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Berliner Fussball Club Dynamo e. V., commonly abbreviated to BFC Dynamo () or BFC (), alternatively sometimes called Dynamo Berlin, is a German football club based in the locality of
Alt-Hohenschönhausen Alt-Hohenschönhausen (, literally ''Old Hohenschönhausen'') is a quarter (''Ortsteil'') in the borough (''Bezirk'') of Lichtenberg, Berlin. Known also as Hohenschönhausen it was, until 2001, the main and the eponymous locality of the former Ho ...
of the
borough A borough is an administrative division in various English-speaking countries. In principle, the term ''borough'' designates a self-governing walled town, although in practice, official use of the term varies widely. History In the Middle A ...
of
Lichtenberg Lichtenberg () is the eleventh borough of Berlin, Germany. In Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it absorbed the former borough of Hohenschönhausen. Overview The district contains the Tierpark Berlin in Friedrichsfelde, the larger of Berlin ...
of
Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and List of cities in Germany by population, largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's List of cities in the European Union by population within ci ...
. BFC Dynamo was founded in 1966 from the football department of
SC Dynamo Berlin The Sports Club Dynamo Berlin was an East German sports club that existed from 1954 to 1991. It was the largest sports club of SV Dynamo, the sports association of the security agencies. The club was disbanded after German reunification and even ...
and became one of the most successful clubs in East German football. The club is the record champion of
East Germany East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; german: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, , DDR, ), was a country that existed from its creation on 7 October 1949 until its dissolution on 3 October 1990. In these years the state ...
with ten consecutive league championships from 1979 through 1988. BFC Dynamo competes in the fourth tier
Regionalliga Nordost The Regionalliga Nordost is the fourth tier of German football league system, German football in the states of Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia. These comprise the states of former East Germany ...
. The club enjoys a cross-city rivalry with
1. FC Union Berlin 1. Fußballclub Union Berlin e. V., commonly known as 1. FC Union Berlin () or Union Berlin, is a professional German football club in Köpenick, Berlin. The club's origins can be traced to 1906, when its predecessor FC Olympia Oberschöneweid ...
and a historical rivalry with
SG Dynamo Dresden Sportgemeinschaft Dynamo Dresden e.V., commonly known as SG Dynamo Dresden or Dynamo Dresden, are a German association football club based in Dresden, Saxony.Grüne, Hardy (2001). Enzyklopädie des deutschen Ligafußballs 7. Vereinslexikon. Kasse ...
. The rivalry with Union Berlin is part of the
Berlin derby The Berlin derby (, ) is the name given to any association football match between two clubs in Berlin, Germany, but has more recently referred to the derby between 1. FC Union Berlin and Hertha BSC. History Before reunification Despite produci ...
.


History


Colours and crest

The traditional colours of BFC Dynamo are
claret Bordeaux wine ( oc, vin de Bordèu, french: vin de Bordeaux) is produced in the Bordeaux region of southwest France, around the city of Bordeaux, on the Garonne River. To the north of the city the Dordogne River joins the Garonne forming the ...
and white. The colours were inherited from
SC Dynamo Berlin The Sports Club Dynamo Berlin was an East German sports club that existed from 1954 to 1991. It was the largest sports club of SV Dynamo, the sports association of the security agencies. The club was disbanded after German reunification and even ...
and followed the claret colour scheme of
SV Dynamo The Sportvereinigung Dynamo () (''Dynamo Sports Association'') was the Sports associations (East Germany), sport association of the security agencies (Volkspolizei, Stasi, Ministry for State Security, fire department and customs) of former East G ...
. BFC Dynamo has been playing in claret and white since its founding, with the exception of a period in the 1990s. The home kit has traditionally been a claret shirt, paired with claret or white shorts and socks. The team is occasionally nicknamed "die Weinroten", which means "the Clarets". The club was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990 and subsequently adopted a new red and white colour scheme in the 1990–91 season. The club played in red and white home kits for most of the FC Berlin era, but wore a black and red striped home shirt, paired with black shorts and black socks from the 1996–97 season through the 1998–99 season. The club reverted to its original name on 3 May 1999 and consequently also later returned to its traditional colour scheme. The crest of BFC Dynamo during the East German era featured a stylized "D" for SV Dynamo and the lettering "BFC" in red and yellow on a white background, surrounded by a yellow
wreath A wreath () is an assortment of flowers, leaves, fruits, twigs, or various materials that is constructed to form a circle . In English-speaking countries, wreaths are used typically as household ornaments, most commonly as an Advent and Chri ...
. BFC Dynamo abandoned its East German crest when it was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990. The club used two different crests during the FC Berlin era. The first crest featured a stylized image of the roof of the Brandenburg Gate with the lettering "FCB" underneath and the club name "Fussballclub Berlin" in capital letters in white on a red background. It was only used during the spring of 1990. The second crest featured a stylized image of a football with the Brandenburg Gate on top and the lettering "FCB" and the club name "FC Berlin" in red on a white background. BFC Dynamo reclaimed its East German crest when the club reverted to its original name on 3 May 1999. But the club was no longer in possession of the crest. The club had neglected to seek legal protection for its East German crest after German reunification. The neglect was likely due to managerial inexperience. Protection of trademarks was neither necessary nor common in East Germany. The crest was now owned by Peter Klaus-Dieter Mager, commonly known as "Pepe". Pepe Mager was a famous fan of Hertha and a fan merchandise dealer. The club tried to recover the crest from Mager though court action, without success. The ownership of the crest was instead passed on to Rayk Bernt and his company RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH. BFC Dynamo continued to use the disputed crest on its kits and webpage. But the club would have to ask the owner of the crest every time it wanted to have a pennant made and was unable to exploit the commercial value of the crest for its own benefit. The legal situation around the crest would also have caused problems in the event of an advance to the Regionalliga, as the German football Association (DFB) required clubs to own their crests. In order establish independence, the club finally decided to adopt a new crest in 2009. The new crest abandoned the traditional stylized "D" and the lettering "BFC", as they would have met legal challenges. The new crest featured a black Berlin bear on claret and white stripes, together with the club name and the founding year. The first version of the new crest sparked controversy. The word "fußball" in the club name had been written in lower case with a double "s" instead of the graphene " ß". This was contrary to German spelling rules, where it is only permissible to write "fußball" with a double "s" when the word is written in upper case. Club President Norbert Uhlig ensured that there was absolutely no ulterior motive behind the spelling and claimed that the word had always been spelled like that on club pennants and scarfes. The chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer later claimed that the spelling was a deliberate marketing ploy, in order to have new crest immediately known across Germany. A second version of the crest was soon made public, where the club name was written in upper case. The new crest has been used by BFC Dynamo since the 2009–10 season.


Ownership of the former crest

Many clubs in East Germany rushed to drop their East German names during the Peaceful revolution. BFC Dynamo was among the clubs to do so, in an attempt to distance the club from the Stasi. The club was rebranded as FC Berlin on 19 February 1990 and consequently abandoned its East German crest. Pepe Mager was a famous fan of Hertha BSC and fan merchandise dealer. Mager had organized away trips for the fans Hertha in the early 1960s and was one of the founders of the notorious supporter group "Hertha-Frösche". He now sold his own fan merchandise from a mobile stand outside the
Olympiastadion Olympiastadion is the German, Finnish and Swedish word for Olympic Stadium and may refer to: * Stockholm Olympic Stadium, the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics (though mostly referred as simply ''Stockholms Stadion'') * Olympiastadion (Berlin), the ...
. Mager inquired with the register of associations in
Charlottenburg Charlottenburg () is a locality of Berlin within the borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. Established as a town in 1705 and named after Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, Queen consort of Prussia, it is best known for Charlottenburg Palace, the ...
in 1991 about all deleted names of East German clubs. He immediately found BFC Dynamo and saw business opportunities. Mager claimed that he first secured the former crest of BFC Dynamo for 80 D-Marks in 1992. The name FC Berlin never became popular with the fans. Fans continued to identify themselves with the former name and crest. An overwhelming majority voted for the club to revert to its original name at the general meeting on 3 May 1999. Of the 135 present, 125 voted in favor, three against and seven abstained. BFC Dynamo thus reclaimed its East German crest, but the rights to the crest now belonged to Mager. Mager had registered the crest in his name at the
German Patent and Trademark Office The German Patent and Trade Mark Office (german: Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt; abbreviation: DPMA) is the German national patent office, with headquarters in Munich, and offices in Berlin and Jena. In 2006 it employed 2556 people, of which ab ...
on 13 May 1997. BFC Dynamo contacted Mager for a co-operation, but an agreement could not be reached. Mager held the opinion that the club should buy its merchandise from him, or simply buy the rights to the crest. He later informed the club that he had received interest from foreign buyers and offered the club to buy the rights. He claimed that the crest was worth 200,000 D-Marks. BFC Dynamo on the other hand claimed that the crest should legally belong to the club. The club sued Mager in court on 20 November 2000, but eventually lost the case. The club decided to suspend the legal dispute with Mager in the summer of 2001 and instead wanted to find a solution outside court. Mager was repeatedly exposed to minor threats from the environment around BFC Dynamo and eventually sold the crest to Rayk Bernt and his company RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH for a price of 50,000 D-Marks in June 2002. Bernt was a close associate of André Sommer. Bernt and Sommer had assisted the club at the opening of the insolvency proceedings in 2001–2002. Both were long time fans of BFC Dynamo. But the duo was controversial for their connections to
Hells Angels The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club (HAMC) is a worldwide outlaw motorcycle club whose members typically ride Harley-Davidson motorcycles. In the United States and Canada, the Hells Angels are incorporated as the Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporati ...
. Bernt and Sommer were almost as restrictive towards the club when it came to the crest as Mager had been. Bernt organized the production of fan merchandise in his own regime. The club would have to ask his company every time it wanted to have a pennant made. Bernt and Sommer usually agreed, manufactured the pennant and then sold it at their own fan merchandise stand at the stadium. BFC Dynamo continued to use the crest and would at times be given ten percent of the revenues from their sales. The club eventually offered 5,000 Euros for the crest, but was turned down. Bernt demanded a seven-digit sum, according to former Club President Mario Weinkauf. The lawyer representing RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH allegedly claimed the crest was worth around 600,000 Euros at the time. President Weinkauf planned to recover the rights to the former crest with the help of Thomas Thiel and the company Treasure AG before the general meeting on 23 June 2007. Thiel was a co-owner of Treasure AG, which was intended as a new major sponsor. Bernt sold parts of the rights to the former crest to Thiel. The price was allegedly a six-digit sum. According to the plan, the club would be given the rights of use to the crest. The profits would thus go to the club. The club would pay a symbolic sum of 1 Euro per month for the rights of use. BFC Dynamo would then have a
right of first refusal Right of first refusal (ROFR or RFR) is a contractual right that gives its holder the option to enter a business transaction with the owner of something, according to specified terms, before the owner is entitled to enter into that transactio ...
after the ten-year contract had expired and thus have the opportunity to eventually acquire ownership of the crest. However, Weinkauf was ultimately rejected by club members in a vote of no-confidence at the general meeting on 23 June 2007. Weinkauf would then be contacted by the former president of
Tennis Borussia Berlin Tennis Borussia Berlin is a German football club based in the locality of Westend in Berlin. History The team was founded in 1902 as ''Berliner Tennis- und Ping-Pong-Gesellschaft Borussia'' taking its name from its origins as a tennis and ta ...
Peter Antony. Treasure AG became a sponsor of Tennis Borussia Berlin instead and Weinkauf would later become president of the club. Thiel sold his rights to the crest back to Bernt and his company BFC Dynamo Vermarktungsgesellschaft m.b.H in 2009. The rights to the old crest are now fully held by the company RA-BE Immobilien- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH as of 2021. The company is controlled by Bernt, who sells occasional items with the former crest at his own webpage. BFC Dynamo sells its official fan merchandise with the new crest at its official fan shop.


Championship star

The German Football League (DFL) introduced a system of championship stars in the 2004–05 season. The system was meant to honor the most successful teams in the Bundesliga by allowing teams to display stars on their shirts for the championships they have won. The system awarded one star for three titles, two stars for five titles, and three stars for ten titles. However, the system only counted titles won in the
Bundesliga The Bundesliga (; ), sometimes referred to as the Fußball-Bundesliga () or 1. Bundesliga (), is a professional association football league in Germany. At the top of the German football league system, the Bundesliga is Germany's primary footba ...
since the 1963–64 season. BFC Dynamo submitted an application to the DFL and the DFB on 9 August 2004 to receive three stars for it ten titles in the DDR-Oberliga. The club asked for equal rights and argued that the DFB had absorbed the German Football Association of the GDR (DFV) with all its statistics, international matches and goal scores. BFC Dynamo received support from Dynamo Dresden and 1. FC Magdeburg in its attempts to achieve recognition for East German titles. The DFL responded that it was not the responsible body, but the DFB remained silent for a long time. The DFB eventually declared itself responsible and recommended BFC Dynamo to submit a formal application for a new title symbol in accordance with a relevant paragraph. BFC Dynamo sent a new letter to the DFB in January 2005. The DFB announced that the application of BFC Dynamo was going to be negotiated in a meeting with the DFB presidium. The meeting with the DFB presidium on 18 March 2005 agreed that all titles won in East Germany, as well all others titles won in Germany since the first recognized championship in 1903, should qualify for stars. However, the decision was subject to approval by the DFL. No final decision had yet been made by the DFB presidium. However, BFC Dynamo took matters in its own hands and unilaterally emblazoned its shirts with three stars. The team displayed the three stars for first time in the match against FC Energie Cottbus II on 25 March 2005. The claim by BFC Dynamo was controversial because the club had been the favorite club of
Erich Mielke Erich Fritz Emil Mielke (; 28 December 1907 – 21 May 2000) was a German communist official who served as head of the East German Ministry for State Security (''Ministerium für Staatsicherheit'' – MfS), better known as the Stasi, from 1957 u ...
and had a connection to the Stasi during the East German era. Critics in the DFB environment pointed to politically influenced championships in East Germany. BFC Dynamo had been sponsored by the Stasi and was given advantages. The club had privileged access to talents and a permanent training camp at Uckley in
Königs Wusterhausen Königs Wusterhausen () is a town in the Dahme-Spreewald district of the state of Brandenburg in Germany a few kilometers outside Berlin. Geography Geographical location Königs Wusterhausen – or "KW" () as it is often called locally – ...
. However, also other clubs in East Germany had enjoyed similar advantages, which put the DFB in a difficult situation. Also former East German referee and CDU parliamentarian
Bernd Heynemann Bernd Reinhold Gerhard Heynemann (born 22 January 1954 in Magdeburg Magdeburg (; nds, label=Low Saxon, Meideborg ) is the capital and second-largest city of the German state Saxony-Anhalt. The city is situated at the Elbe river. Otto I, ...
spoke out for recognition of all East German titles. The DFL rejected the application from the DFB and recommended the DFB to only honor clubs that were champions in the Bundesliga. However, the DFB chose to not follow the recommendation. The DFB presidium instead decided on a compromise solution on 19 July 2005 and adopted a new regulation for the 2005–06 season which gave all clubs the right to wear one single star for the championships they have won in the former East Germany and in Germany since 1903. Clubs were also allowed to indicate the number of championships they have won in the center of the star. The regulation only applies to clubs playing in a league under the DFB umbrella. It does not apply to clubs playing in the 2. Bundesliga and Bundesliga, which are organized by the DFL. The new regulation meant that BFC Dynamo was finally allowed to emblazon its shirts with a championship star. The regulation also affected other former East German teams including Dynamo Dresden with its eight titles,
1. FC Frankfurt 1. FC Frankfurt is a German football club based in Frankfurt (Oder), Brandenburg. The club was founded as the army club SV VP Vorwärts Leipzig in Leipzig in East Germany in 1951. The club won six East German championships as ASK Vorwärts Berl ...
with its six titles and Magdeburg with its three titles in the Oberliga. BFC Dynamo has since then used the championship star in accordance with DFB graphic standards, displaying a star inscribed with the number ten for its ten East German titles.


