Chlorophyta or
Prasinophyta is a
taxon
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...
of
green algae
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have emerged deep in the Charophyte alga as ...
informally called chlorophytes. The name is used in two very different senses, so care is needed to determine the use by a particular author. In older classification systems, it refers to a highly
paraphyletic
In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...
group of ''all'' the green algae within the green plants (
Viridiplantae
Viridiplantae (literally "green plants") are a clade of eukaryotic organisms that comprise approximately 450,000–500,000 species and play important roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They are made up of the green algae, which ...
) and thus includes about 7,000
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
of mostly
aquatic photosynthetic
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's activities. Some of this chemical energy is stored in c ...
eukaryotic
Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the three domains of life. Bacte ...
organisms. In newer classifications, it refers to the sister clade of the
streptophytes/
charophytes. The clade Streptophyta consists of the
Charophyta
Charophyta () is a group of freshwater green algae, called charophytes (), sometimes treated as a division, yet also as a superdivision or an unranked clade. The terrestrial plants, the Embryophyta emerged within Charophyta, possibly from terre ...
in which the
Embryophyta
The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes () have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as siste ...
(land plants) emerged.
In this latter sense the Chlorophyta includes only about 4,300 species.
About 90% of all known species live in freshwater.
Like the
land plants
The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes () have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as sist ...
(
embryophytes
The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes () have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as sist ...
:
bryophyte
The Bryophyta s.l. are a proposed taxonomic division containing three groups of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts and mosses. Bryophyta s.s. consists of the mosses only. They are characteristically limited in ...
s and
tracheophytes
Vascular plants (), also called tracheophytes () or collectively Tracheophyta (), form a large group of land plants ( accepted known species) that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant. They al ...
), green algae (chlorophytes and charophytes besides embryophytes) contain
chlorophyll a and
chlorophyll b
}
Chlorophyll ''b'' is a form of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll ''b'' helps in photosynthesis by absorbing light energy. It is more soluble than chlorophyll ''a'' in polar solvents because of its carbonyl group. Its color is green, and it primarily a ...
and store food as
starch
Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants for energy storage. Worldwide, it is the most common carbohydrate in human diets ...
in their
plastids
The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms. They are considered to be intracellular endosymbiotic cyanobac ...
.
With the exception of
Palmophyllophyceae
The Palmophyllophyceae are a proposed basal Chlorophyte clade consisting of the Palmophyllales and Prasinococcales.
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q26962824
Green algae classes ...
,
Trebouxiophyceae
The Trebouxiophyceae are a class of green algae, in the division Chlorophyta. Their circumscription within the green algae is not well established due to the need for more genetic studies at higher levels within the group.
Genera without interv ...
,
Ulvophyceae
The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology, life cycle and molecular phylogenetic data.Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW (2009) ''Algae''. 2nd Edition. Benjamin Cummin ...
and
Chlorophyceae
The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast may be discoid, p ...
, which show various degrees of multicellularity, all the Chlorophyta lineages are unicellular. Some members of the group form
symbiotic
Symbiosis (from Greek , , "living together", from , , "together", and , bíōsis, "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasit ...
relationships with
protozoa
Protozoa (singular: protozoan or protozoon; alternative plural: protozoans) are a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris. Histo ...
, sponges, and cnidarians. Others form symbiotic relationships with fungi to form
lichen
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.[oogamous
Oogamy is an extreme form of anisogamy where the gametes differ in both size and form.
In oogamy the large female gamete (also known as ovum) is immobile, while the small male gamete (also known as sperm) is mobile. Oogamy is a common form of an ...]
or
isogamous
Isogamy is a form of sexual reproduction that involves gametes of the same morphology (indistinguishable in shape and size), found in most unicellular eukaryotes. Because both gametes look alike, they generally cannot be classified as male or fe ...
. All members of the clade have motile flagellated swimming cells.
While most species live in
freshwater habitats and a large number in
marine habitats
Marine habitats are habitats that support marine life. Marine life depends in some way on the saltwater that is in the sea (the term ''marine'' comes from the Latin ''mare'', meaning sea or ocean). A habitat is an ecological or environmental a ...
, other species are adapted to a wide range of land environments. For example, ''Chlamydomonas nivalis'', which causes
Watermelon snow
Watermelon snow, also called snow algae, pink snow, red snow, or blood snow, is a phenomenon caused by '' Chlamydomonas nivalis'', a species of green algae containing a secondary red carotenoid pigment (astaxanthin) in addition to chlorophyll. Unli ...
, lives on summer alpine snowfields. Others, such as ''
Trentepohlia'' species, live attached to rocks or woody parts of trees. ''
Monostroma kuroshiense
''Monostroma kuroshiense'', a green alga in the division Chlorophyta, is a green seaweed endemic to Kuroshio Coast of Japan. This high-value seaweed is called Hitoegusa or Hirohano hitoegusa (ヒロハノヒトエグサ) in Japanese. Previously ...
'', an edible green alga cultivated worldwide and most expensive among green algae, belongs to this group.
Ecology
Species of Chlorophyta (treated as what is now considered one of the two main clades of
Viridiplantae
Viridiplantae (literally "green plants") are a clade of eukaryotic organisms that comprise approximately 450,000–500,000 species and play important roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They are made up of the green algae, which ...
) are common inhabitants of marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments.
[Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW (2009) ''Algae''. 2nd Edition. Benjamin Cummings (Pearson), San Francisco, CA] Several species have adapted to specialised and extreme environments, such as deserts, arctic environments,
hypersaline
A hypersaline lake is a landlocked body of water that contains significant concentrations of sodium chloride, brines, and other salts, with saline levels surpassing that of ocean water (3.5%, i.e. ).
Specific microbial species can thrive in h ...
habitats, marine deep waters, deep-sea
hydrothermal vent
A hydrothermal vent is a fissure on the seabed from which geothermally heated water discharges. They are commonly found near volcanically active places, areas where tectonic plates are moving apart at mid-ocean ridges, ocean basins, and hotspot ...
s and habitats that experiences extreme changes in temperature, light and salinity.
Some groups, such as the
Trentepohliales
Trentepohliales is an order (biology), order of Ulvophyceaen green algae.See the National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI]webpage on Trentepohliales Data extracted from the
References
External links
Chlorophyta orders
Ulvoph ...
are exclusively found on land.
Several species of Chlorophyta live in
symbiosis
Symbiosis (from Greek , , "living together", from , , "together", and , bíōsis, "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasit ...
with a diverse range of
eukaryote
Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the three domains of life. Bacte ...
s, including
fungi
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...
(to form
lichen
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.[ciliate
The ciliates are a group of alveolates characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to flagellum, eukaryotic flagella, but are in general shorter and present in much larger numbers, with a ...]
s,
forams
Foraminifera (; Latin for "hole bearers"; informally called "forams") are single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class (biology), class of Amoeba, amoeboid protists characterized by streaming granular Ectoplasm (cell biology), ectoplasm ...
,
cnidarians and
mollusc
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is esti ...
s.
