fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

taxa In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

Turolian The Turolian age is a period of geologic time (9.0–5.3 Ma) within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Ruscinian age and follows the Vallesian age. The Turolian overlaps the Tortonian The Tort ...

Samos Samos (, also ; el, Σάμος ) is a Greece, Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the coast of western Turkey, from which it is separated by the -wide Mycale Strait. It is also a se ...

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders ...

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Kanapoi Kanapoi is a paleontological site in the Kenyan Rift Valley, to the southwest of Lake Turkana. Fossils were first found at Kanapoi in the 1960s by a Harvard expedition, and later by expeditions from the National Museums of Kenya. Fossils at Kanap ...

Kenya ) , national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi ...

mastodon A mastodon ( 'breast' + 'tooth') is any proboscidean belonging to the extinct genus ''Mammut'' (family Mammutidae). Mastodons inhabited North and Central America during the late Miocene or late Pliocene up to their extinction at the end of th ...

Ohio Ohio () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Of the fifty U.S. states, it is the 34th-largest by area, and with a population of nearly 11.8 million, is the seventh-most populous and tenth-most densely populated. The sta ...

Michigan Michigan () is a U.S. state, state in the Great Lakes region, Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest, upper Midwestern United States. With a population of nearly 10.12 million and an area of nearly , Michigan is the List of U.S. states and ...

Choerolophodon ''Choerolophodon'' is an extinct genus of proboscidean that lived during the Miocene of Eurasia and Africa. Fossils of ''Choerolophodon'' have been found in Africa, Southeast Europe, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, the Indian subcontinent, and China. ''Choer ...

tooth enamel Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many other animals, including some species of fish. It makes up the normally visible part of the tooth, covering the crown. The other major tissues are dentin, ...

Notiomastodon ''Notiomastodon'' is an extinct proboscidean genus of gomphotheres (a distant relative to modern elephants) endemic to South America from the Pleistocene to the beginning of the Holocene. ''Notiomastodon'' specimens reached a size similar to that ...

Anancus ''Anancus'' is an extinct genus of elephantoid proboscideans ("gomphothere" ''sensu lato'') native to Afro-Eurasia, that lived from the Tortonian stage of the late Miocene until the genus' extinction during the early Pleistocene, roughly from 8.5 ...

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

Turolian The Turolian age is a period of geologic time (9.0–5.3 Ma) within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Ruscinian age and follows the Vallesian age. The Turolian overlaps the Tortonian The Tort ...

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders ...

Tetralophodon ''Tetralophodon'' ("four-ridged tooth") is an extinct proboscidean genus belonging to the superfamily Elephantoidea. Taxonomy The genus ''Tetralophodon'' (meaning "four-ridged tooth") was named in the mid-19th century with the discovery of the ...

Morocco Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria t ...

molars The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth. They are more developed in mammals. They are used primarily to grind food during chewing. The name ''molar'' derives from Latin, ''molaris dens'', meaning "millstone to ...

Kenya ) , national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi ...

Elephas ''Elephas'' is one of two surviving genera in the family of elephants, Elephantidae, with one surviving species, the Asian elephant, ''Elephas maximus''. Several extinct species have been identified as belonging to the genus, extending back to ...

Mammuthus rumanus ''Mammuthus rumanus'' is a species of mammoth that lived during the Pliocene what is today Eastern Europe. Fossil remains have been found in the United Kingdom and Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads ...

Jordan Valley The Jordan Valley ( ar, غور الأردن, ''Ghor al-Urdun''; he, עֵמֶק הַיַרְדֵּן, ''Emek HaYarden'') forms part of the larger Jordan Rift Valley. Unlike most other river valleys, the term "Jordan Valley" often applies just to ...

Dead Sea Transform The Dead Sea Transform (DST) fault system, also sometimes referred to as the Dead Sea Rift, is a series of faults that run from the Maras Triple Junction (a junction with the East Anatolian Fault in southeastern Turkey) to the northern end of the ...

Israel Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...

tusk Tusks are elongated, continuously growing front teeth that protrude well beyond the mouth of certain mammal species. They are most commonly canine teeth, as with pigs and walruses, or, in the case of elephants, elongated incisors. Tusks share ...

woolly mammoth The woolly mammoth (''Mammuthus primigenius'') is an extinct species of mammoth that lived during the Pleistocene until its extinction in the Holocene epoch. It was one of the last in a line of mammoth species, beginning with '' Mammuthus s ...

Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive region, geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a ...

Nucleus Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: *Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom * Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucl ...

Yuka Yuka may refer to: *Yuka (music), an Afro-Cuban style of music *Yuka (mammoth), mammoth specimen found in Yakutia, Russia *Manshu Yuka Kogyo K.K. Ssuningkai, a Japanese-German pre-WWII industrial co-operation People *Yuka (name), a Japanese perso ...

oocyte An oocyte (, ), oöcyte, or ovocyte is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction. In other words, it is an immature ovum, or egg cell. An oocyte is produced in a female fetus in the ovary during female gametogenesis. The femal ...

Wrangel Island Wrangel Island ( rus, О́стров Вра́нгеля, r=Ostrov Vrangelya, p=ˈostrəf ˈvrangʲɪlʲə; ckt, Умӄиԓир, translit=Umqiḷir) is an island of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is the 91st largest island in the w ...

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...

Columbian mammoth The Columbian mammoth (''Mammuthus columbi'') is an extinct species of mammoth that inhabited the Americas as far north as the Northern United States and as far south as Costa Rica during the Pleistocene epoch. It was one of the last in a line ...

Asian elephant The Asian elephant (''Elephas maximus''), also known as the Asiatic elephant, is the only living species of the genus ''Elephas'' and is distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, from India in the west, Nepal in the no ...

Stegodon ''Stegodon'' ("roofed tooth" from the Ancient Greek words , , 'to cover', + , , 'tooth' because of the distinctive ridges on the animal's molars) is an extinct genus of proboscidean, related to elephants. It was originally assigned to the fami ...

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western Europe, Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa ...

Rupelian The Rupelian is, in the geologic timescale, the older of two ages or the lower of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch/ Series. It spans the time between . It is preceded by the Priabonian Stage (part of the Eocene) and is followed by the Chattian ...

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...

sirenia The Sirenia (), commonly referred to as sea-cows or sirenians, are an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit swamps, rivers, estuaries, marine wetlands, and coastal marine waters. The Sirenia currently comprise two distinct ...

West Indies The West Indies is a subregion of North America, surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea that includes 13 independent island countries and 18 dependencies and other territories in three major archipelagos: the Greate ...

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

Cuba Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...

incisor Incisors (from Latin ''incidere'', "to cut") are the front teeth present in most mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and on the mandible below. Humans have a total of eight (two on each side, top and bottom). Opossums have 18, wher ...

morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines * Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts * Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies ...

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the ...

Swartkrans Swartkrans is a fossil-bearing cave designated as a South African National Heritage Site, located about from Johannesburg. It is located in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site and is notable for being extremely rich in archaeological ma ...

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

Uganda }), is a landlocked country in East Africa. The country is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The sou ...

caviomorph Caviomorpha is the rodent infraorder or parvorder that unites all New World hystricognaths. It is supported by both fossil and molecular evidence. The Caviomorpha was for a time considered to be a separate order outside the Rodentia, but is now ...

microstructure Microstructure is the very small scale structure of a material, defined as the structure of a prepared surface of material as revealed by an optical microscope above 25× magnification. The microstructure of a material (such as metals, polymers ...

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

Peruvian Amazon Peruvian Amazonia ( es, Amazonía del Perú) is the area of the Amazon rainforest included within the country of Peru, from east of the Andes to the borders with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil and Bolivia. This region comprises 60% of the country ...

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

Santa Cruz Formation The Santa Cruz Formation is a geological formation in the Magallanes/Austral Basin in southern Patagonia in Argentina and in adjacent areas of Chile. It dates to the late Early Miocene epoch, and is contemporaneous with eponymous Santacrucian ...

Patagonia Patagonia () refers to a geographical region that encompasses the southern end of South America, governed by Argentina and Chile. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes Mountains with lakes, fjords, temperate rainforests, and g ...

mandibular In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower tooth, teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movabl ...

Western Sahara Western Sahara ( '; ; ) is a disputed territory on the northwest coast and in the Maghreb region of North and West Africa. About 20% of the territory is controlled by the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), while the ...

morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines * Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts * Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies ...

deciduous In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, ...

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines * Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts * Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies ...

molars The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth. They are more developed in mammals. They are used primarily to grind food during chewing. The name ''molar'' derives from Latin, ''molaris dens'', meaning "millstone to ...

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

endocast An endocast is the internal cast of a hollow object, often referring to the cranial vault in the study of brain development in humans and other organisms. Endocasts can be artificially made for examining the properties of a hollow, inaccessible sp ...

Reithroparamys Sciuromorpha ("squirrel-like") is a rodent clade that includes several different rodent families. It includes all members of the Sciuridae (the squirrel family) as well as the mountain beaver species. Traditionally, the term has been defined o ...

Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...

ground squirrel Ground squirrels are members of the squirrel family of rodents ( Sciuridae), which generally live on or in the ground, rather than trees. The term is most often used for the medium-sized ground squirrels, as the larger ones are more commonly known ...

Urocitellus ''Urocitellus'' is a genus of ground squirrels. They were previously believed to belong to the much larger genus '' Spermophilus'', but DNA sequencing of the cytochrome ''b'' gene showed that this group was paraphyletic to the prairie dogs and ...

Spermophilus ''Spermophilus'' is a genus of ground squirrels in the squirrel family. As traditionally defined the genus was very species-rich, ranging through Europe, Asia and North America, but this arrangement was found to be paraphyletic to the certa ...

Trogontherium ''Trogontherium'' is an extinct genus of giant beavers, ranging from the Late Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene. It is not closely related to the North American giant beavers of the genus ''Castoroides''. Fossils of ''Trogontherium'' have been fou ...

Heilongjiang Heilongjiang () formerly romanized as Heilungkiang, is a province in northeast China. The standard one-character abbreviation for the province is (). It was formerly romanized as "Heilungkiang". It is the northernmost and easternmost province ...

astragalus ''Astragalus'' is a large genus of over 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae and the subfamily Faboideae. It is the largest genus of plants in terms of described species. The genus is native to tempe ...

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

bushy-tailed woodrat The bushy-tailed woodrat, or packrat (''Neotoma cinerea'') is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae found in Canada and the United States. Its natural habitats are boreal forests, temperate forests, dry savanna, temperate shrubland, and t ...

common vole The common vole (''Microtus arvalis'') is a European rodent. Distribution and habitat The common vole is hardly restricted in means of distribution and habitat and inhabits large areas of Eurasia but, apart from the Orkney vole, not the Bri ...

field vole The short-tailed field vole, short-tailed vole, or simply field vole (''Microtus agrestis'') is a grey-brown vole, around 10 cm in length, with a short tail. It is one of the most common mammals in Europe, with a range extending from the Atl ...

Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, def ...

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...

molars The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth. They are more developed in mammals. They are used primarily to grind food during chewing. The name ''molar'' derives from Latin, ''molaris dens'', meaning "millstone to ...

Holocene The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene togeth ...

Washington Washington commonly refers to: * Washington (state), United States * Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States ** A metonym for the federal government of the United States ** Washington metropolitan area, the metropolitan area centered o ...

greater bandicoot rat The greater bandicoot rat or Indian bandicoot rat (''Bandicota indica'') is a species of rodent in the family Muridae found in Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam akist ...

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...

murine The Old World rats and mice, part of the subfamily Murinae in the family Muridae, comprise at least 519 species. Members of this subfamily are called murines. In terms of species richness, this subfamily is larger than all mammal families ex ...

Liang Bua Liang Bua is a limestone cave on the island of Flores, Indonesia, slightly north of the town of Ruteng in Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. The cave demonstrated archaeological and paleontological potential in the 1950s and 1960s as describe ...

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

femur The femur (; ), or thigh bone, is the proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrates. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates wit ...

histology Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vi ...

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest cont ...

archaeocete Archaeoceti ("ancient whales"), or Zeuglodontes in older literature, is a paraphyletic group of primitive cetaceans that lived from the Early Eocene to the late Oligocene (). Representing the earliest cetacean Evolutionary radiation, radiation, t ...

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

protocetid Protocetidae, the protocetids, form a diverse and heterogeneous group of extinct cetaceans known from Asia, Europe, Africa, South America, and North America. Description There were many genera, and some of these are very well known (e.g., ''R ...

Lutetian The Lutetian is, in the geologic timescale, a stage or age in the Eocene. It spans the time between . The Lutetian is preceded by the Ypresian and is followed by the Bartonian. Together with the Bartonian it is sometimes referred to as the ...

Senegal Senegal,; Wolof: ''Senegaal''; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Senegaali); Arabic: السنغال ''As-Sinighal'') officially the Republic of Senegal,; Wolof: ''Réewum Senegaal''; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 ...

Lutetian The Lutetian is, in the geologic timescale, a stage or age in the Eocene. It spans the time between . The Lutetian is preceded by the Ypresian and is followed by the Bartonian. Together with the Bartonian it is sometimes referred to as the ...