Stadiums

The long-time home and training area of BFC Dynamo is the
Sportforum Hohenschönhausen Sportforum Hohenschönhausen is a multi-purpose sports complex in the locality of Alt-Hohenschönhausen of the borough of Lichtenberg in Berlin. The Sportforum was named Dynamo-Sportforum during the East German era. Sportforum Hohenschönhausen co ...
in
Alt-Hohenschönhausen Alt-Hohenschönhausen (, literally ''Old Hohenschönhausen'') is a quarter (''Ortsteil'') in the borough (''Bezirk'') of Lichtenberg, Berlin. Known also as Hohenschönhausen it was, until 2001, the main and the eponymous locality of the former Ho ...
in
Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and List of cities in Germany by population, largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's List of cities in the European Union by population within ci ...
. The Sportforum is the location of the club offices and the base of the youth teams. It is considered the spiritual home of the club. The Sportforum was known as the Dynamo-Sportforum during the East German era. The sports complex was built as a training center for elite sport and was home to
sports club A sports club or sporting club, sometimes an athletics club or sports society or sports association, is a group of people formed for the purpose of playing sports. Sports clubs range from organisations whose members play together, unpaid, and ...
SC Dynamo Berlin The Sports Club Dynamo Berlin was an East German sports club that existed from 1954 to 1991. It was the largest sports club of SV Dynamo, the sports association of the security agencies. The club was disbanded after German reunification and even ...
with its many sports, disciplines and squads. Development began in 1954 and expansion continued into the 1980s. The Sportforum is still unique as of today. The sports complex covers an area of 45 to 50
hectare The hectare (; SI symbol: ha) is a non-SI metric unit of area equal to a square with 100- metre sides (1 hm2), or 10,000 m2, and is primarily used in the measurement of land. There are 100 hectares in one square kilometre. An acre is ...
s and comprises 35 sports facilities as of 2020. SC Dynamo Berlin played its first seasons at the Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion in Mitte. The team moved its home matches to the football stadium in the Dynamo-Sportforum after the construction of the Berlin wall in the autumn of 1961. The football stadium in the Dynamo-Sportforum was opened in 1959 and held a capacity of 10,000 spectators at the beginning of the 1961–62 season. The team drew average attendances between 3,000 and 6,000 spectators at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum in the 1960s. The capacity of the football stadium in the Dynamo-Sportforum was gradually expanded during the 1960s. BFC Dynamo began to play some matches in the larger and more centrally located
Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark is a multi-purpose sports complex located in the western part of the locality of Prenzlauer Berg in the borough of Pankow in Berlin. The sports complex covers an area of approximately 22 hectares and comprises ...
in
Prenzlauer Berg Prenzlauer Berg () is a locality of Berlin, forming the southerly and most urban district of the borough of Pankow. From its founding in 1920 until 2001, Prenzlauer Berg was a district of Berlin in its own right. However, that year it was incor ...
during the 1971–72 season. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark had become vacant when FC Vorwärts Berlin was relocated to
Frankfurt an der Oder Frankfurt (Oder), also known as Frankfurt an der Oder (), is a city in the German state of Brandenburg. It has around 57,000 inhabitants, is one of the easternmost cities in Germany, the fourth-largest city in Brandenburg, and the largest German ...
on 31 July 1971. The large stadium in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark was also equipped with floodlights, unlike the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum. Nevertheless, BFC Dynamo played its home matches in the
1972-73 UEFA Cup Year 197 ( CXCVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Magius and Rufinus (or, less frequently, year 950 ''Ab urbe condi ...
at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum. The capacity of the stadium was 20,000 spectators from the 1972–73 season. The attendance of 20,000 spectators during the match against
Liverpool Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. With a population of in 2019, it is the 10th largest English district by population and its metropolitan area is the fifth largest in the United Kingdom, with a populat ...
on 29 November 1972 is still a record attendance for the stadium. BFC Dynamo eventually moved its home matches parmanentely to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in the mid-1970s.) from
Deutsches Sportecho ''Deutsches Sportecho'' was an East German daily sports newspaper of the Deutscher Turn- und Sportbund (DTSB). History ''Deutsches Sportecho'' was first published on 5 May 1947. The paper had a circulation of 185,000 copies. The paper sponsored ...
and Die neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) ( De) first mentioned the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark as a stadium of BFC Dynamo before the 1976-77 season. The Sportforum would primarily serve as a training facility from then. The Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum would be used mostly by the reserve team BFC Dynamo II. A permanent training camp for BFC Dynamo was built in Uckley in the Zernsdorf district of
Königs Wusterhausen Königs Wusterhausen () is a town in the Dahme-Spreewald district of the state of Brandenburg in Germany a few kilometers outside Berlin. Geography Geographical location Königs Wusterhausen – or "KW" () as it is often called locally – ...
in
Bezirk Potsdam The Bezirk Potsdam was a district (''Bezirk'') of East Germany. The administrative seat and the main town was Potsdam. History The district was established, with the other 13, on 25 July 1952, substituting the old German states. After 3 October 1 ...
in the late 1960s. It was located in the woods and completely sealed off from the surroundings. The training camp covered an area of around 10 hectares. The complex was equipped with a boarding school, several football pitches, a sports hall, a swimming pool, a fitness area and a sauna. The team would gather in Uckley days before its European matches. The players would have access to catering facilities, a nearby lake, a bowling alley, a cinema and pinball machines, among other things. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion was built in 1951 and had a capacity of 30,000 spectators at the time. The team celebrated nine of its ten DDR-Oberliga titles in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadium and played most of its home matches in the European competitions at the stadium. BFC Dynamo hosted teams such as
FC Dynamo Moscow FC Dynamo Moscow (''FC Dynamo Moskva'', russian: Дина́мо Москва́ ) is a Russian football club based in Moscow. Dynamo returned to the Russian Premier League for the 2017–18 season after one season in the second-tier Russian Foot ...
,
Red Star Belgrade Fudbalski klub Crvena zvezda ( sr-Cyrl, Фудбалски клуб Црвена звезда, lit=Red Star Football Club, ), commonly known as Red Star Belgrade in English-language media, is a Serbian professional football club based in Bel ...
,
Nottingham Forest Nottingham Forest Football Club is an association football club based in West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire, England. Nottingham Forest was founded in 1865 and have been playing their home games at the City Ground, on the banks of the River Tren ...
, Aston Villa,
AS Roma ' (''Rome Sport Association''), commonly referred to as Roma (), is a professional Association football, football club based in Rome, Italy. Founded by a merger in 1927, Roma has participated in the top tier of Italian football for all of its ...
and FC Aberdeen at the stadium in the 1970s and 1980s. The average home attendance of 16,538 spectators for BFC Dynamo at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion in the 1975-76 DDR-Oberliga was the highest average league attendance in club history. However, all matches against local rival Union Berlin were played at the neutral
Stadion der Weltjugend Stadion der Weltjugend was a multi-use stadium in the locality of Mitte in the eponymous borough of Mitte in Berlin, Germany. It was inaguruated on 20 May 1950 by the First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party, Walter Ulbricht for the first ...
from the 1976–77 season, for security reasons. BFC Dynamo also played its home matches in the 1986-87 DDR-Oberliga and the 1986-87 European Cup at the Sportforum, as the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion was under renovation during the 1986–87 season. The current grandstand and the
floodlight A floodlight is a broad-beamed, high-intensity artificial light. They are often used to illuminate outdoor playing fields while an outdoor sports event is being held during low-light conditions. More focused kinds are often used as a stage ...
s of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion dates from this time. FC Berlin returned to the Sportforum for the 1992–93 season. However, the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion would occasionally still be used for larger matches. FC Berlin made plans to buy and redevelop the stadium in 1998 under Club President Volkmar Wanski, but the plans did not materialize for a lack of funds. Supporters of BFC Dynamo equipped the stadium with buckets seats during the summer of 2002. The Stadion im Sportforum now has a capacity of 10,000 standing places and 2,400 seated places, of which 400 are roofed. The stadium was then equipped with a 25-meter player tunnel and
plexiglass Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) belongs to a group of materials called engineering plastics. It is a transparent thermoplastic. PMMA is also known as acrylic, acrylic glass, as well as by the trade names and brands Crylux, Plexiglas, Acrylite, ...
-clad coaching benches in November 2004. BFC Dynamo made new plans for a modern football stadium in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen in 2006 under Club President Mario Weinkauf. The club now wanted to build a new modern stadium for 10,000–15,000 spectators. However, these plans did not materialize either. The Stadion im Sportforum was closed at the end of the 2005–06 season following the riots during the match between BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Union Berlin on 13 May 2006. BFC Dynamo temporarily had to move to the Friedrich-Ludwg-Jahn-Sportpark. The team was only allowed to return to the Stadion im Sportforum by the
Northeastern German Football Association The Northeastern German Football Association (german: Nordostdeutscher Fußballverband), the ''NOFV'', is one of five regional organisations of the German Football Association, the ''DFB'', and covers the states of Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg ...
(NOFV) when the stadium could be considered safe again. The stadium was then refurbished in 2006–2007 to increase safety and meet the requirements of the NOFV. The refurbishment included a new fence. Active supporters of BFC Dynamo have traditionally been found on the Nordwall stand and in the Block D of the back strait (german: Gegengerade) at the Stadion im Sportforum. BFC Dynamo moved its home matches to the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark following its advance to the
Regionalliga Nordost The Regionalliga Nordost is the fourth tier of German football league system, German football in the states of Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia. These comprise the states of former East Germany ...
in 2014. The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion had a capacity of 19,708 spectators as of 2020. Active supporters of BFC Dynamo are found on the grandstand and on the back strait, which is the side opposite the grandstand. BFC Dynamo had to play matches at the Stadion im Sportforum at the end of the 2018–19 season due to safety issues relating to the dilapidated floodlights at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion. The move was greeted by some supporters as a move to the true home of the club. The club was then set to return to the Sportforum in the 2020–21 season the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion was planned to be demolished for a complete redevelopment. The team was allowed to continue play in the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion until 31 December 2020. The German Football Association (DFB) has earlier classified the football stadium in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen as suitable for third division play, if only a few remaining requirements are met. But the Sportforum suffers from a large investment backlog. BFC Dynamo is cooperating with those responsible for the Sportforum and the
Berlin Football Association The Berlin Football Association (german: Berliner Fussball-Verband, BFV) is the umbrella organization of football clubs in the German capital Berlin. The BFV was founded in 1897 and has its headquarters in Berlin. President of the BFV is Bernd Sch ...
(BFV) to find common solutions for the most urgently needed construction work. The
Senate of Berlin The Senate of Berlin (german: Berliner Senat) is the executive body governing the city of Berlin, which at the same time is a state of Germany. According to the the Senate consists of the Governing Mayor of Berlin and up to ten senators appoint ...
is planning to invest €3 million in the Sportforum as of 2020. The money is part of the budget for the demolition of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion. BFC Dynamo officially announced on 21 March 2021 that it has now returned to the Sportforum, as the operating permit for the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion expired on 31 December 2020. The Sportforum was equipped with a floodlight system in April 2021. The club organized a work effort in the summer of 2021 to get the stadium in shape for the upcoming Regionalliga season. Supporters gathered and cleared sections of the old stadium from weeds. Members of the interest group IG BFC'er also restored the iconic manual scoreboard in time for the first home match of the 2021–22 season against
Energie Cottbus FC Energie Cottbus ( Lower Sorbian: ''Energija Chóśebuz'') is a German football club based in Cottbus, Brandenburg. It was founded in 1963 as SC Cottbus in what was East Germany. After the reunification of Germany, Energie played six seasons i ...
on 28 July 2021.


Future stadium

The Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion is planned to be demolished during the 2020–21 season for a complete redevelopment. BFC Dynamo is planned to become one of the main tentants of the new stadium. The new Fredrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark is going to be multi-sports facility with 20,000 seats. The stadium will be designed as an inclusive sports facility and offer
second division In sport, the Second Division, also called Division 2 or Division II is usually the second highest division of a league, and will often have promotion and relegation with divisions above and below. Following the rise of Premier League style compet ...
fit. The new Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Stadion is planned to be opened in 2025.


Supporters


East German era

BFC Dynamo played only a minor role in football in Berlin until the relocation of
FC Vorwärts Berlin 1. FC Frankfurt is a German football club based in Frankfurt (Oder), Brandenburg. The club was founded as the army club SV VP Vorwärts Leipzig in Leipzig in East Germany in 1951. The club won six East German championships as ASK Vorwärts Berl ...
to
Frankfurt an der Oder Frankfurt (Oder), also known as Frankfurt an der Oder (), is a city in the German state of Brandenburg. It has around 57,000 inhabitants, is one of the easternmost cities in Germany, the fourth-largest city in Brandenburg, and the largest German ...
in 1971. The club initially had modest support, but with its growing successes in the 1970s, the club began to attract young fans, primarily from the central areas around the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark, such as
Prenzlauer Berg Prenzlauer Berg () is a locality of Berlin, forming the southerly and most urban district of the borough of Pankow. From its founding in 1920 until 2001, Prenzlauer Berg was a district of Berlin in its own right. However, that year it was incor ...
and Mitte. Many came from
working class The working class (or labouring class) comprises those engaged in manual-labour occupations or industrial work, who are remunerated via waged or salaried contracts. Working-class occupations (see also " Designation of workers by collar colo ...
families in Prenzlauer Berg. One of the first big supporter groups of BFC Dynamo was Black Eagle. The fan club was founded in 1972 and was one of the earliest fan clubs in East German football. Fans of BFC Dynamo were the first to sew their embroidered fan club badges on their jackets. This was a novelty among football supporters in East Germany in the 1970s. The supporter scene became a focal point for various subcultures in the late 1970s and beginning of the 1980s. There were
punks Punk or punks may refer to: Genres, subculture, and related aspects * Punk rock, a music genre originating in the 1970s associated with various subgenres * Punk subculture, a subculture associated with punk rock, or aspects of the subculture ...
, rockers, hippies and a few early
skinhead A skinhead is a member of a subculture which originated among working class youths in London, England, in the 1960s and soon spread to other parts of the United Kingdom, with a second working class skinhead movement emerging worldwide in th ...
s. Some were left-leaning and others were right-leaning. Football and stadium life offered free spaces that were difficult for the authorities to control. For some fans, being part of the supporter scene was an opportunity to rebel against the East German regime. Most supporters of BFC Dynamo had little to do with the state. It was more important for them to protest, do their own thing and break out from everyday life. Despite cheering for a club associated the Stasi, supporters of BFC Dynamo were not true to the line. Many active fans in the 1980s were against the regime. Young people were gradually attracted by the provocative image of the club: its reputation as a Stasi club, its successes and the hatred of opposing fans. Some fans of BFC Dynamo found delight in the unpopularity of their club and took pride in the hatred they met. One fan recalled that the 1980s "were my greatest years, as we always had glorious success in provoking other fans" and another one that "we were really hated by everyone". Fans of BFC Dynamo would sometimes respond to the hatred they met by singing chants in praise of Erich Mielke as a provocation. They would also throw tropical fruits, that were only available in East Berlin, at home fans during away matches in
Saxony Saxony (german: Sachsen ; Upper Saxon: ''Saggsn''; hsb, Sakska), officially the Free State of Saxony (german: Freistaat Sachsen, links=no ; Upper Saxon: ''Freischdaad Saggsn''; hsb, Swobodny stat Sakska, links=no), is a landlocked state of ...
. BFC Dynamo came to be associated with areas such as Prenzlauer Berg,
Pankow Pankow () is the most populous and the second-largest borough by area of Berlin. In Berlin's 2001 administrative reform, it was merged with the former boroughs of Prenzlauer Berg and Weißensee; the resulting borough retained the name Pankow. ...
, Weißensee,
Hohenschönhausen Hohenschönhausen () was a borough of Berlin, that existed from 1985 until Berlin's 2001 administrative reform. It comprised the localities of Alt-Hohenschönhausen (the core of the borough), Neu-Hohenschönhausen, Malchow, Wartenberg and F ...
and certain cafés and restaurants in vicinity of Alexanderplatz. The supporter scene included groups such as Black Eagle, Norbert Trieloff, Bobbys, Iron Fist, Beatles BFC Club, Die Ratten, Berliner Wölfe, Heavy Horses, Black Pahnter and Madness boys of Preussen in the 1980s. Fashion played a big role in the BFC Dynamo supporter scene. Football supporters in East Berlin shared a sense of superiority over their counterparts in the regional districts. This was also the case with the supporters of Union Berlin, but notably with the supporters of BFC Dynamo. A saying among the supporters of BFC Dynamo was "We are few, but awesome!". Football-related violence spread in East Germany in the 1970s. The supporter scene of BFC Dynamo was still young at the time, while clubs such Union Berlin and BSG Chemie Leipzig had large followings. A trip to Leipzig or Dresden was a difficult task. Supporters of BFC Dynamo responded to the hostile environment, and learned to compensate their smaller numbers, by being more aggressive and better organized. The dislike against BFC Dynamo in stadiums around the country and the hatred of opposing fans welded its supporters together. One fan of BFC Dynamo recalled: "It was really rumbling at away trips, and only then you felt your own strength. When we went with 200 people against 1,000 Unioners and you noticed: If you stick together, you have an incredible amount of violence." Supporters of BFC Dynamo would eventually gain a reputation for being particularly violent and organized. One fan of Union Berlin recalled: "There was hardly an enemy mob against us, we were just too many. But the people who stood in the way of the violence-seeking BFC:ers were very few. The BFC:ers were completely organized. These hundred and fifty people, everyone knew each other. They stood as a block like a wall." The book "Riot Boys!" by Jochen Schramm depicts the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo and contains stories of violent away trips in the early 1980s. Jochen "Ellis" Schramm was a member of the hooligan scene of BFC Dynamo in the 1980s. The development in the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo would eventually catch the attention of the authorities. The Stasi conducted a study on the violent structures of the supporter scene at the beginning of the 1980s. It found that 80 percent of those committing violent acts were 16–25 years old. Most of them were workers or students. It also found that 20 percent came from families of the
socialist Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes the ...
intelligentia. The Stasi assigned a group of two full-time officers from the district administration to the supporter scene during 1982–83 season. From then, supporters were accompanied, observed and documented. This was a measure that had previously also been applied to the supporter scene of Union Berlin. The authorities had allegedly been particularly alarmed when supporters of BFC Dynamo unfurled a poster in memory of
Lutz Eigendorf Lutz Eigendorf (16 July 1956 – 7 March 1983) was a German professional Association football, footballer who played as a midfielder. East German career Eigendorf was born in Brandenburg an der Havel in East Germany. He began playing football ...
with the text "Iron Foot, we mourn you!" during a match at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in April 1983. Supporters had also started a fan club in honour of Eigendorf. The Stasi would try to control the supporter scene with a broad catalogue of measures: persistent talks, intimidation attempts, reporting requirements and arrests. It would also attempt to infiltrate the fan clubs by unofficial collaborators (IM). All football fan clubs in East Germany had to undergo registration. According to Stasi information, BFC Dynamo had six registered fan clubs and 22 unauthorized fan clubs in 1986. Unauthorized fan clubs were those that were unregistered or did not meet DFV guidelines. The supporter scene of BFC Dynamo came to be increasingly associated with skinheads and far-right tendencies from the mid-1980s. More and more supporters of BFC Dynamo began to embrace skinhead fashion in the early 1980s. Skinhead fashion was now considered the most provocative outfit. The club had become one of the most popular football clubs in the growing skinhead movement by the mid-1980s. The reputation of BFC Dynamo as the hated Stasi club also attracted skinheads, who used the club as a stage for their provocations. Right-wing slogans and fascist chants were considered as the most challenging provocations, as anti-fascism was state doctrine and
Nazism Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) i ...
officially did not exist in East Germany. For young people, being a
Nazi Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in ...
was sometimes considered the sharpest form of opposition. However, instances of Nazi provocations did not necessarily reflect genuine political convictions. At least some part of the "drift to the right" among East German youth during the 1980s was rooted in a desire to position oneself wherever the state was not. One fan of BFC Dynamo said: "None of us really knew anything about politics. But to raise your arm in front of the Volkspolizei was a real kick. You did that and for some of them, their whole world just fell apart". The first East German hooligan group developed from the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo in the 1980s. The development was partly a response to the increasing state repression against the supporter scene, notably from the Stasi. An organized hooligan scene with groups, structures and training rooms that was unique in East Germany would eventually emerge at BFC Dynamo. The final of the 1987-88 FDGB-Pokal between BFC Dynamo and Carl Zeiss Jena on 4 June 1988 saw some of the most serious violence ever witnessed at an East German football match. A group of 100 to 150 skinheads and other hooligans marched through Pankow to the
Stadion der Weltjugend Stadion der Weltjugend was a multi-use stadium in the locality of Mitte in the eponymous borough of Mitte in Berlin, Germany. It was inaguruated on 20 May 1950 by the First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party, Walter Ulbricht for the first ...
for the match. They chanted fascist slogans and clashed with other supporters. Riots then broke out in one of the blocks shortly before the end of the match. Supporters destroyed fences and threw seats at match stewards. A group of 300 supporters of BFC Dynamo had attempted to invade the pitch during the victory ceremony. They caused extensive damage to 60 seats. Abour a year later, during the match against
AS Monaco Association Sportive de Monaco Football Club SA, commonly referred to as AS Monaco () or Monaco, is a professional football club based in Monaco that is member of French Football Federation (FFF) and competes in Ligue 1, the top tier of Frenc ...
in the
1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup The 1989–90 season of the European Cup Winners' Cup was won for the only time by Sampdoria in the final against Anderlecht, 2–0 at Nya Ullevi in Gothenburg, on 9 May 1990. They went on to win 1990–91 Serie A, also being runners-up in the 199 ...
on 1 November 1989, supporters of BFC Dynamo would also destroy large parts of a block of the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.


