The ankyrin repeat is a 33-residue motif in

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respo ...

s consisting of two

alpha helices The alpha helix (α-helix) is a common motif in the secondary structure of proteins and is a right hand-helix conformation in which every backbone N−H group hydrogen bonds to the backbone C=O group of the amino acid located four residues ear ...

separated by loops, first discovered in

signaling In signal processing, a signal is a function that conveys information about a phenomenon. Any quantity that can vary over space or time can be used as a signal to share messages between observers. The ''IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing'' ...

proteins in

yeast Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom. The first yeast originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and at least 1,500 species are currently recognized. They are estimated to constitut ...

Cdc10 and ''

Drosophila ''Drosophila'' () is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species ...

'' Notch. Domains consisting of ankyrin

tandem repeats Tandem repeats occur in DNA when a pattern of one or more nucleotides is repeated and the repetitions are directly adjacent to each other. Several protein domains also form tandem repeats within their amino acid primary structure, such as armadil ...

mediate

protein–protein interaction Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by interactions that include electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding and th ...

s and are among the most common structural motifs in known proteins. They appear in

bacteria Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among ...

archaea Archaea ( ; singular archaeon ) is a domain of single-celled organisms. These microorganisms lack cell nuclei and are therefore prokaryotes. Archaea were initially classified as bacteria, receiving the name archaebacteria (in the Archaebac ...

l, and

eukaryotic Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the three domains of life. Bacte ...

proteins, but are far more common in eukaryotes. Ankyrin repeat proteins, though absent in most viruses, are common among

poxviruses ''Poxviridae'' is a family of double-stranded DNA viruses. Vertebrates and arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 83 species in this family, divided among 22 genera, which are divided into two subfamilies. Diseases associated wit ...

. Most proteins that contain the motif have four to six repeats, although its namesake

ankyrin Ankyrins are a family of proteins that mediate the attachment of integral membrane proteins to the spectrin-actin based membrane cytoskeleton. Ankyrins have binding sites for the beta subunit of spectrin and at least 12 families of integral mem ...

contains 24, and the largest known number of repeats is 34, predicted in a protein expressed by ''

Giardia lamblia ''Giardia duodenalis'', also known as ''Giardia intestinalis'' and ''Giardia lamblia'', is a flagellated parasitic microorganism of the genus '' Giardia'' that colonizes the small intestine, causing a diarrheal condition known as giardiasis. ...

''. Ankyrin repeats typically fold together to form a single, linear

solenoid upright=1.20, An illustration of a solenoid upright=1.20, Magnetic field created by a seven-loop solenoid (cross-sectional view) described using field lines A solenoid () is a type of electromagnet formed by a helix, helical coil of wire whose ...

structure called ankyrin repeat domains. These domains are one of the most common protein–protein interaction platforms in nature. They occur in a large number of functionally diverse proteins, mainly from

eukaryote Eukaryotes () are organisms whose cells have a nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the three domains of life. Bacte ...

s. The few known examples from

prokaryote A prokaryote () is a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. The word ''prokaryote'' comes from the Greek πρό (, 'before') and κάρυον (, 'nut' or 'kernel').Campbell, N. "Biology:Concepts & Connec ...

s and viruses may be the result of horizontal gene transfers. The repeat has been found in proteins of diverse function such as transcriptional initiators,

cell cycle The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide into two daughter cells. These events include the duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles, and subs ...

regulators,

cytoskeletal The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea. In eukaryotes, it extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane and is compo ...

ion transporter In biology, a transporter is a transmembrane protein that moves ions (or other small molecules) across a biological membrane to accomplish many different biological functions including, cellular communication, maintaining homeostasis, energy produc ...

s, and signal transducers. The ankyrin fold appears to be defined by its structure rather than its function, since there is no specific sequence or structure that is universally recognised by it. Considering the atomic structures of individual ankyrin repeats, the loop is often a type 1

beta bulge loop Beta bulge loops are commonly occurring motifs in proteins and polypeptides consisting of five to six amino acids. There are two types: type 1, which is a pentapeptide; and type 2, with six amino acids. They are regarded as a type of beta bulge, ...

