginnedag'' the royal family's planned visit to De Rijp and Amstelveen was cancelled, although ''Koninginnedag'' 2013 was still celebrated throughout the country.

Willem-Alexander

On 30 April 2013, Queen's Day, Willem-Alexander succeeded his mother Beatrix and became the first King of the Netherlands in 123 years. Consequently, from 2014 onwards the name has been changed from Queen's Day to King's Day. The date has also changed from 30 to 27 April, which is the actual birthday of Willem-Alexander. On the first King's Day – held on 26 April 2014 because 27 April 2014 was a Sunday – the king visited De Rijp and Amstelveen (originally planned to be visited by Queen Beatrix in 2013, but postponed due to her abdication).

King Willem-Alexander has visited the following towns and cities over the years on ''Koningsdag'':

*2014: De Rijp and Amstelveen
*2015: Dordrecht
*2016: Zwolle
*2017: Tilburg
*2018: Groningen
*2019: Amersfoort
*2020: ''visit cancelled''
*2021: Eindhoven

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