German reunification

A wave of violence swept through the football stadiums of East Germany in 1990. The collapse of the East German regime resulted in a security vacuum."> The
Volkspolizei The ''Deutsche Volkspolizei'' (DVP, German for "German People's Police"), commonly known as the ''Volkspolizei'' or VoPo, was the national police force of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1945 to 1990. The Volkspolizei was a h ...
was overwhelmed by the amount of disorder and often reluctant to use enough force, due to the political situation. Masked supporters of FC Berlin rioted in central
Jena Jena () is a German city and the second largest city in Thuringia. Together with the nearby cities of Erfurt and Weimar, it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants, while the city itself has a po ...
before the away match against
FC Carl Zeiss Jena FC Carl Zeiss Jena is a German football club based in Jena, Thuringia. Formed in 1903 and initially associated with the Carl Zeiss AG factory, they were one of the strongest clubs in East Germany from the 1960s to the 1980s, winning the DDR-Ober ...
in the 1989-90 DDR-Oberliga on 8 April 1990. They broke shop windows, smashed windscreens of police vehicles with stones and left a trail of destruction in the city center. Supporters of FC Berlin also fired flares at police officers during the match. The disorder at the stadium would not cease and the match was eventually interrupted. The riots in Jena caught rare attention by East German state media, which until then had been generally silent about football related disorder. Hooligans who had left East Germany for various reasons in recent years rejoined the hooligan scene after the opening of the Berlin Wall. Some were former skinheads who had been deported by the Stasi to West Germany in the late 1980s. Now they chanted things such as "Who should be our Führer? Erich Mielke!" as a provocative fun, to the dismay of the club. Supporters who returned from West Germany also brought back a new fashion based on designer clothing labels and expensive sportswear, which was adopted by the supporter scene. While combat boots and bomber jackets were now common at many places in East Germany, some supporters of BFC Dynamo wanted to differentiate themselves. Expensive sneakers was now the new fashion in the supporter scene. Brands such as
Diesel Diesel may refer to: * Diesel engine, an internal combustion engine where ignition is caused by compression * Diesel fuel, a liquid fuel used in diesel engines * Diesel locomotive, a railway locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engin ...
, Iceberg, Chevignon, Adidas, Best Company,
New Balance New Balance Athletics, Inc. (NB), best known as simply New Balance, is one of the world's major sports footwear and apparel manufacturers. Based in Boston, Massachusetts, the multinational corporation was founded in 1906 as the New Balance Arch ...
and Ray Ban became popular. Hooligans of FC Berlin stormed the home end of the
Stadion an der Alten Försterei Stadion An der Alten Försterei (; '' en, Stadium at the old forester's house'') is a football stadium in Köpenick and the largest single-purpose football stadium in the German capital of Berlin. It has been home to football club 1. FC Union Be ...
armed with clubs and flares and hunted down supporters of Union Berlin during the match between Union Berlin and FC Berlin in the second round of the 1990-91 FDGB-Pokal on 23 September 1990. Serious riots broke out in the city after the match, involving hundreds of supporters. Street battles broke out in areas of East Berlin, even spreading to
Kreuzberg Kreuzberg () is a district of Berlin, Germany. It is part of the Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg borough located south of Mitte. During the Cold War era, it was one of the poorest areas of West Berlin, but since German reunification in 1990 it ha ...
in West Berlin. One supporter of FC Berlin said: "In 1990, thanks to the many departures to the West, it became clear relatively quickly that there was no flowerpot to be won with the current team. We then turned our attention to other things." Hooligans in East Germany unleashed almost unbridled violence against the representatives of the disintegrating East German state. Violent riots had occurred in Rostock, Dresden, Erfurt and East Berlin. Police had been forced to shoot warning shots during violent riots in Leipzig and one match in the 1990-91 NOFV-Oberliga had already been abandonned due to riots in the stadium. The situation peaked during a match between FC Sachsen Leipzig and FC Berlin on 3 November 1990. Supporters of FC Berlin travelled in large numbers to Leipzig for the match. The police had only 219 officers available for the match. There were clashes at the Leipzig main railway station, with one police officer injured and 50 supporters taken into custody. A first group of around 100 supporters of FC Berlin entered the Georg-Schwarz-Sportpark in time for kick-off. They had been joined by hooligans of
1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig 1. Fußballclub Lokomotive Leipzig e.V. is a German football club based in the locality of Probstheida in the Südost borough of Leipzig, Saxony. The club may be more familiar to many of the country's football fans as the historic side VfB Lei ...
, who had forced their way into the stadium. Supporters of both camps tried to attack each other in the stadium and the police had difficulties in maintaining a buffer zone. A second group of around 400 supporters of FC Berlin arrived later at the nearby Leipzig-Leutzsch S-Bahn station at Am Ritterschlößchen street. Fireworks were fired as they made their way to the stadium. The group was blocked from entering the stadium by police equipped with helmets and shields, despite showing valid tickets. The supporters were not given any reason. They were then pushed back by the police using
tear gas Tear gas, also known as a lachrymator agent or lachrymator (), sometimes colloquially known as "mace" after the early commercial aerosol, is a chemical weapon that stimulates the nerves of the lacrimal gland in the eye to produce tears. In ...
and truncheons. The group returned to the S-Bahn station and made an attempt to reach the stadium from the Pettenkofer Straße instead. They were again blocked by police who immediately used truncheons. Riots broke out at the S-Bahn station. The station building was vandalized and numerous cars were smashed or burned, including at least one W 50 police truck and one police car. The police was allegedly outnumbered. However, the high number of supporters of FC Berlin at the scene claimed by the police has been disputed. Cobblestones were thrown at the police waiting at the Pettenkofer Straße. The police now decided to use their firearms. 18-year old supporter Mike Polley ( de) from the locality of
Malchow Malchow () is a Municipalities of Germany, municipality in the Mecklenburgische Seenplatte (district), Mecklenburgische Seenplatte district, in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. Geography It is situated on the river Elde, 25,5 km we ...
in Berlin was hit by several bullets and instantly killed. He was allegedly about to bend down to a friend when hit. Several others were injured and at least another three people were seriously injured. One supporter of FC Berlin was hit in the head and suffered critical injuries, but survived. The police had fired between 50 and 100 shots in about a minute, from 11 different police pistols. Reports and sources vary on what happened on the scene and how the situation was. The police claim that they were surrounded. But this was rebuffed by an eyewitness. Shots had been fired from distances as long as 30–40 meters. The police had also fired at fleeing supporters. One supporter was hit while trying to escape into an S-Bahn train. Not every injured had come with the supporters of FC Berlin. Also an uninvolved woman was shot in the leg. After the shootings, some supporters of FC Berlin left the S-Bahn station by train. Many were shaken, but other wanted to take revenge. A group of supporters stopped a
tram A tram (called a streetcar or trolley in North America) is a rail vehicle that travels on tramway tracks on public urban streets; some include segments on segregated right-of-way. The tramlines or networks operated as public transport are ...
, kicked the driver out and maneuvered it down town. Riots now continued in central Leipzig, where policed presence was low. The riots in central Leipzig continued for several hours and the damage was extensive. Supporters of FC Berlin devastated entire streets. All shop windows on the Nikolaistraße opposite the main railway station were broken. There was rampage at the Park Hotel. The ground floor of a department store on Brühl was destroyed. Numerous cars were demolished and up to 31 shops were smashed and looted. Supporters clashed with transport police at the main railway station. New shots were fired by the police, but no one was injured. Mike Polley was considered a beginner in the supporter scene. A demonstration against police violence with 1,000 participants was arranged in Prenzlauer Berg by supporters of FC Berlin after the match against HFC Chemie on 10 November 1990. The demonstration was supported by the recently founded Fanprojekt Berlin. Also professional FC Berlin players such as Waldemar Ksienzyk participated in the march. The demonstration received support from politicians such as Lena Schraut from the Alternative List and from
left-wing Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy. Left-wing politics typically involve a concern for those in soci ...
activists, notably from the occupied houses near Senefelderplatz at the
Schönhauser Allee Schönhauser Allee in Berlin is one of the most important streets of the Prenzlauer Berg district. Schönhauser Allee begins at Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz in the south and ends at Schonensche Straße in the north. Many of the side streets of Schönha ...
. The friendly match between
East Germany East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; german: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, , DDR, ), was a country that existed from its creation on 7 October 1949 until its dissolution on 3 October 1990. In these years the state ...
and
West Germany West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 O ...
that was planned to be held on the
Zentralstadion Red Bull Arena (; formerly Zentralstadion ), is a football facility located in Leipzig, Saxony, Germany. It is the largest football stadium in the former East Germany and has also hosted music concerts as well as football. Opened in 2004, it is ...
in Leipzig on 21 November 1990 was cancelled for security reasons and due to the tense situation among football supporters after the shootings. An investigation against ten police officers was opened, but closed in April 1992. The exact circumstances around the death of Mike Polley were never fully clarified. Stadium attendance collapsed in 1990. Many supporters stopped attending matches after the Peaceful revolution, as the best players were sold off to clubs in
West Germany West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 O ...
, sports performance slumped, tickets prices rose, mass unemployment spread and hooligans had come to dominate the stands. Some shifted their focus to
ice hockey Ice hockey (or simply hockey) is a team sport played on ice skates, usually on an ice skating rink with lines and markings specific to the sport. It belongs to a family of sports called hockey. In ice hockey, two opposing teams use ice h ...
instead. The average league attendance of the 1990–91 NOFV-Oberliga was by far the lowest in the league history. BFC Dynamo was hit particularly hard by the decline. Average attendance at BFC Dynamo had dropped from 8,385 in the 1988–89 season to 1,076 in the 1990–91 season. Ordinary supporters had disappeared. Only young supporters remained in the stadium at FC Berlin in 1990 and 1991. The violent faction of FC Berlin would come to shape the entire 1990–91 season. Matches involving FC Berlin were all security matches. A group of 500–600 supporters of FC Berlin travelled with a special train to
Rostock Rostock (), officially the Hanseatic and University City of Rostock (german: link=no, Hanse- und Universitätsstadt Rostock), is the largest city in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and lies in the Mecklenburgian part of the state, ...
for an away match against
F.C. Hansa Rostock FC Hansa Rostock () is a German association football club based in the city of Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The club is also called as "the cog" because of its club crest. They have emerged as one of the most successful clubs from the forme ...
on 16 March 1991. The police did not manage to control the situation despite a record strong presence of more than 600 officers. Riots broke out in central Rostock, where supporters smashed shops, demolished cars and attacked people. Supporters without tickets stormed the
Ostseestadion The Ostseestadion is the home stadium of FC Hansa Rostock, a German association football club, located in the city of Rostock. It has a capacity of 29,000. "Ostseestadion" translates in English to "Baltic Sea Stadium", and is named after the Ba ...
and there were fights with supporters of F.C. Hansa Rostock around the stadium. Riots at the train station after the match had to be suppressed by the police with tear gas and
water cannon A water cannon is a device that shoots a high-velocity stream of water. Typically, a water cannon can deliver a large volume of water, often over dozens of meters. They are used in firefighting, large vehicle washing, riot control, and mining ...
s. The damage was again extensive. Up to 17 shops at the Wismarischen Straße were smashed and looted, the train station was devastated and the special train was vandalized. Two police officers were injured in the turmoil.