Togo Togo (), officially the Togolese Republic (french: République togolaise), is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its c ...

turbinate In anatomy, a nasal concha (), plural conchae (), also called a nasal turbinate or turbinal, is a long, narrow, curled shelf of bone that protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose in humans and various animals. The conchae are shaped lik ...

Aegyptocetus ''Aegyptocetus'' is an extinct genus of protocetid archaeocete whale known from Egypt. Taxonomy ''Aegyptocetus'' is known from the articulated holotype MSNTUP I-15459, an almost complete cranium, lower jaws (with teeth) and a partial pos ...

morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines * Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts * Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies ...

basilosaurid Basilosauridae is a family of extinct cetaceans. They lived during the middle to the early late Eocene and are known from all continents, including Antarctica. They were probably the first fully aquatic cetaceans.Buono M, Fordyce R.E., Marx F.G. ...

La Meseta Formation The La Meseta Formation is a sedimentary sequence deposited during the Eocene. The formation is found on Seymour Island, Antarctica. Description La Meseta Formation lies unconformably on the Cretaceous Lopez de Bertodano Formation. It is an a ...

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = National seal , national_motto = "Firm and Happy f ...

Wadi El Hitan ( ar, وادي الحيتان, lit=Valley of the Whales ) is a paleontological site in the Faiyum Governorate of Egypt, some south-west of Cairo. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2005 for its hundreds of fossils of some ...

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...

Dorudon ''Dorudon'' ("spear-tooth") is a genus of extinct basilosaurid ancient whales that lived alongside ''Basilosaurus'' 40.4 to 33.9 million years ago in the Eocene. It was a small whale, with ''D. atrox'' measuring long and weighing . ''Dorudon'' ...

killer whale The orca or killer whale (''Orcinus orca'') is a toothed whale belonging to the oceanic dolphin family, of which it is the largest member. It is the only extant species in the genus ''Orcinus'' and is recognizable by its black-and-white ...

Basilosaurus ''Basilosaurus'' (meaning "king lizard") is a genus of large, predatory, prehistoric archaeocete whale from the late Eocene, approximately 41.3 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). First described in 1834, it was the first archaeocete and prehistor ...

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...

Washington Washington commonly refers to: * Washington (state), United States * Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States ** A metonym for the federal government of the United States ** Washington metropolitan area, the metropolitan area centered o ...

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

holotype A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of sever ...

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

North Carolina North Carolina () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. The state is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Georgia and ...

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

toothed whale The toothed whales (also called odontocetes, systematic name Odontoceti) are a parvorder of cetaceans that includes dolphins, porpoises, and all other whales possessing teeth, such as the beaked whales and sperm whales. Seventy-three species of ...

Phoberodon ''Phoberodon'' is a genus of archaic odontocete cetacean from the Early Miocene (Burdigalian) of Patagonia, Argentina. Taxonomy and description ''Phoberodon'' was described in 1926 from a partially complete skeleton lacking the earbones, whic ...

Province of Lecce The Province of Lecce ( it, Provincia di Lecce; Salentino: ) is a province in the Apulia region of Italy whose capital is the city of Lecce. The province is called the "Heel of Italy". Located on the Salento peninsula, it is the second most-p ...

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

beaked whale Beaked whales (systematic name Ziphiidae) are a family of cetaceans noted as being one of the least known groups of mammals because of their deep-sea habitat and apparent low abundance. Only three or four of the 24 species are reasonably well-k ...

Menorca Menorca or Minorca (from la, Insula Minor, , smaller island, later ''Minorica'') is one of the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean Sea belonging to Spain. Its name derives from its size, contrasting it with nearby Majorca. Its capi ...

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

Gram Formation The Gram Formation is a geological formation in Gram, Denmark. It preserves fossils dating from the Miocene period. The formation consists of three layers: the glauconite-rich, the Gram Clay, and the Gram sand. The sediments in the formation w ...

Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establish ...

Scaldicetus ''Scaldicetus'' is an extinct genus of highly predatory macroraptorial sperm whale. Although widely used for a number of extinct physeterids with primitive dental morphology consisting of enameled teeth, ''Scaldicetus'' as generally recognized ...

Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

Seymour Island Seymour Island or Marambio Island, is an island in the chain of 16 major islands around the tip of the Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula. Graham Land is the closest part of Antarctica to South America. It lies within the section of the isla ...

Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest cont ...

Joumocetus ''Joumocetus'' is a genus of extinct baleen whale in the family Cetotheriidae containing the single species ''Joumocetus shimizui''. The species is known only from a partial skeleton found in Miocene age sediments of Japan. History and classifi ...

Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to ...

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Burica Formation (

Panama Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a transcontinental country spanning the southern part of North America and the northern part of South America. It is bordered by Co ...

) by Cortés ''et al.'' (2019). * Partial skeleton of a

Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...

blue whale The blue whale (''Balaenoptera musculus'') is a marine mammal and a baleen whale. Reaching a maximum confirmed length of and weighing up to , it is the largest animal known to have ever existed. The blue whale's long and slender body can ...

with an estimated total body length of 23.4–26.1 m, representing the largest whale fossil reported so far, is described from the

Lago di San Giuliano Lago di San Giuliano is a lake in the Basilicata region of southern Italy. The lake is located entirely within the province of Matera. It is southwest of Matera, east of Grottole, and north of Miglionico. The Bradano The Bradano is a river in th ...

(

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

) by Bianucci ''et al.'' (2019), who also estimate body size of a specimen of ''

Pelocetus ''Pelocetus'' is an extinct genus of baleen whale, belonging to the family Pelocetidae. Fossils have been found in Miocene-aged marine strata in North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost enti ...

'' from the Middle miocene locality of Mal Paso and two late Miocene rorquals from the Cerro Los Quesos site (

Pisco Formation The Pisco Formation is a geologic formation located in Peru, on the southern coastal desert of Ica and Arequipa. The approximately thick formation was deposited in the Pisco Basin, spanning an age from the Middle Miocene up to the Early Pleisto ...

,

Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = National seal , national_motto = "Firm and Happy f ...

), and evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of evolution of gigantism of baleen whales. * A study on the cetacean-bearing

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

Gaiman Formation (

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

), and on its implications for inferring which factors affected the distribution and preservation of fossil cetaceans in several localities of the Southwestern

Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the " Old World" of Africa, Europe ...

, is published by Cuitiño ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the diversity and abundance of cetaceans in the area of present-day

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

through the

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58chronostratigraphic Chronostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy that studies the ages of rock strata in relation to time. The ultimate aim of chronostratigraphy is to arrange the sequence of deposition and the time of deposition of all rocks within a geologic ...

data from Castell'Arquato Basin (northern Apennine Mountains), is published by Freschi ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the oxygen isotope composition of whale barnacle shells from three

Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...

localities along the eastern Pacific coast, and on their implications for the knowledge of the history of whale migrations, is published by Taylor ''et al.'' (2019).

Other artiodactyls

=Other artiodactyl research

= * A study on the phylogenetic relationships and timing of the origin of

Cetartiodactyla The even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla , ) are ungulates—hoofed animals—which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their five toes: the third and fourth. The other three toes are either present, absent, vestigial, or pointing poste ...

is published by Zurano ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the teeth eruption pattern of a wide range of extinct cetartiodactyl families is published by Rodrigues ''et al.'' (2019). * Description of an articulated postcranial skeleton of an

oreodont Merycoidodontoidea, sometimes called "oreodonts" or "ruminating hogs", is an extinct superfamily of prehistoric cud-chewing artiodactyls with short faces and fang-like canine teeth. As their name implies, some of the better known forms were gener ...

from the Oligocene Tehuitzingo Formation, representing the first postcranial skeleton of an oreodont from

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

reported so far, is published online by Ferrusquía-Villafranca & Ruiz-González (2019). * New specimen of the fossil

peccary A peccary (also javelina or skunk pig) is a medium-sized, pig-like hoofed mammal of the family Tayassuidae (New World pigs). They are found throughout Central and South America, Trinidad in the Caribbean, and in the southwestern area of North ...

'' Parachoerus carlesi'' is described from the Upper

Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...

of the

Chaco Province Chaco (; Wichi: ''To-kós-wet''), officially the Province of Chaco ( es, provincia del Chaco ), is one of the 23 provinces in Argentina. Its capital and largest city, is Resistencia. It is located in the north-east of the country. It is borde ...

of

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

by Gasparini ''et al.'' (2019), representing the most complete fossil material of a member this species reported so far, and providing new information on the

morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines * Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts * Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies ...

of the species and the environment it lived in. * A study on the paleobiology of the fossil peccary ''

Platygonus compressus ''Platygonus compressus'', the flat-headed peccary, is an extinct mammal species from the Tayassuidae family, that lived in North-America during the Pleistocene. It was first described in 1848 by John L. Leconte. Description The flat-heade ...

'', based on fossils from Bat Cave (

Missouri Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Ranking 21st in land area, it is bordered by eight states (tied for the most with Tennessee): Iowa to the north, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee to the east, Arkansas t ...

,

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

), is published by Woodruff & Schubert (2019). * A description of the skull anatomy of the fossil suid '' Nyanzachoerus jaegeri'' based on new fossil material and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the species is published by Reda, Lazagabaster & Haile-Selassie (2019). * New fossil suid specimens, providing new information on the classification and relationships of the

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

Suinae Suinae is a subfamily of artiodactyl mammals that includes several of the extant members of Suidae and their closest relatives – the domestic pig and related species, such as babirusas. Several extinct species within the Suidae are classified ...

from China, are described from the latest Miocene site of Shuitangba (Zhaotong Basin, China) by Hou ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the diet of

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Australopithecus anamensis ''Australopithecus anamensis'' is a hominin species that lived approximately between 4.2 and 3.8 million years ago and is the oldest known ''Australopithecus'' species, living during the Plio-Pleistocene era. Nearly one hundred fossil specimens ...

'' site of

Kanapoi Kanapoi is a paleontological site in the Kenyan Rift Valley, to the southwest of Lake Turkana. Fossils were first found at Kanapoi in the 1960s by a Harvard expedition, and later by expeditions from the National Museums of Kenya. Fossils at Kanap ...

and the ''

Australopithecus afarensis ''Australopithecus afarensis'' is an extinct species of australopithecine which lived from about 3.9–2.9 million years ago (mya) in the Pliocene of East Africa. The first fossils were discovered in the 1930s, but major fossil finds would not ...

'' site of Hadar is published by Lazagabaster (2019). * Description of deer fossils from the Pleistocene localities in Buenos Aires Province (

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

), including the southernmost record of the genus ''

Morenelaphus ''Morenelaphus'' is an extinct genus of deer that lived in South America during the Late Pleistocene. Fossils of the genus have been recovered from the Agua Blanca, Fortín Tres Pozos and Luján Formations of Argentina, the Ñuapua Formation ...

'' and the species ''M. lujanensis'', is published by Chimento ''et al.'' (2019). * A systematic, macroscopic,

radiographic Radiography is an imaging technique using X-rays, gamma rays, or similar ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation to view the internal form of an object. Applications of radiography include medical radiography ("diagnostic" and "therapeut ...

, and

histologic Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vis ...

study of the fossil bones of the

Cretan Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, an ...

deer ''

Candiacervus ''Candiacervus'' is an extinct genus of deer native to Pleistocene Crete. Due to a lack of other herbivores, the genus underwent an adaptive radiation, filling niches occupied by other taxa on the mainland. Due to the small size of Crete, the gen ...

'' will be published by Lyras ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret their findings as indicative of the occurrence of a metabolic bone disease in the Cretan deer population, probably caused by habitat degradation. * New fossil material of ''

Eucladoceros ''Eucladoceros'' (Greek for "well-branched antler") or bush-antlered deer is an extinct genus of deer whose fossils have been discovered in Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia. This genus was formally described by Hugh Falconer in 1868.Fal ...

boulei'', providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is described from the Shanshenmiaozui site in the

Nihewan Basin Xiaochangliang () is the site of some of the earliest paleolithic remains in East Asia, located in the Nihewan (泥河灣) Basin in Yangyuan County, Hebei, China, most famous for the stone tools discovered there. Stone tools The tool forms disc ...

(China) by Tong & Zhang (2019). * A study comparing the characteristics of the postcranial skeletons of '' Arvernoceros ardei'' and '' Cervus perrieri'' is published online by Pfeiffer-Deml (2019). * A study on the age and

morphometrics Morphometrics (from Greek μορϕή ''morphe'', "shape, form", and -μετρία ''metria'', "measurement") or morphometry refers to the quantitative analysis of ''form'', a concept that encompasses size and shape. Morphometric analyses are co ...

of a partial fossil caribou antler from

Graham Island Graham Island () is the largest island in the Haida Gwaii archipelago (previously known as the Queen Charlotte Islands), lying off the mainland coast of British Columbia, Canada. It is separated by the narrow Skidegate Channel from the other pr ...

(

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...

