Conidae, with the current

common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrast ...

of "

cone snail A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessarily, circular) to a point called the apex or vertex. A cone is formed by a set of line segments, half-lines, or lines con ...

s", is a

taxonomic Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

family (previously subfamily) of predatory

sea snail Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...

s, marine

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

molluscs in the superfamily

Conoidea Conoidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the suborder Hypsogastropoda. This superfamily is a very large group of marine mollusks, estimated at about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera, and conside ...

. The 2014 classification of the superfamily Conoidea, groups only cone snails in the family Conidae. Some previous classifications grouped the cone snails in a subfamily, Coninae. As of March 2015 Conidae contained over 800 recognized species. Working in 18th-century Europe,

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

knew of only 30 species that are still considered valid. The snails within this family are sophisticated

predatory Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill th ...

animals. They hunt and immobilize prey using a modified radular tooth along with a venom gland containing neurotoxins; the tooth is launched out of the snail's mouth in a

harpoon A harpoon is a long spear-like instrument and tool used in fishing, whaling, seal hunting, sealing, and other marine hunting to catch and injure large fish or marine mammals such as seals and whales. It accomplishes this task by impaling the t ...

-like action. Because all cone snails are venomous and capable of "stinging" humans, live ones should be handled with great care or preferably not at all.

Current taxonomy

In the ''Journal of Molluscan Studies'', in 2014, Puillandre, Duda, Meyer, Olivera & Bouchet presented a new classification for the old genus ''

Conus ''Conus'' is a genus of predatory sea snails, or cone snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015). Conus Linnaeus, 1758. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ...

''. Using 329 species, the authors carried out molecular phylogenetic analyses. The results suggested that the authors should place all living cone snails in a single family, Conidae, containing the following genera: * ''

Californiconus ''Californiconus'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks. The experts at WoRMS place this group of species in the family Conidae, the cone snails, but some other experts placed previously the genus in a proposed family, the C ...

'' J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * ''

Conasprella ''Conasprella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ ...

'' Thiele, 1929 * † ''

Conilithes ''Conilithes'' is an extinct genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails. This genus is known in the fossil record from the Lutetian (Eocene) of France, the United Kingdom and New Zealand to the P ...

'' Swainson, 1840 * † '' Contraconus'' Olsson & Harbison, 1953 * ''

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

, 1758 * † ''

Eoconus ''Eoconus'' is an extinct genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks, in the family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship ...

'' J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * † '' Hemiconus'' Cossmann, 1889 * † ''

Herndliconus ''Herndliconus'' is an extinct genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relation ...

'' Petuch & Drolshagen, 2015 * ''

Kenyonia ''Kenyonia'' is a genus or subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Kenyonia'' Brazier, 1896. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http ...

'' Brazier, 1896 * ''

Lilliconus ''Lilliconus'' is subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conasprella'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella (Lilliconus) G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1994. Accessed through: ...

'' G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1994 * ''

Malagasyconus ''Malagasyconus'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.MolluscaBase (2018). Malagasyconus Monnier & Tenorio, 2015. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia. ...

'' Monnier & Tenorio, 2015 * † ''

Papilliconus ''Papilliconus'' is an extinct genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.MolluscaBase (2018). Papilliconus Tracey & Craig, 2017 †. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespeci ...

'' Tracey & Craig, 2017 * ''

Profundiconus ''Profundiconus'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Profundiconus'' Kuroda, 1956. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species The Worl ...

'' Kuroda, 1956 * ''

Pseudolilliconus ''Pseudolilliconus'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Pseudolilliconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Sp ...

'' J. K. Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * '' Pygmaeconus'' Puillandre & Tenorio, 2017 * † '' Tequestaconus'' Petuch & Drolshagen, 2015 † The authors grouped 85% of all known cone snail species under ''Conus''. They recognized 57 subgenera within ''Conus'', and 11 subgenera within the genus ''Conasprella''.

History of the taxonomy

Overview

Prior to 1993, the family Conidae contained only ''Conus'' species. In 1993 significant taxonomic changes were proposed by Taylor, et al.,:Taylor J. D., Kantor Y. I. & Sysoev A. V. (1993). "Foregut anatomy, feeding mechanisms, relationships and classification of Conoidea (Toxoglossa) (Gastropoda)." Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. 59: 125–169. the family Conidae was redefined as several subfamilies. The subfamilies included many subfamilies that had previously been classified in the family

Turridae Turridae is a taxonomic family name for a number of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. MolluscaBase (2018). Turridae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 (1838). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Specie ...

, and the ''Conus'' species were moved to the subfamily

Coninae Coninae, or as it is more recently (February 2015) represented as a family, Conidae, common names the cone snails, cone shells or cones, is a taxonomic group of small to large predatory sea snails with cone-shaped shells, marine gastropod mo ...

. In further taxonomic changes that took place in 2009 and 2011, based upon

molecular phylogeny Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

(see below), the subfamilies that were previously in the family

were elevated to the status of families in their own right. This left the family Conidae once again containing only those species that were traditionally placed in that family: the cone snail species.