Some species of Chlorophyta are
heterotrophic
A heterotroph (; ) is an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter. In the food chain, heterotrophs are primary, secondary and tertiary consumers, but ...
, either free-living or
parasitic
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson has c ...
.
Others are
mixotroph A mixotroph is an organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon, instead of having a single trophic mode on the continuum from complete autotrophy at one end to heterotrophy at the other. It is estimated that mixotrophs comp ...
ic
bacterivore A bacterivore is an organism which obtains energy and nutrients primarily or entirely from the consumption of bacteria. The term is most commonly used to describe free-living, heterotrophic, microscopic organisms such as nematodes as well as many s ...
s through
phagocytosis
Phagocytosis () is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle (≥ 0.5 μm), giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome. It is one type of endocytosis. A cell that performs phagocytosis is ...
. Two common species of the heterotrophic green alga ''
Prototheca
''Prototheca'' is a genus of algae in the family Chlorellaceae. All the species within this genus, even though classified as green algae, have forfeited their photosynthetic ability and have switched to parasitism. Some species can cause the dise ...
'' are
pathogenic
In biology, a pathogen ( el, πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and , "producer of") in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease. A pathogen may also be referred to as an infectious agent, or simply a germ ...
and can cause the disease
protothecosis
Protothecosis, otherwise known as Algaemia, is a disease found in dogs, cats, cattle, and humans caused by a type of green alga known as ''Prototheca'' that lacks chlorophyll and enters the human or animal bloodstream. It and its close relative ' ...
in humans and animals.
Classifications
Characteristics used for the classification of Chlorophyta are: type of
zoid
In botany, a zoid or zoïd is a reproductive cell that possesses one or more flagella, and is capable of independent movement. Zoid can refer to either an asexually reproductive spore or a sexually reproductive gamete. In sexually reproductive ...
,
mitosis
In cell biology, mitosis () is a part of the cell cycle in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division by mitosis gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the total number of chromosomes is mainta ...
(karyokynesis),
cytokinesis
Cytokinesis () is the part of the cell division process during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells. Cytoplasmic division begins during or after the late stages of nuclear division in mitosis and meios ...
, organization level,
life cycle
Life cycle, life-cycle, or lifecycle may refer to:
Science and academia
*Biological life cycle, the sequence of life stages that an organism undergoes from birth to reproduction ending with the production of the offspring
* Life-cycle hypothesis ...
, type of
gametes
A gamete (; , ultimately ) is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually. Gametes are an organism's reproductive cells, also referred to as sex cells. In species that produce ...
,
cell wall
A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, just outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mech ...
polysaccharides
Polysaccharides (), or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food. They are long chain polymeric carbohydrates composed of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages. This carbohydrate can react with w ...
and more recently
genetic data.
Phylogeny
A newer proposed classification follows Leliaert et al. 2011
and modified with Silar 2016, Leliaert 2016 and Lopes dos Santos et al. 2017 for the green algal clades and Novíkov & Barabaš-Krasni 2015 for the land plants clade. Sánchez-Baracaldo et al. is followed for the basal clades.
A 2020 paper places the "Prasinodermophyta" (i.e.
Prasinodermophyceae +
Palmophyllophyceae
The Palmophyllophyceae are a proposed basal Chlorophyte clade consisting of the Palmophyllales and Prasinococcales.
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q26962824
Green algae classes ...
) as the basal Viridiplantae clade.
Leliaert ''et al''. 2012
Simplified phylogeny of the Chlorophyta, according to Leliaert ''et al''. 2012.
Note that many algae previously classified in Chlorophyta are placed here in Streptophyta.
*
Viridiplantae
Viridiplantae (literally "green plants") are a clade of eukaryotic organisms that comprise approximately 450,000–500,000 species and play important roles in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. They are made up of the green algae, which ...
**Chlorophyta
***core chlorophytes
****
Ulvophyceae
The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology, life cycle and molecular phylogenetic data.Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW (2009) ''Algae''. 2nd Edition. Benjamin Cummin ...
*****
Cladophorales
Cladophorales are an order of green algae, in the class Ulvophyceae
The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology, life cycle and molecular phylogenetic data.Graham L ...
*****
Dasycladales
Dasycladales is an order of large unicellular green algae in the class Ulvophyceae. It contains two families, the Dasycladaceae and the Polyphysaceae.
These single celled algae are from 2 mm to 200 mm long. They live on substrates ...
*****
Bryopsidales
Bryopsidales is an order of green algae, in the class Ulvophyceae.
Characteristics
The thallus is filamentous and much branched and may be packed into a mass. It is coenocytic, having multi-nucleate cells consisting of cytoplasm contained withi ...
*****
Trentepohliales
Trentepohliales is an order (biology), order of Ulvophyceaen green algae.See the National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI]webpage on Trentepohliales Data extracted from the
References
External links
Chlorophyta orders
Ulvoph ...
*****
Ulvales
Ulvales is an order of green alga
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have e ...
-
Ulotrichales
Ulotrichales is an order of green algae in the class Ulvophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Ulotrichales Data extracted from the
Genera unplaced to family (''incertae sedis''):
*'' Trichosarcina''
Families
* '' Binucleariaceae''
* '' Collin ...
*****
Oltmannsiellopsidales
Oltmannsiellopsidales is an order of green algae in the class Ulvophyceae.See the NCBI
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Insti ...
****
Chlorophyceae
The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast may be discoid, p ...
*****
Oedogoniales
*****
Chaetophorales
*****
Chaetopeltidales
*****
Chlamydomonadales
Chlamydomonadales, also known as Volvocales, are an order of flagellated or pseudociliated green algae, specifically of the Chlorophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Chlamydomonadales Data extracted from the Chlamydomonadales can form planar or ...
*****
Sphaeropleales
Sphaeropleales is an order of green algae that used to be called Chlorococcales. The order includes some of the most common freshwater planktonic algae such as ''Scenedesmus'' and ''Pediastrum''. The Spaeropleales includes vegetatively non-motile ...
****
Trebouxiophyceae
The Trebouxiophyceae are a class of green algae, in the division Chlorophyta. Their circumscription within the green algae is not well established due to the need for more genetic studies at higher levels within the group.
Genera without interv ...
*****
Chlorellales
The Chlorellales are an order of green algae in the class
Class or The Class may refer to:
Common uses not otherwise categorized
* Class (biology), a taxonomic rank
* Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects
...
*****
Oocystaceae
Oocystaceae is a family of green algae, in the order Chlorellales. The type genus is '' Oocystis''.
List of genera
, AlgaeBase accepted the following genera:
*'' Amphikrikos'' Korshikov – 6 species
*'' Catenocystis'' F.Hindák – 2 specie ...
*****
Microthamniales
Microthamniaceae is a family of green algae in the class Trebouxiophyceae.See the NCBI
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Instit ...
*****
Trebouxiales
*****''
Prasiola
''Prasiola'' is a genus of fresh water and marine green algae. Each individual plant is small but they usually grow side by side to form a green turf on rock surfaces. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution.
Occurrence
Freshwater species ...
