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TRPV3
Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 3, also known as TRPV3, is a human gene encoding the protein of the same name. The TRPV3 protein belongs to a family of nonselective cation channels that function in a variety of processes, including temperature sensation and vasoregulation. The thermosensitive members of this family are expressed in subsets of human sensory neurons that terminate in the skin, and are activated at distinct physiological temperatures. This channel is activated at temperatures between 22 and 40 degrees C. The gene lies in close proximity to another family member (TRPV1) gene on chromosome 17, and the two encoded proteins are thought to associate with each other to form heteromeric channels. Function The TRPV3 channel has wide tissue expression that is especially high in the skin (keratinocytes) but also in the brain. It functions as a molecular sensor for innocuous warm temperatures. Mice lacking these protein are unable to sense ele ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Specialized Proresolving Mediators
Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM, also termed specialized proresolving mediators) are a large and growing class of cell signaling molecules formed in cells by the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) by one or a combination of lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase enzymes. Pre-clinical studies, primarily in animal models and human tissues, implicate SPM in orchestrating the resolution of inflammation. Prominent members include the resolvins and Protectin D1, protectins. SPM join the long list of other physiological agents which tend to limit inflammation (see ) including glucocorticoids, interleukin 10 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (an inhibitor of the action of pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 1), annexin A1 (an inhibitor of formation of pro-inflammatory metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids), and the gaseous resolvins, carbon monoxide (see ), nitric oxide (see ), and hydrogen sulfide (se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Forsythoside B
Forsythoside B is a natural product from the phenylpropanoid glycoside group, which is found in a number of plant species such as '' Marrubium alysson'', ''Phlomis armeniaca'', '' Scutellaria salviifolia'', ''Phlomoides tuberosa'', ''Phlomoides rotata'', '' Pedicularis longiflora'' and ''Teucrium chamaedrys'', several of which are used in Chinese traditional medicine in preparations such as Shuanghuanglian (双黄连). It acts as an inhibitor of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, IκB and NF-κB, as well as the temperature sensitive channel TRPV3, but also activates the RhoA/ROCK Rock most often refers to: * Rock (geology), a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloids * Rock music, a genre of popular music Rock or Rocks may also refer to: Places United Kingdom * Rock, Caerphilly, a location in Wales ... signaling pathway which can cause hypersensitivity reactions when it is injected intravenously. See also * Xiyanping References {{Refl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drofenine
Drofenine is an antimuscarinic antispasmodic drug used for relaxing smooth muscle, thereby treating conditions, such as: dysmenorrhea, and pain in the gastrointestinal tract, biliary passages, and urogenital tract. Drofenine is assumed to work by increasing the levels of the protein TRPV3 Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 3, also known as TRPV3, is a human gene encoding the protein of the same name. The TRPV3 protein belongs to a family of nonselective cation channels that function in a variety of pro .... References Carboxylate esters Muscarinic antagonists Diethylamino compounds {{pharm-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incensole Acetate
Insensole is an organic compound that is naturally found as its acetate ester in some frankincense. It is a diterpene alcohol, with an oily appearance. This compound can be synthetically prepared from cembrene. The formula of insensole is C20H34O2 Incensole acetate is the O-acetyl derivative. It acts as a TRPV3 Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 3, also known as TRPV3, is a human gene encoding the protein of the same name. The TRPV3 protein belongs to a family of nonselective cation channels that function in a variety of pro ... agonist. Its effects on animals have been studied. References Diterpenes Secondary alcohols Heterocyclic compounds with 2 rings Oxygen heterocycles Isopropyl compounds {{chem-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl Borate
2-Aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) is a chemical that acts to inhibit both IP3 receptors and TRP channels (although it activates TRPV1, TRPV2, & TRPV3 at higher concentrations). In research it is used to manipulate intracellular release of calcium ions (Ca2+) and modify TRP channel activity, although the lack of specific effects make it less than ideal under some circumstances. Additionally, there is evidence that 2-APB acts directly to inhibit gap junction Gap junctions are specialized intercellular connections between a multitude of animal cell-types. They directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulate ...s made of connexin. Increasing evidence showed that 2-APB is a powerful modifier of store-operated calcium channels (SOC) function, low concentration of 2-APB can enhance SOC while high concentration induces a transient increase followed by complete inhibition.Ma HT, Venkatach ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eicosapentaenoic Acid
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; also icosapentaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid. In physiological literature, it is given the name 20:5(n-3). It also has the trivial name timnodonic acid. In chemical structure, EPA is a carboxylic acid with a 20-carbon chain and five ''cis'' double bonds; the first double bond is located at the third carbon from the omega end. EPA is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that acts as a precursor for prostaglandin-3 (which inhibits platelet aggregation), thromboxane-3, and leukotriene-5 eicosanoids. EPA is both a precursor and the hydrolytic breakdown product of eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPEA: C22 H35 NO2; 20:5,n-3). Although studies of fish oil supplements, which contain both docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and EPA, have failed to support claims of preventing heart attacks or strokes, a recent multi-year study of Vascepa ( ethyl eicosapentaenoate, the ethyl ester of the free fatty acid), a prescription drug containing only EPA, was shown to re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TRPM8