1993, Taylor et al., Bouchet & Rocroi

According to Taylor, et al. (1993), and the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, this family consisted of seven subfamilies. *

Fleming, 1822 — synonyms: Conulinae Rafinesque, 1815 (inv.); Textiliinae da Motta, 1995 (n.a.) * Clathurellinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858 — synonyms: Defranciinae Gray, 1853 (inv.); Borsoniinae A. Bellardi, 1875; Pseudotominae A. Bellardi, 1888; Diptychomitrinae L. Bellardi, 1888; Mitrolumnidae Sacco, 1904; Mitromorphinae Casey, 1904; Lorinae Thiele, 1925 *

Conorbiinae Conorbiinae was a subfamily of small to quite large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.) (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". ''Malacologia'' 47(1-2). . 397 ...

de Gregorio, 1880—synonym: Cryptoconinae Cossmann, 1896 *

Mangeliinae Mangeliidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized, predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. Bouchet, P. (2011). Mangeliidae P. Fischer, 1883. In: MolluscaBase (2016). Accessed through: World Re ...

P. Fischer, 1883—synonym: Cytharinae Thiele, 1929 *

Oenopotinae Oenopotinae is a subfamily of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.) (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". ''Malacologia'' 47(1-2). . 397 p ...

Bogdanov, 1987—synonym: Lorinae Thiele, 1925 sensu Thiele *

Raphitominae Raphitominae was a subfamily of small to quite large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. Bouchet, Kantor ''et al''. elevated in 2011 the subfamily Raphitominae (which at that point had been placed in the family ...

A. Bellardi, 1875—synonyms: Daphnellinae Casey, 1904; Taraninae Casey, 1904; Thatcheriidae Powell, 1942; Pleurotomellinae F. Nordsieck, 1968; Andoniinae Vera-Pelaez, 2002 * † Siphopsinae Le Renard, 1995

2009, Tucker & Tenorio

In 2009 John K. Tucker and Manuel J. Tenorio proposed a classification system for the cone shells and their allies (which resorb their inner walls during growth) was based upon a

cladistic Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived char ...

al analysis of anatomical characters including the radular tooth, the

morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines * Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts * Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies ...

(i.e., shell characters), as well as an analysis of prior

studies, all of which were used to construct phylogenetic trees.Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 296 pp., at p. 133 In their phylogeny, Tucker and Tenorio noted the close relationship of the cone species within the various clades, corresponding to their proposed families and genera; this also corresponded to the results of prior molecular studies by Puillandre ''et al.'' and others.P.K. Bandyopadhyay, B.J. Stevenson, J.P. Ownby, M.T. Cady, M. Watkins, & B. Olivera (2008), ''The mitochondrial genome of Conus textile, coxI-conII intergenic sequences and conoidean evolution.'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 215-223.S.T. Williams & T.F. Duda, Jr. (2008), ''Did tectonic activity stimulate Oligo-Miocene speciation in the Indo-West Pacific?'' Evolution 62:1618-1634.R.L. Cunha, R. Castilho, L. Ruber, & R. Zardoya (2005), ''Patterns of cladogenesis in the venomous marine gastropod genus Conus from the Cape Verde Islands'' Systematic Biology 54(4):634-650.T.F. Duda, Jr. & A.J. Kohn (2005), ''Species-level phylogeography and evolutionary history of the hyperdiverse marine gastropod genus Conus'', Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 34:257-272.T.F. Duda, Jr. & E. Rolan (2005), ''Explosive radiation of Cape Verde Conus, a marine species flock'', Molecular Ecology 14:267-272.B. Vallejo, Jr. (2005), ''Inferring the mode of speciation in the Indo-West Pacific Conus (Gastropoda: Conidae)'', Journal of Biogeography 32:1429-1439. This 2009 proposed classification system also outlined the taxonomy for the other clades of Conoidean gastropods (that do ''not'' resorb their inner walls), also based upon morphological, anatomical, and molecular studies, and removes the turrid snails (which are a distinct large and diverse group) from the cone snails, and creates a number of new families. Tucker and Tenorio’s proposed classification system for the cone shells and their allies (and the other clades of Conoidean gastropods ) is shown in

Tucker & Tenorio cone snail taxonomy 2009 The taxonomy of the cone snails and their allies as proposed by John K. Tucker and Manuel J. Tenorio in 2009 was a biological classification system for a large group of predatory sea snails. This system was an attempt to make taxonomic sense of ...

2011, Bouchet et al.

In 2011 Bouchet et al. proposed a new classification in which several subfamilies were raised to the rank of family: * Clathurellinae was split into three families:

Borsoniidae Borsoniidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet, P. (2011). Borsoniidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.o ...

(also including species from

), Mitromorphidae and

Clathurellidae Clathurellidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011). "A new operational classification of the Conoidea". '' ...

(all previously lumped under the

). * Conorbiinae was raised to the rank of family

Conorbidae Conorbidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Tucker J.K. & Tenorio M.J. (2009) Systematic classification of Recent and fossil conoidean gastropods. Hackenheim: ...

, consisting of three genera: '' Artemidiconus'' da Motta, 1991, '' Benthofascis'' Iredale, 1936, and ''

Conorbis ''Conorbis'' is an extinct genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conorbidae. This genus was formerly classified in the family Conidae by Vredenburg (1921) in the clade Neogastropoda by Sepkoski (2002) and in the subfa ...