'' clade
****
Chlorodendrophyceae
***
prasinophyte
The prasinophytes are a group of unicellular green algae. Prasinophytes mainly include marine planktonic species, as well as some freshwater representatives.Sym, S. D. and Pienaar, R. N. 1993. The class Prasinophyceae. In Round, F. E. and Chapma ...
s (paraphyletic)
****
Pyramimonadales
Pyramimonadales are an order of green algae in the Chlorophyta. The chloroplasts of phototrophic euglenids probably came from endosymbiosis with a member of this order.
Taxonomy
* Family Polyblepharidaceae Dangeard 1888
** Genus '' Amphoraemo ...
****
Mamiellophyceae
Mamiellophyceae is a class of green algae in the division Chlorophyta
Chlorophyta or Prasinophyta is a taxon of green algae informally called chlorophytes. The name is used in two very different senses, so care is needed to determine the u ...
****
Pycnococcaceae
Pycnococcaceae is a family (biology), family of green algae in the order Pseudoscourfieldiales. The defining features of this family include the single invagination of the pyrenoid where the mitochondrial membrane fits into it Guillard ''et al.'' ...
****
Nephroselmidophyceae
****
Prasinococcales
****
Palmophyllales
The Palmophyllales are a deep-branching order of thalloid green alga, possibly forming a sister group to the Chlorophyta. They survive today in deep waters, where predation pressure is reduced. The group contains the genera '' Palmophyllum'', '' ...
**
Streptophyta
Streptophyta (), informally the streptophytes (, from the Greek ''strepto'' 'twisted', for the morphology of the sperm of some members), is a clade of plants. The composition of the clade varies considerably between authors, but the definition ...
***
charophyte
Charophyta () is a group of freshwater green algae, called charophytes (), sometimes treated as a phylum, division, yet also as a superdivision or an unranked clade. The terrestrial plants, the Embryophyta emerged within Charophyta, possibly fro ...
s
****
Mesostigmatophyceae
The Mesostigmatophyceae are a class of basal green algae found in freshwater. In a narrow circumscription, the class contains a single genus, ''Mesostigma''. AlgaeBase then places the order within its circumscription of Charophyta. A clade contai ...
****
Chlorokybophyceae
''Chlorokybus'' is a multicellular (sarcinoid) genus of basal green algae or Charophyta, charophyte, a soil algae, alga. It has been classified as the sole member of the family Chlorokybaceae, which is the sole member of the order Chlorokybales, ...
****
Klebsormidiophyceae
Klebsormidiales is an order of charophyte algae. It is the only order in the class Klebsormidiophyceae, sister of the Phragmoplastophyta. , AlgaeBase accepted two families in the order:
* Elakatotrichaceae Hindák
*Klebsormidiaceae
The Klebsorm ...
****
Charophyceae
Charophyceae is a class of charophyte green algae. AlgaeBase places it in division Charophyta. Extant (living) species are placed in a single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts". Fossil members of the class may be pl ...
****
Zygnematophyceae
Zygnematophyceae (or Conjugatophyceae) is a class of green algae in the paraphylum streptophyte algae, also referred to as Charophyta, consisting of more than 4000 described species. It contains five orders: the Spirogloeales, the Serritaeniales, ...
****
Coleochaetophyceae
Coleochaetophyceae are a class of charophyte algae that includes some of the closest multicellular relatives of land plants
The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embr ...
***
Embryophyta
The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes () have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as siste ...
(land plants)
Pombert ''et al''. 2005
A possible classification when Chlorophyta refers to one of the two clades of the Viridiplantae is shown below.
* Class
Prasinophyceae
The prasinophytes are a group of unicellular green algae. Prasinophytes mainly include marine planktonic species, as well as some freshwater representatives.Sym, S. D. and Pienaar, R. N. 1993. The class Prasinophyceae. In Round, F. E. and Chapma ...
T. A. Chr. ex Ø. Moestrup & J. Throndsen
* Class
Chlorophyceae
The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast may be discoid, p ...
Wille
* Class
Trebouxiophyceae
The Trebouxiophyceae are a class of green algae, in the division Chlorophyta. Their circumscription within the green algae is not well established due to the need for more genetic studies at higher levels within the group.
Genera without interv ...
T. Friedl
* Class
Ulvophyceae
The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology, life cycle and molecular phylogenetic data.Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW (2009) ''Algae''. 2nd Edition. Benjamin Cummin ...
Lewis & McCourt 2004
* Division Chlorophyta (green algae sensu stricto)
** Subdivision Chlorophytina
*** Class
Chlorophyceae
The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast may be discoid, p ...
(chlorophytes)
**** Order
Chlamydomonadales
Chlamydomonadales, also known as Volvocales, are an order of flagellated or pseudociliated green algae, specifically of the Chlorophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Chlamydomonadales Data extracted from the Chlamydomonadales can form planar or ...
(+ some
Chlorococcales
Chlorococcales is a formerly recognized order of green algae in the class Chlorophyceae. , the type family Chlorococcaceae was placed in the order Chlamydomonadales.
Conventionally, many groups of coccoid green algae were lumped in the order Ch ...
+ some
Tetrasporales
The Tetrasporales are a formerly recognized order of green algae, specifically the Chlorophyceae, now included in Chlamydomonadales. AlgaeBase places ''Tetraspora'' and Tetrasporaceae
The Tetrasporaceae are a family of green algae, specifical ...
+ some
Chlorosarcinales)
**** Order
Sphaeropleales
Sphaeropleales is an order of green algae that used to be called Chlorococcales. The order includes some of the most common freshwater planktonic algae such as ''Scenedesmus'' and ''Pediastrum''. The Spaeropleales includes vegetatively non-motile ...
(sensu Deason, plus ''Bracteacoccus, Schroederia, Scenedesmaceae, Selanastraceae'')
**** Order
Oedogoniales
**** Order
Chaetopeltidales
**** Order
Chaetophorales
**** Incertae Sedis (''Cylindrocapsa'' clade, ''Mychonastes'' clade)
*** Class
Ulvophyceae
The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology, life cycle and molecular phylogenetic data.Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW (2009) ''Algae''. 2nd Edition. Benjamin Cummin ...
(ulvophytes)
**** Order
Ulotrichales
Ulotrichales is an order of green algae in the class Ulvophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Ulotrichales Data extracted from the
Genera unplaced to family (''incertae sedis''):
*'' Trichosarcina''
Families
* '' Binucleariaceae''
* '' Collin ...
**** Order
Ulvales
Ulvales is an order of green alga
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have e ...
**** Order
Siphoncladales/
Cladophorales
Cladophorales are an order of green algae, in the class Ulvophyceae
The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology, life cycle and molecular phylogenetic data.Graham L ...
**** Order
Caulerpales
**** Order
Dasycladales
Dasycladales is an order of large unicellular green algae in the class Ulvophyceae. It contains two families, the Dasycladaceae and the Polyphysaceae.
These single celled algae are from 2 mm to 200 mm long. They live on substrates ...
*** Class
Trebouxiophyceae
The Trebouxiophyceae are a class of green algae, in the division Chlorophyta. Their circumscription within the green algae is not well established due to the need for more genetic studies at higher levels within the group.