, while both alpha-helices commonly have a

Schellman loop Schellman loops (also called Schellman motifs or paperclips) are commonly occurring structural features of proteins and polypeptides. Each has six amino acid residues (labelled residues ''i'' to ''i''+5) with two specific inter-mainchain hydrogen ...

at their

N-terminus The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide, referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide. Within a peptide, the ami ...

Role in protein folding

The ankyrin-repeat sequence motif has been studied using

multiple sequence alignment Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) may refer to the process or the result of sequence alignment of three or more biological sequences, generally protein, DNA, or RNA. In many cases, the input set of query sequences are assumed to have an evolutio ...

to determine conserved

amino acid Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although hundreds of amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the alpha-amino acids, which comprise proteins. Only 22 alpha am ...

residues critical for folding and stability. The residues on the wide lateral surface of ankyrin repeat structures are variable, often

hydrophobic In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water (known as a hydrophobe). In contrast, hydrophiles are attracted to water. Hydrophobic molecules tend to be nonpolar and, th ...

, and involved mainly in mediating protein–protein interactions. An artificial

protein design Protein design is the rational design of new protein molecules to design novel activity, behavior, or purpose, and to advance basic understanding of protein function. Proteins can be designed from scratch (''de novo'' design) or by making calcula ...

based on a

consensus sequence In molecular biology and bioinformatics, the consensus sequence (or canonical sequence) is the calculated order of most frequent residues, either nucleotide or amino acid, found at each position in a sequence alignment. It serves as a simplified r ...

derived from sequence alignment has been synthesized and found to fold stably, representing the first designed protein with multiple repeats. More extensive design strategies have used combinatorial sequences to "evolve" ankyrin-repeats that recognize particular protein targets, a technique that has been presented as an alternative to

antibody An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the ...

design for applications requiring high-affinity binding. A structure-based study involving a range of ankyrin proteins of known structures, shows that consensus-based ankyrin proteins are very stable since they maximize the energetic gap between the folding and unfolding structures, encoding a densely connected network of favourable interactions among conserved sequence motifs, like the TPLX motif. The same study shows that insertions in the canonical framework of ankyrin repeats are enriched in conflictive interactions, that are related to function. The same applies to interactions surrounding deletion hotspots. These might be related to complex folding/unfolding transitions that are important to the partner recognition and interaction. Ankyrin-repeat proteins present an unusual problem in the study of

protein folding Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein chain is translated to its native three-dimensional structure, typically a "folded" conformation by which the protein becomes biologically functional. Via an expeditious and reproduci ...

, which has largely focused on

globular protein In biochemistry, globular proteins or spheroproteins are spherical ("globe-like") proteins and are one of the common protein types (the others being fibrous, disordered and membrane proteins). Globular proteins are somewhat water-soluble (formi ...

s that form well-defined

tertiary structure Protein tertiary structure is the three dimensional shape of a protein. The tertiary structure will have a single polypeptide chain "backbone" with one or more protein secondary structures, the protein domains. Amino acid side chains may int ...

stabilized by long-range, nonlocal residue-residue contacts. Ankyrin repeats, by contrast, contain very few such contacts (that is, they have a low

contact order The contact order of a protein is a measure of the locality of the inter-amino acid contacts in the protein's native state tertiary structure. It is calculated as the average sequence distance between residues that form native contacts in the folde ...

). Most studies have found that ankyrin repeats fold in a two-state folding mechanism, suggesting a high degree of folding cooperativity despite the local inter-residue contacts and the evident need for successful folding with varying numbers of repeats. Some evidence, based on synthesis of truncated versions of natural repeat proteins, and on the examination of phi values, suggests that the

C-terminus The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal tail, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus) is the end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH). When the protein is ...

forms the folding nucleation site.

Clinical significance

Ankyrin-repeat proteins have been associated with a number of human

disease A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that a ...

s. These proteins include the

inhibitor

p16 p16 (also known as p16INK4a, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, CDKN2A, multiple tumor suppressor 1 and numerous other synonyms), is a protein that slows cell division by slowing the progression of the cell cycle from the G1 phase to the S p ...

, which is associated with

cancer Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal b ...