Hooliganism

The hooligan scene of FC Berlin at the beginning of the 1990s was considered the most notorious for years in Germany. Hooligans of FC Berlin were subsequently involved in many fights in stadiums, woods and meadows. The youth television programme Elf99 on Deutscher Fernsehfunk (DFF) ran a special story on the hooligans of FC Berlin in August 1991. The story was called "Elf-Spezial: Das randalierende Rätsel – Der Berliner Hooligans zwischen Wahn und Scham?" and can be found on
YouTube YouTube is a global online video sharing and social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. It is owned by Google, and is the second mo ...
as of 2020. Hooligans of FC Berlin attacked an asylum shelter in
Greifswald Greifswald (), officially the University and Hanseatic City of Greifswald (german: Universitäts- und Hansestadt Greifswald, Low German: ''Griepswoold'') is the fourth-largest city in the German state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania after Rosto ...
in connection to an away match against Greifswalder SC 1926 in the 1991-92 NOFV-Oberliga Nord on 3 November 1991. SV Hafen Rostock 61 subsequently postponed its upcoming league match at home against FC Berlin for security reasons. Playing for meager crowds in regional leagues, the club eventually became a meeting place for individuals from the Berlin far-right, hooligan and criminal underground. The hooligan scene of FC Berlin developed a connection to the eastern Berlin
bouncer A bouncer (also known as a doorman or door supervisor) is a type of security guard, employed at venues such as bars, nightclubs, cabaret clubs, stripclubs, casinos, hotels, billiard halls, restaurants, sporting events, schools, concerts, or ...
scene in the mid-1990s. The eastern Berlin bouncer scene would eventually be almost completely organized from the hooligan scene of BFC Dynamo. One of those involved in the assault on French policeman Daniel Nivel during the 1998 FIFA World Cup had connections to the hooligan scene of FC Berlin. The same man was later linked to organized crime and eventfully involved in a high-profile drug trafficking case. The match between BFC Dynamo and Berlin Türkspor 1965 in the final of the 1998–99 Berlin Cup on 11 May 1999 was marked by violence. Supporters of BFC Dynamo directed far-right chants and others provocations against Berlin Türkspor 1965 during the match. 400 supporters of BFC Dynamo invaded the pitch after the final whistle to celebrate the title. Some supporters also attacked players of Berlin Türkspor 1965. Two players of Berlin Türkspor 1965 were injured, one of them had suffered a stab wound. BFC Dynamo Club President Volkmar Wanski was able to prevent a total escalation by giving a calming speech over the stadium microphone. He immediately apologized for the behavior of the supporters at the press conference after the match. Older supporters of BFC Dynamo openly expressed their contempt for the far-right supporters that had visited the match. BFC Dynamo and Berlin Türkspor 1965 agreed to meet in a friendly match later in the season and to organize a joint meal for players and responsible. Wanski made it clear in the speakers ahead of the last home match against
FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt is a German association football club based in Erfurt, Thuringia. History Foundation to World War II The club has roots that go back to a cricket club founded in 1895. As they broadened their interests they came to be calle ...
in the 1998-99 Regionalliga Nordost on 15 May 1999 that "anyone who cannot behave has no business in our stadium". Serious riots broke out in
Prenzlauer Berg Prenzlauer Berg () is a locality of Berlin, forming the southerly and most urban district of the borough of Pankow. From its founding in 1920 until 2001, Prenzlauer Berg was a district of Berlin in its own right. However, that year it was incor ...
after the match between BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Union Berlin in the quarter finals of the 2000–01 Berlin Cup at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 25 March 2001. Around 150 supporters of BFC Dynamo attacked the police after the match. The police employed water cannons against supporters at Eberswalder Straße and
Schönhauser Allee Schönhauser Allee in Berlin is one of the most important streets of the Prenzlauer Berg district. Schönhauser Allee begins at Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz in the south and ends at Schonensche Straße in the north. Many of the side streets of Schönha ...
. Nine people, including four police officers, were injured. BFC Dynamo Club President Karin Halsch ( de) and 1. FC Union Berlin Club President Heiner Bertram criticized the police in unison for provocations during the match and for triggering riots. Karin Halsch simultaneously expressed sadness that the riots destroyed a lot of reconstruction work in the club and announced that there would be many stadium bans. Also coach Jürgen Bogs spoke out about "senseless violence" that would once again fall back on the club, but also criticized the police for provocations. Many of those involved in the riots did not come from the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo. Many were visitors from other cities in Germany. BFC Dynamo had the highest number of violent supporters in Germany in 2005. Violence broke out during the match between
Tennis Borussia Berlin Tennis Borussia Berlin is a German football club based in the locality of Westend in Berlin. History The team was founded in 1902 as ''Berliner Tennis- und Ping-Pong-Gesellschaft Borussia'' taking its name from its origins as a tennis and ta ...
and BFC Dynamo in the 2004-05 NOFV-Oberliga Nord at the Mommsenstadion on 11 February 2005. A flare was lit and a couple of bangers set off in the guest block at the beginning of the second half. Police then decided to intervene against away supporters. Police officers were pelted with beer cups and attacked by supporters of BFC Dynamo when they entered gest block. Eight police officers were injured and 11 supporters of BFC Dynamo arrested. BFC Dynamo criticized the police operation as "disproportionate". Supporters of BFC Dynamo claimed that they had been called "Nazis", " Ossis" and " Unioners" by police officers. Riots had broken out also when Tennis Borussia Berlin played 1. FC Union Berlin in round of 16 of the 2004-05 Berlin Cup at the Mommsenstadion a couple of weeks before. Fighting between supporters of BFC Dynamo and police again broke out in connection with the match between BFC Dynamo and SV Yeşilyurt at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 24 April 2005. The mood had been tense during the match. The situation escalated when celebrating supporters of BFC Dynamo attacked the fence after the final whistle. Police intervened with water hoses, batons and tear gas against supporters of BFC Dynamo. Four police officers were injured and five hooligans arrested. One police officer suffered a broken nose and another one a concussion. Riots again broke out in connection to a match between BFC Dynamo and SV Yeşilyurt at the opening of the 2005-06 NOFV-Oberliga Nord at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark 5 August 2005. The match was attended by 1,200 supporters of BFC Dynamo. Hooligans in the crowd threw bottles and stones at police officers during the match. Fights between hooligans and police then broke out after match. Around 150 hooligans had participated in the riots, according to police information. BFC Dynamo spokesperson Yiannis Kaufmann claimed that those involved were a "mob of travelling fans who wants to cause trouble everywhere and now discredit the BFC". As many as 13 police officers were injured in the riots. Police made a controversial raid against the discotheque Jeton in
Friedrichshain Friedrichshain () is a quarter (''Ortsteil'') of the borough of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg in Berlin, Germany. From its creation in 1920 until 2001, it was a freestanding city borough. Formerly part of East Berlin, it is adjacent to Mitte, Prenzl ...
where supporters of BFC Dynamo and other people had gathered to celebrate in connection to a fan tournament in memory of Mike Polley on the night of 20 August 2005. The fan tournament had been visited by numerous teams, including teams from
FC St. Pauli Fußball-Club St Pauli von 1910 e.V., commonly known as simply FC St Pauli (), is a German professional football club based in the St. Pauli district of Hamburg, that competes in the 2. Bundesliga. The football department is part of a larger sp ...
, 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig,
Aberdeen F.C. Aberdeen Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in Aberdeen, Scotland. They compete in the Scottish Premiership and have never been relegated from the top division of the Scottish football league system since they were ...
,
VfL Bochum Verein für Leibesübungen Bochum 1848 Fußballgemeinschaft, commonly referred to as simply VfL Bochum (), is a German association football club based in the city of Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia. The club has spent 35 seasons in the Bundeslig ...
and
Malmö FF Malmö Fotbollförening, commonly known as Malmö FF, Malmö, or MFF, is a professional football club and the most successful football club in Sweden in terms of trophies won. Formed in 1910 and affiliated with the Scania Football Association ...
. The large-scale police operation involved 300 officers, including 100 members of the SEK. 158 persons were arrested. Among the detainees were 19 Category C-supporters and 22 Category B-supporters. Supporters filed numerous complaints against the police for use of excessive violence. 39 people at the discotheque were injured. Also bystanders were affected. Police initially claimed they had been pelted with bottles and furnishings, but later corrected their statement and admitted that there had been no resistance. The police had allegedly beaten defenseless people. Police stated that the raid was a preventative measure on short notice to prevent hooligans from organizing for the upcoming match against Union Berlin on 21 August 2005. There were speculations that police also took revenge for riots during the match between BFC Dynamo and SV Yeşilyurt at the opening of the season. More than 1,000 police officers were deployed to the derby and the match was played without crowd trouble. Banners in solidarity with the supporters of BFC Dynamo were displayed in 17 football stadiums across Germany during the following matchdays. The return match between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin in the 2005–06 NOFV-Oberliga Nord was played at the Stadion im Sportforum on 13 May 2006. The standing was 1–1 when supporters of BFC Dynamo invaded the pitch in an attempt to storm the block of Union Berlin around the 75th minute. Supporters of Union Berlin fled in panic. The match was abandoned and Union Berlin was awarded a 2–0 win. The players of BFC Dynamo wore the motto "No power of violence" on their shirts in the following match against BFC Preussen away on 17 May 2006. The Stadion im Sportforum was temporarily closed for matches in the NOFV-Oberliga Nord after the riots. The riots during the match against 1. FC Union Berlin threw the club into a financial crisis. Treasurer Sven Radicke concluded: "Four years of our work were ruined in five minutes". BFC Dynamo has often attracted hooligans from outside, and hooligans who are otherwise not involved in the supporter scene, to high-profile matches. The club has repeatedly complained about so-called "riot tourists". Riots broke out after the match against
Berliner AK 07 Berliner AK 07 is a German football club based in the locality of Moabit of the borough of Mitte in Berlin, Germany. The team competes in the fourth tier Regionalliga Nordost. History The association was established on 15 December 1907 in t ...
in the final of the 2009–10 Berlin Cup at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 2 June 2010. Around 100–150 supporters of BFC Dynamo attempted to invade the pitch after the final whistle. Match stewards and players of BFC Dynamo threw themselves in to restrain supporters and prevent further riots. Goalkeeper Nico Thomaschewski later received an award from the
Berlin Football Association The Berlin Football Association (german: Berliner Fussball-Verband, BFV) is the umbrella organization of football clubs in the German capital Berlin. The BFV was founded in 1897 and has its headquarters in Berlin. President of the BFV is Bernd Sch ...
(BFV) for his actions. Polish fans of
Pogoń Szczecin Pogoń Szczecin Spółka Akcyjna, commonly referred to as Pogoń Szczecin (), is a Polish professional football club, based in Szczecin, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, which plays in the Ekstraklasa, the top tier of the national football league s ...
were allegedly linked to the riots. Those who had invaded the pitch were whistled by other supporters of BFC Dynamo when they returned to the stands. Major riots then occurred after the match against
1. FC Kaiserslautern 1. Fußball-Club Kaiserslautern e. V., also known as 1. FCK, FCK (), FC Kaiserslautern () or colloquially Lautern (), is a German sports club based in Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate. In addition to football, the club also operates in sev ...
in the first round of the 2011-12 DFB-Pokal at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 3 July 2011. Around 200–300 supporters of BFC Dynamo invaded the buffer zone and stormed the guest block after the match. 18 police officers and many supporters from Kaiserslautern were injured in the attack. The Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer openly expressed his embarrassment and disappointment over the behavior of some supporters and publicly apologized. There were allegations that hooligans outside the BFC Dynamo environment had been involved. While the police stated that most of those arrested were from Berlin, the club claimed it had never seen most of the recent perpetrators before.


The contemporary supporter scene

The contemporary supporter scene contains various subcultures and categories of supporters. It ranges from older supporters to younger ultras. Older supporters constitute an essential part of the supporter scene. Many are active in the supporter group 79er. The group is credited for its commitment to the club, notably the youth teams. Its members have been supporters of BFC Dynamo since the late 1970s. The supporter scene played an important part in saving the club from bankruptcy in 2001. Supporters organized a demonstration against the impending bankruptcy. The demonstration marched from the Sportforum to the
Rotes Rathaus The Rotes Rathaus (, ''Red City Hall'') is the town hall of Berlin, located in the Mitte district on Rathausstraße near Alexanderplatz. It is the home to the governing mayor and the government (the Senate of Berlin) of the state of Berlin. The ...
where it was met by the former club president and
SPD The Social Democratic Party of Germany (german: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, ; SPD, ) is a centre-left social democratic political party in Germany. It is one of the major parties of contemporary Germany. Saskia Esken has been t ...
politician Karin Halsch. Supporters threw parties and organized collections, made donations and travelled to countries such as
Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
and Switzerland to convince creditors to accept smaller pay-offs in order to save the cub. Supporters also installed bucket seats at the Stadion im Sportforum and built a new clubhouse in the Sportforum during the insolvency. The insolvency crisis remains a defining moment for older supporters. The supporter scene has traditionally arranged an annual Mike-Polley-Gedenkturnier, which is a football fan tournament in memory of Mike Polley. The first edition of the fan tournament was arranged in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen in 2003 and comprised 28 teams. A march in memory of Mike Polley in Leipzig in 2018 was attended by 850 supporters of BFC Dynamo. New groups of younger
ultra adopted by British military intelligence in June 1941 for wartime signals intelligence obtained by breaking high-level encrypted enemy radio and teleprinter communications at the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park. ' ...
-oriented supporters have emerged since the 2000s. Supporter group Fraktion H was founded in 2006 by younger supporters who wanted to create more atmosphere in the stadium. A minor
ultras Ultras are a type of association football fans who are renowned for their fanatical support. The term originated in Italy, but is used worldwide to describe predominantly organised fans of association football teams. The behavioural tende ...
scene then emerged with the founding of Ultras BFC in 2011. The ultras of BFC Dynamo have initiated campaigns such as "
Brown Brown is a color. It can be considered a composite color, but it is mainly a darker shade of orange. In the CMYK color model used in printing or painting, brown is usually made by combining the colors orange and black. In the RGB color model us ...
is not Claret" and have also engaged in football tournaments for refugees. The club has encouraged the new groups of younger supporters and club management has taken a stand against
racism Racism is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to inherited attributes and can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another. It may also mean prejudice, discrimination, or antagonis ...
and
right-wing extremism Far-right politics, also referred to as the extreme right or right-wing extremism, are political beliefs and actions further to the right of the left–right political spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of being ...
. Fraktion H maintains a friendship with the supporters of
Eintracht Trier SV Eintracht Trier 05 is a German association football club based in Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate. It was formed on 11 March 1948 out of the merger of Westmark 05 Trier and Eintracht Trier 06, on the 43rd anniversary of the establishment of pred ...
, while members of Ultras BFC have contacts with the ultras of Swedish side GAIS. BFC Dynamo is affiliated with Fanprojekt Berlin, which is an independent organization that engages in socio-pedagogical fan work. The organization supports young fans in various aspects of life and aims at promoting a positive supporter culture. BFC Dynamo engages in active fan work and has taken measures to control violent elements, to exclude known violators and to distance itself from radical supporters. Far-right symbols and slogans are not tolerated by the club. The Chairman of the Economic Council, Peter Meyer, stated in connection with a friendly match against Hertha BSC in 2007 that the club did not want people who cannot follow the rules and that "anyone who shouts Nazi slogans will be thrown out of the stadium". A large number of stadium bans has been issued by the club since the mid-2000s. A total of 40 stadium bans was issued only in 2006. No riots has occurred since 2011. The contemporary supporter scene includes groups such as 79er, Mythos BFC, Fraktion H, Piefkes, Ultras BFC, East Company, Riot Sport, Black Boys Dynamo, Bärenbande, Gegengerade, Hipstercrew, Märkische Jungs and Sektion Süddeutschland. Gegengerade is a left wing-oriented fan club. BFC Dynamo had 100 Category C-supporters and 190 Category-B supporters in 2019. Younger hooligans of BFC Dynamo have contacts with supporter group Kaliber 030 at Hertha. 20–25 supporters of BFC Dynamo joined Hertha in the guest block of the
Stadion an der Alten Försterei Stadion An der Alten Försterei (; '' en, Stadium at the old forester's house'') is a football stadium in Köpenick and the largest single-purpose football stadium in the German capital of Berlin. It has been home to football club 1. FC Union Be ...
during the
derby Derby ( ) is a city and unitary authority area in Derbyshire, England. It lies on the banks of the River Derwent in the south of Derbyshire, which is in the East Midlands Region. It was traditionally the county town of Derbyshire. Derby g ...
between Union Berlin and Hertha on 2 November 2019. Older hooligans of BFC Dynamo, on the other hand, maintain friendly relationships with parts of the supporter scene of 1. FC Magdeburg. Supporters of BFC Dynamo attempted to travel in numbers to the return leg against
VfB Oldenburg VfB Oldenburg is a German association football club based in Oldenburg, Lower Saxony. In the 2022–23 season, they play in the 3. Liga, the third level of football in Germany. History Founded by a group of high school boys as ''FC 1897 Ol ...
in the promotion play-offs for the 3. Liga on 4 June 2022. Up to 2,500 supporters of BFC Dynamo wanted to join the team in
Oldenburg Oldenburg may also refer to: Places *Mount Oldenburg, Ellsworth Land, Antarctica *Oldenburg (city), an independent city in Lower Saxony, Germany **Oldenburg (district), a district historically in Oldenburg Free State and now in Lower Saxony *Olde ...
. Around 1,300 supporters of BFC Dynamo was eventually admitted to the
Marschweg-Stadion Marschweg-Stadion is a multi-use stadium in Oldenburg, Germany. Since 1991 is has been used as the stadium of VfB Oldenburg VfB Oldenburg is a German association football club based in Oldenburg, Lower Saxony. In the 2022–23 season, t ...
, where they marked their presence with a banner, a scarf choreography and flares. One of the most well-known books in Germany about the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo is "Der BFC war schuld am Mauerbau" by German author Andreas Gläser ( de). The book was first published in 2002 and describes the supporter scene from the late 1970s and forward. The club, its reputation and supporter scene, was also the theme of stage play "Dynamoland" by Gudrun Herrbold. The play was set up in 2007 and involved young football players from BFC Dynamo as well as Andreas Gläser. The fanzine "Zugriff" is dedicated to BFC Dynamo. The fanzine is produced by Andreas Gläser and members of supporter group Gegengerade since 2008. The tenth and latest issue was published in 2014. The tenth issue came with as music CD mixed by Andreas Gläser. The CD included numerous
ska Ska (; ) is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and was the precursor to rocksteady and reggae. It combined elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and blues. Ska is characterized by a walki ...
and
punk Punk or punks may refer to: Genres, subculture, and related aspects * Punk rock, a music genre originating in the 1970s associated with various subgenres * Punk subculture, a subculture associated with punk rock, or aspects of the subculture s ...
tracks as well as a 25 seconds long recording of Erich Mielke ranting about skinheads and punks. Musicians from German rock band
Klaus Renft Combo The Klaus Renft Combo is a veteran German rock band, formed in Leipzig in what was then East Germany, in 1958. Founded by , the band enjoyed significant success in East Germany East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; g ...
composed the anthem "Auf, Dynamo!" for BFC Dynamo in 1999. German rap musician Joe Rilla has also dedicated a song to BFC Dynamo. The song is called "Heb die Faust Hoch (BFC Dynamo Straßenhymne)" and was released in 2008. Joe Rilla, whose real name is Hagen Stoll ( de), has a background in the hooligan scene of BFC Dynamo. The clothing store Hoolywood on
Schönhauser Allee Schönhauser Allee in Berlin is one of the most important streets of the Prenzlauer Berg district. Schönhauser Allee begins at Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz in the south and ends at Schonensche Straße in the north. Many of the side streets of Schönha ...
in Prenzlauer Berg is associated with the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo. The store was founded at the beginning of the 1990s. The store has been an advertising partner of BFC Dynamo.