Genera without interv ...
(trebouxiophytes)
**** Order
Trebouxiales
**** Order
Microthamniales
Microthamniaceae is a family of green algae in the class Trebouxiophyceae.See the NCBI
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Instit ...
**** Order
Prasiolales
Prasiolales is an order of green algae in the class Trebouxiophyceae.See the NCBI
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institute ...
**** Order
Chlorellales
The Chlorellales are an order of green algae in the class
Class or The Class may refer to:
Common uses not otherwise categorized
* Class (biology), a taxonomic rank
* Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects
...
*** Class
Prasinophyceae
The prasinophytes are a group of unicellular green algae. Prasinophytes mainly include marine planktonic species, as well as some freshwater representatives.Sym, S. D. and Pienaar, R. N. 1993. The class Prasinophyceae. In Round, F. E. and Chapma ...
(prasinophytes)
**** Order
Pyramimonadales
Pyramimonadales are an order of green algae in the Chlorophyta. The chloroplasts of phototrophic euglenids probably came from endosymbiosis with a member of this order.
Taxonomy
* Family Polyblepharidaceae Dangeard 1888
** Genus '' Amphoraemo ...
**** Order
Mamiellales
Mamiellales are an order of green algae in the class Mamiellophyceae. Their cells and flagella are covered with spiderweb-like scales of several types. Some species lack scales but possess pigments similar to those of the scale-bearing species. ...
**** Order
Pseudoscourfieldiales
**** Order
Chlorodendrales
Chlorodendrales are an order of green, flagellated, thecate, unicellular eukaryotes, within the green algae class Chlorodendrophyceae.Becker, B., Marin, B. and Melkonian, M. 1994: Structure, composition, and biogenesis of prasinophyte cell coveri ...
**** Incertae sedis (Unnamed clade of coccoid taxa)
* Division
Charophyta
Charophyta () is a group of freshwater green algae, called charophytes (), sometimes treated as a division, yet also as a superdivision or an unranked clade. The terrestrial plants, the Embryophyta emerged within Charophyta, possibly from terre ...
(charophyte algae and embryophytes)
** Class
Mesostigmatophyceae
The Mesostigmatophyceae are a class of basal green algae found in freshwater. In a narrow circumscription, the class contains a single genus, ''Mesostigma''. AlgaeBase then places the order within its circumscription of Charophyta. A clade contai ...
(mesostigmatophytes)
** Class
Chlorokybophyceae
''Chlorokybus'' is a multicellular (sarcinoid) genus of basal green algae or Charophyta, charophyte, a soil algae, alga. It has been classified as the sole member of the family Chlorokybaceae, which is the sole member of the order Chlorokybales, ...
(chlorokybophytes)
** Class
Klebsormidiophyceae
Klebsormidiales is an order of charophyte algae. It is the only order in the class Klebsormidiophyceae, sister of the Phragmoplastophyta. , AlgaeBase accepted two families in the order:
* Elakatotrichaceae Hindák
*Klebsormidiaceae
The Klebsorm ...
(klebsormidiophytes)
** Class
Zygnemophyceae
Zygnematophyceae (or Conjugatophyceae) is a class of green algae in the paraphylum streptophyte algae, also referred to as Charophyta, consisting of more than 4000 described species. It contains five orders: the Spirogloeales, the Serritaeniales, ...
(conjugates)
*** Order
Zygnematales
The Zygnematales ( el, ζυγός (''zygós'') and νῆμα (''nḗma'') ( nom.), νήματος (''nḗmatos'') (gen.)), also called the Conjugatales, are an order of green algae, comprising several thousand different species in two families. T ...
(filamentous conjugates and saccoderm desmids)
*** Order
Desmidiales
Desmidiales, commonly called desmids (''Gr.'' ''desmos'', bond or chain), are an order in the Charophyta, a division of green algae in which the land plants (Embryophyta) emerged. Or in other words, Desmid, (order Desmidiales), order of single ...
(placoderm desmids)
** Class
Coleochaetophyceae
Coleochaetophyceae are a class of charophyte algae that includes some of the closest multicellular relatives of land plants
The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embr ...
(coleochaetophytes)
*** Order
Coleochaetales
Coleochaetaceae is a family of algae. It is the only family in the Coleochaetales, an order of parenchymous charophyte algae, that includes some of the closest multicellular relatives of land plants.
They questionably include the fossil genus ...
** Subdivision
Streptophytina
The Phragmoplastophyta (Lecointre & Guyader 2006) are a proposed sister clade of the Klebsormidiaceae in the Streptophyte/Charophyte clade. The Phragmoplastophyta consist of the Charophycaea and another unnamed clade which contains the Coleoch ...
*** Class
Charophyceae
Charophyceae is a class of charophyte green algae. AlgaeBase places it in division Charophyta. Extant (living) species are placed in a single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts". Fossil members of the class may be pl ...
(reverts to use of GM Smith)
**** Order
Charales
Charales is an order of freshwater green algae in the division Charophyta, class Charophyceae, commonly known as stoneworts. Depending on the treatment of the genus '' Nitellopsis'', living (extant) species are placed into either one family (Ch ...
(charophytes sensu stricto)
*** Class
Embryophyceae (embryophytes)
Hoek, Mann and Jahns 1995
Classification of the Chlorophyta, treated as all green algae, according to
Hoek, Mann and Jahns 1995.
* Class
Prasinophyceae
The prasinophytes are a group of unicellular green algae. Prasinophytes mainly include marine planktonic species, as well as some freshwater representatives.Sym, S. D. and Pienaar, R. N. 1993. The class Prasinophyceae. In Round, F. E. and Chapma ...
(orders
Mamiellales
Mamiellales are an order of green algae in the class Mamiellophyceae. Their cells and flagella are covered with spiderweb-like scales of several types. Some species lack scales but possess pigments similar to those of the scale-bearing species. ...
,
Pseudocourfeldiales,
Pyramimonadales
Pyramimonadales are an order of green algae in the Chlorophyta. The chloroplasts of phototrophic euglenids probably came from endosymbiosis with a member of this order.
Taxonomy
* Family Polyblepharidaceae Dangeard 1888
** Genus '' Amphoraemo ...
,
Chlorodendrales
Chlorodendrales are an order of green, flagellated, thecate, unicellular eukaryotes, within the green algae class Chlorodendrophyceae.Becker, B., Marin, B. and Melkonian, M. 1994: Structure, composition, and biogenesis of prasinophyte cell coveri ...
)
* Class
Chlorophyceae
The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast may be discoid, p ...
(orders
Volvocales
Chlamydomonadales, also known as Volvocales, are an order of flagellated or pseudociliated green algae, specifically of the Chlorophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Chlamydomonadales Data extracted from the Chlamydomonadales can form planar or ...
[including the
Tetrasporales
The Tetrasporales are a formerly recognized order of green algae, specifically the Chlorophyceae, now included in Chlamydomonadales. AlgaeBase places ''Tetraspora'' and Tetrasporaceae
The Tetrasporaceae are a family of green algae, specifical ...