, and the Notch protein (a key component of cell signalling pathways) which can cause the neurological disorder

CADASIL CADASIL or CADASIL syndrome, involving cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, is the most common form of hereditary stroke disorder, and is thought to be caused by mutations of the ''Notch 3'' ge ...

when the repeat domain is disrupted by mutations. A specialized family of ankyrin proteins known as muscle ankyrin repeat proteins (MARPs) are involved with the repair and regeneration of

muscle Skeletal muscles (commonly referred to as muscles) are organs of the vertebrate muscular system and typically are attached by tendons to bones of a skeleton. The muscle cells of skeletal muscles are much longer than in the other types of muscl ...

tissue following damage due to injury and stress. A natural variation between

glutamine Glutamine (symbol Gln or Q) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Its side chain is similar to that of glutamic acid, except the carboxylic acid group is replaced by an amide. It is classified as a charge-neutral, ...

and

lysine Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is a precursor to many proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −C ...

at position 703 in the 11th ankyrin repeat of

ANKK1 Ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) also known as protein kinase PKK2 or sugen kinase 288 (SgK288) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ANKK1'' gene. The ANKK1 is a member of an extensive family of the Ser/Thr protei ...

, known as the TaqI A1 allele, has been credited with encouraging addictive behaviours such as obesity, alcoholism, nicotine dependency and the Eros love style while discouraging juvenile delinquency and neuroticism-anxiety. (interim reference) The variation may affect the specificity of protein interactions made by the ANKK1 protein kinase through this repeat.

Human proteins containing this repeat

ABTB1; ABTB2; ACBD6; ACTBL1;

ANK1 Ankyrin 1, also known as ANK-1, and erythrocyte ankyrin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ANK1'' gene. Tissue distribution The protein encoded by this gene, Ankyrin 1, is the prototype of the ankyrin family, was first discovered in ...

;

ANK2 Ankyrin-2, also known as Ankyrin-B, and Brain ankyrin, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''ANK2'' gene. Ankyrin-2 is ubiquitously expressed, but shows high expression in cardiac muscle. Ankyrin-2 plays an essential role in the localiz ...

;

ANK3 Ankyrin-3 (ANK-3), also known as ankyrin-G, is a protein from ankyrin family that in humans is encoded by the ''ANK3'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene, ankyrin-3 is an immunologically distinct gene product from ankyrins ANK1 ...

; ANKAR; ANKDD1A; ANKEF1; ANKFY1;

ANKHD1 Ankyrin repeat and KH domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ANKHD1'' gene. Function This gene encodes a protein with multiple ankyrin repeat domains and a single KH domain. Co-transcription of this gene and ...

; ANKIB1;

; ANKMY1; ANKMY2; ANKRA2;

ANKRD1 Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 1, or Cardiac ankyrin repeat protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ANKRD1'' gene also known as ''CARP''. CARP is highly expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle, and is a transcription f ...

; ANKRD10; ANKRD11; ANKRD12; ANKRD13; ANKRD13A; ANKRD13B; ANKRD13C; ANKRD13D; ANKRD15; ANKRD16;

ANKRD17 Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ANKRD17'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." mean ...

; ANKRD18A; ANKRD18B; ANKRD19;

ANKRD2 Ankyrin Repeat, PEST sequence and Proline-rich region (ARPP), also known as Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ANKRD2'' gene. ARPP is a member of the muscle ankyrin repeat proteins (MARP), wh ...

; ANKRD20A1; ANKRD20A2; ANKRD20A3; ANKRD20A4; ANKRD21; ANKRD22;

ANKRD23 Ankyrin repeat domain-containing protein 23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ANKRD23'' gene. This gene is a member of the muscle ankyrin repeat protein (MARP) family and encodes a protein with four tandem ankyrin-like repeats. The ...

ANKRD24
ANKRD25; ANKRD26; ANKRD27; ANKRD28; ANKRD30A; ANKRD30B; ANKRD30BL; ANKRD32; ANKRD33;

ANKRD35 Ankyrin repeat domain 35 also known as ANKRD35 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''ANKRD35'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." ...