Rivalries


SG Dynamo Dresden

The oldest rival of BFC Dynamo is
SG Dynamo Dresden Sportgemeinschaft Dynamo Dresden e.V., commonly known as SG Dynamo Dresden or Dynamo Dresden, are a German association football club based in Dresden, Saxony.Grüne, Hardy (2001). Enzyklopädie des deutschen Ligafußballs 7. Vereinslexikon. Kasse ...
. The rivalry dates back to 1954 when the team of Dynamo Dresden and its place in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to
SC Dynamo Berlin The Sports Club Dynamo Berlin was an East German sports club that existed from 1954 to 1991. It was the largest sports club of SV Dynamo, the sports association of the security agencies. The club was disbanded after German reunification and even ...
during the course of the 1954-55 season. The relocation aroused a sense of victimhood among the fans of Dynamo Dresden which would later be compounded by the successes of BFC Dynamo. Matters were exacerbated when additional players of Dynamo Dresden were delegated to Dynamo Berlin by the German Football Association of the GDR (DFV) following the relegation of Dynamo Dresden after the 1962–63 season. The antagonism between the two clubs was underpinned by a historical German rivalry between
Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an ...
n Berlin and
Saxony Saxony (german: Sachsen ; Upper Saxon: ''Saggsn''; hsb, Sakska), officially the Free State of Saxony (german: Freistaat Sachsen, links=no ; Upper Saxon: ''Freischdaad Saggsn''; hsb, Swobodny stat Sakska, links=no), is a landlocked state of ...
. It was fueled by contemporary resentment in
Dresden Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label= Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth ...
at the better provision of housing and consumer goods in the East German capital. East Berliners were generally unpopular outside the city limits, especially in the southern regional districts of East Germany. They were considered arrogant and clearly preferred. Dynamo Dresden slowly recovered from the relocation. The club was declared a regional district center of excellence (german: Leistungszentrum) by the regional district board of the
DTSB The Deutscher Turn- und Sportbund (DTSB; ''German Gymnastics and Sports Federation'') was a Communist party#Mass organizations, mass organization of the German Democratic Republic from 1957 until shortly after German reunification. Membership in ...
on 5 August 1968. The club could now draw on the best players in
Bezirk Dresden The Bezirk Dresden was a district (''Bezirk'') of East Germany that lasted from 1952 to 1990. Dresden would be reabsorbed back into Saxony after the reunification of Germany. The administrative seat and the main town was Dresden. History The dist ...
. Dynamo Dresden eventually re-established itself in the DDR-Oberliga and became campions once again in the
1970-71 DDR-Oberliga Year 197 ( CXCVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Magius and Rufinus (or, less frequently, year 950 '' Ab urbe con ...
. BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden then met in the final of the 1970-71 FDGB-Pokal.
Klaus Sammer Klaus Sammer (born 5 December 1942) is a German former professional football player and coach. He spent the early part of his career with Stahl Gröditz and Einheit Dresden, before joining Dynamo Dresden, the club where he would spend the majo ...
scored 1-0 for Dynamo Dresden, but Norbert Johannsen equalized on a
penalty Penalty or The Penalty may refer to: Sports * Penalty (golf) * Penalty (gridiron football) * Penalty (ice hockey) * Penalty (rugby) * Penalty (rugby union) * Penalty kick (association football) * Penalty shoot-out (association football) A p ...
. Dynamo Dresden eventually won the match 2-1 after a second goal by Sammer in extra time. Dynamo Dresden thus secured the first
Double A double is a look-alike or doppelgänger; one person or being that resembles another. Double, The Double or Dubble may also refer to: Film and television * Double (filmmaking), someone who substitutes for the credited actor of a character * ...
in the history of East German football. However, BFC Dynamo did not go completely empty-handed from the final. The team qualified for its first UEFA competition as runners-up. Its participation in the
1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup The 1971–72 season of the European Cup Winners' Cup football club tournament was won by Rangers, who defeated Dynamo Moscow in the final. Preliminary round First leg ---- Second leg ''4–4 on aggregate; Austria Wien won on away goal ...
would be a success. Dynamo Dresden would come to dominate East German fotball in the 1970s. The team managed to capture a third consecutive league title in the
1977–78 DDR-Oberliga The 1977–78 DDR-Oberliga was the 29th season of the DDR-Oberliga, the first tier of league football in East Germany. The league was contested by fourteen teams. Dynamo Dresden won the championship, the club's sixth of eight East German champio ...
. What happened after is subject to various rumors. Formal title celebrations took place in June 1978 at the hotel and restaurant Bastein at Prager Straße in Dresden. Erich Mielke paid a visit as the president of
SV Dynamo The Sportvereinigung Dynamo () (''Dynamo Sports Association'') was the Sports associations (East Germany), sport association of the security agencies (Volkspolizei, Stasi, Ministry for State Security, fire department and customs) of former East G ...
to congratulate the team to the title. Dynamo Dresden player
Reinhard Häfner Reinhard Häfner (2 February 1952 – 24 October 2016) was a German footballer and coach. Häfner played children's and youth football for his hometown club BSG Motor Sonneberg. As a junior player he was assigned to FC Rot-Weiss Erfurt before jo ...
recalls how Mielke held a speech where he said that he would be happier if BFC Dynamo was champions. Mielke should have added that "since BFC Dynamo is also SV Dynamo, the title stays in the family, so to speak, and that is good too". According to other versions of the same event, he allegedly proclaimed that everything will be done so that in the coming year, the champion will come from Berlin, and that it was now the turn of the BFC Dynamo. BFC Dynamo stood out among other clubs within SV Dynamo. The club was located at the frontline of the Cold War. It was also a representative of the capital of East Germany. This meant that the club had to be well equipped. BFC Dynamo would come to benefit from a nationwide scouting system, supported by numerous training centers (TZ) of SV Dynamo across East Germany. The team embarked on a period of unparalleled success in the 1978–79 season under young coach
Jürgen Bogs Jürgen Bogs (born 19 January 1947) is a German football coach who led BFC Dynamo to ten consecutive DDR-Oberliga titles from 1979 to 1988. Bogs was a youth coach at BFC Dynamo before becoming the coach of the first team in 1977. The ten consec ...
. Dynamo Dresden had been the dominant team in East German football until then. BFC Dynamo would now be its main obstacle to success. BFC Dynamo opened the 1978-79 DDR-Oberliga with ten consecutive wins. The team thus broke the previous record of Dynamo Dresden of seven consecutive wins from the
1972-73 DDR-Oberliga Year 197 ( CXCVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Magius and Rufinus (or, less frequently, year 950 '' Ab urbe con ...
. Dynamo Dresden, on the other hand, had a moderately successful start to the season and stood in second place. The two teams met in the 11th matchday in front of 33,000 spectators at Dynamo-Stadion in Dresden on 2 December 1978. The match ended in a draw 1-1 after an equalizer by
Hans-Jürgen Riediger Hans Jürgen Riediger (born 20 December 1955) is a former footballer from East Germany. Riediger played for BFC Dynamo, scoring 105 goals / 196 DDR-Oberliga matches. He participated in 1976 Summer Olympics and received the gold medal. Career ...
for BFC Dynamo. The match was marked by crowd trouble, with 38 fans to both teams arrested. 17 of the 38 fans arrested were fans of BFC Dynamo. Inexperienced linesman Günter Supp should allegedly have missed an offside position on Riediger in the situation leading up to the equalizer. There were accusations in Dresden that the match had been manipulated by the referees in favor of BFC Dynamo. This alleged manipulation was cited as yet another example of discrimination against the Saxon city in comparison with East Berlin. BFC Dynamo continued to lead the league for the rest of the season. The team finally secured its first DDR-Oberliga title after defeating Dynamo Dresden 3–1 in the 24th match day in front of 22,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 6 June 1979. The 1979-80 DDR-Oberliga would be tight race between the two rivals. Dynamo Dresden led the league for most of the season. Dynamo Dresden was still in first place before the last matchday. However, BFC Dynamo was only one point behind. The two rivals met at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in the last matchday of the league season on 10 May 1980. Dynamo Dresden only needed a draw to win the league title. There was huge excitement around the match and the stadium was sold out. East German fotboll weekly Die neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) reported on "international match atmosphere". The standing was 0-0 for a long time. Dynamo Dresden player
Peter Kotte Peter Kotte (born 8 December 1954) is a German former footballer. He scored 54 goals in the Oberliga for Stahl Riesa and Dynamo Dresden Sportgemeinschaft Dynamo Dresden e.V., commonly known as SG Dynamo Dresden or Dynamo Dresden, are a Ger ...
fell in the BFC Dynamo penalty area with about 15 minutes left of regular time, but Dynamo Dresden was denied a penalty. Norbert Trieloff instead scored a goal for BFC Dynamo just a moment later. BFC Dynamo eventually won the match 1-0 and captured its second consecutive league title in front of 30,000 spectators. Dynamo Dresden would not come this close to BFC Dynamo in the league until the end of the 1980s. It was rumoured that referee Hans Kulicke from
Oderberg Oderberg () is a town in the district of Barnim, in Brandenburg in northeastern Germany. It is situated 16 km east of Eberswalde, and 27 km southwest of Schwedt, close to the border with Poland, and in close vicinity of Berlin. Overvie ...
had favored BFC Dynamo. However, also BFC Dynamo had been denied a chance to decide the match. A goal by
Hartmut Pelka Hartmut Pelka (11 March 1957 – 23 July 2014) was a German footballer who played for BSG Chemie Leipzig and BFC Dynamo in DDR-Oberliga. Career Born in Hohenmölsen, Pelka began to play football for the youth teams of BSG Aktivist Großgrimm ...
had been disallowed by referee Kulicke due to a foul on Dynamo Dresden goalkeeper Bernd Jakubowski. Both clubs were affiliated to SV Dynamo and supported by the security organs. However, BFC Dynamo was more associated with the Stasi, while Dynamo Dresden was more associated with the Volkspolizei. BFC Dynamo was known as the favourite club of the head of the Stasi Erich Mielke. Dynamo Dresden, on the other hand, was patronaged by Volkspolizei
Lieutenant general Lieutenant general (Lt Gen, LTG and similar) is a three-star military rank (NATO code OF-8) used in many countries. The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages, where the title of lieutenant general was held by the second-in-command on the ...
Willi Nyffenegger. Nyffenegger was the long-time head of the regional district authority of the Volkspolizei in Bezirk Dresden. However, also Dynamo Dresden had its supporters in the Stasi. The Stasi had helped Dynamo Dresden to obtain secret information about the line-up of FC Bayern Munich before the match between Dynamo Dresden and FC Bayern Munich in the
1973–74 European Cup The 1973–74 season of the European Cup football club tournament was won for the first time by Bayern Munich, beginning their own three-year period of domination, in a replayed final against Atlético Madrid, the only such occasion in the tournam ...
on 7 November 1973. Dynamo Dresden would also be supported by Stasi
Major general Major general (abbreviated MG, maj. gen. and similar) is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. The disappearance of the "sergeant" in the title explains the apparent confusion of ...
Horst Böhm in the 1980s. Böhm was the head of the regional district administration of the Stasi in
Bezirk Dresden The Bezirk Dresden was a district (''Bezirk'') of East Germany that lasted from 1952 to 1990. Dresden would be reabsorbed back into Saxony after the reunification of Germany. The administrative seat and the main town was Dresden. History The dist ...
. He was a committed local patriot when it came to Dynamo Dresden and a sponsoring member of the club. The rivalry between the two clubs also spread to the Stasi Guards Regiment "Felix E. Dzerzhinsky". The behavior of members of the Dresden unit during a match between the two teams in 1985 was likened to that of "rioting fans" by another Stasi officer. Resentment in Dresden over the rise of BFC Dynamo was worsened when three top players of Dynamo Dresden,
Gerd Weber Gerd Weber (born 31 May 1956 in Dresden) is a former German soccer player. Weber began his career in 1973 with SG Dynamo Dresden in the DDR-Oberliga. Between 1975 and 1980 he played 33 times as a midfielder for the East Germany national t ...
,
Peter Kotte Peter Kotte (born 8 December 1954) is a German former footballer. He scored 54 goals in the Oberliga for Stahl Riesa and Dynamo Dresden Sportgemeinschaft Dynamo Dresden e.V., commonly known as SG Dynamo Dresden or Dynamo Dresden, are a Ger ...
and Matthias Müller, were arrested on suspicion of planning to defect to
West Germany West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 O ...
in 1981. Weber had solicited plans to defect, but the other two had not. Weber received a prison sentence and a lifetime ban from playing football at any level in East Germany, while Kotte and Müller received lifetime bans from playing in the top two tiers for alleged complicity. Neither would return to the Oberliga. The punishment against the three players led to rumors and protests in Dresden. They also fueled local patriotism and anti-Berlin sentiments in Dresden. Supporters of Dynamo Dresden saw the lifetime bans on Weber, Kotte and Müller as "an order from Erich Mielke" designed to weaken Dynamo Dresden. Also, Kotte has claimed they were part of a delibate plan by Mielke to weaken Dynamo Dresden. However, such claims are doubtful. The three players had been reported by an
unofficial collaborator An unofficial collaborator or IM (; both from German ''inoffizieller Mitarbeiter''), or euphemistically informal collaborator (''informeller Mitarbeiter''), was an informant in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) who delivered private i ...
(IM) and Mielke was convinced that all three were originally prepared to defect. Kotte was not an isolated case. The great fear of footballers, fans and officials who had fled East Germany was omnipresent at the Stasi. Kotte and Müller knew about the intentions of Weber. Their failure to inform authorities was critical. Former SED First Secretary in Bezik Dresden
Hans Modrow Hans Modrow (; born 27 January 1928) is a German politician best known as the last communist premier of East Germany. Taking office in the middle of the Peaceful Revolution, he was the ''de facto'' leader of the country for much of the winter ...
concludes that the measures against the three were "generally cautious", given the completely different consequences for other East German citizens in similar contexts. After all, the three were also members of the armed organs (german: Bewaffnete Organe der DDR) with ranks. Müller said in an interview with
Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten (DNN) is a regional newspaper that appears in the city of Dresden and its surroundings. It is the third largest newspaper in the region after the '' Sächsische Zeitung'' and the ''Dresdner Morgenpost''. The sold circu ...
in 2011 that he "knew one hundred percent" that the uncompromising actions against the three players were a deliberate attempt by the Stasi to weaken Dynamo Dresden in order to secure the supremacy of BFC Dynamo. BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden would be the two main contenders for titles in East German football during the 1980s. BFC Dynamo dominated the DDR-Oberliga and won consecutive titles, while Dynamo Dresden had major success in the
FDGB-Pokal The FDGB-Pokal (Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund Pokal or Free German Trade Union Federation Cup) was an elimination football tournament held annually in East Germany. It was the second most important national title in East German football af ...
. The two teams met in the 1981-82 FDGB-Pokal and 1983-84 FDGB-Pokal final. Dynamo Dresden won both finals and thus prevented BFC Dynamo from being able to capture the Double. The teams then also met in the 1984-85 FDGB-Pokal final. The performance of the referees in the final was controversial. A review by the DFV found that 30 percent of the referee decisions during the match had been wrong, and that 80 percent of those had been of disadvantage to Dynamo Dresden. Referee Manfred Roßner was banned one year from officiating matches above second tier after the final. However, nothing emerged that indicated that Roßner had been bought by the Stasi. Dynamo Dresden won the final 3–2 in front of 48,000 spectators at the
Stadion der Weltjugend Stadion der Weltjugend was a multi-use stadium in the locality of Mitte in the eponymous borough of Mitte in Berlin, Germany. It was inaguruated on 20 May 1950 by the First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party, Walter Ulbricht for the first ...
. It was the fourth loss against Dynamo Dresden in the final of the FDGB-Pokal and the third time that Dynamo Dresden had prevented the team from winning the Double. Disturbances by spectators was a regular occurrence at matches between the two teams. BFC Dynamo was met by immense hostility during away matches in Dresden. Fans of BFC Dynamo would occasionally respond to the hatred they met by singing chants in praise of
Erich Mielke Erich Fritz Emil Mielke (; 28 December 1907 – 21 May 2000) was a German communist official who served as head of the East German Ministry for State Security (''Ministerium für Staatsicherheit'' – MfS), better known as the Stasi, from 1957 u ...
. They would also throw tropical fruits, that were only available in East Berlin, at home fans as a provocation. A number of fans of Dynamo Dresden were arrested after the match between the two teams in the 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga in East Berlin on 6 April 1988 for using anti-Semitic slogans, such as "Berlin Jews!" and " Jews' sow!" BFC Dynamo won the 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga and ultimately managed to complete the Double in the
1987–88 FDGB-Pokal The 1987–88 FDGB-Pokal was the 37th edition of the East German Cup. The competition was won by Berliner FC Dynamo, who beat FC Carl Zeiss Jena 2–0 after extra time. Preliminary round First round Second round Round of 16 Qua ...
, defeating
FC Carl Zeiss Jena FC Carl Zeiss Jena is a German football club based in Jena, Thuringia. Formed in 1903 and initially associated with the Carl Zeiss AG factory, they were one of the strongest clubs in East Germany from the 1960s to the 1980s, winning the DDR-Ober ...
2–0 in final. BFC Dynamo's ten-year dominance in the league was eventually broken by Dynamo Dresden in the 1988–89 season. BFC Dynamo won a second consecutive cup title in the 1988-89 FDGB-Pokal, but Dynamo Dresden became the new champion in the 1988-89 DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden then met in the first ever
DFV-Supercup The DFV-Supercup (also known as ''Pokal des Deutschen Sportechos'') was the super cup of East German football, played between the winners of the DDR-Oberliga and the FDGB-Pokal. History It was originally planned to start in 1988, but was postpo ...
in 1989. BFC Dynamo won the match 4–1 in front of 22,347 spectators at the Stadion der Freundschaft in
Cottbus Cottbus (; Lower Sorbian: ''Chóśebuz'' ; Polish: Chociebuż) is a university city and the second-largest city in Brandenburg, Germany. Situated around southeast of Berlin, on the River Spree, Cottbus is also a major railway junction with exte ...
and became the first and only winner of the DFV-Supercup in the history of East German football. BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden met 60 times in the Oberliga, FDGB-Pokal and DFV-Supercup between 1966 and 1991. BFC Dynamo won 21 matches and Dynamo Dresden won 27 matches. BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden also met 10 times in the
Regionalliga Nordost The Regionalliga Nordost is the fourth tier of German football league system, German football in the states of Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia. These comprise the states of former East Germany ...
between 1995 and 2000. BFC Dynamo won 3 matches and Dynamo Dresden won 5 matches. The last meeting ended 1–1 and took place in the 1999-00 Regionalliga Nordost on 26 April 2000. The two teams rarely meet these days, because Dynamo Dresden regularly appears in the second or third tier of the
German football league system The German football league system, or league pyramid, refers to the hierarchically interconnected league system for association football in Germany that in the 2016–17 season consisted of 2,235 leagues in up to 13 levels having 31,645 teams ...
. Former Dynamo Dresden player
Ralf Minge Ralf Minge (born 8 October 1960) is a German footballer former coach and player who works as sporting director of Dynamo Dresden. He was an international for East Germany, and spent his entire professional career with Dynamo Dresden. Playing c ...
expressed in an interview in 2018 his satisfaction that Dynamo Dresden has advanced past BFC Dynamo, but also said that he would not mind new duels with BFC Dynamo and that duels with BFC Dynamo "have a certain charm".