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M (melastatin) member 8 (TRPM8), also known as the cold and menthol receptor 1 (CMR1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''TRPM8'' gene. The TRPM8 channel is the primary molecular transducer of cold somatosensation in humans. In addition, mints can desensitize a region through the activation of TRPM8 receptors (the 'cold'/menthol receptor). Structure The TRPM8 channel is a homotetramer, composed of four identical subunits with a transmembrane domain with six helices (S1–6). The first four, S1–4, act as the voltage sensor and allow binding of menthol, icilin and similar channel agonists. S5 and S6 and a connecting loop, also part of the structure, make up the pore, a non-selective cation channel which consists of a highly conserved hydrophobic region. A range of diverse components are required for the high level of specificity in response to cold and menthol stimuli which eventually lead to ion flow through the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Icilin
Icilin (AG-3-5) is a synthetic super-agonist of the transient receptor potential M8 (TRPM8) ion channel. Although structurally not related with menthol, it produces an extreme sensation of cold, both in humans and animals. It is almost 200 times more potent than menthol, and 2.5 times more efficacious. Despite their similar effects, icilin activates the TRPM8 receptor in a different way to menthol. Icilin has been shown to be effective in the treatment of pruritus in an experimental model of itch. It is now used as a research tool for the study of TRP channels, although despite its high potency it is less selective for TRPM8 over other related ion channels than newer compounds such as WS-12 WS-12 is a chemical compound that acts as a potent and selective activator of the TRPM8 calcium channel, which is responsible for the sensation of coldness produced by menthol. It is slightly less potent as a TRPM8 activator compared to icilin, bu .... References External links Product s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Down-regulate
In the biology, biological context of organisms' regulation of gene expression, production of gene products, downregulation is the process by which a cell (biology), cell decreases the quantity of a cellular component, such as RNA or protein, in response to an external stimulus. The complementary process that involves increases of such components is called upregulation. An example of downregulation is the cellular decrease in the expression of a specific Receptor (biochemistry), receptor in response to its increased activation by a molecule, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, which reduces the cell's sensitivity to the molecule. This is an example of a locally acting (negative feedback) mechanism. An example of upregulation is the response of liver cells exposed to such xenobiotic molecules as Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, dioxin. In this situation, the cells increase their production of cytochrome P450, cytochrome P450 enzymes, which in turn increases degradation of these d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NMDA Receptor
The ''N''-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel found in neurons. The NMDA receptor is one of three types of ionotropic glutamate receptors, the other two being AMPA receptor, AMPA and kainate receptors. Depending on its subunit composition, its Ligand (biochemistry), ligands are glutamate and glycine (or D-Serine, D-serine). However, the binding of the ligands is typically not sufficient to open the channel as it may be blocked by Magnesium, Mg2+ ions which are only removed when the neuron is sufficiently depolarized. Thus, the channel acts as a “coincidence detector” and only once both of these conditions are met, the channel opens and it allows cation, positively charged ions (cations) to flow through the cell membrane. The NMDA receptor is thought to be very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and mediating learning and memory functions. The NMDA receptor is ionotropic, meaning it is a pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
FPR2
N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) located on the surface of many cell types of various animal species. The human receptor protein is encoded by the ''FPR2'' gene and is activated to regulate cell function by binding any one of a wide variety of ligands including not only certain N-Formylmethionine-containing oligopeptides such as N-Formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) but also the polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolite of arachidonic acid, lipoxin A4 (LXA4). Because of its interaction with lipoxin A4, FPR2 is also commonly named the ALX/FPR2 or just ALX receptor. Expression The FPR2 receptor is expressed on human neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, T cells, synovial fibroblasts, and intestinal and airway epithelium. Function Many oligopeptides that possess an N-Formylmethionine ''N''-terminal residue such as the prototypical tripeptide N-Formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (i.e. FMLP), are products of the prote ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GPR32
G protein-coupled receptor 32, also known as GPR32 or the RvD1 receptor, is a human receptor (biochemistry) belonging to the rhodopsin-like subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Gene The ''GPR32'' was initially identified and defined by molecular cloning in 1998 as coding for an orphan receptor, i.e. a protein with an amino acid sequence similar to known receptors but having no known ligand(s) to which it responds and no known function. The projected amino acid sequence of GPR32, however, shared 35-39% amino acid identity with certain members of the chemotactic factor receptor family, i.e. 39% identity with Formyl peptide receptor 1, which is a receptor for N-Formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine and related N-formyl peptide chemotactic factors, and 35% identity with Formyl peptide receptor 2, which likewise is also a receptor for N-formyl peptides but also a receptor for certain lipoxins which are arachidonic acid metabolites belonging to a set of specialized proresolving m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