'' Swainson, 1840. * Mangeliinae and Oenopotinae were combined and raised to the rank of family

Mangeliidae Mangeliidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized, predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. Bouchet, P. (2011). Mangeliidae P. Fischer, 1883. In: MolluscaBase (2016). Accessed through: World Re ...

, which had previously been lumped in the

). *

was raised to the rank of family

Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.) (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". ''Malacologia'' 47(1-2). . 39 ...

(also previously lumped in the

). The classification by Bouchet et al. (2011) was based on mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA testing, and built on the prior work by J.K. Tucker & M.J. Tenorio (2009), but did not include fossil taxa.

Molecular phylogeny Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

, particularly with the advent of nuclear DNA testing in addition to the mDNA testing (testing in the Conidae initially began by Christopher Meyer and Alan Kohn), is continuing on the Conidae.N. Puillandre, S. Samadi, M. Boesselier, A. Sysoev, Y. Kantor, C. Cruaud, A. Couloux, & P. Bouchett (2008), ''Starting to unravel the toxoglossan knot: molecular phylogeny of the "turrid" (Neogastropoda: Conoidea),'' Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 47:1122-1134.Tucker, J. K. & Stahlschmidt, P. (2010) ''A second species of Pseudoconorbis (Gastropoda: Conoidea) from India. Miscellanea Malacologica'' 4(3):31-34.Tucker, J. K., Tenorio, M. J. & Stahlschmidt, P. (2011) ''The genus Benthofascis (Gastropoda: Conoidea): a revision with descriptions of new species.'' Zootaxa 2796:1-14.Tucker, J. K. & Tenorio, M. J. (2011) ''New species of Gradiconus and Kohniconus from the western Atlantic (Gastropoda: Conoidea: Conidae, Conilithidae).'' Miscellanea Malacologica 5(1):1-16.Petuch, E. J. & Sargent, D. M. (2011) ''New species of Conidae and Conilithidae (Gastropoda) from the tropical Americas and Philippines. With notes on some poorly-known Floridian species.'' Visaya 3(3):116-137.Petuch & Drolshage (2011) ''Compendium of Florida Fossil Shells, Volume 1'' MDM Publications, Wellington, Florida, 432 pp.C.M.L. Afonso & M.J. Tenorio (August 2011), ''A new, distinct endemic Africonus species (Gastropoda, Conidae) from Sao Vicente Island, Cape Verde Archipelago, West Africa'', Gloria Maris 50(5): 124-135

2009, 2011, list of genera from Tucker & Tenorio, and Bouchet et al

This is a list of what were recognized extant genera within Conidae as per J.K. Tucker & M.J. Tenorio (2009), and Bouchet et al. (2011): However, all these genera have become synonyms of subgenera within the genus ''Conus'' as per the revision of the taxonomy of the Conidae in 2015 * '' Afonsoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Afonsoconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Africonus'' Petuch, 1975: synonym of ''Conus (Lautoconus)'' Monterosato, 1923 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Arubaconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Ductoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Asprella'' Schaufuss, 1869: synonym of ''Conus (Asprella)'' Schaufuss, 1869 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Atlanticonus'' Petuch & Sargent, 2012: synonym of ''Conus (Atlanticonus)'' Petuch & Sargent, 2012 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Attenuiconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Attenuiconus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Austroconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 synonym of ''Conus (Austroconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Bathyconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Fusiconus)'' Thiele, 1929, represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * '' Bermudaconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Bermudaconus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Boucheticonus ''Conasprella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Conasprella. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spec ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conasprella (Boucheticonus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * '' Brasiliconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of Conus (Brasiliconus) Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Calamiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Lividoconus)'' Wils, 1970 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Calibanus ''Calibanus'' is a genus of two species of flowering plants, both evergreen succulents from dry areas of northeastern Mexico. The APG III classification system places it in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ru ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Calibanus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Cariboconus'' Petuch, 2003: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 * '' Chelyconus'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Chelyconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Cleobula'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of '' Dendroconus'' Swainson, 1840 * ''Coltroconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conasprella (Coltroconus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929: accepted name * '' Conasprelloides'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * † ''

'' Swainson, 1840 * '' Continuconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 *''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758: accepted name * ''Cornutoconus'' Suzuki, 1972: synonym of '' Taranteconus'' Azuma, 1972 * ''Coronaxis'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Conus)'' Linnaeus, 1758 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Cucullus'' Röding, 1798: synonym of ''Conus (Conus)'' Linnaeus, 1758 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Cylinder A cylinder (from ) has traditionally been a three-dimensional solid, one of the most basic of curvilinear geometric shapes. In elementary geometry, it is considered a prism with a circle as its base. A cylinder may also be defined as an infin ...

'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Conus (Cylinder)'' Montfort, 1810 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Cylindrella'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Asprella'' Schaufuss, 1869synonym of ''Conus (Asprella)'' Schaufuss, 1869 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Cylindrus'' Batsch, 1789: synonym of ''Cylinder'' Montfort, 1810synonym of ''Conus (Cylinder)'' Montfort, 1810 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Dalliconus ''Dalliconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conasprella'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Dalliconus Tucker & Tenorio, 2009. Accessed through: World Register o ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Dalliconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 synonym of ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * '' Darioconus'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Darioconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Dauciconus'' Cotton, 1945: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Dendroconus'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Dendroconus)'' Swainson, 1840 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Ductoconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Ductoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Duodenticonus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conasprella (Conasprella)'' Thiele, 1929 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * '' Dyraspis'' Iredale, 1949: synonym of ''Conus (Virroconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Elisaconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Elisaconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Embrikena'' Iredale, 1937: synonym of ''Conus (Embrikena)'' Iredale, 1937 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''

Endemoconus ''Endemoconus'' is subgenus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conasprella'', family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Endemoconus Iredale, 1931. Accessed ...