; ANKRD36; ANKRD36B; ANKRD37; ANKRD38; ANKRD39; ANKRD40; ANKRD41; ANKRD42; ANKRD43; ANKRD44; ANKRD45; ANKRD46; ANKRD47; ; ANKRD50; ANKRD52; ANKRD53; ANKRD54; ANKRD55; ANKRD56; ANKRD57; ANKRD58; ANKRD60; ANKRD6; ANKRD7; ANKRD9; ANKS1A; ANKS3; ANKS4B; ANKS6; ANKZF1; ASB1;

ASB10 Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box protein 1 is a protein that is in humans, encoded by the ''ASB1'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the ankyrin repeat and SOCS SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins) refers to a family o ...

; ASB11; ASB12; ASB13; ASB14; ASB15; ASB16; ASB2;

ASB3 Ankyrin repeat and SOCS box protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ASB3'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the ankyrin repeat and SOCS box-containing (ASB) family of proteins. They contain ankyrin repeat se ...

; ASB4; ASB5; ASB6; ASB7; ASB8; ASB9;

ASZ1 Ankyrin repeat, SAM and basic leucine zipper domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ASZ1'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian ...

;

BARD1 BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''BARD1'' gene. The human BARD1 protein is 777 amino acids long and contains a RING finger domain (residues 46-90), four ankyrin repeats (residues 420-555), and t ...

; BAT4; BAT8;

BCL3 B-cell lymphoma 3-encoded protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''BCL3'' gene. This gene is a proto-oncogene candidate. It is identified by its translocation into the immunoglobulin alpha-locus in some cases of B-cell leukemia. ...

; BCOR; BCORL1; BTBD11; CAMTA1; CAMTA2; CASKIN1; CASKIN2; CCM1;

CDKN2A CDKN2A, also known as cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, is a gene which in humans is located at chromosome 9, band p21.3. It is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and cell types. The gene codes for two proteins, including the INK4 family ...

; CDKN2B; CDKN2C;

CDKN2D Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor D is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CDKN2D'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the INK4 family of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. This protein has been shown to form a st ...

; CENTB1; CENTB2; CENTB5;

CENTG1 Arf-GAP with GTPase, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AGAP2'' gene. Interactions CENTG1 has been shown to interact with: * EPB41L1, * HOMER1 and * PIK3R1 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kin ...

;

CENTG2 Arf-GAP with GTPase, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''AGAP1'' gene. Function CENTG2 belongs to an ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating (ARF-GAP) protein family involved in membra ...

;

CENTG3 Arf-GAP with GTPase, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''AGAP3'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units ...

; CLIP3; CLIP4;

CLPB Caseinolytic peptidase B protein homolog (''CLPB''), also known as Skd3, is a mitochondrial AAA ATPase chaperone that in humans is encoded by the gene ''CLPB'', which encodes an adenosine triphosphate-(ATP) dependent chaperone. Skd3 is localized ...

; CTGLF1; CTGLF2; CTGLF3; CTGLF4; CTGLF5; CTTNBP2; DAPK1; DDEF1;

DDEF2 Arf-GAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ASAP2'' gene. This gene encodes a multidomain protein containing an N-terminal alpha-helical region with a coiled-coil motif, f ...

; DDEFL1; DGKI; DGKZ; DP58; DYSFIP1; DZANK; EHMT1;

EHMT2 Euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2), also known as G9a, is a histone methyltransferase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''EHMT2'' gene. G9a catalyzes the mono- and di-methylated states of histone H3 at lysine residue 9 ...

;

ESPN ESPN (originally an initialism for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network) is an American international basic cable sports channel owned by ESPN Inc., owned jointly by The Walt Disney Company (80%) and Hearst Communications (20%). The ...

; FANK1; FEM1A; FEM1B; GABPB2;

GIT1 ARF GTPase-activating protein GIT1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''GIT1'' gene. GIT1 contains an ARFGAP domain, Anykrin repeats, and a GRK-interacting domain. The Arf-GAP domain, which enables it to act as a GTPase activating prot ...

;

GIT2 ARF GTPase-activating protein GIT2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''GIT2'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generat ...

; GLS; GLS2;

HACE1 HECT domain and ankyrin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HACE1 gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian uni ...

; HECTD1; IBTK;

ILK Integrin-linked kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ILK gene involved with integrin-mediated signal transduction. Mutations in ''ILK'' are associated with cardiomyopathies. It is a 59kDa protein originally identified in a yeast-two ...