1. FC Union Berlin

BFC Dynamo and
1. FC Union Berlin 1. Fußballclub Union Berlin e. V., commonly known as 1. FC Union Berlin () or Union Berlin, is a professional German football club in Köpenick, Berlin. The club's origins can be traced to 1906, when its predecessor FC Olympia Oberschöneweid ...
were founded only a few days apart. Both clubs were formed during the reorganization of East German football in December 1965 and January 1966, when ten football departments were reorganized into dedicated
football clubs A football team is a group of players selected to play together in the various team sports known as football. Such teams could be selected to play in a match against an opposing team, to represent a football club, group, state or nation, an all- ...
. However, Union Berlin was not part of the original plan. Two football clubs had already been planned for East Berlin. They were to be formed from the football departments of
SC Dynamo Berlin The Sports Club Dynamo Berlin was an East German sports club that existed from 1954 to 1991. It was the largest sports club of SV Dynamo, the sports association of the security agencies. The club was disbanded after German reunification and even ...
and ASK Vorwärts Berlin. In addition, TSC Berlin played only in the second tier DDR-Liga at the time. The founding of Union Berlin probably owed much to the intervention of the powerful
Herbert Warnke Herbert Warnke (24 February 1902 – 26 March 1975) was an East German trade unionist and politician who served as both Chairman of the Free German Trade Union Federation and a member of the Politburo of the Socialist Unity Party. Biograph ...
. Herbert Warnke was the chairman of the national state trade union
FDGB The Free German Trade Union Federation (german: Freier Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund or ''FDGB'') was the sole national trade union centre of the German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) which existed from 1946 and 1990. As a mass organis ...
and a member of the
SED sed ("stream editor") is a Unix utility that parses and transforms text, using a simple, compact programming language. It was developed from 1973 to 1974 by Lee E. McMahon of Bell Labs, and is available today for most operating systems. sed w ...
Politburo. Dynamo Berlin and Vorwärts Berlin were both associated with the armed and security organs. Herbert Warnke therefore argued for the formation of a civilian club for the working people of East Berlin. He would be a passionate fan of Union Berlin. Both BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin belonged to the elite in East German football. The new football clubs were intended as centers of excellence, with the right to draw on talents within designated geographical areas. BFC Dynamo was supported by the Stasi, while Union Berlin was supported by the FDGB.) of the club was the
Volkspolizei The ''Deutsche Volkspolizei'' (DVP, German for "German People's Police"), commonly known as the ''Volkspolizei'' or VoPo, was the national police force of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1945 to 1990. The Volkspolizei was a h ...
. The official sponsor of Union Berlin was the state-owned combine VVB Hochspannungsgeräte und Kabel. However, Union Berlin was able to trace its origins back to FC Olympia Oberschöneweide in 1906. BFC Dynamo had no history before East Germany. The supporters of Union Berlin therefore considered their club to be a genuine football club, unlike BFC Dynamo. However, even as a civilian club, Union Berlin was also part of the sports political system. The founding of the Union Berlin was organized by the then SED First Secretary in
Köpenick Köpenick () is a historic town and locality (''Ortsteil'') in Berlin, situated at the confluence of the rivers Dahme and Spree in the south-east of the German capital. It was formerly known as Copanic and then Cöpenick, only officially adopt ...
Hans Modrow Hans Modrow (; born 27 January 1928) is a German politician best known as the last communist premier of East Germany. Taking office in the middle of the Peaceful Revolution, he was the ''de facto'' leader of the country for much of the winter ...
. Like Herbert Warnke, Hans Modrow would be a sponsoring member of the club. The most important positions on the board of Union Berlin were exclusively held by directors of state-owned factories or SED representatives. Union Berlin was state-funded and all decisions in club had to be reported to the all-powerful central sports agency
DTSB The Deutscher Turn- und Sportbund (DTSB; ''German Gymnastics and Sports Federation'') was a Communist party#Mass organizations, mass organization of the German Democratic Republic from 1957 until shortly after German reunification. Membership in ...
. The DTSB stood in turn under direct control of the SED Central Committee. The rivalry between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin began in the mid-1960s. It was initially based on the geographical proximity to each other. BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin were two clubs from East Berlin in the DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo struggled in the 1966-67 DDR-Oberliga and was threatened with relegation. The feud between the two clubs began when fans of Union Berlin mocked BFC Dynamo with a banner saying "We greet the relegated" during a league match at the
Stadion an der Alten Försterei Stadion An der Alten Försterei (; '' en, Stadium at the old forester's house'') is a football stadium in Köpenick and the largest single-purpose football stadium in the German capital of Berlin. It has been home to football club 1. FC Union Be ...
on 26 April 1967. Union Berlin won the match by 3–0 and BFC Dynamo was eventually relegated to the DDR-Liga at the end of the season. BFC Dynamo immediately bounced back and managed to establish itself in the DDR-Oberliga. However, Union Berlin would be the stronger of the two teams until the 1970s. Union Berlin surprisingly won the 1967–68 FDGB-Pokal, but was also relegated to the DDR-Liga after the 1968–69 season. The rivalry between the two clubs intensified in the early 1970s. The player of Union Berlin, Klaus Korn, was suspended from all sports after a heated derby at Sportforum on 28 October 1970. The performance of the referees had been "catastrophic" according to private notes from the then Second Club Secretary and Vice President of Union Berlin Günter Mielis, and the match ended with riots. Klaus Korn had insulted players in BFC Dynamo with slurs such as "Stasi-pig". The DFV Legal Commission imposed a one-year ban on Klaus Korn after a circumstantial trial. The DFV Legal Commission also demanded that Union Berlin considered his exclusion from the club. Klaus Korn was then excluded from the club and would never play in the DDR-Oberliga again. Unrest broke out again at a derby in Hohenschönhausen one year later. Eight spectators were arrested after the match between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 28 December 1971. The match was attended by 14,000 spectators and the stadium was sold out. The football landscape in East Berlin changed before the 1971–72 season. Vorwärts Berlin was relocated to Frankfurt an der Oder on 31 July 1971. BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin were from now on the only major football clubs in East Berlin. The relocation meant that BFC Dynamo could now take over the role of the dominant team for the armed organs in East Berlin. The team would have the opportunity to move into the larger and more centrally located Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark, which led to increased interest in the club and growing attendance numbers. The districts in East Berlin had previously been divided between BFC Dynamo, Vorwärts Berlin and Union Berlin. Each club was able to recruit young players from training centers (TZ) in their districts. All training centers that had previously belonged to Vorwärts Berlin were now given to BFC Dynamo. The
DTSB The Deutscher Turn- und Sportbund (DTSB; ''German Gymnastics and Sports Federation'') was a Communist party#Mass organizations, mass organization of the German Democratic Republic from 1957 until shortly after German reunification. Membership in ...
allegedly saw more potential in BFC Dynamo. BFC Dynamo now had access to two thirds of all training centers (TZ) in East Berlin. This meant that BFC Dynamo had gained a much stronger position in East Berlin than Union Berlin when it came to recruiting young players. FC Vorwärts Frankfurt was given
Bezirk Potsdam The Bezirk Potsdam was a district (''Bezirk'') of East Germany. The administrative seat and the main town was Potsdam. History The district was established, with the other 13, on 25 July 1952, substituting the old German states. After 3 October 1 ...
as a catchment area, in addition to
Bezirk Frankfurt The Bezirk Frankfurt, also Bezirk Frankfurt (Oder), was a district (''Bezirk'') of East Germany. The administrative seat and the main town was Frankfurt (Oder). History The district was established, with the other 13, on 25 July 1952, substituting ...
. Bezirk Potsdam had previously been assigned to Union Berlin and thus had to be handed over to Vorwärts Frankfurt. Union Berlin was relegated to the DDR-Liga after the 1972–73 season. The Union Berlin star Reinhard Lauck was transferred to BFC Dynamo after the relegation. The loss of Lauck was a hard blow for the team. Lauck had contributed greatly to the victory in the 1968 FDGB-Pokal final and was well-liked among the supporters of Union Berlin. Supporters of Union Berlin are said to have gathered outside his apartment, to appeal to him to stay in the team and play in the second tier. But Lauck had already decided to change team. The DFV had allegedly advised him to switch to BFC Dynamo in order to continue playing in the
national team A national sports team (commonly known as a national team or a national side) is a team that represents a nation, rather than a particular club or region, in an international sport. The term is most commonly associated with team sports, for exa ...
. Lauck would make a successful appearance for East Germany in the 1974 FIFA World Cup and would win gold with East Germany in the
1976 Summer Olympics Events January * January 3 – The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enters into force. * January 5 – The Pol Pot regime proclaims a new constitution for Democratic Kampuchea. * January 11 – The 1976 P ...
. Lauck became the team captain of BFC Dynamo in the 1974–75 season. He would later win two league titles with BFC Dynamo before ending his career due to a knee injury. Union Berlin would remain in the DDR-Liga for several seasons. The club would also suffer more blows which further weakened its position in relation to BFC Dynamo. Herbert Warnke died in 1975 and was replaced as chairman of the FDGB by
Harry Tisch Harry Tisch (March 28, 1927, Heinrichswalde – June 18, 1995) was an East German politician and trade unionist who served as Chairman of the Free German Trade Union Federation between 1975 and 1989. He was also a member of the State Council fro ...
. Harry Tisch had begun his political career in Rostock and chose instead to give the support of the FDGB to
F.C. Hansa Rostock FC Hansa Rostock () is a German association football club based in the city of Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The club is also called as "the cog" because of its club crest. They have emerged as one of the most successful clubs from the forme ...
. Union Berlin thus lost the support of the FDGB and also no longer had any support in the top of the political hierarchy. The club could now only rely on support from the district administration of the SED in East Berlin and local state-owned enterprises, such as VEB Kabelwerk Oberspree (KWO) and VEB Transformatorenwerk Oberschöneweide (TRO). The DTSB and the DFV would also continue their efforts to concentrate resources on a few clubs during the 1970s. A number of football clubs were designated as specially promoted focus clubs in the 1970 Football Resolution. The focus clubs would receive additional financial support from DTSB and other advantages. They would have the right to delegate twice as many young players to their affiliated elite Children and Youth
Sports School A sports school (russian: Детско-Юношеская Спортивная Школа, ДЮСШ) is a type of educational institution for children that originated in the Soviet Union. Sports schools were the basis of the powerful system of ph ...
(KSJ) each year and would also receive expanded catchment areas in the 1976 Football Resolution. BFC Dynamo would be appointed as the focus club in East Berlin. Union Berlin would then have to delegate some of its best young players to BFC Dynamo. One example was the talented Detlef Helms, who was delegated to BFC Dynamo as a 17-year-old in 1977. Union Berlin returned to the Oberliga in the 1976–77 season. Stadion an der Alten Försterei was a small football stadium without cinder tracks where the crowd stood close to the pitch. Union Berlin had become the focus of hooligan attention. Matches at the Stadion an der Alten Föresterei had regularly been interrupted by spectators throwing objects on the pitch. The derby between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin was now such as heated affair that the matches were moved by the DFV to the neutral
Stadion der Weltjugend Stadion der Weltjugend was a multi-use stadium in the locality of Mitte in the eponymous borough of Mitte in Berlin, Germany. It was inaguruated on 20 May 1950 by the First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party, Walter Ulbricht for the first ...
in Mitte. It was considered that safety could not be guaranteed with the larger number of spectators. The Stadion an der Alten Försterei was known for its atmosphere and the Stadion der Weltjugend was located only a few minutes away from the home district of BFC Dynamo. The move was therefore seen as a major disadvantage by the fans to Union Berlin and further diluted their aversion to BFC Dynamo. Union Berlin defeated BFC Dynamo 1–0 in front of 45,000 spectators at the Stadion der Weltjugend in the first meeting of the 1976–77 season on 4 September 1976. Union Berlin also won the return match on 19 February 1977. The two wins against BFC Dynamo during the 1976–77 season cemented the reputation of Union Berlin as a cult club and crowd puller. BFC Dynamo established itself as one of the top teams in the DDR-Oberliga from the mid-1970s. Union Berlin would come to play second fiddle in East Berlin from now on and never finish higher than seventh place in the DDR-Oberliga. In the shadow of BFC Dynamo, Union Berlin would no longer have any major sporting significance in East Germany. Union Berlin became an elevator team that hovered between the Oberliga and the DDR-Liga. Supporters of Union Berlin saw BFC Dynamo as the highest representative of the security organs and the police, with privileges in player recruitment and financial support as well as the political clout of Mielke. This was supposedly in contrast to their own club, which they regarded as an underdog rooted in the working class. BFC Dynamo would be disliked all over East Germany for its successes and its connection to the Stasi. This was also reflected in the derby between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin. The supporters of Union Berlin were seen as oppositional. This is illustrated in the famous sentence of the editor-in-chief of the satirical magazine Eulenspiegel: "Not all Union fans are enemies of the state, but all enemies of the state are Union fans." But the fact that people supported Union Berlin did not automatically mean that they were against the state. Union Berlin got a lot of sympathy as the weaker club. There was a simple rule in East German football, where the least privileged club got the most sympathy. Supporters of Union Berlin cultivated the image of their club as the eternal underdog. Clashes between the supporters of the two teams became increasingly common in the 1970s. Union Berlin had one of the most notorious followings in East Germany at this time. The supporters of Union Berlin often went to away matches in large numbers. Fights were initially won by the supporters of Union Berlin. They were in the clear majority and could chase the supporters of BFC Dynamo from the streets. A punch in the face and a stolen scarf was an experience for many young supporters of BFC Dynamo at this time. But BFC Dynamo gained more and more young supporters with its growing successes in the late 1970s. Many came from working-class families in
Prenzlauer Berg Prenzlauer Berg () is a locality of Berlin, forming the southerly and most urban district of the borough of Pankow. From its founding in 1920 until 2001, Prenzlauer Berg was a district of Berlin in its own right. However, that year it was incor ...
. The supporters of BFC Dynamo would eventually begin to appear extremely well organized and began to fight back in the early 1980s. The tide now turned and the supporters of BFC Dynamo would win all fights between the supporters of the two teams from now on. Derbies at the Stadion der Weltjugend usually ended with a couple of hundred supporters of BFC Dynamo chasing the supporters of Union Berlin along
Chausseestraße Chausseestraße () is a major street in the centre of Berlin, located in the district of Mitte. It is 1.7 kilometres long. Many notable buildings and structures are located along the street, including the Headquarters of the Federal Intelligence ...
down towards the Friedrichsstrasse S-Bahn station. The fights often continued on the side streets of
Friedrichstraße The Friedrichstraße () (lit. ''Frederick Street'') is a major culture and shopping street in central Berlin, forming the core of the Friedrichstadt neighborhood and giving the name to Berlin Friedrichstraße station. It runs from the northern pa ...
. Union Berlin is often portrayed as an opponent of the system and matches between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin during the East German era are often hyped up as some kind of domestic political showdown. But in fact, Union Berlin was mostly a football club that struggled against unfavorable conditions. The club would be disadvantaged by the state sports politics compared to BFC Dynamo. Honorary President of Union Berlin Günter Mielis has said: "Union was not a club of resistance fighters, but we had to fight against a lot of political and economic resistance over and over again. We got strength from our fans". Union Berlin would become known for a supporter scene that was anti-establishment, where people could vent their disdain for the system in the anonymity of a crowd. Supporters of Union Berlin also saw themselves as stubborn and non-conformist, but this should not be confused with actual resistance. Provocation was part of football in East Germany and people shouted out anything, because it was possible to get away with it. A critical attitude to the system was something that football supporters across East Germany had in common in the 1970s and 1980s. Supporters of Union Berlin from the era concede that it is an exaggeration to call the club a "resistance club". A supporter of Union Berlin has said: "With the best of intentions, Union fans did not contribute to the overthrow of the GDR. No way, we were interested in football. There is the cliché about the club for the enemies of the state, but that wasn't us". There were no political groups among the supporters of Union Berlin. For some supporters of Union Berlin, the dissident reputation of Union Berlin is a legend that was created after ''
Die Wende The Peaceful Revolution (german: Friedliche Revolution), as a part of the Revolutions of 1989, was the process of sociopolitical change that led to the opening of East Germany's borders with the West, the end of the ruling of the Socialist Unity ...
''. Most supporters of Union Berlin were just normal football supporters. Politics was not in the foreground. Supporters of Union Berlin from the era have testified that their support for the club had nothing to do with politics. The club was the most important thing and the identification with Union Berlin had primarily to do with Köpenick. The rivalry with BFC Dynamo was fueled by local pride. However, the political dimension was also there. BFC Dynamo was supported by the Stasi, who were disliked by many. But above all, it was the political instrumentalization of football that irritated. The political favoritism of BFC Dynamo greatly contributed to the enthusiasm of the supporters of Union Berlin. Supporters of Union Berlin embraced the image of the underdog fighting the odds. An expression of the supporters of Union Berlin was: "Better to be a loser than a stupid Stasi pig". The derby between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin was first and foremost a local football derby. Both clubs had supporters who were not true to the line. Also supporters of BFC Dynamo were observed by the Stasi during the 1980s. East Berlin was divided into two. BFC Dynamo was more strongly represented in some parts, and Union Berlin was more strongly represented in other parts. Which team you supported was very much a question of where you lived. BFC Dynamo was the local team if you grew up in Prenzlauer Berg. If you lived in Mitte, you were more likely to be a supporter BFC Dynamo, as the home stadium was only a stone's throw away along
Schönhauser Allee Schönhauser Allee in Berlin is one of the most important streets of the Prenzlauer Berg district. Schönhauser Allee begins at Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz in the south and ends at Schonensche Straße in the north. Many of the side streets of Schönha ...
. But Mitte was a contested area. The border ran at Alexanderplatz, where many fights between the supporters of the two teams were fought. The home districts of the two clubs, Hohenschönhausen and Köpenick respectively, were always dangerous territory for supporters of the other team. BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin met a total of 35 times in the DDR-Oberliga and the FDGB-Pokal. BFC Dynamo won 22 meetings and Union Berlin won 6 meetings. Matches against Union Berlin was often won with big numbers in the late 1970s and 1980s. BFC Dynamo defeated Union Berlin with 1–8 and then 7–1 in the round of 16 of the 1978-79 FDGB-Pokal.
Hans-Jürgen Riediger Hans Jürgen Riediger (born 20 December 1955) is a former footballer from East Germany. Riediger played for BFC Dynamo, scoring 105 goals / 196 DDR-Oberliga matches. He participated in 1976 Summer Olympics and received the gold medal. Career ...
scored a hat-trick in both legs. BFC Dynamo also defeated Union Berlin 8–1 in the Oberliga on 13 September 1986. Thom, Frank Pastor and
Christian Backs Christian Backs (born 26 August 1962) is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Club career Backs came through the youth academy of BFC Dynamo and played professionally for BFC Dynamo (later named FC Berlin) for 1 ...
scored two goals each. The 1980s was a crushing win for BFC Dynamo. Former BFC Dynamo midfielder
Falko Götz Falko Götz (born 26 March 1962) is a German football manager and former player. Playing career Götz began playing football for FC Vorwärts Berlin in 1969. He joined the youth department of BFC Dynamo two years later. However, Götz was no ...
concluded that: "Union was no opponent to us". The two teams met 13 times in the Oberliga and FDGB-Pokal during the 1980s. BFC Dynamo won 11 matches and two matches ended in a draw. The matches between the two local rivals were hard-fought on the pitch. Former BFC Dynamo midfielder Frank Terletzki has said that the victories against Union Berlin were always the best. But despite the rivalry between the clubs, it happened that players hung out outside of football. Former BFC Dynamo defender
Frank Rohde Frank Rohde (born 2 March 1960 in Rostock) is a German former football player and coach. Frank Rohde learned to play football at SG Dynamo Rostock-Mitte, like his three older brothers Peter, Rainer and Jürgen. Their father Egon Rodhe was a y ...
has said that players of BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin often gathered to have a
beer Beer is one of the oldest and the most widely consumed type of alcoholic drink in the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea. It is produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches, mainly derived from ce ...
together after matches. There were several transfers between the two clubs. BFC Dynamo recruited some of the best players of Union Berlin, such as Reinard Lauck in 1973, Detlef Helms in 1977 and Waldemar Ksienzyk in 1984. But there were also transfers in the other direction. Union Berlin predecessor TSC Oberschöneweide recruited Ralf Quest from SC Dynamo Berlin in 1962. Quest scored the winning goal for Union Berlin in the final of the 1967-68 FDGB-Pokal, when the club won a sensational cup victory. Union Berlin would then recruit several players from BFC Dynamo over the years, such as
Werner Voigt Werner Voigt (born 26 June 1947) is a German football coach and former player. Voigt joined the youth department of BFC Dynamo in 1964. One if his coaches was former East German national Herbert Schoen. Voigt eventually made his first appea ...
in 1973, Rainer Rohde in 1975, Rainer Wroblewski in 1977, Olaf Seier in 1983, Ralf Sträßer in 1984, Olaf Hirsch in 1986, Norbert Trieloff in 1987,
Mario Maek Mario Maek (born 14 November 1964) is a German former professional footballer who played as a defender. Maek began playing football for the youth teams of BFC Dynamo. He made his professional debut for BFC Dynamo away against BSG Stahl Riesa ...
in 1988 and Thomas Grether in 1989. Union Berlin recruited a couple of players from BFC Dynamo in the 1980s who did some of their best seasons at the club. Olaf Seier became the team captain of Union Berlin and Ralf Sträßer became first and only player in Union Berlin to ever become league top goal scorer during the East German era. Mario Maek saved Union Berlin from relegation with a late 3–2 goal against
FC Karl-Marx-Stadt Chemnitzer Fußballclub e.V. is a German association football club based in Chemnitz, Saxony. The club competes in Regionalliga Nordost, the fourth tier of German football. The roots of the club go back to its establishment as Chemnitzer BC 193 ...
in the last match day of the 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga. As many as three former players of BFC Dynamo were involved in the winning goal for Union Berlin. Union Berlin played in the DDR-Liga in the 1989–90 season. FC Berlin and Union Berlin met in the second round of the 1990-91 FDGB-Pokal at the Stadion an der Alten Försterei on 23 September 1990. It was the first match between the teams since the fall of the Berlin Wall. BFC Dynamo, now named FC Berlin, had now already lost many of its former top-performers to the
West German West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 O ...
Bundesliga The Bundesliga (; ), sometimes referred to as the Fußball-Bundesliga () or 1. Bundesliga (), is a professional association football league in Germany. At the top of the German football league system, the Bundesliga is Germany's primary footba ...
. Hooligans of FC Berlin stormed the home stands and attacked supporters of Union Berlin with clubs and flares at the beginning of the match. Union Berlin won the match 2–1 on extra-time. It was the first win for Union Berlin against FC Berlin since 1977. Thomas Grether scored the first goal and Olaf Seier scored the winning goal for Union Berlin in the match. Both players had been brought up in the youth department of BFC Dynamo and had played matches for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga. Clashes between supporters of the two teams continued in the city after the match. Serious riots broke out in East Berlin, involving hundreds of supporters. FC Berlin and Union Berlin then met in the promotion round to the 2. Bundesliga in the
1990–91 Year 199 ( CXCIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was sometimes known as year 952 '' Ab urbe condita''. The denomination 199 for this year has been used since t ...
season. FC Berlin lost the first match 1–0 away in the second round at the Stadion an der Alten Försterei on 8 June 1991. Former BFC Dynamo player
Bernd Schulz Bernd Schulz (born 12 February 1960) is a German former professional footballer. Schulz joined the youth academy of BFC Dynamo in 1975 and made his professional debut for BFC in the 1979–80 season. He was part of the all-conquering team of ...
scored the winning goal for Union Berlin. FC Berlin then defeated Union Berlin 2–0 in the return match in fifth round in front of 9,475 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 18 June 1991.
Heiko Bonan Heiko Bonan (born 10 February 1966) is a German football coach and former player. He is currently the head coach of FC 99 Aa Nethetal. Playing career In the East German and (unified) German top-flight the midfielder A midfielder ...
and Thorsten Boer scored one goal each in the match. FC Berlin was only one point behind leader
BSG Stahl Brandenburg BSG Stahl Brandenburg is a German association football club based in Brandenburg an der Havel, Brandenburg. History The club was formed in 1950 as ''BSG Einheit Brandenburg'' and played its earliest seasons in the II division of East German foo ...
before the last round. The team managed to defeat Magdeburg 3–5 away on 23 June 1991. However, BSG Stahl Brandenburg defeated Union Berlin 2–0 away. FC Berlin thus finished in second place and missed promotion. Some supporters of BFC Dynamo are convinced that Union Berlin deliberately lost in order to prevent FC Berlin from advancing to the
2. Bundesliga The 2. Bundesliga ( ) is the second division of professional football in Germany. It was implemented 11 years after the founding of the Fußball-Bundesliga as the new second division for professional football. The 2. Bundesliga is ranked below ...
. FC Berlin and Union Berlin then also met in the promotion round for the 2. Bundesliga in 1991–92 season. FC Berlin won the first match 3–0 at home in the third round on 31 May 1992. The team then also won the return match 0–4 away in the fourth round on 7 June 1992. The two teams met again in the new
Regionalliga Nordost The Regionalliga Nordost is the fourth tier of German football league system, German football in the states of Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia. These comprise the states of former East Germany ...
that was formed in 1994–95 season. FC Berlin under coach
Werner Voigt Werner Voigt (born 26 June 1947) is a German football coach and former player. Voigt joined the youth department of BFC Dynamo in 1964. One if his coaches was former East German national Herbert Schoen. Voigt eventually made his first appea ...
lost 0–6 to 1. FC Union Berlin in the 1996–97 Regionalliga Nordost at the Stadion im Sportforum on 28 September 1996. It was the biggest defeat so far to Union Berlin. Former FC Berlin player Thorsten Boer scored two goals for Union Berlin in the match. The two teams met 12 times in total in Regionalliga Nordost between 1994 and 2000. BFC Dynamo won one match and Union Berlin won eight matches. The most recent meetings between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin occurred in the 2005–06 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. The first match was played at the Stadion an der Alten Försterei on 21 August 2015. BFC Dynamo was missing striker Danny Kukulies and first-choice goalkeeper Nico Thomaschewski before the match. Kukulies was suspended and Thomaschewski injured. German police and members of the SEK carried out a controversial raid against supporters of BFC Dynamo the night before the match. Club management initially considered withdrawing from the match. The players voted on whether or not to play the match against Union Berlin. More than 1,000 police officers were deployed to the match. BFC Dynamo eventuallty lost 8–0. The return match was played at the Stadion im Sportforum on 13 May 2006. The score was 1–1 when around 200 supporters of BFC Dynamo stormed the pitch to attack supporters of Union Berlin. Supporters of Union Berlin fled the guest block in panic. The match was abandoned and Union Berlin was awarded a 2–0 victory. The two teams has not met since then. BFC Dynamo met the reserve team of Union Berlin six times in the
NOFV-Oberliga Nord The NOFV-Oberliga Nord is the fifth tier of the German football league system in the northern states of the former East Germany and West Berlin. It covers the German states of Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and northern Saxony ...
and Regionalliga Nordost between 2010 and 2015. Union Berlin II won the first five matches. The last match was played in the 2014-15 Regionalliga Nordost on 15 March 2015. BFC Dynamo defeated Union Berlin II 1–0 in front of 8,169 spectators at Stadion an der Alten Försterei. The match was interrupted for 18 minutes when supporters of Union Berlin tried to attack the supporters of BFC Dynamo. 112 police officers were injured and 175 supporters were arrested during the match. Some media reported that 300 supporters of Union Berlin had participated in the attack on guest supporters. Journalist Frank Willmann attended the match and claims that the number was rather 30. He also said he did not see any injured police. There have been several cases of violence between the supporters of the two teams during the 2010s. Around a hundred hooligans from Union Berlin tried to attack a senior tournament organized by BFC Dynamo in the Dynamo-Sporthalle on 30 January 2010. Also women and children got in the way of the attack. Around 30 partially masked supporters from Union Berlin attacked players and a small group of supporters of BFC Dynamo in connection with a senior match between Union Berlin and BFC Dynamo on Hämmerlingstraße in Köpenick on 27 March 2015. One player of BFC Dynamo and two guest spectators were injured. A number of supporters of BFC Dynamo joined Hertha BSC in the guest block of the Stadion an der Alten Försterei during the derby between Union Berlin and Hertha BSC on 2 November 2019.