'' Iredale, 1931: synonym of ''Conasprella (Endemoconus)'' Iredale, 1931 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * '' Eremiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Eremiconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Erythroconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Darioconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Eugeniconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Eugeniconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Floraconus'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Floraconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Fraterconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Fraterconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Fulgiconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of Conus ''(Phasmoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Fumiconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conasprella (Fusiconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *''

Fusiconus ''Fusiconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conasprella'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Fusiconus da Motta, 1991. Accessed through: World Register of Marine ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conasprella (Fusiconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *''

Gastridium ''Gastridium'' is a genus of plants in the grass family. Species of the genus are found in Africa and Eurasia. These grasses are sometimes called nit grass. ; Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Gastridium'': * '' Gastri ...

'' Modeer, 1793: synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Genuanoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Kalloconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Gladioconus ''Gladioconus'' is a synonym of a subgenus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies. T In the latest classification of the family ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Monteiroconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Globiconus ''Globiconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conasprella'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the new classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Ximeniconus)'' Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Gradiconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Graphiconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Phasmoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Harmoniconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Harmoniconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Hermes Hermes (; grc-gre, wikt:Ἑρμῆς, Ἑρμῆς) is an Olympian deity in ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, mythology. Hermes is considered the herald of the gods. He is also considered the protector of human heralds, travelle ...

'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''Conus (Hermes)'' Montfort, 1810 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Heroconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Isoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Jaspidiconus ''Jaspidiconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conasprella'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2015). Jaspidiconus Petuch, 2003. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Spe ...

'' Petuch, 2004: synonym of ''Conasprella (Ximeniconus)'' Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *''

Kalloconus ''Kalloconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the new classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olivera B.M. & Bouchet P ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Kalloconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Kellyconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Kellyconus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

'' Brazier, 1896: genus

incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...

* ''Kermasprella'' Powell, 1958: synonym of ''Conasprella (Endemoconus)'' Iredale, 1931 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Ketyconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Floraconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Kioconus ''Kioconus'' is a synonym of the subgenus ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758. These are sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Distinguishing c ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Klemaeconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Klemaeconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Kohniconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Kohniconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Kurodaconus'' Shikama & Habe, 1968: synonym of ''Conus (Turriconus)'' Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Lamniconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Lamniconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Lautoconus'' Monterosato, 1923: synonym of ''Conus (Lautoconus)'' Monterosato, 1923 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Leporiconus'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Leporiconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Leptoconus ''Leptoconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the latest classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Oli ...

'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Leptoconus)'' Swainson, 1840 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

'' Raybaudi Massilia, 1994: synonym of ''Conasprella (Lilliconus)'' G. Raybaudi Massilia, 1994 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *''

Lindaconus ''Lindaconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Lindaconus'' Petuch, 2002. Accessed thr ...

'' Petuch, 2002: synonym of ''Conus (Lindaconus)'' Petuch, 2002 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Lithoconus ''Lithoconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. In the latest classification of the family Conidae by Puillandre N., Duda T.F., Meyer C., Olive ...

'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Lithoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Lividoconus'' Wils, 1970: synonym of ''Conus (Lividoconus)'' Wils, 1970 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Lizaconus'' da Motta, 1991synonym of ''

'' Kuroda, 1956 * ''Magelliconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Malagasyconus'' Monnier & Tenorio, 2015 * ''Mamiconus'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1932: synonym of ''Endemoconus'' Iredale, 1931synonym of ''Conasprella (Endemoconus)'' Iredale, 1931 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Miliariconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Virroconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Mitraconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Turriconus)'' Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Monteiroconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Monteiroconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Nataliconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Leptoconus)'' Swainson, 1840 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Nimboconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Phasmoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Nitidoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Ongoconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Papyriconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Papyriconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Parviconus'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1932: synonym of ''Conasprella (Parviconus)'' Cotton & Godfrey, 1932 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Perplexiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Ximeniconus)'' Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Phasmoconus'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Phasmoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Pionoconus'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Plicaustraconus'' Moolenbeek, 2008: synonym of ''Conus (Plicaustraconus)'' Moolenbeek, 2008 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Poremskiconus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

'' Kuroda, 1956: accepted name *''Protoconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of '' Tenorioconus'' Petuch & Drolshagen, 2011 *''

Protostrioconus ''Protostrioconus'' is a synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as '' Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758. These are sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). '' ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Pseudoconorbis'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Pseudoconorbis)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 * ''Pseudohermes'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Virgiconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Pseudolilliconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Pseudonoduloconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Pseudonoduloconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Pseudopterygia'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Pseudopterygia)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Puncticulis'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Puncticulis)'' Swainson, 1840 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Purpuriconus ''Purpuriconus'' has become a synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758. These are sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the genus Conus, family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus ...