) is published by Mathewes, Richards & Reimchen (2019). * A study on the

ontogenetic Ontogeny (also ontogenesis) is the origination and development of an organism (both physical and psychological, e.g., moral development), usually from the time of fertilization of the egg to adult. The term can also be used to refer to the st ...

variation of the antlers of the Yabe's giant deer ('' Sinomegaceros yabei'') reported from all over Japan is published by Taruno, Okumura & Ishida (2019). * A study on the pattern of extinction of the

Irish elk The Irish elk (''Megaloceros giganteus''), also called the giant deer or Irish deer, is an extinct species of deer in the genus '' Megaloceros'' and is one of the largest deer that ever lived. Its range extended across Eurasia during the Pleist ...

, as indicated by radiocarbon data from fossil specimens from western and eastern Europe, is published by Lister & Stuart (2019). * A study testing whether the antlers of the Irish elk could have withstood forces generated during fighting is published by Klinkhamer ''et al.'' (2019). * A

mandible In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone ...

of the

giant muntjac The giant muntjac (''Muntiacus vuquangensis''), sometimes referred to as the large-antlered muntjac, is a species of muntjac deer. It is the largest muntjac species and was discovered in 1994 in Vũ Quang, Hà Tĩnh Province of Vietnam and in ce ...

(''Muntiacus gigas'', considered by the authors to be synonymous with ''M. vuquangensis'') is described from the Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene deposits in the cave site of Hang Boi (

Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...

) by Stimpson ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the diet of the late Pleistocene

Indian muntjac The Indian muntjac or the common muntjac (''Muntiacus muntjak''), also called the southern red muntjac and barking deer, is a deer species native to South and Southeast Asia. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. In popular local l ...

s from Sumatra, as indicated by data from fossil teeth from cave sites of Lida Ajer, Sibrambang and Jambu, is published by Wirkner & Hertler (2019). * A study on the long- and short-term dietary behavior of the Miocene moschids ''

Micromeryx ''Micromeryx'' is an extinct genus of musk deer that lived during the Miocene epoch (about 16-8 million years ago). Fossil remains were found in Europe and Asia. The earliest record ( MN4) of the genus comes from the Sibnica 4 paleontological s ...

flourensianus'' and ''M.? eiselei'', as indicated by data from tooth wear, is published by Aiglstorfer & Semprebon (2019). * A revision of putative fossil material of '' Lagomeryx'' reported from the

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

locality Ulan Tolgoi ( Loh Formation;

Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...

) is published by Mennecart ''et al.'' (2019), who reinterpret this material of fossils of a moschid, representing the first Miocene moschid remains from Mongolia. * Description of new specimens of '' Sardomeryx oschiriensis'' from the

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

(

Burdigalian The Burdigalian is, in the geologic timescale, an age or stage in the early Miocene. It spans the time between 20.43 ± 0.05 Ma and 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma (million years ago). Preceded by the Aquitanian, the Burdigalian was the first and longest w ...

) of

Sardinia Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...

(

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Mennecart ''et al.'' (2019). * The first detailed description of the

giraffid The Giraffidae are a family of ruminant artiodactyl mammals that share a common ancestor with deer and bovids. This family, once a diverse group spread throughout Eurasia and Africa, presently comprises only two extant genera, the giraffe (one or ...

species '' Schansitherium tafeli'' is published by Hou ''et al.'' (2019), who compare this taxon with ''

Samotherium ''Samotherium'' ("beast of Samos") is an extinct genus of Giraffidae from the Miocene and Pliocene of Eurasia and Africa. ''Samotherium'' had two ossicones on its head, and long legs. The ossicones usually pointed upward, and were curved backwar ...

boissieri''. * Description of an almost complete skull and a second partial skull of '' Bohlinia attic'' from the late

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

of Maragheh (

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

), as well as a complete upper dentition of a member of this species from

Samos Samos (, also ; el, Σάμος ) is a Greece, Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the coast of western Turkey, from which it is separated by the -wide Mycale Strait. It is also a se ...

(

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders ...

), is published by Parizad ''et al.'' (2019). * New skull remains of '' Decennatherium rex'' are described from the late Miocene (

Vallesian The Vallesian age is a period of geologic time (11.6–9.0 Ma) within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Turolian age and follows the Astaracian age. The so-called Vallesian Crisis resulted in the ...

) Batallones-4 site (Cerro de los Batallones fossil site complex,

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

) by Ríos & Morales (2019). * A revision of giraffid fossils from the late Miocene of the Thermopigi site (Greece) is published by Xafis ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the evolution of Neogene

bovids The Bovidae comprise the biological family of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammals that includes cattle, bison, buffalo, antelopes, and caprines. A member of this family is called a bovid. With 143 extant species and 300 known extinct species, the ...

from central

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

is published by Nishioka ''et al.'' (2019), who also describe new caprine and

bovine Bovines (subfamily Bovinae) comprise a diverse group of 10 genera of medium to large-sized ungulates, including cattle, bison, African buffalo, water buffalos, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. The evolutionary relationship betwe ...

specimens from the upper Miocene to Pliocene part of the Irrawaddy beds. * Description of new fossil material of '' Leptobos merlai'' from the early late

Villafranchian Villafranchian age ( ) is a period of geologic time (3.5–1.0 Ma) spanning the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. Named by Italian geologist Lorenzo Pareto for a sequence of terrestrial s ...

of

Umbria it, Umbro (man) it, Umbra (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , ...

(

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

), providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is published by Cherin, D'Allestro & Masini (2019). * Description of new fossil remains of spiral horned antelope '' Spirocerus wongi'' from

Nihewan Formation Xiaochangliang () is the site of some of the earliest paleolithic remains in East Asia, located in the Nihewan (泥河灣) Basin in Yangyuan County, Hebei, China, most famous for the stone tools discovered there. Stone tools The tool forms disc ...

( Shanxi, China) and a study on the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the genus ''Spirocerus'' is published by Bai ''et al.'' (2019). * New fossil material of the stem- caprine species '' Olonbulukia tsaidamensis'' is described from the Wuzhong region of northern China by Wang ''et al.'' (2019), who also revise fossil stem-caprine taxa from the Wuzhong Fauna and so-called "Qaidam Fauna". * A study on past distribution of the

long-tailed goral The long-tailed goral or Amur goral (''Naemorhedus caudatus'') is a species of ungulate of the family Bovidae found in the mountains of eastern and northern Asia, including Russia, China, and Korea. A population of this species exists in the Kore ...

and causes of its range shift over time, based on data from fossil specimens from the Paleolithic sites, is published by Kim ''et al.'' (2019). * New specimen of '' Bubalus murrensis'', representing the westernmost occurrence of this species, is described from Médoc (

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...

) by Koenigswald ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the paleoecology of Northern Great Plains bisons from the late

Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...

and throughout the

Holocene The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene togeth ...

, based on carbon and nitrogen isotope data from bison specimens from 22 archaeological sites across the Northern Great Plains, is published by Davies ''et al.'' (2019). *

Entelodont Entelodontidae, the entelodonts, are an extinct family of pig-like artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates) which inhabited the Northern Hemisphere (Asia, Europe, and North America) from the late Eocene to the Middle Miocene epochs, about 38-19 millio ...

id teeth are described from the late

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

of the Krabi coal mine in southern

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...

by Ducrocq, Chaimanee & Jaeger (2019), representing the southernmost occurrence of entelodontids in Asia during the Paleogene reported so far. * An upper molar of the

anthracothere Anthracotheriidae is a paraphyletic family of extinct, hippopotamus-like artiodactyl ungulates related to hippopotamuses and whales. The oldest genus, '' Elomeryx'', first appeared during the middle Eocene in Asia. They thrived in Africa and Eur ...

'' Sivameryx palaeindicus'' is described from the early Miocene Kamus Junction site (

Israel Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...

) by Grossman ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the paleoecology of Pleistocene Mediterranean

dwarf Dwarf or dwarves may refer to: Common uses *Dwarf (folklore), a being from Germanic mythology and folklore * Dwarf, a person or animal with dwarfism Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional entities * Dwarf (''Dungeons & Dragons''), a humanoid ...

hippos is published by Bethune ''et al.'' (2019). * The first directly dated fossil of a member of the genus ''

Hexaprotodon ''Hexaprotodon'' is an extinct genus of hippopotamid known from Asia. The name ''Hexaprotodon'' means "six front teeth" as some of the fossil forms have three pairs of incisors.

'' (an upper right canine fragment) from the Narmada Valley of Central

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

is described by Jukar ''et al.'' (2019), who also present a tentative extinction chronology of ''Hexaprotodon'', indicating that this genus survived into the Early

Holocene The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene togeth ...

. * Putative helohyids '' Pakkokuhyus'' and '' Progenitohyus'' are transferred to the family

Dichobunidae Dichobunidae is an extinct family of basal artiodactyl mammals from the early Eocene to late Oligocene of North America, Europe, and Asia. The Dichobunidae include some of the earliest known artiodactyls, such as '' Diacodexis''. Description ...

by Ducrocq (2019).

Carnivorans

=Carnivoran research

= * A study on the morphology of

bony labyrinth The bony labyrinth (also osseous labyrinth or otic capsule) is the rigid, bony outer wall of the inner ear in the temporal bone. It consists of three parts: the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea. These are cavities hollowed out of the su ...

s of extant and fossil carnivorans, and on its implications for inferring hunting behaviours of extinct carnivorans, is published by Schwab ''et al.'' (2019). * A study assess the usefulness of the scapholunar (one of the carpal bones) for determining ecology and habitat of carnivorans, based on data from living and extinct carnivorans, is published by Dunn ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the morphology and functional anatomy of the thoraco lumbar and sacrocaudal regions of the vertebral column of ''

Magericyon ''Magericyon'' is an extinct genus of Amphicyonid ("bear-dog") that lived during the Miocene 10-9 Ma (Vallesian Age) in what is now Spain. Description The appearance of this animal was vaguely similar to that of a particularly robust, large fel ...

anceps'' is published online by Siliceo ''et al.'' (2019). * Carnivoran fossils from the Hoyo Negro pit in the Sac Actun cave system (

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

), initially identified as remains of a bear belonging to the genus ''

Tremarctos ''Tremarctos'' is a genus of the bear subfamily Tremarctinae, endemic to Americas from the Pliocene to recent. The northern species, the Florida short-faced bear, became extinct 11,000 years ago.B. Kurten & E. Anderson (1980): Pleistocene mam ...

'' and a coyote, a reinterpreted as remains of ''

Arctotherium ''Arctotherium'' ("''bear beast''") is an extinct genus of the Pleistocene short-faced bears endemic to Central and South America. ''Arctotherium'' migrated from North America to South America during the Great American Interchange, following t ...

wingei'' and ''

Protocyon ''Protocyon'' is an extinct genus of large canid endemic to South and North America during the Late Pleistocene living from 781 to 12thousand years ago. Description ''Protocyon'' was a hypercarnivore, suggested by its dental adaptations. Like ma ...

troglodytes'' by Schubert ''et al.'' (2019), representing the first record of these taxa outside

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sout ...

. * Description of fossils of '' Nyctereutes donnezani'' from the early

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...

), and study on the phylogenetic relationships of species belonging to the genus ''

Nyctereutes ''Nyctereutes'' (Greek: ''nyx, nykt-'' "night" + ''ereutēs'' "wanderer") is a genus of canid which includes only two extant species both known as raccoon dogs; the common raccoon dog (''Nyctereutes procyonoides'') and the Japanese raccoon dog (' ...

'', is published by Daguenet & Sen (2019). * Revision of Pleistocene canid fossils from the

Sangiran Sangiran is an archaeological excavation site in Java in Indonesia. According to a UNESCO report (1995) "Sangiran is recognized by scientists to be one of the most important sites in the world for studying fossil man, ranking alongside Zhoukoud ...

Dome (

Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mos ...

,

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of the timing of the arrival of members of the genus ''

Cuon The dhole (''Cuon alpinus''; ) is a canid native to Central, South, East and Southeast Asia. Other English names for the species include Asian wild dog, Asiatic wild dog, Indian wild dog, whistling dog, red dog, red wolf, and mountain wolf. ...

'' in Java, is published by Volmer ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the taxonomy of the

dire wolf The dire wolf (''Aenocyon dirus'' ) is an extinct canine. It is one of the most famous prehistoric carnivores in North America, along with its extinct competitor ''Smilodon''. The dire wolf lived in the Americas and eastern Asia during the Late ...

, assessing whether fossils from

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

and the western coast of the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

should be assigned to the distinct subspecies ''Canis dirus guildayi'', is published by Ruiz-Ramoni & Montellano-Ballesteros (2019). * A study on the origin of the current genetic uniqueness of the Italian wolves, as indicated by data from mitochondrial DNA of the Pleistocene and Holocene

canid Canidae (; from Latin, '' canis'', " dog") is a biological family of dog-like carnivorans, colloquially referred to as dogs, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a canid (). There are three subfamilies found withi ...

specimens from

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

, is published by Ciucani ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the age of dog remains from the

Koster Site The Koster Site is a prehistoric archaeological site located south of Eldred, Illinois. The site covers more than 3 acres and extends 30 feet down into the alluvial deposits of the Illinois River valley. Over the course of its excavation betw ...

and Stilwell II site in

Illinois Illinois ( ) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Its largest metropolitan areas include the Chicago metropolitan area, and the Metro East section, of Greater St. Louis. Other smaller metropolitan areas include, Peoria and Rockf ...