Organization


Current board and management


Presidential history


Players


Current squad


Notable past players

Many players of BFC Dynamo of the 1970s and 1980s played for the East German national football team. Some would later become players or coaches in the Bundesliga and play for
German national football team The Germany national football team (german: link=no, Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft) represents Germany in men's international Association football, football and played its first match in 1908. The team is governed by the German Football ...
. ''The list includes players with 100 appearances for SC Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo at professional level and who have also played for the national team. The flag inficates the national team they last played for. The players are sorted chronologically by the date of their first appearance with the first team of SC Dynamo Berlin or BFC Dynamo.''


Coaches


Current staff


Coach history

SC Dynamo Berlin had six different coaches until the founding of BFC Dynamo in 1966. The first coach was Helmut Petzold, who was delegated along with the team of Dynamo Dresden to Dynamo Berlin and took office on 21 November 1954. Other coaches of Dynamo Berlin were Istvan Orczifalvi, Fritz Bachmann, János Gyarmati and Fritz Gödicke. Fritz Bachmann served as coach of Dynamo Berlin during the successful 1959 season.


Honours

BFC Dynamo was the most successful club in the DDR-Oberliga. The club won ten consecutive championships. That is a feat no other team in East Germany has matched. The DDR-Oberliga was rebranded as the NOFV-Oberliga from the 1990–91 season. The league was then replaced by the
Bundesliga The Bundesliga (; ), sometimes referred to as the Fußball-Bundesliga () or 1. Bundesliga (), is a professional association football league in Germany. At the top of the German football league system, the Bundesliga is Germany's primary footba ...
as the highest competition when East Germany joined
West Germany West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 O ...
to form the reunited
Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
.