'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Pygmaeconus'' Puillandre & Tenorio, 2017 *'' Pyruconus'' Olsson, 1967: synonym of ''Conus (Pyruconus)'' Olsson, 1967 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Quasiconus ''Quasiconus'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Quasiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009. Ac ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Quasiconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Regiconus'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Darioconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Rhizoconus'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Rhizoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Rhombiconus ''Rhombiconus'' is a synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758. These are sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Rh ...

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Rhombus'' Montfort, 1810: synonym of ''

'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Rolaniconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Strategoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Rollus'' Montfort, 1810 :synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Rubroconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Rubroconus)'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Sandericonus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Sandericonus)'' Petuch, 2013 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Sciteconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Sciteconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Seminoleconus'' Petuch, 2003: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Socioconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Splinoconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''Spuriconus'' Petuch, 2003: synonym of ''Conus (Lindaconus)'' Petuch, 2002 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Stellaconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conus (Splinoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Stephanoconus'' Mörch, 1852: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Strategoconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Strategoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Strioconus'' Thiele, 1929: synonym of '' Pionoconus'' Mörch, 1852, synonym of ''Conus (Pionoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Sulciconus'' Bielz, 1869: synonym of ''Asprella'' Schaufuss, 1869, synonym of ''Conus (Asprella)'' Schaufuss, 1869 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Taranteconus'' Azuma, 1972: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Tenorioconus'' Petuch & Drolshagen, 2011: synonym of ''Conus (Stephanoconus)'' Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Tesselliconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Tesselliconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Textilia ''Textilia'' is a subgenus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conus'', family (biology), family Conidae, the Conus, cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Textilia'' Swainson, 1840. Accessed thro ...

'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Conus (Textilia)'' Swainson, 1840 represented ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Thalassiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2013: synonym of ''Calibanus'' da Motta, 1991, synonym of ''Conus (Calibanus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Theliconus'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of

Montfort, 1810, synonym of ''Conus (Hermes)'' Montfort, 1810 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Thoraconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of '' Fulgiconus'' da Motta, 1991, synonym of ''Conus (Phasmoconus'') Mörch, 1852 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Trovaoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009, synonym of ''Conus (Kalloconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Tuckericonus'' Petuch, 2013: synonym of ''Conus (Dauciconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Tuliparia'' Swainson, 1840: synonym of ''Gastridium'' Modeer, 1793, synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Turriconus'' Shikama & Habe, 1968, synonym of ''Conus (Turriconus)'' Shikama & Habe, 1968 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Utriculus'' Schumacher, 1817: synonym of ''Gastridium'' Modeer, 1793, synonym of ''Conus (Gastridium)'' Modeer, 1793 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Varioconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Lautoconus)'' Monterosato, 1923 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Viminiconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Fusiconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Virgiconus'' Cotton, 1945: synonym of ''Conus (Virgiconus)'' Cotton, 1945 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Virroconus'' Iredale, 1930: synonym of ''Conus (Virroconus)'' Iredale, 1930 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *'' Vituliconus'' da Motta, 1991: synonym of ''Conus (Strategoconus)'' da Motta, 1991 represented as ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 *''

Ximeniconus ''Ximeniconus'' is subgenus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the genus ''Conasprella'', family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Ximeniconus'' Emerson & Old, 1962. Accessed through: World Register ...

'' Emerson & Old, 1962: synonym of ''Conasprella (Ximeniconus)'' Emerson & Old, 1962 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929 *'' Yeddoconus'' Tucker & Tenorio, 2009: synonym of ''Conasprella (Endemoconus)'' Iredale, 1931 represented as ''Conasprella'' Thiele, 1929

1993 to 2011 list of genera

Following Taylor et al., from 1993 to 2011, the family Conidae was defined as including not only the cone snails, but also a large number of other genera which are commonly known as "turrids". However, as a result of

studies in 2011, many of those genera were moved back to the

, or were placed in new "turrid" families within the superfamily

. The following list of genera that used to be included in Conidae is retained as a historical reference: * '' Abyssobela'' Kantor & Sysoev, 1986 * ''

Acamptodaphne ''Acamptodaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.- ...

'' Shuto, 1971 * '' Agathotoma'' Cossman, 1899 * ''

Aliceia ''Aliceia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. The taxonomic position of ''Aliceia'' is rather uncertain. It may as well belong to the family Turridae (resembling genus '' Lucerapex'') or to the fa ...

'' Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1897 * '' Antimitra'' Iredale, 1917 * '' Asperdaphne'' Hedley, 1922 * ''Asprella'' (considered a synonym of ''Conus'' by some authors) * '' Austrodaphnella'' Laseron, 1954 * '' Bactrocythara'' Woodring, 1928 * '' Bathybela'' Kobelt, 1905 * '' Bathytoma'' Harris & Burrows 1891 * ''

Bela Bela may refer to: Places Asia *Bela Pratapgarh, a town in Pratapgarh District, Uttar Pradesh, India *Bela, a small village near Bhandara, Maharashtra, India *Bela, another name for the biblical city Zoara * Bela, Dang, in Nepal *Bela, Janakpur ...

'' Gray, 1847 * '' Belaturricula'' Powell, 1951 * ''

Benthomangelia ''Benthomangelia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Mangeliidae. Species Species within the genus ''Benthomangelia'' include: * ''Benthomangelia abyssopacifica'' Sysoev, 1988 * ' ...