],
Chlorococcales
Chlorococcales is a formerly recognized order of green algae in the class Chlorophyceae. , the type family Chlorococcaceae was placed in the order Chlamydomonadales.
Conventionally, many groups of coccoid green algae were lumped in the order Ch ...
,
Chaetophorales,
Oedogoniales)
* Class
Ulvophyceae
The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology, life cycle and molecular phylogenetic data.Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW (2009) ''Algae''. 2nd Edition. Benjamin Cummin ...
(orders
Codiolales,
Ulvales
Ulvales is an order of green alga
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have e ...
)
* Class
Cladophorophyceae (order
Cladophorales
Cladophorales are an order of green algae, in the class Ulvophyceae
The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology, life cycle and molecular phylogenetic data.Graham L ...
)
* Class
Bryopsidophyceae
Bryopsidophyceae is an unaccepted class of chlorophyte green alga
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The la ...
(orders
Bryopsidales
Bryopsidales is an order of green algae, in the class Ulvophyceae.
Characteristics
The thallus is filamentous and much branched and may be packed into a mass. It is coenocytic, having multi-nucleate cells consisting of cytoplasm contained withi ...
,
Halimedales)
* Class
Dasycladophyceae (order
Dasycladales
Dasycladales is an order of large unicellular green algae in the class Ulvophyceae. It contains two families, the Dasycladaceae and the Polyphysaceae.
These single celled algae are from 2 mm to 200 mm long. They live on substrates ...
)
* Class
Trentepohliophyceae (order
Trentepohliales
Trentepohliales is an order (biology), order of Ulvophyceaen green algae.See the National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI]webpage on Trentepohliales Data extracted from the
References
External links
Chlorophyta orders
Ulvoph ...
)
* Class
Pleurastrophyceae (order
Pleurastrales)
* ''
Incertae sedis
' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...
'' (order
Prasiolales
Prasiolales is an order of green algae in the class Trebouxiophyceae.See the NCBI
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institute ...
)
* Class
Klebsormidiophyceae
Klebsormidiales is an order of charophyte algae. It is the only order in the class Klebsormidiophyceae, sister of the Phragmoplastophyta. , AlgaeBase accepted two families in the order:
* Elakatotrichaceae Hindák
*Klebsormidiaceae
The Klebsorm ...
(orders
Klebsormidiales
Klebsormidiales is an order of charophyte algae. It is the only order in the class Klebsormidiophyceae, sister of the Phragmoplastophyta. , AlgaeBase accepted two families in the order:
* Elakatotrichaceae Hindák
*Klebsormidiaceae
The Klebsorm ...
,
Coleochaetales
Coleochaetaceae is a family of algae. It is the only family in the Coleochaetales, an order of parenchymous charophyte algae, that includes some of the closest multicellular relatives of land plants.
They questionably include the fossil genus ...
)
* Class
Zygnematophyceae
Zygnematophyceae (or Conjugatophyceae) is a class of green algae in the paraphylum streptophyte algae, also referred to as Charophyta, consisting of more than 4000 described species. It contains five orders: the Spirogloeales, the Serritaeniales, ...
(order
Zygnematales
The Zygnematales ( el, ζυγός (''zygós'') and νῆμα (''nḗma'') ( nom.), νήματος (''nḗmatos'') (gen.)), also called the Conjugatales, are an order of green algae, comprising several thousand different species in two families. T ...
,
Desmidiales
Desmidiales, commonly called desmids (''Gr.'' ''desmos'', bond or chain), are an order in the Charophyta, a division of green algae in which the land plants (Embryophyta) emerged. Or in other words, Desmid, (order Desmidiales), order of single ...
)
* Class
Charophyceae
Charophyceae is a class of charophyte green algae. AlgaeBase places it in division Charophyta. Extant (living) species are placed in a single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts". Fossil members of the class may be pl ...
(order
Charales
Charales is an order of freshwater green algae in the division Charophyta, class Charophyceae, commonly known as stoneworts. Depending on the treatment of the genus '' Nitellopsis'', living (extant) species are placed into either one family (Ch ...
)
In a note added in proof, an alternative classification is presented for the algae of the class Chlorophyceae:
* Class
Chlamydophyceae (orders
Volvocales
Chlamydomonadales, also known as Volvocales, are an order of flagellated or pseudociliated green algae, specifically of the Chlorophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Chlamydomonadales Data extracted from the Chlamydomonadales can form planar or ...
,
Chlorococcales
Chlorococcales is a formerly recognized order of green algae in the class Chlorophyceae. , the type family Chlorococcaceae was placed in the order Chlamydomonadales.
Conventionally, many groups of coccoid green algae were lumped in the order Ch ...
,
Chaetophorales)
* Class
Oedogoniophyceae (order
Oedogoniales)
* Class
Chlorophyceae
The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast may be discoid, p ...
(order
Chlorellales
The Chlorellales are an order of green algae in the class
Class or The Class may refer to:
Common uses not otherwise categorized
* Class (biology), a taxonomic rank
* Class (knowledge representation), a collection of individuals or objects
...
)
Bold and Wynne 1985
Classification of the Chlorophyta and Charophyta according to Bold and Wynne 1985.
* Chlorophyta,
Chlorophyceae
The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast may be discoid, p ...
(16 orders)
**
Volvocales
Chlamydomonadales, also known as Volvocales, are an order of flagellated or pseudociliated green algae, specifically of the Chlorophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Chlamydomonadales Data extracted from the Chlamydomonadales can form planar or ...
**
Tetrasporales
The Tetrasporales are a formerly recognized order of green algae, specifically the Chlorophyceae, now included in Chlamydomonadales. AlgaeBase places ''Tetraspora'' and Tetrasporaceae
The Tetrasporaceae are a family of green algae, specifical ...
**
Chlorococcales
Chlorococcales is a formerly recognized order of green algae in the class Chlorophyceae. , the type family Chlorococcaceae was placed in the order Chlamydomonadales.
Conventionally, many groups of coccoid green algae were lumped in the order Ch ...
**
Chlorosarcinales
**
Ulotrichales
Ulotrichales is an order of green algae in the class Ulvophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Ulotrichales Data extracted from the
Genera unplaced to family (''incertae sedis''):
*'' Trichosarcina''
Families
* '' Binucleariaceae''
* '' Collin ...
**
Sphaeropleales
Sphaeropleales is an order of green algae that used to be called Chlorococcales. The order includes some of the most common freshwater planktonic algae such as ''Scenedesmus'' and ''Pediastrum''. The Spaeropleales includes vegetatively non-motile ...
**
Chaetophorales
**
Trentepohliales
Trentepohliales is an order (biology), order of Ulvophyceaen green algae.See the National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI]webpage on Trentepohliales Data extracted from the
References
External links
Chlorophyta orders
Ulvoph ...
**
Oedogoniales
**
Ulvales
Ulvales is an order of green alga
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have e ...
**
Cladophorales
Cladophorales are an order of green algae, in the class Ulvophyceae
The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology, life cycle and molecular phylogenetic data.Graham L ...