Domestic

* East German Champions ** Winners: (10) 1978–79, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88 (record) **''Runners-up:'' (4)
1960 It is also known as the "Year of Africa" because of major events—particularly the independence of seventeen African nations—that focused global attention on the continent and intensified feelings of Pan-Africanism. Events January * Jan ...
, 1971–72, 1975–76, 1988–89 *
FDGB-Pokal The FDGB-Pokal (Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund Pokal or Free German Trade Union Federation Cup) was an elimination football tournament held annually in East Germany. It was the second most important national title in East German football af ...
** Winners: (3)
1959 Events January * January 1 - Cuba: Fulgencio Batista flees Havana when the forces of Fidel Castro advance. * January 2 - Lunar probe Luna 1 was the first man-made object to attain escape velocity from Earth. It reached the vicinity of E ...
, 1987–88, 1988–89 ** ''Runners-up:'' (6) 1961–62, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1981–82, 1983–84, 1984–85 *
DFV-Supercup The DFV-Supercup (also known as ''Pokal des Deutschen Sportechos'') was the super cup of East German football, played between the winners of the DDR-Oberliga and the FDGB-Pokal. History It was originally planned to start in 1988, but was postpo ...
** Winners: 1989 * Fuwo-Pokal ( de) **''Runners-up:'' 1972 *
DDR-Liga The DDR-Liga (English: GDR League or ''East German League'') was, prior to German reunification in 1990, the second level of football competition in the DDR (Deutsche Demokratische Republik or German Democratic Republic, commonly East Germany), bei ...
(II) ** Winners: 1957, 1967–68


International

* European Cup ** ''Quarter-finals'': 1979–80, 1983–84 *
European Cup Winners' Cup The UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was a European football club competition contested annually by the winners of domestic cup competitions. The cup was, chronologically, the second seasonal inter-European club competition organised by UEFA. The tournam ...
** ''Semi-finals'': 1971–72


Double

* DDR-Oberliga and FDGB-Pokal ** Winners: 1988


Regional

*
Regionalliga Nordost The Regionalliga Nordost is the fourth tier of German football league system, German football in the states of Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony-Anhalt, Saxony and Thuringia. These comprise the states of former East Germany ...
(IV) ** Winners: 2021–22 *
NOFV-Oberliga Nord The NOFV-Oberliga Nord is the fifth tier of the German football league system in the northern states of the former East Germany and West Berlin. It covers the German states of Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and northern Saxony ...
(III-V) ** Winners: 1991–92, 2000–01, 2013–14 ** ''Runners-up:'' 2008–09, 2009–10 *
Berlin-Liga The Berlin-Liga (VI), formerly the Verbandsliga Berlin, is the highest league for football teams exclusively in the German capital. Since German reunification in 1990, it has been the highest level of domestic football in the city, replacing the A ...
(V) ** Winners: 2003–04 * Berlin Cup (III-VII) ** Winners: (7) 1998–99, 2010–11, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2017–18,
2020–21 The dash is a punctuation mark consisting of a long horizontal line. It is similar in appearance to the hyphen but is longer and sometimes higher from the baseline. The most common versions are the endash , generally longer than the hyphen b ...
** ''Runners-up:'' 1999–00, 2009–10


Seasons


European competitions


European record


Youth department

BFC Dynamo is known for a recognized youth work. The club had 23 youth teams in the 2021–22 season. There were 68 trainers and supervisors responsible for the youth teams in the club during the season. The youth teams range from U7 to U19 teams. The U17 team competes in the third tier B-Junior Verbandsliga Berlin and the U19 team competes in second tier A-Junior Regionalliga Nordost. The youth teams are based in the
Sportforum Hohenschönhausen Sportforum Hohenschönhausen is a multi-purpose sports complex in the locality of Alt-Hohenschönhausen of the borough of Lichtenberg in Berlin. The Sportforum was named Dynamo-Sportforum during the East German era. Sportforum Hohenschönhausen co ...
. There were more than 800 children and youth players in the club as of 2019. Many children in the club comes from immigrant backgrounds or socially disadvantaged families. BFC Dynamo helped football club FC Berlin 23 from neighbouring Storkower Straße in September 2021 and saved more than 40 to 50 children from the club, which was about to be dissolved. The club launched the so-called "Kita-projekt" in 2003. The Kita-projekt is a
day care Child care, otherwise known as day care, is the care and supervision of a child or multiple children at a time, whose ages range from two weeks of age to 18 years. Although most parents spend a significant amount of time caring for their child(r ...
project that gives boys and girls aged 3 to 6 the opportunity to participate in sports on a regular basis. The Kita-projekt involved approximately 200 children from 16 day care centers in Berlin as of 2020. The majority of the children come from the localities or former boroughts of
Lichtenberg Lichtenberg () is the eleventh borough of Berlin, Germany. In Berlin's 2001 administrative reform it absorbed the former borough of Hohenschönhausen. Overview The district contains the Tierpark Berlin in Friedrichsfelde, the larger of Berlin ...
,
Hohenschönhausen Hohenschönhausen () was a borough of Berlin, that existed from 1985 until Berlin's 2001 administrative reform. It comprised the localities of Alt-Hohenschönhausen (the core of the borough), Neu-Hohenschönhausen, Malchow, Wartenberg and F ...
,
Karlshorst Karlshorst (, ; ; literally meaning ''Karl's nest'') is a locality in the borough of Lichtenberg in Berlin. Located there are a harness racing track and the Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin (''HTW''), the largest University of Appli ...
, Mitte, Weißensee and
Pankow Pankow () is the most populous and the second-largest borough by area of Berlin. In Berlin's 2001 administrative reform, it was merged with the former boroughs of Prenzlauer Berg and Weißensee; the resulting borough retained the name Pankow. ...
. The Kita-projekt was the first of its kind in Germany and has received several awards for its work with children. The former professional player of BFC Dynamo Jörn Lenz is the head of the Kita-projekt as of 2021. The so-called "Jugendförderverein" was founded in 2004. It is a registered voluntary association that aims to promote youth sports at BFC Dynamo. The Jugendförderverein has supported youth teams with equipment, covered costs for trips to tournaments and helped youth trainers to be able to obtain their trainer license. The Jugendförderverein relies on donations and voluntary work. Former Club President Mario Weinkauf was one of the seven founding members of the Jugenförderverein and briefly served as chairman of the association before he became club president. Weinkauf had also been a youth trainer in the club for some time.


Youth academy during East German era

BFC Dynamo had a very successful youth academy during the East German era. The youth department had full-time trainers available for all youth classes and access to the best material conditions in the Sportforum. Youth coaches were highly qualified and training in the Children and Youth
Sports School A sports school (russian: Детско-Юношеская Спортивная Школа, ДЮСШ) is a type of educational institution for children that originated in the Soviet Union. Sports schools were the basis of the powerful system of ph ...
(KJS) was extensive. The youth work at BFC Dynamo during the East German era was described as "absolutely leading" by former coach
Jürgen Bogs Jürgen Bogs (born 19 January 1947) is a German football coach who led BFC Dynamo to ten consecutive DDR-Oberliga titles from 1979 to 1988. Bogs was a youth coach at BFC Dynamo before becoming the coach of the first team in 1977. The ten consec ...
, who had a background as coach of the junior team. It was also described as "exquisite" by former German sports journalist Horst Friedemann, who worked for
Deutsches Sportecho ''Deutsches Sportecho'' was an East German daily sports newspaper of the Deutscher Turn- und Sportbund (DTSB). History ''Deutsches Sportecho'' was first published on 5 May 1947. The paper had a circulation of 185,000 copies. The paper sponsored ...
and
Kicker Kicker or The Kicker may refer to: Sports * Placekicker, a position in American and Canadian football * ''Kicker'' (sports magazine), in Germany * Kicker, the German colloquial term for an association football player * Kicker, the word used i ...
. The upper tier of elite clubs in East Germany had privileged access to talents within designated geographical and administrative areas. All designated
football clubs A football team is a group of players selected to play together in the various team sports known as football. Such teams could be selected to play in a match against an opposing team, to represent a football club, group, state or nation, an all- ...
were assigned one or two regional districts in East Germany as catchment areas at their founding. BFC Dynamo was initially assigned
Bezirk Cottbus Cottbus was a district () of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The administrative seat and main town was Cottbus. History The district was established, along with the other 13, on 25 July 1952, ''de facto'' replacing the East German ...
and one third of all training centers (german: Trainingszentrum) (TZ) in East Berlin. The club was then allowed to take over the training centers (TZ) in East Berlin that had previously belonged to the catchment area of
FC Vorwärts Berlin 1. FC Frankfurt is a German football club based in Frankfurt (Oder), Brandenburg. The club was founded as the army club SV VP Vorwärts Leipzig in Leipzig in East Germany in 1951. The club won six East German championships as ASK Vorwärts Berl ...
, when FC Vorwärts Berlin was relocated to
Frankfurt an der Oder Frankfurt (Oder), also known as Frankfurt an der Oder (), is a city in the German state of Brandenburg. It has around 57,000 inhabitants, is one of the easternmost cities in Germany, the fourth-largest city in Brandenburg, and the largest German ...
before the 1971-72 season. BFC Dynamo would eventually be able recruit talents from the youth departments of all sports communities (german: Sportgemeinschaft) (SG) of SV Dynamo in East Germany, except those in
Bezirk Dresden The Bezirk Dresden was a district (''Bezirk'') of East Germany that lasted from 1952 to 1990. Dresden would be reabsorbed back into Saxony after the reunification of Germany. The administrative seat and the main town was Dresden. History The dist ...
. The club came to benefit from a nationwide scouting network, which included 33 training centers (TZ) of SV Dynamo and the partnership with
Bezirk Cottbus Cottbus was a district () of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The administrative seat and main town was Cottbus. History The district was established, along with the other 13, on 25 July 1952, ''de facto'' replacing the East German ...
. In total, BFC Dynamo had access to 38 training centers (TZ) across East Germany for the recruitment of talents. As a comparison, Union Berlin had only access to six training centers (TZ), all of which were located in the Berlin area. A number of football clubs were designated as specially promoted focus clubs in the 1970 Football Resolution. The focus clubs would receive additional financial support from the
DTSB The Deutscher Turn- und Sportbund (DTSB; ''German Gymnastics and Sports Federation'') was a Communist party#Mass organizations, mass organization of the German Democratic Republic from 1957 until shortly after German reunification. Membership in ...
and other advantages. BFC Dynamo was appointed as focus club in East Berlin. As a focus club, BFC Dynamo had the right to accommodate twelve students in the district Children and Youth Sports Schools (KJS) every year. Non-focus football clubs only had the right to delegate six students to their respective Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) every year. The elite Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) "Werner Seelenbinder" provided boarding and schooling for talented players in the Sportforum. The Children and Youth Sports School (KJS) "Werner Seelenbinder" was affiliated to sports club
SC Dynamo Berlin The Sports Club Dynamo Berlin was an East German sports club that existed from 1954 to 1991. It was the largest sports club of SV Dynamo, the sports association of the security agencies. The club was disbanded after German reunification and even ...
. Several former players of SC Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo became youth trainers in the club after ending their playing careers, such as
Herbert Schoen Herbert Schoen (18 May 1929 – 8 April 2014) was a German international footballer. Playing career The defender played internationally with the East German national team in the 1950s. On club level he appeared in 179 Oberliga matches. Coachi ...
,
Günter Schröter Günter Schröter (May 3, 1927 – February 10, 2016), often nicknamed Moppel, was a German association football, football player and coach who appeared in 39 matches for East Germany national football team, East Germany. Career Early years ...
,
Hermann Bley Hermann Bley (6 May 1936 – 28 May 2011) was a German footballer. External links * 1936 births 2011 deaths German footballers East German footballers East Germany international footballers 1. FC Frankfurt players Berliner FC Dynamo ...
, Martin Skaba, Peter Rohde,
Werner Voigt Werner Voigt (born 26 June 1947) is a German football coach and former player. Voigt joined the youth department of BFC Dynamo in 1964. One if his coaches was former East German national Herbert Schoen. Voigt eventually made his first appea ...
,
Hartmut Pelka Hartmut Pelka (11 March 1957 – 23 July 2014) was a German footballer who played for BSG Chemie Leipzig and BFC Dynamo in DDR-Oberliga. Career Born in Hohenmölsen, Pelka began to play football for the youth teams of BSG Aktivist Großgrimm ...
and
Hans-Jürgen Riediger Hans Jürgen Riediger (born 20 December 1955) is a former footballer from East Germany. Riediger played for BFC Dynamo, scoring 105 goals / 196 DDR-Oberliga matches. He participated in 1976 Summer Olympics and received the gold medal. Career ...
. The youth academy produced stars such as
Lutz Eigendorf Lutz Eigendorf (16 July 1956 – 7 March 1983) was a German professional Association football, footballer who played as a midfielder. East German career Eigendorf was born in Brandenburg an der Havel in East Germany. He began playing football ...
,
Falko Götz Falko Götz (born 26 March 1962) is a German football manager and former player. Playing career Götz began playing football for FC Vorwärts Berlin in 1969. He joined the youth department of BFC Dynamo two years later. However, Götz was no ...
and
Andreas Thom Andreas Thom (born 7 September 1965) is a German former professional footballer who played as a forward for BFC Dynamo, Bayer Leverkusen, Celtic and Hertha BSC. He played 51 times for East Germany throughout the 1980s and played ten times for ...
. Only a fifth of the players who won the ten championships with BFC Dynamo were older than 18 years when they joined the club. Most of the top performers of BFC Dynamo in the 1980s came through the club's own youth teams, including Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Norbert Trieloff,
Bodo Rudwaleit Bodo Rudwaleit (born 3 August 1957) is a German former football goalkeeper who played as goalkeeper for the record champion BFC Dynamo from 1976 to 1989. Career Early years Rudwaleit began playing football for enterprise sports community BS ...
, Ralf Sträßer,
Artur Ullrich Artur Ullrich (born 10 October 1957) is a retired footballer from East Germany. Ullrich began to play football for SG Dynamo Berlin-Mitte. He joined the youth academy of BFC Dynamo in 1969. Ullrich played professionally for BFC Dynamo and Ha ...
,
Rainer Ernst Rainer Ernst (born 31 December 1961) is a German former professional footballer who amassed 56 caps for the East Germany national team. He was the last captain of East Germany before the political change. Club career Youth career Ernst ...
,
Bernd Schulz Bernd Schulz (born 12 February 1960) is a German former professional footballer. Schulz joined the youth academy of BFC Dynamo in 1975 and made his professional debut for BFC in the 1979–80 season. He was part of the all-conquering team of ...
,
Christian Backs Christian Backs (born 26 August 1962) is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Club career Backs came through the youth academy of BFC Dynamo and played professionally for BFC Dynamo (later named FC Berlin) for 1 ...
,
Frank Rohde Frank Rohde (born 2 March 1960 in Rostock) is a German former football player and coach. Frank Rohde learned to play football at SG Dynamo Rostock-Mitte, like his three older brothers Peter, Rainer and Jürgen. Their father Egon Rodhe was a y ...
, Falko Götz, Jan Voß, Andreas Thom, Jörg Fügner,
Hendrik Herzog Hendrik Herzog (born 2 April 1969) is a German football coach and a former player. Herzog won several titles with BFC Dynamo during the East German era. He joined Schalke 04 after German reunification. He has worked as kit manager for Herth ...
and Marco Köller.


Honours

*Next Generation Oberliga (german: Nachwuchsoberliga) ( de) **Winners: 1981, 1991 ** Runners-up (6): 1979, 1983 *East German Junior Championship ( de) ** Winners: (5) 1960, 1978, 1979, 1987, 1991 ** Runners-up (6): 1967, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1988, 1989 *East German Youth Championship ( de) ** Winners: (4) 1967, 1972, 1975, 1987 ** Runners-up: 1983, 1989 *East German Junior Cup (
Junge Welt ''Junge Welt'' (English: ''Young World'', stylized in its logo as ''junge Welt'') is a German daily newspaper, published in Berlin. The jW describes itself as a left-wing and Marxist newspaper. German authorities categorize it as a far-left medi ...
-Pokal) ( de) ** Winners: (5) 1966, 1967, 1987, 1989, 1990 (record) *East German Youth Cup (Youth FDGB-Pokal/Youth FDJ-Pokal) ** Winners: (5) 1965, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1976 (record)


Affiliated clubs

The following East German sports communities have been affiliated with SC Dynamo Berlin and BFC Dynamo: * SG Dynamo Berlin-Mitte (1954–1955) *
SG Dynamo Hohenschönhausen SG Dynamo Hohenschönhausen was an East German sports community from Berlin, affiliated to SV Dynamo. The sport community offered a wide range of sports. Its football departement was active from 1953 and until 1966. Football History SG Dynamo Hoh ...
(1957–1966) * SG Dynamo Fürstenwalde (1971–1990) * BSG Bergmann-Borsig (1989–1990)


Explanatory notes


References


Further reading

* * Bertram, Marco (2015). ''BFC Dynamo Fußballfibel'' (in German), Berlin: CULTURCON medien. . * * * Gläser, Andreas (2003). ''Der BFC war schuld am Mauerbau: Ein stolzer Sohn des Proletariats erzählt'' (in German). Berlin: Aufbau Taschenbuch. . * Karas, Steffen (2020). ''66 Jahre BFC Dynamo – Auswärts mit 'nem Bus'' (in German), Berlin: CULTURCON Medien. . * Leske, Hanns (2004). ''Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder: Der Einfluß der SED und des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit auf den Fußballsport in der DDR'' (in German). Bielefeld: Verlag Die Werkstatt. . * Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). ''BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub'' (in German). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. . * McDougall, Alan (2014). ''The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . * Schramm, Jochen (1995). '' Riot Boys!'' (in German) Cologne: KRASH-Verlag. . * Willmann, Frank; Hahn, Anne (2007). ''Stadionpartisanen – Fans und Hooligans in der DDR'' (in German). Berlin: Neues Leben. . * Willmann, Frank; Hauswald, Harald (2008). ''Ultras Kutten Hooligans: Fußballfans in Ost-Berlin'' (in German). Berlin: Jaron Verlag. .


External links

*
BFC Online – Fan site with news and fan forum

BFC-Fotos – Photos from the 2015–16 season by official club photographer Patrick Skrzipek

BFC Historie – Fan photos from 1965

Mythos Online Redaktion – Fan photos from 2016

Large collection of fan photos

Facts and Figures
{{DEFAULTSORT:Berlin, Dynamo 1966 establishments in East Germany Association football clubs established in 1966 Dynamo Berlin Football clubs in East Germany Football clubs in Germany Police association football clubs in Germany Politics and sports Football Club SV Dynamo