, dated to between 10,190 and 9,630 cal BP, is published by Perri ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret these remains as representing the earliest confirmed evidence of domestic dogs in the Americas and the earliest confirmed individual dog burials anywhere in the world. * A study on the history of pre-contact dogs in the North American Arctic, aiming to determine the relationship between dogs from archaeological

Paleo-Inuit The Paleo-Eskimo (also pre-Thule or pre-Inuit) were the peoples who inhabited the Arctic region from Chukotka (e.g., Chertov Ovrag) in present-day Russia across North America to Greenland prior to the arrival of the modern Inuit ( Eskimo) and r ...

and Inuit sites and modern Arctic dog populations, is published by Ameen ''et al.'' (2019). * Remains of ''

Indarctos ''Indarctos'' is an extinct genus of bear, endemic to North America, Europe and Asia during the Miocene. It was present from ~11.1 to 5.3 Ma, existing for approximately . The oldest member is from Arizona (~11.1—7.7 Ma) and youngest is (~9.0 ...

punjabiensis'' are described from the late

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

locality of Las Casiones (

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

) by Abella ''et al.'' (2019), representing the last population of members of the subfamily

Ailuropodinae Ailuropodinae is a subfamily of Ursidae that contains only one extant species, the giant panda (''Ailuropoda melanoleuca'') of China. The fossil record of this group has shown that various species of pandas were more widespread across the Holarct ...

from the Iberian fossil record, and possibly from Europe. * A study on the

trophic Trophic, from Ancient Greek τροφικός (''trophikos'') "pertaining to food or nourishment", may refer to: * Trophic cascade * Trophic coherence * Trophic egg * Trophic function * Trophic hormone * Trophic level index * Trophic level ...

and

ecological niche In ecology, a niche is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition. Three variants of ecological niche are described by It describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (for ...

widths of ancient and modern pandas is published by Han ''et al.'' (2019). * Nuclear genome of an ~5,000-year-old giant panda from Jiangdongshan (

Yunnan Yunnan , () is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the C ...

, China) is sequenced by Sheng ''et al.'' (2019), who assign this specimen to a genetically distinct extinct population forming the sister group to all extant populations, and present evidence indicative of

genetic admixture Genetic admixture occurs when previously diverged or isolated genetic lineages mix.⅝ Admixture results in the introduction of new genetic lineages into a population. Examples Climatic cycles facilitate genetic admixture in cold periods and gene ...

from this extinct population in extant pandas. * A study on functional adaptations in the anatomy of the elbow joint of extant and fossil bears, and on its implications for inferring paleobiology of Quaternary fossil species of bears, is published by Meloro & de Oliveira (2019). * A study on the evolution of the shape and size of the basicranium of bears, as indicated by data from extant and extinct taxa, is published by Arnaudo ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the evolution of bear teeth, and on its implications for inferring the phylogenetic placement of fossil bear taxa, is published by Jiangzuo, Liu & Chen (2019). * A study on the diet of '' Agriotherium africanum'' from the

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the ...

n fossil site of

Langebaanweg Langebaanweg is a town on the southwest coast of South Africa, in Western Cape Province. It is the location of the air force base AFB Langebaanweg. Langebaanweg has been an important mining center, with its mai minerals consisting of phosphori ...

, as indicated by tooth microwear, is published by Stynder ''et al.'' (2019). * The first fossil of a member of the genus ''Agriotherium'' from

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

will be described by Bellucci ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the systematics and paleobiology of bears from the

Dmanisi Dmanisi ( ka, დმანისი, tr, , az, Başkeçid) is a town and archaeological site in the Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia approximately 93 km southwest of the nation’s capital Tbilisi in the river valley of Mashavera. The hominin ...

site (

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...

), and on their coexistence with early members of the genus ''Homo'', is published by Medin ''et al.'' (2019). * A study aiming to decipher the various factors influencing the isotopic composition of bones of a potentially omnivorous species like

cave bear The cave bear (''Ursus spelaeus'') is a prehistoric species of bear that lived in Europe and Asia during the Pleistocene and became extinct about 24,000 years ago during the Last Glacial Maximum. Both the word "cave" and the scientific name ' ...

, as well examining how likely are the different interpretations of the palaeodiet of the

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and ...

n cave bears in comparison with the rest of the European cave bears, is published by Bocherens (2019). * A study on the cranial and

mandibular In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower tooth, teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movabl ...

morphology of ''

Ursus deningeri ''Ursus deningeri'' (Deninger's bear) is an extinct species of bear, endemic to Eurasia during the Pleistocene for approximately 1.7 million years, from . The range of this bear has been found to encompass both Europe and Asia, demonstrating the ...

'' compared to other bear species, and on its implications for inferring the palaeobiology of this species, is published by van Heteren ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the tooth-root morphology of

maxilla The maxilla (plural: ''maxillae'' ) in vertebrates is the upper fixed (not fixed in Neopterygii) bone of the jaw formed from the fusion of two maxillary bones. In humans, the upper jaw includes the hard palate in the front of the mouth. T ...

ry teeth of living bears, and on its implications for inferring the diet and feeding behaviour of the cave bears, is published by Pérez-Ramos ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the feedings preferences and timing of extinction of cave bears in Mediterranean Europe based on data from two Paleolithic cave bear sites in northeastern

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

(Paina Cave and Trene Cave) is published by Terlato ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the timing and causes of extinction of cave bears in the

Alps The Alps () ; german: Alpen ; it, Alpi ; rm, Alps ; sl, Alpe . are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across seven Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Swi ...

is published by Döppes ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the

morphometric Morphometrics (from Greek μορϕή ''morphe'', "shape, form", and -μετρία ''metria'', "measurement") or morphometry refers to the quantitative analysis of ''form'', a concept that encompasses size and shape. Morphometric analyses are co ...

and morphotypic variability of upper

incisor Incisors (from Latin ''incidere'', "to cut") are the front teeth present in most mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and on the mandible below. Humans have a total of eight (two on each side, top and bottom). Opossums have 18, wher ...

s of the Middle and Late

Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...

cave bears from the

Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (country), Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range ...

and

Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains ( ; rus, Ура́льские го́ры, r=Uralskiye gory, p=ʊˈralʲskʲɪjə ˈɡorɨ; ba, Урал тауҙары) or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western ...

is published by Baryshnikov, Gimranov & Kosintsev (2019). * A study on the morphometrical variability of upper cheek teeth of cave bears from 123 geographical sites of

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...

ages is published by Baryshnikov & Puzachenko (2019). * A study evaluating how the morphology of teeth of cave bears from the

Scladina Scladina, or Sclayn Cave, is an archaeological site located in Wallonia in the town of Sclayn, in the Andenne hills in Belgium, where excavations since 1978 have provided the material for an exhaustive collection of over thirteen thousand Moust ...

Cave (

Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to th ...

) changed over time is published by Charters ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the feeding habits of cave bears from the Toll Cave in

Catalonia Catalonia (; ca, Catalunya ; Aranese Occitan: ''Catalonha'' ; es, Cataluña ) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a '' nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy. Most of the territory (except the Val d'Aran) lies on the nort ...

, as indicated by data from tooth microwear and from stable isotopes extracted from bone collagen, is published by Ramírez-Pedraza ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the feeding habits of cave bears from six Late Pleistocene caves in Catalonia will be published by Ramírez-Pedraza ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the timing of the occupation of the Schwabenreith Cave (

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...

) by cave bears is published by Spötl ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the palaeoecology of cave bears from three Late Pleistocene cave bear sites from

Romanian Carpathians The Romanian Carpathians ( ro, Carpații românești) are a section of the Carpathian Mountains, within the borders of modern Romania. The Carpathians are a "subsystem" of the Alps-Himalaya System and are further divided into "provinces" and " ...

, based on stable isotope data from their teeth, is published by Robu ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on population dynamics and

phylogeography Phylogeography is the study of the historical processes that may be responsible for the past to present geographic distributions of genealogical lineages. This is accomplished by considering the geographic distribution of individuals in light of ge ...

of cave bears during the Late Pleistocene, based on data from reconstructed cave bear mitochondrial genomes, is published by Gretzinger ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the evolutionary history and paleoecology of

brown bear The brown bear (''Ursus arctos'') is a large bear species found across Eurasia and North America. In North America, the populations of brown bears are called grizzly bears, while the subspecies that inhabits the Kodiak Islands of Alaska is ...

s in North-East Siberia, as indicated by mitochondrial DNA and stable isotopic data from subfossil remains from

Yakutia Sakha, officially the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia),, is the largest republic of Russia, located in the Russian Far East, along the Arctic Ocean, with a population of roughly 1 million. Sakha comprises half of the area of its governing Far E ...

(

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...

), is published by Rey-Iglesia ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the morphology and taxonomical status of the Late Pleistocene steppe brown bear is published by Marciszak ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the evolutionary history of the

European brown bear The Eurasian brown bear (''Ursus arctos arctos'') is one of the most common subspecies of the brown bear, and is found in much of Eurasia. It is also called the European brown bear, common brown bear, common bear, and colloquially by many ot ...

s in northern

Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, def ...

is published by García-Vázquez, Llona & Grandal-d'Anglade (2019), who report evidence indicating that the Pleistocene lineages of the Iberian brown bears were not the direct ancestors of the Holocene ones, and interpret their findings as indicative of the Holocene recolonization of the Iberian Peninsula by brown bears from a cryptic refugium in continental Atlantic Europe. * A study on the evolutionary history and changes of range and diet of the European brown bears, as indicated by data from mitochondrial DNA from brown bear remains collected from across Europe and ranging in age between the Late Pleistocene and historical times, is published by * A study on the biomechanical capabilities of the musteloid species '' Leptarctus primus'' relative to living carnivoran taxa, and on their implications for inferring the paleoecology of this species, is published by Prybyla, Tseng & Flynn (2019). * A revision of the systematics of fossil

hog-nosed skunk The hog-nosed skunks belong to the genus ''Conepatus'' and are members of the family Mephitidae Mephitidae is a family of mammals comprising the skunks and stink badgers. They are noted for the great development of their anal scent glands, ...

s from

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

will be published by Schiaffini & Juan (2019). * A skull of a large fossil

mustelid The Mustelidae (; from Latin ''mustela'', weasel) are a family of carnivorous mammals, including weasels, badgers, otters, ferrets, martens, minks and wolverines, among others. Mustelids () are a diverse group and form the largest family ...

showing similarities to both '' Oriensictis melina'' from

Zhoukoudian Zhoukoudian Area () is a town and an area located on the east Fangshan District, Beijing, China. It borders Nanjiao and Fozizhuang Townships to its north, Xiangyang, Chengguan and Yingfeng Subdistricts to its east, Shilou and Hangcunhe Towns t ...

and ''

Enhydrictis ''Enhydrictis'' is a genus of extinct mustelid, belonging to the subfamily Galictinae. The type species, and best known, is ''Enhydrictis galictoides'' from the Pleistocene of Sardinia and Corsica. Taxonomy The exact number of species of ''Enhy ...

'' from

Sardinia Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...

is described from the Jinyuan cave ( Liaoning, China) by Jiangzuo ''et al.'' (2019), who relegate ''Oriensictis'' to the rank of a subgenus of ''Enhydrictis''. * Fossil remains of a late Pleistocene

European badger The European badger (''Meles meles''), also known as the Eurasian badger, is a badger species in the family Mustelidae native to almost all of Europe. It is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List as it has a wide range and a large stab ...

are described from Grotta Laceduzza ( Apulia,

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

) by Mecozzi ''et al.'' (2019), representing the largest sample of this taxon in the European Pleistocene record. * A study aiming to determine occurrence and timing of shifts in skull shape, body size and body shape in the evolutionary history of mustelids is published by Law (2019). * A study on the functional morphology of the teeth of ''

Cyonasua ''Cyonasua'' (meaning "dog-coati" in Greek) is an extinct genus of procyonid from the Late Miocene to Middle Pleistocene of South America. Fossils of ''Cyonasua'' have been found in Argentina ( Ituzaingó, Epecuén, Huayquerías, Monte Hermoso, ...

'' and '' Chapalmalania'' and on the diet of these taxa, aiming to determine whether these carnivorans may have ecologically overlapped with extinct predatory metatherians from South America, is published by Engelman & Croft (2019). * A study on feeding strategies used by extinct

pinniped Pinnipeds (pronounced ), commonly known as seals, are a widely range (biology), distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic, mostly marine mammal, marine mammals. They comprise the extant taxon, extant family (biology ...

s, as indicated by morphology of their skulls and

mandible In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone ...

s, and on the evolution of

phocid The earless seals, phocids or true seals are one of the three main groups of mammals within the seal lineage, Pinnipedia. All true seals are members of the family Phocidae (). They are sometimes called crawling seals to distinguish them from th ...

feeding strategies is published by Kienle & Berta (2019). * A study aiming to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the fossil record of pinnipeds from taxonomic, geographical and temporal perspectives is published by Valenzuela-Toro & Pyenson (2019). * A study on the morphological differences between

humeri The humerus (; ) is a long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. It connects the scapula and the two bones of the lower arm, the radius and ulna, and consists of three sections. The humeral upper extremity consists of a round ...

and

femora The femur (; ), or thigh bone, is the proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrates. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates with t ...

of different modern phocid taxa, and on their implications for the utility of these limb bones in diagnosing fossil taxa, is published by Churchill & Uhen (2019). * A study on the bone

histology Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vi ...

of ''

Nanophoca ''Nanophoca'' is an extinct genus of earless seals from the middle Miocene of Belgium. Taxonomy In 1871, Pierre-Joseph van Beneden erected ''"Phoca" vitulinoides'' for a maxilla, atlas, sacrum, ulna, two ankle bones, and phalanx from Miocene d ...

vitulinoides'' is published by Dewaele ''et al.'' (2019). *

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

monk seal Monk seals are earless seals of the tribe Monachini. They are the only earless seals found in tropical climates. The two genera of monk seals, ''Monachus'' and ''Neomonachus'', comprise three species: the Mediterranean monk seal, ''Monachus mona ...

teeth are described from the upper

Monterey Formation The Monterey Formation is an extensive Miocene oil-rich geological sedimentary formation in California, with outcrops of the formation in parts of the California Coast Ranges, Peninsular Ranges, and on some of California's off-shore islan ...