'' Thiele, 1925 * ''

Borsonella ''Borsonella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Borsoniidae. Description (Original description) The shell has a small, blunt nucleus of one or two whorls. The sculpture is chiefly spiral, feeble, except for one ...

'' Dall, 1908 * '' Brachycythara'' Woodring, 1928 * ''

Buccinaria ''Buccinaria'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Buccinaria'' include: * † '' Buccinaria guacoldae'' Nielsen, 2003 * † '' Buccinaria hoheneggeri'' Kittl, 188 ...

'' Kittl, 1887 * ''

Cenodagreutes ''Raphitoma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. The type species ''Pleurotoma hystrix'' Cristofori and Jan, 1832 is a nomen nudum. It has been validated by Bellardi, 1847 as “''P ...

'' E.H. Smith, 1967 * ''Chelyconus'' (synonym of'' Conus'') * ''

Clathromangelia ''Clathromangelia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae . The species in this genus lack a radula. Species Species within the genus ''Clathromangelia'' include: * ''Cl ...

'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''

Clathurella ''Clathurella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Clathurellidae. Description The shell is fusiform or turriculated. The columella lip has no callosity, except a small posterior tooth. There is no operculum. Th ...

'' Carpenter, 1857 * ''Cleobula'' (synonym of'' Conus'') * ''

Clinura ''Clinura'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. This genus was only known from fossils from the Cenozoic era until 1997 when Sysoev found a specimen of ''Clinura vitrea'' off the Tani ...

'' Bellardi, 1875 * '' Clinuropsis'' Vincent, 1913 * ''

Columbarium A columbarium (; pl. columbaria) is a structure for the reverential and usually public storage of funerary urns, holding cremated remains of the deceased. The term can also mean the nesting boxes of pigeons. The term comes from the Latin "'' colu ...

'' Martens, 1881 * ''Conasprella'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * '' Conopleura'' Hinds, 1844 * ''

'' Swainson, 1840 * '' Conospirus'' Gregorio, 1890 * ''Conus'' Linnaeus, 1758 * '' Crockerella'' Hertlein & Strong 1951 * '' Cryoturris'' Woodring, 1928 * ''

Cryptodaphne ''Cryptodaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Cryptodaphne'' include: * ''Cryptodaphne adiaphora'' Morassi & Bonfitto, 2010 * ''Cryptodaphne ...

'' Powell, 1942 * ''

Curtitoma ''Curtitoma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae. Description This genus was introduced by Paul Bartsch in 1941 to accommodate species with a distinct anal sinus and a protoconch sculptured with num ...

'' Bartsch, 1941 * ''

Daphnella ''Daphnella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Not to be confused with ''Daphnella'' Baird, 1850, a synonym of ''Diaphanosoma'' Fischer, 1850 belonging to the Sididae, a family of ctenopods. Des ...

'' Hinds 1844 * ''

Daphnellopsis ''Daphnellopsis'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Muricidae. Species Species within the genus ''Daphnellopsis'' include: * ''Daphnellopsis fimbriata'' (Hinds, 1843) * ''Daphnellopsis hypselos'' ...

'' Schepman, 1913 * ''Darioconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''Dauciconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''Dendroconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * '' Diaugasma'' Melvill, 1917 * ''

Drilliola ''Drilliola'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The p ...

'' Locard, 1897 * ''Endemoconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''

Eubela ''Eubela'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description The shell is smooth, glossy, with a sutural band. The outer lip is sharp. A shallow anal sinus and a short angular siphonal canal The si ...

'' Dall, 1889 * '' Eucyclotoma'' Boettger, 1895 * '' Euryentmema'' Woodring, 1928 * ''

Exomilus ''Exomilus'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description The small shell is, subcylindrical. It contains few whorls. The base is concave. The sculpture consists of radial ribs latticed by spiral ...

'' Hedley, 1918 * ''

Fehria ''Bela'' is a genus of sea snails; marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Mangeliidae. Taxonomy Because of taxonomic uncertainty regarding the type species, many authors in the 19th century e.g. G.O. Sars (1878 ...

'' van Aartsen, 1988 * '' Fusidaphne'' Laseron, 1954 * ''

'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * '' Glyphostoma'' Gabb, 1872 * '' Glyphostomops'' Bartsch, 1934 * '' Glyphoturris'' Woodring, 1928 * ''

Glyptaesopus ''Glyptaesopus'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Borsoniidae Description The small shell is slender and contains 5½ sculptured Whorl (mollusc), whorls with weakly incised Sutur ...

'' Pilsbry & Olsson 1941 * '' Granoturris'' Fargo, 1953 * ''

Gymnobela ''Gymnobela'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. This genus can sometimes be hardly differentiated from species in the genera ''Spergo'' Dall, 1895, ''Theta'' Clarke, 1959 and ''Speoides yoshidae'' ...

'' Verrill, 1884 * '' Isodaphne'' Laseron, 1954 * ''

Ithycythara ''Ithycythara'' is a genus of small sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Mangeliidae. Description The spiral Sculpture (mollusc), sculpture is lacking or consists of microscopic striae. There may ...