**
Acrosiphoniales
**
Caulerpales
**
Siphonocladales
**
Dasycladales
Dasycladales is an order of large unicellular green algae in the class Ulvophyceae. It contains two families, the Dasycladaceae and the Polyphysaceae.
These single celled algae are from 2 mm to 200 mm long. They live on substrates ...
**
Zygnematales
The Zygnematales ( el, ζυγός (''zygós'') and νῆμα (''nḗma'') ( nom.), νήματος (''nḗmatos'') (gen.)), also called the Conjugatales, are an order of green algae, comprising several thousand different species in two families. T ...
*
Charophyta
Charophyta () is a group of freshwater green algae, called charophytes (), sometimes treated as a division, yet also as a superdivision or an unranked clade. The terrestrial plants, the Embryophyta emerged within Charophyta, possibly from terre ...
,
Charophyceae
Charophyceae is a class of charophyte green algae. AlgaeBase places it in division Charophyta. Extant (living) species are placed in a single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts". Fossil members of the class may be pl ...
(1 order)
**
Charales
Charales is an order of freshwater green algae in the division Charophyta, class Charophyceae, commonly known as stoneworts. Depending on the treatment of the genus '' Nitellopsis'', living (extant) species are placed into either one family (Ch ...
Mattox & Stewart 1984
Classification of the Chlorophyta according to Mattox & Stewart 1984:
*
Micromonadophyceae (similar to
Prasinophyceae
The prasinophytes are a group of unicellular green algae. Prasinophytes mainly include marine planktonic species, as well as some freshwater representatives.Sym, S. D. and Pienaar, R. N. 1993. The class Prasinophyceae. In Round, F. E. and Chapma ...
;
Tetraselmidiales transferred to Pleurastrophyceae)
*
Charophyceae
Charophyceae is a class of charophyte green algae. AlgaeBase places it in division Charophyta. Extant (living) species are placed in a single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts". Fossil members of the class may be pl ...
Rabenhorst
**
Chlorokybales
''Chlorokybus'' is a multicellular (sarcinoid) genus of basal green algae or charophyte, a soil alga
Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grou ...
**
Klebsormidiales
Klebsormidiales is an order of charophyte algae. It is the only order in the class Klebsormidiophyceae, sister of the Phragmoplastophyta. , AlgaeBase accepted two families in the order:
* Elakatotrichaceae Hindák
*Klebsormidiaceae
The Klebsorm ...
**
Zygnematales
The Zygnematales ( el, ζυγός (''zygós'') and νῆμα (''nḗma'') ( nom.), νήματος (''nḗmatos'') (gen.)), also called the Conjugatales, are an order of green algae, comprising several thousand different species in two families. T ...
**
Coleochaetales
Coleochaetaceae is a family of algae. It is the only family in the Coleochaetales, an order of parenchymous charophyte algae, that includes some of the closest multicellular relatives of land plants.
They questionably include the fossil genus ...
**
Charales
Charales is an order of freshwater green algae in the division Charophyta, class Charophyceae, commonly known as stoneworts. Depending on the treatment of the genus '' Nitellopsis'', living (extant) species are placed into either one family (Ch ...
*
Ulvophyceae
The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology, life cycle and molecular phylogenetic data.Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW (2009) ''Algae''. 2nd Edition. Benjamin Cummin ...
*
Pleurastrophyceae
**
Tetraselmidiales
**
Pleurastrales
*
Chlorophyceae
The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast may be discoid, p ...
Wille in Warming
**
Chlamydomonadales
Chlamydomonadales, also known as Volvocales, are an order of flagellated or pseudociliated green algae, specifically of the Chlorophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Chlamydomonadales Data extracted from the Chlamydomonadales can form planar or ...
**
Volvocales
Chlamydomonadales, also known as Volvocales, are an order of flagellated or pseudociliated green algae, specifically of the Chlorophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Chlamydomonadales Data extracted from the Chlamydomonadales can form planar or ...
**
Chlorococcales
Chlorococcales is a formerly recognized order of green algae in the class Chlorophyceae. , the type family Chlorococcaceae was placed in the order Chlamydomonadales.
Conventionally, many groups of coccoid green algae were lumped in the order Ch ...
**
Sphaeropleales
Sphaeropleales is an order of green algae that used to be called Chlorococcales. The order includes some of the most common freshwater planktonic algae such as ''Scenedesmus'' and ''Pediastrum''. The Spaeropleales includes vegetatively non-motile ...
**
Chlorosarcinales
**
Chaetophorales
**
Oedogoniales
Fott 1971
Classification of the Chlorophyta according to Fott 1971.
*Class
Chlorophyceae
The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast may be discoid, p ...
:*Order
Volvocales
Chlamydomonadales, also known as Volvocales, are an order of flagellated or pseudociliated green algae, specifically of the Chlorophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Chlamydomonadales Data extracted from the Chlamydomonadales can form planar or ...
:*Order
Tetrasporales
The Tetrasporales are a formerly recognized order of green algae, specifically the Chlorophyceae, now included in Chlamydomonadales. AlgaeBase places ''Tetraspora'' and Tetrasporaceae
The Tetrasporaceae are a family of green algae, specifical ...
:*Order
Chlorococcales
Chlorococcales is a formerly recognized order of green algae in the class Chlorophyceae. , the type family Chlorococcaceae was placed in the order Chlamydomonadales.
Conventionally, many groups of coccoid green algae were lumped in the order Ch ...
:*Order
Ulotrichales
Ulotrichales is an order of green algae in the class Ulvophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Ulotrichales Data extracted from the
Genera unplaced to family (''incertae sedis''):
*'' Trichosarcina''
Families
* '' Binucleariaceae''
* '' Collin ...
::*Suborder
Chlorosarcineae
::*Suborder
Ulotrichineae
::*Suborder
Oedogoniineae
::*Suborder
Chaetophorineae
:*Order
Siphonocladales
:*Order
Bryopsidales
Bryopsidales is an order of green algae, in the class Ulvophyceae.
Characteristics
The thallus is filamentous and much branched and may be packed into a mass. It is coenocytic, having multi-nucleate cells consisting of cytoplasm contained withi ...
*Class
Conjugatophyceae
Zygnematophyceae (or Conjugatophyceae) is a class of green algae in the paraphylum streptophyte algae, also referred to as Charophyta, consisting of more than 4000 described species. It contains five orders: the Spirogloeales, the Serritaeniales ...
*Class
Charophyceae
Charophyceae is a class of charophyte green algae. AlgaeBase places it in division Charophyta. Extant (living) species are placed in a single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts". Fossil members of the class may be pl ...
Round 1971
Classification of the Chlorophyta and related algae according to Round 1971.
* "
green algae
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have emerged deep in the Charophyte alga as ...
"
**
Euglenophyta
Euglenids (euglenoids, or euglenophytes, formally Euglenida/Euglenoida, ICZN, or Euglenophyceae, ICBN) are one of the best-known groups of flagellates, which are excavate eukaryotes of the phylum Euglenophyta and their cell structure is typic ...