(

California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the m ...

,

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

) by Velez-Juarbe & Valenzuela-Toro (2019), representing the oldest fossil record of

crown A crown is a traditional form of head adornment, or hat, worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity. A crown is often, by extension, a symbol of the monarch's government or items endorsed by it. The word itself is used, partic ...

phocids from the North Pacific region reported so far. * A study on the impact of changing sea ice conditions on the diet of the Pacific

walrus The walrus (''Odobenus rosmarus'') is a large flippered marine mammal with a discontinuous distribution about the North Pole in the Arctic Ocean and subarctic seas of the Northern Hemisphere. The walrus is the only living species in the fami ...

during the last ~4000 years is published by Clark ''et al.'' (2019). * Description of new dentary material of '' Percrocuta carnifex'' from the Nagri Formation (

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, and has the world's second-lar ...

), and a study on the occurrence and

stratigraphic Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification). It is primarily used in the study of sedimentary and layered volcanic rocks. Stratigraphy has three related subfields: lithostra ...

position of this species within the

Sivalik Hills The Sivalik Hills, also known as the Shivalik Hills and Churia Hills, are a mountain range of the outer Himalayas that stretches over about from the Indus River eastwards close to the Brahmaputra River, spanning the northern parts of the India ...

and on the phylogenetic relationships of species assigned to the genus ''Percrocuta'', is published by Ghaffar ''et al.'' (2019). * A study evaluating the ability of the extinct giant fossa to hunt large lemurs is published by Meador ''et al.'' (2019). * Description of

mongoose A mongoose is a small terrestrial carnivorous mammal belonging to the family Herpestidae. This family is currently split into two subfamilies, the Herpestinae and the Mungotinae. The Herpestinae comprises 23 living species that are native to so ...

fossils from the early Pleistocene fossil locality Cooper 's D in the Cradle of Humankind (

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the ...

) is published by Cohen, O'Regan & Steininger (2019). * A study on the anatomy of the basicranium of '' Dinocrocuta gigantea'' is published by Xiong (2019). * Two isolated teeth of hyenas belonging to the genus ''

Chasmaporthetes ''Chasmaporthetes'', also known as hunting or running hyena, is an extinct genus of hyenas distributed in Eurasia, North America, and Africa during the Pliocene-Pleistocene epochs, living from 4.9 million to 780,000 years ago, existing for about ...

'' are described from the Old Crow Basin (

Yukon Yukon (; ; formerly called Yukon Territory and also referred to as the Yukon) is the smallest and westernmost of Canada's three territories. It also is the second-least populated province or territory in Canada, with a population of 43,964 as ...

,

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...

) by Tseng, Zazula & Werdelin (2019). * A study on the upper canine replacement process in sabertooth carnivores belonging to the family

Nimravidae Nimravidae is an extinct family of carnivorans, sometimes known as false saber-toothed cats, whose fossils are found in North America and Eurasia. Not considered to belong to the true cats (family Felidae), the nimravids are generally considered ...

is published by Wysocki (2019), who also compares the juvenile morphologies and upper canine replacement processes in the sabertooth lineages of the families Felidae, Barbourofelidae and Nimravidae. * A study on the brain anatomy of an early

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

felid Felidae () is the family of mammals in the order Carnivora colloquially referred to as cats, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a felid (). The term "cat" refers both to felids in general and specifically to the dom ...

known from a skull from Ginn Quarry (

Nebraska Nebraska () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the sout ...

,

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

), representing the oldest known felid specimen in the New World, is published by Lyras, Giannakopoulou & Werdelin (2019). * A study on a sample of fossils of two species of ''

Machairodus ''Machairodus'' (from el, μαχαίρα , 'knife' and el, ὀδούς 'tooth') is a genus of large machairodontine saber-toothed cats that lived in Africa, Eurasia and North America during the late Miocene. It is the animal from which the su ...

'' from the early

Vallesian The Vallesian age is a period of geologic time (11.6–9.0 Ma) within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Turolian age and follows the Astaracian age. The so-called Vallesian Crisis resulted in the ...

site of Los Valles de Fuentidueña (

Province of Segovia Segovia () is a province of central/northern Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the province of Burgos in the north, Soria in the northeast, Guadalajara in the east, Madrid in the sou ...

,

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of palaeoecology of these species, is published by Fernández-Monescillo, Antón & Salesa (2019). * A study on the anatomy of the neck vertebrae of ''Machairodus aphanistus'', evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the early evolution of adaptations enabling the killing bite of the sabre-toothed cats, is published online by Antón ''et al.'' (2019). * Description of felid fossils recovered from bluffs along the

South Saskatchewan River The South Saskatchewan River is a major river in Canada that flows through the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. For the first half of the 20th century, the South Saskatchewan would completely freeze over during winter, creating spectacular ...

near

Medicine Hat Medicine Hat is a city in southeast Alberta, Canada. It is located along the South Saskatchewan River. It is approximately east of Lethbridge and southeast of Calgary. This city and the adjacent Town of Redcliff to the northwest are with ...

(

Alberta Alberta ( ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is part of Western Canada and is one of the three prairie provinces. Alberta is bordered by British Columbia to the west, Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Ter ...

,

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...

), including the first confirmed occurrence of ''

Smilodon ''Smilodon'' is a genus of the extinct machairodont subfamily of the felids. It is one of the most famous prehistoric mammals and the best known saber-toothed cat. Although commonly known as the saber-toothed tiger, it was not closely rela ...

fatalis'' in Canada, is published by Reynolds, Seymour & Evans (2019). * A study on

canines Canine may refer to: Zoology and anatomy * a dog-like Canid animal in the subfamily Caninae ** ''Canis'', a genus including dogs, wolves, coyotes, and jackals ** Dog, the domestic dog * Canine tooth, in mammalian oral anatomy People with the surn ...

of ''Smilodon fatalis'', aiming to determine whether extreme canine size functioned as a sexually selected signal, is published by O'Brien (2019). * Two specimens of ''Smilodon populator'' with injuries on their skulls are described by Chimento ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret these injuries as most likely caused by upper

canines Canine may refer to: Zoology and anatomy * a dog-like Canid animal in the subfamily Caninae ** ''Canis'', a genus including dogs, wolves, coyotes, and jackals ** Dog, the domestic dog * Canine tooth, in mammalian oral anatomy People with the surn ...

of another ''Smilodon''. * A felid

calcaneum In humans and many other primates, the calcaneus (; from the Latin ''calcaneus'' or ''calcaneum'', meaning heel) or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitutes the heel. In some other animals, it is the point of the hock. ...

is described from the late Pliocene–early Pleistocene Uquía Formation (

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

) by Ercoli ''et al.'' (2019), who assign this specimen to the puma lineage, and interpret it as one of the earliest records of this lineage in America, and of Felidae in South America. *

Tooth enamel Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many other animals, including some species of fish. It makes up the normally visible part of the tooth, covering the crown. The other major tissues are dentin, ...

strontium isotopic values of a specimen of the

American lion ''Panthera atrox'', better known as the American lion, also called the North American lion, or American cave lion, is an extinct pantherine cat that lived in North America during the Pleistocene epoch and the early Holocene epoch, about 340,0 ...

from Cedral ( San Luis Potosí,

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

) are determined by Pérez-Crespo ''et al.'' (2019), who also evaluate the implications of their findings for inferring the mobility of the studied specimen. * The first fossil

tiger The tiger (''Panthera tigris'') is the largest living cat species and a member of the genus ''Panthera''. It is most recognisable for its dark vertical stripes on orange fur with a white underside. An apex predator, it primarily preys on ...

specimen from the Kyushu area ( Japan) is reported by Hasegawa ''et al.'' (2019).

Chiroptera

Chiropteran research

* A study on the completeness of the bat fossil record is published by Brown ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on aerodynamic features of '' Onychonycteris finneyi'' is published by Amador, Simmons & Giannini (2019). * Description of

Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...

and

Holocene The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene togeth ...

bat fossils from the Grotta dei Pipistrelli (

Sicily (man) it, Siciliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = Ethnicity , demographics1_footnotes = , demographi ...

,

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

) is published by Salari ''et al.'' (2019).

Notoungulates

Notoungulate research

* A study on variations of

incisor Incisors (from Latin ''incidere'', "to cut") are the front teeth present in most mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and on the mandible below. Humans have a total of eight (two on each side, top and bottom). Opossums have 18, wher ...

enamel microstructure in

notoungulates Notoungulata is an extinct order of mammalian ungulates that inhabited South America from the early Paleocene to the Holocene, living from approximately 61 million to 11,000 years ago. Notoungulates were morphologically diverse, with forms resem ...

and on their evolutionary and ecological significance is published online by Filippo ''et al.'' (2019). * First skeletal remains of ''

Notostylops ''Notostylops'' ("south pillar face") is a genus of extinct South American ungulates from Eocene Argentina. Fossils of the genus have been found in the Sarmiento, Casamayor, Andesitas Huancache and Koluel Kaike Formations.

murinus'' recovered from middle

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

levels of the Sarmiento Formation (

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

) are described by Lorente, Gelfo & López (2019). * New fossil specimen of '' Pampahippus secundus'' is described from the

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

Upper Lumbrera Formation (

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

) by García-López ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of '' Notohippus toxodontoides'', as indicated by data from specimens from the Río Bote locality in the early Miocene

Santa Cruz Formation The Santa Cruz Formation is a geological formation in the Magallanes/Austral Basin in southern Patagonia in Argentina and in adjacent areas of Chile. It dates to the late Early Miocene epoch, and is contemporaneous with eponymous Santacrucian ...

(

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

), is published by Del Pino ''et al.'' (2019). * A systematic revision of the genus '' Patriarchus'' and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this genus within the

Interatheriidae Interatheriidae is an extinct family of notoungulate mammals from South America. Interatheriids are known from the Middle Eocene (Mustersan) to the Early Pliocene (Montehermosan).McKenna & Bell, 1997Linares, 2004 These animals were principally ...

is published by Fernández, Fernicola & Cerdeño (2019). * A study on the braincase anatomy in mesotheriid

notoungulates Notoungulata is an extinct order of mammalian ungulates that inhabited South America from the early Paleocene to the Holocene, living from approximately 61 million to 11,000 years ago. Notoungulates were morphologically diverse, with forms resem ...

is published by Fernández-Monescillo ''et al.'' (2019). * Partial skeleton of '' Plesiotypotherium achirense'' showing multiple skeletal and dental pathologies is described from the late Miocene locality of Achiri (Bolivian

Altiplano The Altiplano (Spanish for "high plain"), Collao (Quechua and Aymara: Qullaw, meaning "place of the Qulla") or Andean Plateau, in west-central South America, is the most extensive high plateau on Earth outside Tibet. The plateau is located at the ...

) by Fernández-Monescillo ''et al.'' (2019). * A revision and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the

Friasian The Friasian age is a period of geologic time (16.3–15.5 Ma) within the Early Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification of South America. It follows the Santacrucian and precedes the Colloncuran age. ...

and

Mayoan The Mayoan ( es, Mayoense) age is a period of geologic time from 11.8 to 10 Ma, within the Middle to Late Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification in South America. It follows the Laventan and precedes ...

interatheriine interatheriid notoungulates from southern

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

and

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...

is published by Vera ''et al.'' (2019). * A systematic re-evaluation of hegetotheriid notoungulates belonging to the genera ''

Hegetotherium ''Hegetotherium'' is an extinct genus of mammals from the Early to Middle Miocene (Colhuehuapian- Colloncuran in the SALMA classification) of South America. Fossils of this genus have been found in the Cerro Bandera, Cerro Boleadoras, Chichi ...

'' and ''

Pachyrukhos ''Pachyrukhos'' is an extinct genus of hegetotheriid notoungulate from the Early to Middle Miocene (Colhuehuapian-Friasian in the SALMA classification) of Argentina and Chile. Fossils of this genus have been found in the Collón Curá, Sarmi ...

'' is published by Seoane & Cerdeño (2019). * A revision of the fossil material assigned to the genera '' Propachyrucos'' and ''

Prosotherium ''Prosotherium'' is an extinct genus of hegetotheriid notoungulate. It lived during the Late Oligocene (between ~29-24 Ma), and its fossilized remains were found in South America. Description This animal was similar to rabbits, in aspect and ...