'' Woodring, 1928 * ''

'' Clench, 1942 * ''

Kermia ''Kermia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. This genus is closely related to ''Pseudodaphnella'' Boettger, 1895. They form together a genus-complex with a highly underestimated diversity, leading ...

'' Oliver, 1915 * '' Kuroshiodaphne'' Shuto, 1965 * ''

Kurtzia ''Kurtzia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Mangeliidae. Fossil species have been in Pliocene strata of Panama, Miocene strata in Central Chile and in Quaternary strata in Calif ...

'' Bartsch, 1944 * ''

Kurtziella ''Kurtziella'' is a genus of small, predatory sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Mangeliidae. Prior to a 2011 genetic revision, the genus used to be included in the family Conidae. Species Speci ...

'' Dall, 1918 * ''

Leufroyia ''Leufroyia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae.MolluscaBase (2019). MolluscaBase. Leufroyia Monterosato, 1884. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aph ...

'' Monterosato 1884 * ''Lithoconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''

Mangelia ''Mangelia'' is a large genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae. The genus has been used for a long time as a wastebasket taxon. There have been many described species, many of which have become synonyms. Amon ...

'' Risso, 1826 * '' Microdaphne'' McLean, 1971 * '' Microgenia'' Laseron, 1954 * '' Mioawateria'' Vella, 1954 * '' Mitramorpha'' Adams, 1865 * '' Mitrolumna'' Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus 1883 * ''

Mitromorpha ''Miltromorpha'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mitromorphidae, in the superfamily Conoidea the cone snails and their allies.MolluscaBase (2018). Mitromorpha Carpenter, 1865. Accessed through: World Registe ...

'' Adams, 1865 * '' Nannodiella'' Dall, 1918 * '' Neopleurotomoides'' Shuto, 1971 * ''

Nepotilla ''Nepotilla'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Description This genus is allied to ''Eucyclotoma'' by its spirally grooved protoconch, but distinguished there from by its minute si ...

'' Hedley, 1918 * '' Nipponaphera'' Habe, 1961 * ''

Obesotoma ''Obesotoma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae Mangeliidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized, predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. Bou ...

'' Bartsch, 1941 * ''

Oenopota ''Oenopota'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae. This genus doesn't form a monophyletic group. Therefore many species are only tentatively placed within this genus. Description In 1941 Paul Bartsch ...

'' Mörch, 1852 * '' Ophiodermella'' Bartsch, 1944 * ''

Pagodidaphne ''Pagodidaphne'' is a small genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocro ...

'' Shuto, 1983 * '' Perplicaria'' Dall, 1890 * '' Phymorhynchus'' Dall, 1908 * '' Platycythara'' Woodring, 1928 * ''

Pleurotomella ''Pleurotomella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description (Original description by Verrill) As at present understood, this genus is intended to include those species which have a rather broa ...

'' verrill, 1873 * '' Pontiothauma'' E.A. Smith, 1895 * ''

Propebela ''Propebela'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae Mangeliidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized, predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea. Bou ...

'' Iredale, 1918 * ''

Pseudodaphnella ''Pseudodaphnella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. In the past this generic name, ''Pseudodaphnella'', has been refused recognition by most modern writers, who have distributed its constituents ...

'' Boettger, 1895 * '' Puncticulis'' Swainson, 1840 * '' Pyrgocythara'' Woodring, 1928 * ''

Raphitoma ''Raphitoma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. The type species ''Pleurotoma hystrix'' Cristofori and Jan, 1832 is a nomen nudum. It has been validated by Bellardi, 1847 as “''Pleurotoma histr ...

'' Bellardi, 1847 * ''Rhizoconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * '' Rimosodaphnella'' Cossmann, 1915 * ''

Rocroithys ''Rocroithys'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. ( ...

'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001 * '' Rubellatoma'' Bartsch & Rehder 1939 * '' Rugobela'' Finlay, 1924 * '' Scalptia'' Jousseaume 1887 * ''

Spergo ''Spergo'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description The large, thin shell is nearly destitute of sculpture. It shows an unrecurved columella, a short, wide, straight siphonal canal, a wide shall ...

'' Dall, 1895 * ''Stephanoconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * '' Stilla'' Finlay, 1926 * ''

Suavodrillia ''Suavodrillia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Borsoniidae. Species Species within the genus ''Suavodrillia'' include: * ''Suavodrillia declivis'' (Martens, 1880) * ''Suavodri ...

'' Dall, 1918 * ''

Taranidaphne ''Taranidaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P ...

'' Morassi & Bonfitto, 2001 * ''

Taranis In Celtic mythology, Taranis (Proto-Celtic: *''Toranos'', earlier ''*Tonaros''; Latin: Taranus, earlier Tanarus) is the god of thunder, who was worshipped primarily in Gaul, Hispania, Britain, and Ireland, but also in the Rhineland and Danube r ...

'' Jeffreys, 1870 * '' Tasmadaphne'' Laseron, 1954 * '' Teleochilus'' Harris, 1897 * '' Tenaturris'' Woodring, 1928 * ''

Teretia ''Teretia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purp ...

'' Norman, 1888 * ''

Teretiopsis ''Teretiopsis'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Teretiopsis'' include: * ''Teretiopsis abyssalis'' Kantor & Sysoev, 1989 * ''Teretiopsis hyalina ...