**
Prasinophyta
**
Charophyta
Charophyta () is a group of freshwater green algae, called charophytes (), sometimes treated as a division, yet also as a superdivision or an unranked clade. The terrestrial plants, the Embryophyta emerged within Charophyta, possibly from terre ...
** Chlorophyta
***
Zygnemaphyceae (=
Conjugatophyceae
Zygnematophyceae (or Conjugatophyceae) is a class of green algae in the paraphylum streptophyte algae, also referred to as Charophyta, consisting of more than 4000 described species. It contains five orders: the Spirogloeales, the Serritaeniales ...
; orders
Mesotaeniales,
Zygnematales
The Zygnematales ( el, ζυγός (''zygós'') and νῆμα (''nḗma'') ( nom.), νήματος (''nḗmatos'') (gen.)), also called the Conjugatales, are an order of green algae, comprising several thousand different species in two families. T ...
,
Gonatozygales,
Desmidiales
Desmidiales, commonly called desmids (''Gr.'' ''desmos'', bond or chain), are an order in the Charophyta, a division of green algae in which the land plants (Embryophyta) emerged. Or in other words, Desmid, (order Desmidiales), order of single ...
)
***
Oedogoniophyceae (order
Oedogoniales)
***
Bryopsidophyceae
Bryopsidophyceae is an unaccepted class of chlorophyte green alga
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The la ...
****
Hemisiphoniidae (orders
Cladophorales
Cladophorales are an order of green algae, in the class Ulvophyceae
The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology, life cycle and molecular phylogenetic data.Graham L ...
,
Sphaeropleales
Sphaeropleales is an order of green algae that used to be called Chlorococcales. The order includes some of the most common freshwater planktonic algae such as ''Scenedesmus'' and ''Pediastrum''. The Spaeropleales includes vegetatively non-motile ...
,
Acrosiphoniales
****
Cystosiphoniidae (orders
Dasycladales
Dasycladales is an order of large unicellular green algae in the class Ulvophyceae. It contains two families, the Dasycladaceae and the Polyphysaceae.
These single celled algae are from 2 mm to 200 mm long. They live on substrates ...
,
Siphonocladales,
Chlorochytriales)
****
Eusiphoniidae (orders
Derbesiales,
Codiales,
Caulerpales,
Dichotomosiphonales,
Phyllosiphonales)
***
Chlorophyceae
The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast may be discoid, p ...
**** orders
Chlamydomonadales
Chlamydomonadales, also known as Volvocales, are an order of flagellated or pseudociliated green algae, specifically of the Chlorophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Chlamydomonadales Data extracted from the Chlamydomonadales can form planar or ...
,
Volvocales
Chlamydomonadales, also known as Volvocales, are an order of flagellated or pseudociliated green algae, specifically of the Chlorophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Chlamydomonadales Data extracted from the Chlamydomonadales can form planar or ...
,
Polyblepharidales,
Tetrasporales
The Tetrasporales are a formerly recognized order of green algae, specifically the Chlorophyceae, now included in Chlamydomonadales. AlgaeBase places ''Tetraspora'' and Tetrasporaceae
The Tetrasporaceae are a family of green algae, specifical ...
,
Chlorodendrales
Chlorodendrales are an order of green, flagellated, thecate, unicellular eukaryotes, within the green algae class Chlorodendrophyceae.Becker, B., Marin, B. and Melkonian, M. 1994: Structure, composition, and biogenesis of prasinophyte cell coveri ...
,
Chlorosarcinales,
Chlorococcales
Chlorococcales is a formerly recognized order of green algae in the class Chlorophyceae. , the type family Chlorococcaceae was placed in the order Chlamydomonadales.
Conventionally, many groups of coccoid green algae were lumped in the order Ch ...
**** orders
Ulotrichales
Ulotrichales is an order of green algae in the class Ulvophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Ulotrichales Data extracted from the
Genera unplaced to family (''incertae sedis''):
*'' Trichosarcina''
Families
* '' Binucleariaceae''
* '' Collin ...
,
Codiolales,
Ulvales
Ulvales is an order of green alga
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have e ...
,
Prasiolales
Prasiolales is an order of green algae in the class Trebouxiophyceae.See the NCBI
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institute ...
,
Cylindrocapsales,
Microsporales
**** orders
Chaetophorales,
Coleochaetales
Coleochaetaceae is a family of algae. It is the only family in the Coleochaetales, an order of parenchymous charophyte algae, that includes some of the closest multicellular relatives of land plants.
They questionably include the fossil genus ...
,
Trentepohliales
Trentepohliales is an order (biology), order of Ulvophyceaen green algae.See the National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI]webpage on Trentepohliales Data extracted from the
References
External links
Chlorophyta orders
Ulvoph ...
,
Pleurococcales,
Ulvellales
Smith 1938
Classification of the Chlorophyta according to
Smith
Smith may refer to:
People
* Metalsmith, or simply smith, a craftsman fashioning tools or works of art out of various metals
* Smith (given name)
* Smith (surname), a family name originating in England, Scotland and Ireland
** List of people wi ...
1938:
*Class 1.
Chlorophyceae
The Chlorophyceae are one of the classes of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology. They are usually green due to the dominance of pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The chloroplast may be discoid, p ...
::*Order 1.
Volvocales
Chlamydomonadales, also known as Volvocales, are an order of flagellated or pseudociliated green algae, specifically of the Chlorophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Chlamydomonadales Data extracted from the Chlamydomonadales can form planar or ...
::::*Family 1.
Chlamydomonadaceae
Chlamydomonadaceae is a family of algae within the order Chlamydomonadales.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Chlamydomonadaceae Data extracted from the
Genera
As accepted by WoRMS;
* '' Agloë''
* ''Brachiomonas''
* '' Carteria''
* '' Cercidium'' ...
::::*Family 2.
Volvocaceae
The Volvocaceae are a family of unicellular or colonial biflagellates, including the typical genus ''Volvox''. The family was named by Ehrenberg in 1834,From p. 281: ''"VOLVOCINA Nova Familia."'' (Volvocina New Family.) ote: According to p. ...
::*Order 2.
Tetrasporales
The Tetrasporales are a formerly recognized order of green algae, specifically the Chlorophyceae, now included in Chlamydomonadales. AlgaeBase places ''Tetraspora'' and Tetrasporaceae
The Tetrasporaceae are a family of green algae, specifical ...
::*Order 3.
Ulotrichales
Ulotrichales is an order of green algae in the class Ulvophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Ulotrichales Data extracted from the
Genera unplaced to family (''incertae sedis''):
*'' Trichosarcina''
Families
* '' Binucleariaceae''
* '' Collin ...
::::*Family 1.
Ulotrichaceae
Ulotrichaceae is a family of green algae in the order Ulotrichales
Ulotrichales is an order of green algae in the class Ulvophyceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Ulotrichales Data extracted from the
Genera unplaced to family (''incertae sedis ...
::::*Family 2.
Microsporaceae
::::*Family 3.
Cylindrocapsaceae
::::*Family 4.
Chaetophoraceae
::::*Family 5.