'' is published by Seoane, Cerdeño & Singleton (2019). * Detailed reconstruction of the masticatory muscles of '' Paedotherium'' and '' Tremacyllus'' is presented by Ercoli, Álvarez & Candela (2019), who report the presence of a true sciuromorph condition convergent with the condition evolved by rodents. * A study on the anatomy of limbs of the toxodont ''

Isotemnus ''Isotemnus'' is an extinct genus of notoungulata, notoungulate belonging to the family Isotemnidae. It lived from the Late Paleocene to the Middle Eocene of what is now Argentina. Description This genus was smaller than ''Thomashuxleya'' and ...

'' is published online by Lorente (2019).

Perissodactyla

Perissodactyl research

* A study on the anatomy of the skeleton of extant

tapir Tapirs ( ) are large, herbivorous mammals belonging to the family Tapiridae. They are similar in shape to a pig, with a short, prehensile nose trunk. Tapirs inhabit jungle and forest regions of South and Central America, with one species inh ...

s and

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found else ...

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

European odd-toed ungulates, aiming to determine whether tapirs represent viable analogues for locomotion in palaeotheres and lophiodontids, is published online by MacLaren & Nauwelaerts (2019). * A study on the diet and habitat of '' Schlosseria magister'' and '' Lophialetes expeditus'' is published online by Gong ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the intraspecific variation of the skeletal anatomy in the lophiodontid species '' Eolophiodon laboriense'' is published by Vautrin ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the morphology of the nares of the

brontotheres Brontotheriidae is a family of extinct mammals belonging to the order Perissodactyla, the order that includes horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs. Superficially, they looked rather like rhinos, although they were actually more closely related to ...

''

Metarhinus ''Metarhinus'' is a genus of brontothere endemic to North America. It lived during the Eocene 46.2—40.4 Annum, mya, existing for approximately . References

Brontotheres Eocene Perissodactyla Eocene genus extinctions Eocene mammals of ...

'' and '' Sphenocoelus'', and on their functional significance, is published by Mader (2019). * A revision of the fossil material of rhinocerotids from the Miocene (

Agenian The Agenian age is a period of geologic time (23.8–20 Ma) within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Orleanian age and overlaps the Aquitanian and Burdigalian The Burdigalian is, in the geologic ...

) of Wischberg ( Switzerland) is published by Jame ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the abundance of members of the genera ''

Aphelops ''Aphelops'' (Greek: "smooth" (apheles), "face" (ops), in a reference of lacking a horn) is an extinct genus of hornless rhinoceros endemic to North America. It lived from the Middle Miocene to the early Pliocene, during which it was a common com ...

'' and ''

Teleoceras ''Teleoceras'' (Greek: "perfect" (teleos), "horn" (keratos)) is an extinct genus of grazing rhinoceros. It lived in North America during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs during the Hemingfordian to the end of Hemphillian from around 17.5 to 4. ...

'' from the middle Miocene to the Pliocene of the Great Plains, and on possible causes of their extinction, is published online by Wang & Secord (2019). * A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the Eurasian rhinocerotids of the Pleistocene epoch, based on data from the

proteome The proteome is the entire set of proteins that is, or can be, expressed by a genome, cell, tissue, or organism at a certain time. It is the set of expressed proteins in a given type of cell or organism, at a given time, under defined conditions. ...

from enamel of a tooth of a member of the genus ''

Stephanorhinus ''Stephanorhinus'' is an extinct genus of two-horned rhinoceros native to Eurasia and North Africa that lived during the Pliocene to Late Pleistocene. Species of ''Stephanorhinus'' were the predominant and often only species of rhinoceros in much ...

'' from the

Dmanisi Dmanisi ( ka, დმანისი, tr, , az, Başkeçid) is a town and archaeological site in the Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia approximately 93 km southwest of the nation’s capital Tbilisi in the river valley of Mashavera. The hominin ...

site (

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...

), is published by Cappellini ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the timing of extinction of ''

Elasmotherium ''Elasmotherium'' is an extinct genus of large rhinoceros endemic to Eurasia during Late Miocene through the Pleistocene, existing at least as late as 39,000 years ago in the Late Pleistocene. A more recent date of 26,000 BP is considered ...

sibiricum'' will be published by Kosintsev ''et al.'' (2019), who report evidence indicating that this species survived in Eastern Europe and Central Asia until at least 39,000 years ago. * A study on cheek teeth and

mandibular In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower tooth, teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movabl ...

remains of a middle Pleistocene rhinoceros from the Matsugae Cave ( Japan), previously identified as belonging to a member of the genus ''

Dicerorhinus ''Dicerorhinus'' (Greek: "two" (dio), "horn" (keratos), "nose" (rhinos)) is a genus of the family Rhinocerotidae, consisting of a single extant species, the two-horned Sumatran rhinoceros (''D. sumatrensis''), and several extinct species. The g ...

'', is published online by Handa, Kohno & Kudo (2019), who reinterpret this fossil material as belonging to a member of the genus ''

Stephanorhinus ''Stephanorhinus'' is an extinct genus of two-horned rhinoceros native to Eurasia and North Africa that lived during the Pliocene to Late Pleistocene. Species of ''Stephanorhinus'' were the predominant and often only species of rhinoceros in much ...

''. * A study on efficiency of the different modes of mastication, changes in the different masticatory paths and probable diets of early members of Equoidea is published by Engels & Schultz (2019). * A study on the daily and seasonal movements of

equids Equidae (sometimes known as the horse family) is the taxonomic family of horses and related animals, including the extant horses, asses, and zebras, and many other species known only from fossils. All extant species are in the genus '' Equus'', ...

from two

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

fossil sites in northern

Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, and to ...

, as indicated by data from strontium isotope ratios in

tooth enamel Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many other animals, including some species of fish. It makes up the normally visible part of the tooth, covering the crown. The other major tissues are dentin, ...

, will be published by Wallace, Crowley & Miller (2019). * A study on the life history of Miocene hipparionins, as indicated by teeth

histology Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vi ...

, is published by Orlandi-Oliveras, Nacarino-Meneses & Köhler (2019). * Description of new fossil material of hipparions from the Miocene locality Ravin des Zouaves-5 (

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders ...

), and a study on the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of these equids, is published by Koufos & Vlachou (2019). * Limb bones fossils referred to ''

Hipparion ''Hipparion'' (Greek, "pony") is an extinct genus of horse that lived in North America, Asia, Europe, and Africa during the Miocene through Pleistocene ~23 Mya—781,000 years ago. It lived in non-forested, grassy plains, shortgrass prairie or ...

(Hippotherium) chiai'' are described from the Miocene of the middle reaches of the

Yellow River The Yellow River or Huang He (Chinese: , Mandarin: ''Huáng hé'' ) is the second-longest river in China, after the Yangtze River, and the sixth-longest river system in the world at the estimated length of . Originating in the Bayan Ha ...

(

Shaanxi Shaanxi (alternatively Shensi, see § Name) is a landlocked province of China. Officially part of Northwest China, it borders the province-level divisions of Shanxi (NE, E), Henan (E), Hubei (SE), Chongqing (S), Sichuan (SW), Gansu (W), N ...

, China) by Li ''et al.'' (2019), who evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of the locomotor abilities of ''H. chiai'' and the environment inhabited by members of this species. * Fossils of members of the genus ''

Eurygnathohippus ''Eurygnathohippus'' is an extinct genus of hipparionine horse. The majority of known fossils of members of this genus were discovered in Africa, where members of this genus lived during the late Miocene to Pleistocene interval. Fossils of ''Eu ...

'' of uncertain specific assignment are described from the late

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Potwar Plateau in

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, and has the world's second-lar ...

and the

Siwalik Hills The Sivalik Hills, also known as the Shivalik Hills and Churia Hills, are a mountain range of the outer Himalayas that stretches over about from the Indus River eastwards close to the Brahmaputra River, spanning the northern parts of the Indian ...

in northwest

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

by Jukar ''et al.'' (2019), representing the first occurrence of members of this genus outside Africa reported so far. * Revision and a study on variability of fossils of ''

Dinohippus ''Dinohippus'' (Greek: "Terrible horse") is an extinct equid which was endemic to North America from the late Hemphillian stage of the Miocene through the Zanclean stage of the Pliocene (10.3—3.6 mya) and in existence for approximately . Foss ...

mexicanus'' from the

Hemphillian The Hemphillian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), typically set from 10,300,000 to 4,900,000 years BP. It is usually considered t ...

localities in central

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

is published by Carranza-Castañeda (2019). * A review of the evolutionary history of equid locomotor morphology, attempting to explain why the monodactyly evolved only in the lineage leading to modern equids, is published by Janis & Bernor (2019). * A study assessing the evidence for different hypotheses explaining how and why monodactyly evolved in equids is published by McHorse, Biewener & Pierce (2019). * A study on the functions of

hypsodont Hypsodont is a pattern of dentition with high-crowned teeth and enamel extending past the gum line, providing extra material for wear and tear. Some examples of animals with hypsodont dentition are cows and horses; all animals that feed on gritt ...

y of the tooth crowns in equids, as indicated by data from extant and fossil equids, is published by Solounias ''et al.'' (2019). * A review of biochronologic evidence which is the basis of recognizing Land Mammal Ages across different continents, evaluating is implications for the knowledge of the major equid evolutionary events for the last 8 million years, is published by Rook ''et al.'' (2019). * Description of Pleistocene equid fossils from Cooper's D locality (

Cooper's Cave Cooper's Cave is a series of fossil-bearing breccia filled cavities. The cave is located almost exactly between the well known South African hominid-bearing sites of Sterkfontein and Kromdraai and about northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa a ...

,

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the ...

) is published by Badenhorst & Steininger (2019). * A study on DNA extracted from Pleistocene equid fossils from Kunni River bed at Taiping village (

Heilongjiang Heilongjiang () formerly romanized as Heilungkiang, is a province in northeast China. The standard one-character abbreviation for the province is (). It was formerly romanized as "Heilungkiang". It is the northernmost and easternmost province ...

, China) is published by Yuan ''et al.'' (2019), who report evidence of presence of '' Equus ovodovi'' in China. * A study on teeth of Pleistocene equids from the Anagni Basin (central

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

) and on their implications for the knowledge of the niche occupation and resource exploitation mechanisms of these equids is published by Strani ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the diversity and evolution of members of the genus '' Equus'' in North America, Asia, Europe, and Africa, and on its implications for the knowledge origin and evolution of ancient and living

zebra Zebras (, ) (subgenus ''Hippotigris'') are African equines with distinctive black-and-white striped coats. There are three living species: the Grévy's zebra (''Equus grevyi''), plains zebra (''E. quagga''), and the mountain zebra (''E. zebr ...

s, is published by Bernor ''et al.'' (2019). * An overview of research advances from the preceding years concerning the

biostratigraphy Biostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy which focuses on correlating and assigning relative ages of rock strata by using the fossil assemblages contained within them.Hine, Robert. “Biostratigraphy.” ''Oxford Reference: Dictionary of B ...

and palaeoecology of the genus ''Equus'' in Europe is published by Boulbes & van Asperen (2019). * A review and a study on the evolutionary history of early members of the genus ''Equus'' from China is published by Sun & Deng (2019). * A study on the diversity of native South American members of the genus ''Equus'' is published by Machado & Avilla (2019). * A study on the potential range of distribution of South American horses during the transition from the Last Glacial Maximum to the

Holocene The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene togeth ...

, and on its implications for the knowledge of the causes of the Late Quaternary extinction of South American horses, is published by Villavicencio, Corcoran & Marquet (2019). * A review of the Neogene fossil record of members of

Equinae Equinae is a subfamily of the family Equidae, which have lived worldwide (except Indonesia and Australia) from the Hemingfordian stage of the Early Miocene (16 million years ago) onwards. They are thought to be a monophyletic grouping.B. J. Ma ...

from

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

is published by Bravo-Cuevas & Jiménez-Hidalgo (2019). * A study on the diversity and paleoecology of late Pleistocene horses from northwestern and central

Oaxaca Oaxaca ( , also , , from nci, Huāxyacac ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Oaxaca ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Oaxaca), is one of the 32 states that compose the political divisions of Mexico, Federative Entities of Mexico. It is ...

and central Chiapas (Mexico) is published by Jiménez-Hidalgo ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the

metapodial Metapodials are long bones of the hand (metacarpals) and feet (metatarsal The metatarsal bones, or metatarsus, are a group of five long bones in the foot, located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-foot and the phalanges of the toes ...

bone

histology Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vi ...

of '' Equus mosbachensis'' and '' Equus steinheimensis'', and on its implications for the knowledge of the life history of these species, is published online by Nacarino-Meneses & Orlandi-Oliveras (2019). * A study on the evolutionary history of domestic horses, based on DNA data from horse subfossils with ages mostly spanning the last six millennia, is published by Fages ''et al.'' (2019), who present evidence of existence of two extinct horse lineages in Iberia and Siberia during early domestication. * A review of the use of the generic name ''Equus'' within different phylogenetic frameworks and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of derived members of

Equini Equini is the only living tribe of the subfamily Equinae, which has lived worldwide (except Australia) since the Hemingfordian stage of the Middle Miocene (16–0 mya). It is considered to be a monophyletic clade.B. J. MacFadden. 1998. Equidae. ...

is published by Barrón-Ortiz ''et al.'' (2019).