;

INVS Inversin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''INVS'' gene. This gene encodes a protein containing multiple ankyrin domains and two IQ calmodulin-binding domains. The encoded protein may function in renal tubular development and functio ...

;

KIDINS220 Kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa or ARMS (ankyrin repeat-rich membrane spanning) is a scaffold protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KIDINS220'' gene. It is a downstream target of neuronal signaling events initiated by neutrophins a ...

;

KRIT1 Krev interaction trapped protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCM1'' gene. This gene contains 16 coding exons and is located on chromosome 7q21.2. Loss of function mutations in ''CCM1'' result in the onset of Cerebral cavern ...

; LRRK1;

MAIL The mail or post is a system for physically transporting postcards, letter (message), letters, and parcel (package), parcels. A postal service can be private or public, though many governments place restrictions on private systems. Since the mid ...

; MIB1; MIB2;

MPHOSPH8 M-phase phosphoprotein 8 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''MPHOSPH8'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' ...

;

MTPN Myotrophin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MTPN'' gene. Interactions MTPN has been shown to interact with RELA and REL Rel or REL may mean: __NOTOC__ Science and technology * REL, a human gene * the rel descriptor of stereochemi ...

; MYO16;

NFKB1 Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NFKB1'' gene. This gene encodes a 105 kD protein which can undergo cotranslational processing by the 26S proteasome to produce a 50 kD protein. The 105 kD prot ...

;

NFKB2 Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NFKB2'' gene. Function NF-κB has been detected in numerous cell types that express cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, cell adhesion molecules, and some ...

; NFKBIA;

NFKBIB NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NFKBIB'' gene. Function NFKB1 (MIM 164011) or NFKB2 (MIM 164012) is bound to REL (MIM 164910), RELA (MIM 164014), or RELB (MIM 604758) to form the NFKB complex. The NFKB ...

;

NFKBIE Nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, epsilon, also known as NFKBIE, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''NFKBIE'' gene. Function NFKBIE protein expression is up-regulated following NF-κB ac ...

; NFKBIL1; NFKBIL2;

NOTCH1 Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 (Notch 1) is a protein encoded in humans by the ''NOTCH1'' gene. Notch 1 is a single-pass transmembrane receptor. Function This gene encodes a member of the Notch family. Members of this Type 1 transm ...

;

NOTCH2 Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2 (Notch 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NOTCH2'' gene. NOTCH2 is associated with Alagille syndrome and Hajdu–Cheney syndrome. Function Notch 2 is a member of the notch signaling pathw ...

;

NOTCH3 Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3 (Notch 3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''NOTCH3'' gene. Function This gene encodes the third discovered human homologue of the ''Drosophila melanogaster'' type I membrane protein notch ...

; NOTCH4; NRARP; NUDT12;

OSBPL1A Oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 1 is a protein that in Human, humans is encoded by the ''OSBPL1A'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) family, a group of intracellular lipid receptors. Most members c ...

; OSTF1;

PLA2G6 85 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2, also known as 85/88 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2, Group VI phospholipase A2, Intracellular membrane-associated calcium-independent phospholipase A2 beta, or Patatin-like phospholipase domai ...

; POTE14; POTE15; POTE8;

PPP1R12A Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 12A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PPP1R12A'' gene. Myosin phosphatase target subunit 1, which is also called the myosin-binding subunit of myosin phosphatase, is one of the subunits of myo ...

; PPP1R12B; PPP1R12C; PPP1R13B; PPP1R13L; PPP1R16A; PPP1R16B;

PSMD10 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 10 or gankyrin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PSMD10'' gene. First isolated in 1998 by Tanaka et al.; Gankyrin is an oncoprotein that is a component of the 19S regulatory cap of the pr ...

; RAI14;

RFXANK DNA-binding protein RFXANK is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RFXANK'' gene. Function Major histocompatibility (MHC) class II molecules are transmembrane proteins that have a central role in development and control of the immune s ...

;

RIPK4 Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''RIPK4'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/threonine protein kinase that interacts with protein kinase C-delta. The encoded pro ...

;

RNASEL Ribonuclease L or RNase L (for ''latent''), known sometimes as ribonuclease 4 or 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase-dependent ribonuclease — is an interferon (IFN)-induced ribonuclease which, upon activation, destroys all RNA within the cell (both ...