Protococcaceae
::::*Family 6.
Coleochaetaceae
::::*Family 7.
Trentepohliaceae
Trentepohliaceae are a family of green algae in the order Trentepohliales.See the NCBI
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Instit ...
::*Order 4.
Ulvales
Ulvales is an order of green alga
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have e ...
::::*Family 1.
Ulvaceae
Ulvaceae () is a widely distributed family of thin green algae having either a flat or a hollow tubular thallus, reproducing by the conjugation of planogametes or of zoospores, and being classed among the Ulotrichales or now more commonly placed ...
::::*Family 2
Schizomeridaceae
::*Order 5.
Schizogoniales
::::*Family
Schizogoniaceae
::*Order 6.
Cladophorales
Cladophorales are an order of green algae, in the class Ulvophyceae
The Ulvophyceae or ulvophytes are a class of green algae, distinguished mainly on the basis of ultrastructural morphology, life cycle and molecular phylogenetic data.Graham L ...
::::*Family 1.
Cladophoraceae
Cladophoraceae are a family of green algae in the order the Cladophorales.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Cladophoraceae Data extracted from the This family includes notably the genus ''Chaetomorpha
''Chaetomorpha'' is a genus of green algae in t ...
::::*Family 2.
Sphaeropleaceae
Sphaeropleaceae is a family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of i ...
::*Order 7.
Oedogoniales
::::*Family
Oedogoniaceae
The Oedogoniales are an order of filamentous freshwater green algae of the class Chlorophyceae. The order is well-defined and has several unique features, including asexual reproduction with zoospores that possess stephanokont flagella: numero ...
::*Order 8.
Zygnematales
The Zygnematales ( el, ζυγός (''zygós'') and νῆμα (''nḗma'') ( nom.), νήματος (''nḗmatos'') (gen.)), also called the Conjugatales, are an order of green algae, comprising several thousand different species in two families. T ...
::::*Family 1.
Zygnemataceae
The Zygnemataceae are a family of filamentous or unicellular, uniseriate (unbranched) green algae. The filaments are septated and reproduction is by conjugation; ''Spirogyra'' is commonly used in schools to demonstrate this kind of reproductio ...
::::*Family 2.
Mesotaeniaceae
The Mesotaeniaceae are a small family of unicellular green algae known as the "saccoderm desmids". The Mesotaeniaceae appear to be sister or ancestral to the Zygnemataceae. The desmids are a deep branching group of Zygnemataceae. ''Spirotaeni ...
::::*Family 3.
Desmidiaceae
The Desmidiaceae are one of four families of charophyte green algae in the order Desmidiales (desmids).See the NCBIbr>webpage on Desmidiaceae Data extracted from the
Genera
Genera accepted by AlgaeBase were:
*'' Actinodontum'' – 3 species ...
::*Order 9.
Chlorococcales
Chlorococcales is a formerly recognized order of green algae in the class Chlorophyceae. , the type family Chlorococcaceae was placed in the order Chlamydomonadales.
Conventionally, many groups of coccoid green algae were lumped in the order Ch ...
::::*Family 1.
Chlorococcaceae
Chlorococcaceae is a family of green algae, in the order Chlamydomonadales.
List of genera
* '' Apodochloris''
* '' Bracteacoccus''
* '' Chlorococcopsis''
* ''Chlorococcum
''Chlorococcum'' is a genus of green algae, in the family Chlorococca ...
::::*Family 2.
Endosphaeraceae
::::*Family 3.
Characiaceae
Characiaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales.
Genera
, AlgaeBase accepted the following genera:
*'' Acrochasma'' Korshikov – 1 species
*'' Actidesmium'' Reinsch – 2 species
*'' Bicuspidellopsis'' Korshikov – 1 specie ...
::::*Family 4.
Protosiphonaceae
::::*Family 5.
Hydrodictyaceae
Hydrodictyaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales.
Genera
* '' Euastropsis''
* '' Helierella''
* '' Hydrodictyon''
* '' Lacunastrum''
* '' Monactinus''
* '' Parapediastrum''
* ''Pediastrum
''Pediastrum'' is a genus of ...
::::*Family 6.
Oöcystaceae
::::*Family 7.
Scenedesmaceae
Scenedesmaceae is a family of green algae in the order Sphaeropleales. ''Scenedesmus'' algae are commonly found in freshwater plankton. The former family Coelastraceae is considered a synonym of Scenedesmaceae.
Genera
Genera in this family ...
::*Order 10.
Siphonales
::::*Family 1.
Bryopsidaceae
Bryopsidaceae is a family of green algae, in the order Bryopsidales
Bryopsidales is an order of green algae, in the class Ulvophyceae.
Characteristics
The thallus is filamentous and much branched and may be packed into a mass. It is coenocyt ...
::::*Family 2.
Caulerpaceae
Caulerpaceae is a family of green algae in the order Bryopsidales
Bryopsidales is an order of green algae, in the class Ulvophyceae.
Characteristics
The thallus is filamentous and much branched and may be packed into a mass. It is coenocytic ...
::::*Family 3.
Halicystaceae
::::*Family 4.
Codiaceae
Codiaceae is a family of green algae in the order Bryopsidales.
Genera
* † '' Abacella'' Maslov
* '' Appeninocodium'' O.Dragastan
* ''Arabicodium'' G.F.Elliott
* '' Bevocastria'' E.J.Garwood
* '' Botryella'' V.P.Shuysky
* '' Boueina'' F ...
::::*Family 5.
Derbesiaceae
::::*Family 6.
Vaucheriaceae
::::*Family 7.
Phyllosiphonaceae
::*Order 11.
Siphonocladiales
::::*Family 1.
Valoniaceae
Valoniaceae is a family of green algae
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/ Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes ...
::::*Family 2.
Dasycladaceae
The Dasycladaceae is one of the two extant families of green algae of the order Dasycladales. When found in Palaeozoic limestones, they typically indicate depositional depth of less than 5m.See the NCBI
The National Center for Biotechnology ...
*Class 2.
Charophyceae
Charophyceae is a class of charophyte green algae. AlgaeBase places it in division Charophyta. Extant (living) species are placed in a single order Charales, commonly known as "stoneworts" and "brittleworts". Fossil members of the class may be pl ...
::*Order
Charales
Charales is an order of freshwater green algae in the division Charophyta, class Charophyceae, commonly known as stoneworts. Depending on the treatment of the genus '' Nitellopsis'', living (extant) species are placed into either one family (Ch ...
::::*Family
Characeae
Research and discoveries
In February 2020, the fossilized remains of green algae, named ''Proterocladus antiquus'' were discovered in the northern province of
Liaoning
Liaoning () is a coastal province in Northeast China that is the smallest, southernmost, and most populous province in the region. With its capital at Shenyang, it is located on the northern shore of the Yellow Sea, and is the northernmost ...
, China. At around a billion years old, it is believed to be one of the oldest examples of a multicellular chlorophyte.
References
Further reading
*
*
*
{{Taxonbar, from=Q264543
Plant divisions
Taxa named by Ludwig Reichenbach