'' Kantor & Sysoev, 1989 * '' Thatcheria'' Angas, 1877 * '' Thatcheriasyrinx'' Powell, 1969 * '' Thatcherina'' Vera-Pelaez, 1998 * '' Thelecythara'' Woodring, 1928 * ''

Thesbia ''Thesbia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. This genus was named after Thesbia, one of the Sea-nymphs of Hesiod. Description the original description of this genus note ...

'' Jeffreys, 1867 * ''

Theta Theta (, ; uppercase: Θ or ; lowercase: θ or ; grc, ''thē̂ta'' ; Modern: ''thī́ta'' ) is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth . In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 9. Gr ...

'' A.H. Clarke, 1959 * ''

Tritonoturris ''Tritonoturris'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Tritonoturris'' include: * ''Tritonoturris albocingulata'' Stahlschmidt, Chino & E. Tardy, 202 ...

'' Dall, 1924 * ''

Truncadaphne ''Truncadaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Truncadaphne'' include: * ''Truncadaphne stonei'' (Hertlein & Strong, 1939) ;Species brought in ...

'' McLean, 1971 * '' Tuskaroria'' Sysoev, 1988 * ''

Typhlodaphne ''Typhlodaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Borsoniidae. Description The smooth protoconch is bluntly rounded and paucispiral, consisting of two Whorl (mollusc), whorls. The sinus is subsu ...

'' Powell, 1951 * ''

Typhlomangelia ''Typhlomangelia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Borsoniidae, the cone snails A cone is a three-dimensional geometric shape that tapers smoothly from a flat base (frequently, though not necessarily, ...

'' Sars G.O., 1878 * ''

Veprecula ''Veprecula'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description (Original description) This genus has been created by Melvill in 1917 for a series of deep-water species of ''Clathurella'' with several pe ...

'' Melvill, 1917 * ''

Vepridaphne ''Vepridaphne'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae Raphitomidae is a family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. ...

'' Shuto, 1983 * ''Virgiconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * ''Virroconus'' (considered a synonym of'' Conus'' by some authors) * '' Xanthodaphne'' Powell, 1942 * ''

Zenepos ''Zenepos'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Zenepos'' include: * † ''Zenepos lacunosa'' (Hutton, 1885) * ''Zenepos totolirata'' (Suter, 1908) ...

'' Finlay, 1928 * '' Zierliana'' Gray, 1847

Cone snail venom characteristics and biotech

There are approximately 30 records of humans killed by cone snails. Human victims suffer little pain, because the venom contains an analgesic component. Some species reportedly can kill a human in under five minutes, thus the name "cigarette snail" as supposedly one only has time to smoke a cigarette before dying. Cone snails can sting through a wetsuit with their harpoon-like radular tooth, which resembles a transparent needle. Normally, cone snails (and many species in the superfamily

) use their venom to immobilize prey before engulfing it. The venom consists of a mixture of

peptide Peptides (, ) are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Long chains of amino acids are called proteins. Chains of fewer than twenty amino acids are called oligopeptides, and include dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides. A ...

s, called

conopeptide A conotoxin is one of a group of neurotoxic peptides isolated from the venom of the marine cone snail, genus ''Conus''. Conotoxins, which are peptides consisting of 10 to 30 amino acid residues, typically have one or more disulfide bonds. Cono ...

s. The venom is typically made up of 10 to 30

amino acid Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although hundreds of amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the alpha-amino acids, which comprise proteins. Only 22 alpha am ...

s, but in some species as many as 60. The venom of each cone snail species may contain as many as 200 pharmacologically active components. It is estimated that more than 50,000 conopeptides can be found, because every species of cone snail is thought to produce its own specific venom. Cone-snail venom has come to interest biotechnologists and pharmacists because of its potential medicinal properties. Production of synthetic conopeptides has started, using solid-phase peptide synthesis. W-conopeptide, from the species ''

Conus magus ''Conus magus'', common name the magical cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies. Like all species within the genus ''Conus'', these snails are predatory and venomous. ...

'' is the basis of the

analgesic An analgesic drug, also called simply an analgesic (American English), analgaesic (British English), pain reliever, or painkiller, is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve relief from pain (that is, analgesia or pain management). It ...

drug

Prialt Ziconotide (SNX–111; Prialt), also called intrathecal ziconotide (ITZ) because of its administration route, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain. Derived from ''Conus magus'', a cone snail, it is the ...

, an approved treatment for pain said to be 1000 times as powerful as

morphine Morphine is a strong opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin in poppies (''Papaver somniferum''). It is mainly used as a analgesic, pain medication, and is also commonly used recreational drug, recreationally, or to make ...

and used as a last resort in specific application. Conopeptides are also being looked at as anti-epileptic agents and to help stop nerve-cell death after a stroke or head injury. Conopeptides also have potential in helping against spasms due to

spinal cord The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (backbone). The backbone encloses the central canal of the spi ...

injuries, and may be helpful in diagnosing and treating small cell carcinomas in the lung. The

biotechnology Biotechnology is the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services. The term ''biotechnology'' was first used b ...

surrounding cone snails and their venom has promise for medical breakthroughs; with more than 50,000 conopeptides to study, the possibilities are numerous.

References

External links

{{taxonbar, from=Q140435 Gastropod families