;

SHANK1 SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SHANK1'' gene. Interactions SHANK1 has been shown to interact with: * ARHGEF7, * BAIAP2, * DNM2, * SPTAN1 Alpha II-spectrin, also known as S ...

;

SHANK2 SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SHANK2'' gene. Two alternative splice variants, encoding distinct isoforms, are reported. Additional splice variants exist but their full-length natur ...

;

SHANK3 SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 (Shank3), also known as proline-rich synapse-associated protein 2 (ProSAP2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SHANK3'' gene on chromosome 22. Additional isoforms have been described for thi ...

;

SNCAIP Synphilin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SNCAIP'' gene. ''SNCAIP'' stands for "synuclein, alpha interacting protein" and can be signified by SNCAP_HUMAN, synphilin 1, synuclein, alpha interacting protein (synphilin), and SYPH1. ...

; TA-NFKBH;

TEX14 Testis-expressed protein 14 is a protein in humans encoded by the TEX14 gene, and is 1497 amino acids in length. TEX14 plays a vital role in the formation of germ cells, as it is an essential component of the mammalian germ cell interphase bridge. ...

;

TNKS Tankyrase, also known as tankyrase 1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''TNKS'' gene. It inhibits the binding of TERF1 to telomeric DNA. Tankyrase attracts substantial interest in cancer research through its interaction with AXIN1 a ...

;

TNKS2 Tankyrase-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''TNKS2'' gene. Interactions TNKS2 has been shown to interact with GRB14, TERF1 Telomeric repeat-binding factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TERF1'' gene. Gen ...

; TNNI3K;

TP53BP2 Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein 2 (ASPP2) also known as Bcl2-binding protein (Bbp) and tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 2 (p53BP2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TP53BP2'' gene. Multiple transcript variants encoding differ ...

; TRP7;

TRPA1 Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1, also known as transient receptor potential ankyrin 1, TRPA1, or The Wasabi Receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPA1'' (and in mice and rats by the ''Trpa1' ...

;

TRPC3 Short transient receptor potential channel 3 (TrpC3) also known as transient receptor protein 3 (TRP-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC3 gene. The TRPC3/6/7 subfamily are implicated in the regulation of vascular tone, cell growt ...

; TRPC4;

TRPC5 Short transient receptor potential channel 5 (TrpC5) also known as transient receptor protein 5 (TRP-5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPC5'' gene. TrpC5 is subtype of the TRPC family of mammalian transient receptor potential io ...

;

TRPC6 Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 6, also known as TRPC6, is a human gene encoding a protein of the same name. TRPC6 is a transient receptor potential channel of the classical TRPC subfamily. It has been associated ...

;

TRPC7 Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily C, member 7, also known as TRPC7, is a human gene encoding a protein of the same name. See also * TRPC TRPC is a family of transient receptor potential cation channels in animals. TRPC ch ...

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TRPV1 The transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1), also known as the capsaicin receptor and the vanilloid receptor 1, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''TRPV1'' gene. It was the first isolated member of th ...

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TRPV2 TRPV is a family of transient receptor potential cation channels (TRP channels) in animals. All TRPVs are highly calcium selective. TRP channels are a large group of ion channels consisting of six protein families, located mostly on the plasma ...

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TRPV3 Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 3, also known as TRPV3, is a human gene encoding the protein of the same name. The TRPV3 protein belongs to a family of nonselective cation channels that function in a variety of pro ...

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TRPV4 Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 is an ion channel protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPV4'' gene. The ''TRPV4'' gene encodes TRPV4, initially named "vanilloid-receptor related osmotically activated channe ...

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TRPV5 Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5 is a calcium channel protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPV5'' gene. Function The ''TRPV5'' gene is a member of the transient receptor family and the TRPV subfamily. The ...

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TRPV6 TRPV6 is a membrane calcium (Ca2+) channel protein which is particularly involved in the first step in Ca2+absorption in the intestine. Classification Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid subfamily member 6 (TRPV6) is an epithelial Ca2+ cha ...

; UACA; USH1G; ZDHHC13; ZDHHC17;

References

External links

* * {{Protein tandem repeats