Xenarthrans

Cingulata

Cingulatan research

* A study on the evolution of morphological traits associated with tail weaponry in glyptodonts and ankylosaur dinosaurs, aiming to quantitatively test the hypothesis that tail weaponry of these groups is an example of

convergent evolution Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time. Convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form or function but were not present in the last com ...

, is published online by Arbour & Zanno (2019). * New fossil material of the glyptodont ''

Neuryurus ''Neuryurus'' is an extinct genus of glyptodont. It lived from the Late Pliocene to the Early Holocene, and its fossilized remains were discovered in South America. Description This genus, like all glyptodonts, had a heavy armor formed by oste ...

'', including associated remains of carapace and endoskeletal bones, is described from the Pleistocene

Sopas Formation ''Sopas'' is a Filipino macaroni soup made with elbow macaroni, various vegetables, and meat (usually chicken), in a creamy broth with evaporated milk. It is regarded as a comfort food in the Philippines and is typically eaten during breakfast ...

(

Uruguay Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...

) by Perea, Toriño & Ghizzoni (2019). * A review of the late Pleistocene species of ''

Glyptodon ''Glyptodon'' (from Greek for 'grooved or carved tooth': γλυπτός 'sculptured' and ὀδοντ-, ὀδούς 'tooth') is a genus of glyptodont (an extinct group of large, herbivorous armadillos) that lived from the Pleistocene, around 2.5 m ...

'' from southern South America is published by Cuadrelli ''et al.'' (2019). * New specimen of '' Pucatherium parvum'' is described from the Eocene of the Lumbrera Formation (

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

) by Herrera ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the impact of climate changes on the distribution of armadillos as indicated by fossil record is published by Soibelzon (2019). * A study on the internal structure of the

osteoderm Osteoderms are bony deposits forming scales, plates, or other structures based in the dermis. Osteoderms are found in many groups of extant and extinct reptiles and amphibians, including lizards, crocodilians, frogs, temnospondyls (extinc ...

s of extinct armadillos, and on its possible associations with the climate and environmental conditions of the distribution areas of various armadillo species, is published by Ciancio ''et al.'' (2019).

Pilosa

Pilosan research

* A study on the phylogeny, macroevolution, and historical biogeography of sloths is published by Varela ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of extinct and living sloths, as indicated by data from extinct sloth mitogenomes, is published by Delsuc ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the phylogenetic relationships of tree sloths and their extinct relatives, as indicated by collagen sequence information and mitochondrial DNA evidence, is published by Presslee ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the musculoskeletal diseases of Pleistocene sloths from the Brazilian Intertropical Region is published by Barbosa ''et al.'' (2019). * A study comparing the

ungual An ungual (from Latin ''unguis'', i.e. ''nail'') is a highly modified distal toe bone which ends in a hoof, claw, or nail. Elephants and ungulates have ungual phalanges, as did the sauropod Sauropoda (), whose members are known as sauropods (; ...

phalanges of the third finger from the manus of Pleistocene ground sloths and a wide range of extant mammals, and aiming to determine possible life habits of Pleistocene ground sloths, is published online by Patiño, Zerpa & Fariña (2019). * A study on the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of members of the family

Mylodontidae Mylodontidae is a family of extinct South American and North American ground sloths within the suborder Folivora of order Pilosa, living from around 23 million years ago (Mya) to 11,000 years ago. This family is most closely related to another f ...

is published by Boscaini, Pujos & Gaudin (2019). * New skull and teeth remains of '' Simomylodon uccasamamensis'' are described from the latest

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

–

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Bolivian

Altiplano The Altiplano (Spanish for "high plain"), Collao (Quechua and Aymara: Qullaw, meaning "place of the Qulla") or Andean Plateau, in west-central South America, is the most extensive high plateau on Earth outside Tibet. The plateau is located at the ...

by Boscaini ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the skeletal morphology of ''Simomylodon uccasamamensis'' is published by Boscaini ''et al.'' (2019), who report evidence indicative of

sexual dimorphism Sexual dimorphism is the condition where the sexes of the same animal and/or plant species exhibit different morphological characteristics, particularly characteristics not directly involved in reproduction. The condition occurs in most an ...

. * New specimen of ''

Lestodon ''Lestodon'' is an extinct genus of megafaunal ground sloth from South America during the Pliocene to Pleistocene periods. Its fossil remains have been found in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela, Bolivia, and Brazil. Measuring approximat ...

armatus'', providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is described from a Quaternary deposit in Caçapava do Sul (

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

) by Vargas-Peixoto ''et al.'' (2019). * New fossil remains of ''

Proscelidodon ''Proscelidodon'' is an extinct genus of ground sloths in the family Scelidotheriidae. It lived during the Miocene and Pliocene of what is now Argentina and Bolivia. The genus was described in 1935. Taxonomy During the Quaternary the taxonomic ...

rothi'' are described from the

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Buenos Aires Province,

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

) by Miño-Boilini ''et al.'' (2019). * Partial specimen of ''

Megalonyx ''Megalonyx'' (Greek, "large claw") is an extinct genus of ground sloths of the family Megalonychidae, native to North America during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. It became extinct during the Quaternary extinction event at the end of th ...

jeffersonii'' is described from a peat deposit near Newburgh,

Orange County Orange County most commonly refers to: *Orange County, California, part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area Orange County may also refer to: U.S. counties *Orange County, Florida, containing Orlando *Orange County, Indiana *Orange County, New ...

by McDonald, Feranec & Miller (2019), representing the first record of this species from New York reported so far. * A study on sexual dimorphism and geographic variation of fossil

megalonychid Megalonychidae is an extinct family of sloths including the extinct ''Megalonyx''. Megalonychids first appeared in the early Oligocene, about 35 million years (Ma) ago, in southern Argentina (Patagonia). There is actually one possible find dating ...

sloths from Hispaniola is published online by McAfee & Beery (2019). * New fossil specimens belonging to the genus '' Neocnus'', representing the easternmost record of this genus reported so far, are described from the Upper Pleistocene localities of Padre Nuestro and Oleg's Bat House (

Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic ( ; es, República Dominicana, ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island, which it shares with ...

) by McAfee & Rimoli (2019). * Description of a partial

dentary In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone ...

with teeth and an

astragalus ''Astragalus'' is a large genus of over 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae and the subfamily Faboideae. It is the largest genus of plants in terms of described species. The genus is native to tempe ...

of '' Megathericulus patagonicus'' from the Miocene Collón Curá Formation (

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

) is published online by Brandoni, Ruiz & Bucher (2019), who consider the species ''Megathericulus primaevus'' to be a junior synonym of ''M. patagonicus''. * Description of new fossil material of ''

Thalassocnus ''Thalassocnus'' is an extinct genus of semiaquatic ground sloths from the Miocene and Pliocene of the Pacific South American coast. It is monotypic within the subfamily Thalassocninae. The five species—''T. antiquus'', ''T. natans'', ''T. lit ...

'' from the Mina Fosforita member of the

Bahía Inglesa Formation Caldera Basin ( es, Cuenca de Caldera) is a sedimentary basin located in the coast of northern Chile west of Copiapó. The basin has a fill of marine sediments of Late Cenozoic age. With a north-south extension of and an east-west width of the ...

(

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...

) and a study on the taxonomic diversity of members of the genus ''Thalassocnus'' in Chile is published by Peralta-Prato & Solórzano (2019). * Description of new fossil material of ''

Nothrotheriops ''Nothrotheriops'' is a genus of Pleistocene ground sloth found in North America, from what is now central Mexico to the southern United States. This genus of bear-sized xenarthran was related to the much larger, and far more famous '' Megatheriu ...

'' from the late Pleistocene of the Esperanza Lithostratigraphic Unit from the Salado Fluvial Accumulation Depression (

Santa Fe Province The Province of Santa Fe ( es, Provincia de Santa Fe, ) is a province of Argentina, located in the center-east of the country. Neighboring provinces are from the north clockwise Chaco (divided by the 28th parallel south), Corrientes, Entre R� ...

,

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

), and a study on the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the dispersal of ground sloths during the Great American Interchange, is published by Brandoni & Vezzosi (2019). * A study on the paleoecology of the first fossilized specimen of ''

Eremotherium ''Eremotherium'' (from Greek for "steppe" or "desert beast": ἔρημος "steppe or desert" and θηρίον "beast") is an extinct genus of giant ground sloth, in the family Megatheriidae, the largest and most heavily built family of sloths. ' ...

laurillardi'' from

Belize Belize (; bzj, Bileez) is a Caribbean and Central American country on the northeastern coast of Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south. It also shares a wate ...

, as indicated by stable isotope analysis, is published by Larmon ''et al.'' (2019). * Description of fossils of ''

Megatherium ''Megatherium'' ( ; from Greek () 'great' + () 'beast') is an extinct genus of ground sloths endemic to South America that lived from the Early Pliocene through the end of the Pleistocene. It is best known for the elephant-sized type species ' ...

americanum'' from the Pleistocene deposits of the Coastal Plain of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

) is published by Lopes & Pereira (2019). * A study on the morphology of the

scapula The scapula (plural scapulae or scapulas), also known as the shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). Like their connected bones, the scapulae are paired, with each scapula on eith ...

e of juvenile and adult specimens of ''

Megalonyx ''Megalonyx'' (Greek, "large claw") is an extinct genus of ground sloths of the family Megalonychidae, native to North America during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. It became extinct during the Quaternary extinction event at the end of th ...

jeffersonii ''and ''

Paramylodon ''Paramylodon'' is an extinct genus of ground sloth of the family Mylodontidae endemic to North America during the Pliocene through Pleistocene epochs, living from around ~4.9 Mya–11,000 years ago. It is also known as Harlan's ground sloth. ...

harlani'', and on its implications of the knowledge of the behavior of these sloths, is published by Grass (2019).

General xenarthran research

* A study on the anatomy of the bone elements of the

hyoid apparatus The hyoid apparatus is the collective term used in veterinary anatomy for the bones which suspend the tongue and larynx. It consists of pairs of stylohyoid, thyrohyoid, epihyoid and ceratohyoid bones, and a single basihyoid bone. The hyoid appara ...

of xenarthrans, and on its implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of xenarthrans, is published by Zamorano (2019).

Other eutherians

Other eutherian research

* A study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil moles belonging to the tribe Scalopini is published by Schwermann ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on early Miocene fossils of members of the families Soricidae and Heterosoricidae from the Ribesalbes-Alcora Basin (

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

) is published by Crespo ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the anatomy of tarsals of ''

Batodonoides ''Batodonoides'' (often misspelled as ''Batonoides'') is a genus of extinct shrew-like mammals, which includes a species that is possibly the smallest mammal to have ever lived. Species of ''Batodonoides'' lived about during the early to middle ...

powayensis'', and on its implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of the family

Geolabididae Geolabididae is an extinct family of prehistoric mammals belonging to the order Eulipotyphla. Taxonomy *'' Batodon'' (Sometimes placed in Cimolestidae) **''Batodon tenuis'' Marsh, 1892 - Upper Cretaceous Campanian to Maastrichtian, Canada and Un ...

, is published by Zack & Penkrot (2019). * Description of the brain, inner ear, sinuses and endocranial nerves and vessels of the periptychid '' Carsioptychus coarctatus'' is published by Cameron ''et al.'' (2019). * Virtual

endocast An endocast is the internal cast of a hollow object, often referring to the cranial vault in the study of brain development in humans and other organisms. Endocasts can be artificially made for examining the properties of a hollow, inaccessible sp ...

s of endocranium and inner ear of ''

Chriacus ''Chriacus'' is an extinct genus of placental mammals that lived in what is now North America during the Paleocene epoch and died out after the early Eocene. In life, members of the genus would have looked something like a kinkajou or binturong, ...

pelvidens'' and ''Chriacus baldwini'' are reconstructed by Bertrand ''et al.'' (2019). * Description of new fossil material of '' Molinodus suarezi'', '' Simoclaenus sylvaticus'', '' Tiuclaenus minutus'', ''Tiuclaenus robustus'' and '' Pucanodus gagnieri'' from the

Paleocene The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek ''pal ...

of the Tiupampa locality ( Bolivia), providing new information on the anatomy of skulls and teeth of these taxa, is published by de Muizon, Billet & Ladevèze (2019). * New astrapothere fossils from the

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

Cañadón Vaca Member of the Sarmiento Formation (

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

), providing new information the early diversification of this group, are described by Kramarz, Bond & Carlini (2019). * Redescription of '' Protolipterna ellipsodontoides'' and a study on the teeth variation between members of this species is published by Zanesco, Bergqvist & Pereira (2019). * Description of

litopterns Litopterna (from grc, λῑτή πτέρνα "smooth heel") is an extinction, extinct order of fossil hoofed mammals from the Cenozoic era. The order is one of the five great orders of Meridiungulata, South American ungulates that were endemic to ...

from the early Miocene Pampa Castillo fauna (Galera Formation,

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...

) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of

proterotheriids Proterotheriidae is an extinct family of fossil ungulates from the Cenozoic era that displays toe reduction. Despite resembling primitive, small horses, they were only distantly related to them, and instead belonged to the native South Americ ...

is published online by McGrath, Flynn & Wyss (2019). * Description of new cranial remains of the proterotheriid ''

Neolicaphrium ''Neolicaphrium'' is an extinct genus of ungulate mammal belonging to the extinct order Litopterna. This animal lived from the Late Pliocene (Chapadmalalan) to the Late Pleistocene (Lujanian) in southern South America, being the last survivor of t ...

recens'' from the

Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...

Sopas Formation ''Sopas'' is a Filipino macaroni soup made with elbow macaroni, various vegetables, and meat (usually chicken), in a creamy broth with evaporated milk. It is regarded as a comfort food in the Philippines and is typically eaten during breakfast ...

(

Uruguay Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...

), and a study on the diet of this species as indicated by tooth microwear, is published by Corona, Ubilla & Perea (2019). * A study on the dietary and environmental preferences of ''Neolicaphrium recens'' is published by Morosi & Ubilla (2019). * New proterotheriid and macraucheniid fossil material is described from the late Oligocene Quebrada Fiera locality (

Mendoza Province Mendoza, officially Province of Mendoza, is a province of Argentina, in the western central part of the country in the Cuyo region. It borders San Juan to the north, La Pampa and Neuquén to the south, San Luis to the east, and the republic o ...

,

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

) by Schmidt, Cerdeño & Del Pino (2019), extending the geographical range of '' Coniopternium'', and including the first Argentinian record of '' Lambdaconus'' outside

Patagonia Patagonia () refers to a geographical region that encompasses the southern end of South America, governed by Argentina and Chile. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes Mountains with lakes, fjords, temperate rainforests, and g ...

. * Left

dentary In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone ...

of a member of the genus '' Harpagolestes'' belonging or related to the species ''H. uintensis'' is described from the

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

Clarno Formation (

Oregon Oregon () is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the Western United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary with Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idaho. T ...

,

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

) by Robson ''et al.'' (2019), representing the first

mesonychid Mesonychia ("middle claws") is an extinct taxon of small- to large-sized carnivorous ungulates related to artiodactyls. Mesonychids first appeared in the early Paleocene, went into a sharp decline at the end of the Eocene, and died out entirely ...

from this formation reported so far. * A study on the phylogenetic relationships of

desmostylia The Desmostylia (from Greek δεσμά ''desma'', "bundle", and στῦλος ''stylos'', "pillar") are an extinct order of aquatic mammals that existed from the early Oligocene (Rupelian) to the late Miocene ( Tortonian) (). Desmostylians are t ...

ns is published by Matsui & Tsuihiji (2019). * New fossil material of '' Pantolestes'' is described from the

Uinta Basin The Uinta Basin (also known as the Uintah Basin) is a physiographic section of the larger Colorado Plateaus province, which in turn is part of the larger Intermontane Plateaus physiographic division. It is also a geologic structural basin in ...

(

Utah Utah ( , ) is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. Utah is a landlocked U.S. state bordered to its east by Colorado, to its northeast by Wyoming, to its north by Idaho, to its south by Arizona, and to it ...

, United States) by Dunn & Townsend (2019), who also revise species-level diversity of ''Pantolestes'' from the

Bridgerian The Bridgerian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), typically set from 50,300,000 to 46,200,000 years BP lasting . It is usually c ...

and

Uintan The Uintan North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), typically set from 46,200,000 to 42,000,000 years BP lasting . It falls within the ...

North American land mammal age The North American land mammal ages (NALMA) establishes a geologic timescale for North American fauna beginning during the Late Cretaceous and continuing through to the present. These periods are referred to as ages or intervals (or stages when re ...

s. * A study comparing the teeth of '' Prionogale'' to the teeth of subadult

hyaenodonts Hyaenodontidae ("hyena teeth") is a family of extinct predatory mammals from extinct superfamily Hyaenodontoidea within extinct order Hyaenodonta. Hyaenodontids arose during the early Eocene and persisted well into the early Miocene. Fossils of t ...

and carnivorans, as well as evaluating the phylogenetic affinities of ''Prionogale'' and '' Namasector'' within Hyaenodonta, is published by Borths & Stevens (2019), who reinterpret the type specimen of ''Prionogale breviceps'' and some of the paratype materials as preserving deciduous teeth which were previously interpreted as permanent dentition. * A reconstruction of the

endocast An endocast is the internal cast of a hollow object, often referring to the cranial vault in the study of brain development in humans and other organisms. Endocasts can be artificially made for examining the properties of a hollow, inaccessible sp ...

of '' Proviverra typica'' based on X-ray microtomography is presented by Dubied, Solé & Mennecart (2019), who also study the phylogenetic relationships of hyaenodonts. * Description of a partial skeleton of a medium-sized carnivorous mammal (classified as a machaeroidine oxyaenid) from the Uinta Formation (

Utah Utah ( , ) is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. Utah is a landlocked U.S. state bordered to its east by Colorado, to its northeast by Wyoming, to its north by Idaho, to its south by Arizona, and to it ...

,

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

) and a study on machaeroidine locomotor habits and on phylogenetic affinities of machaeroidines and "

creodonts Creodonta ("meat teeth") is a former order of extinct carnivorous placental mammals that lived from the early Paleocene to the late Miocene epochs in North America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Originally thought to be a single group of animals ance ...

" in general is published by Zack (2019). * Description of rabbit fossils from the Late Miocene Shuitangba site (Zhaotong Basin;

Yunnan Yunnan , () is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the C ...

, China), assigned to the extant genus '' Nesolagus'', and a study on their implications for the knowledge of the evolutionary history of this genus and paleoecology of the site, is published by Flynn ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the size of fossil rabbits from 14 late Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological sites in

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...

, and on its implications for the knowledge of temperatures and environment in the area of Portugal during the last glaciation, is published by Davis (2019). * Description of the anatomy of a partial skeleton and a

dentary In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone ...

with anterior teeth of the

plesiadapiform Plesiadapiformes (" Adapid-like" or "near Adapiformes") is a group of Primates, a sister of the Dermoptera. While none of the groups normally directly assigned to this group survived, the group appears actually not to be literally extinct (in ...

'' Torrejonia wilsoni'' from the lower

Paleocene The Paleocene, ( ) or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek ''pal ...

Nacimiento Formation (

New Mexico ) , population_demonym = New Mexican ( es, Neomexicano, Neomejicano, Nuevo Mexicano) , seat = Santa Fe , LargestCity = Albuquerque , LargestMetro = Tiguex , OfficialLang = None , Languages = English, Spanish ( New Mexican), Navajo, Ke ...

,

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

) is published by Chester ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the anatomy, life history and phylogenetic relationships of ''

Plesiadapis ''Plesiadapis'' is one of the oldest known primate-like mammal genera which existed about 58–55 million years ago in North America and Europe. ''Plesiadapis'' means "near-Adapis", which is a reference to the adapiform primate of the Eocene per ...

cookei'' is published by Boyer & Gingerich (2019).

General eutherian research

* A study on the relationship between morphological and molecular rates of evolution of

placental Placental mammals (infraclass Placentalia ) are one of the three extant subdivisions of the class Mammalia, the other two being Monotremata and Marsupialia. Placentalia contains the vast majority of extant mammals, which are partly distinguishe ...

mammals is published by Halliday ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret their findings as supporting a Late Cretaceous origin of

crown A crown is a traditional form of head adornment, or hat, worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity. A crown is often, by extension, a symbol of the monarch's government or items endorsed by it. The word itself is used, partic ...

placentals, and indicating that early members of major placental groups may not be easily distinguishable from one another or from stem

eutheria Eutheria (; from Greek , 'good, right' and , 'beast'; ) is the clade consisting of all therian mammals that are more closely related to placentals than to marsupials. Eutherians are distinguished from noneutherians by various phenotypic tra ...

ns. * A study on the phylogenetic distribution, morphological variation and functions of apicobasal ridges (elevated ridges of

tooth enamel Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many other animals, including some species of fish. It makes up the normally visible part of the tooth, covering the crown. The other major tissues are dentin, ...

) in aquatic mammals and reptiles, as indicated by data from extant and fossil taxa, is published by McCurry ''et al.'' (2019). * New late

Rupelian The Rupelian is, in the geologic timescale, the older of two ages or the lower of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch/ Series. It spans the time between . It is preceded by the Priabonian Stage (part of the Eocene) and is followed by the Chattian ...

mammal fossils, including new specimens of the shrew '' Srinitium marteli'' and fossils of taxa formerly unknown in this locality, are described from the Aubenas-les-Alpes locality (

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...

) by Maridet, Hugueney & Costeur (2019). * A study on the brain size of extinct

insular dwarf Insular dwarfism, a form of phyletic dwarfism, is the process and condition of large animals evolving or having a reduced body size when their population's range is limited to a small environment, primarily islands. This natural process is disti ...

species of hippos and elephants is published by Lyras (2019). * A study on the relative contributions of grass and grit as a driving force of evolutionary changes in teeth of North American

ungulate Ungulates ( ) are members of the diverse clade Ungulata which primarily consists of large mammals with hooves. These include odd-toed ungulates such as horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs; and even-toed ungulates such as cattle, pigs, giraffes, ...

s is published by Semprebon, Rivals & Janis (2019). * A study on fossils of ''

Micromeryx ''Micromeryx'' is an extinct genus of musk deer that lived during the Miocene epoch (about 16-8 million years ago). Fossil remains were found in Europe and Asia. The earliest record ( MN4) of the genus comes from the Sibnica 4 paleontological s ...

flourensianus'' from a

Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first epoch (geology), geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and mea ...

locality in

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...

, preserving signs of carnivore activity, and on the possible identity of the predator which produced marks on these bones, is published by Aiglstorfer, Heizmann & Peigné (2019). * A study on changes in local climate and habitat conditions in central

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

in a period from 9.1 to 6.3 million years ago, and on the diet and ecology of large mammals from this area in this time period as indicated by

tooth wear Tooth wear refers to loss of tooth substance by means other than dental caries. Tooth wear is a very common condition that occurs in approximately 97% of the population. This is a normal physiological process occurring throughout life; but with i ...

patterns, is published by De Miguel, Azanza & Morales (2019). * Miocene (

Turolian The Turolian age is a period of geologic time (9.0–5.3 Ma) within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Ruscinian age and follows the Vallesian age. The Turolian overlaps the Tortonian The Tort ...

) mammal faunas from several fossiliferous localities at Gorna Sushitsa (southwestern

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...

) are described by Spassov ''et al.'' (2019). * New late Miocene vertebrate assemblage, including turtle, rodent and

xenarthra Xenarthra (; from Ancient Greek ξένος, xénos, "foreign, alien" + ἄρθρον, árthron, "joint") is a major clade of placental mammals native to the Americas. There are 31 living species: the anteaters, tree sloths, and armadillos. ...

n fossils (among which is the oldest record of an armadillo belonging to the genus '' Dasypus'' reported so far), is described from the Los Alisos locality (Guanaco Formation,

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

) by Ercoli ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on modern and fossil mammal herbivore communities from eastern Africa spanning the last ~7 million years, aiming to determine whether modern herbivore communities are suitable analogs for the ancient ecosystems in which early hominins evolved, is published by Faith, Rowan & Du (2019). * A study on the anatomical traits of teeth and inferred diet of

bovids The Bovidae comprise the biological family of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammals that includes cattle, bison, buffalo, antelopes, and caprines. A member of this family is called a bovid. With 143 extant species and 300 known extinct species, the ...

, suids and rhinocerotids from the

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Kanapoi Kanapoi is a paleontological site in the Kenyan Rift Valley, to the southwest of Lake Turkana. Fossils were first found at Kanapoi in the 1960s by a Harvard expedition, and later by expeditions from the National Museums of Kenya. Fossils at Kanap ...

(

Kenya ) , national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi ...

), and on their implications for reconstructing the environments of this site, is published online by Dumouchel & Bobe (2019). * A study on the mortality profiles of bovids from the

Oldowan The Oldowan (or Mode I) was a widespread stone tool archaeological industry (style) in prehistory. These early tools were simple, usually made with one or a few flakes chipped off with another stone. Oldowan tools were used during the Lower ...

localities in Kanjera South (

Kenya ) , national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi ...

) and

Olduvai Gorge The Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge in Tanzania is one of the most important paleoanthropological localities in the world; the many sites exposed by the gorge have proven invaluable in furthering understanding of early human evolution. A steep-si ...

(

Tanzania Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands ...

), and on their implications for inferring hunting and scavenging behavior of early hominins in different (i.e. grassland and woodland) habitats, is published by Oliver ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on spatial and temporal variation in species composition of ungulates from the

Koobi Fora Koobi Fora refers primarily to a region around Koobi Fora Ridge, located on the eastern shore of Lake Turkana in the territory of the nomadic Gabbra people. According to the National Museums of Kenya, the name comes from the Gabbra language: ...

Formation throughout the Early Pleistocene is published online by O'Brien ''et al.'' (2019). * Results of stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of

tooth enamel Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many other animals, including some species of fish. It makes up the normally visible part of the tooth, covering the crown. The other major tissues are dentin, ...

samples from

Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...

mammals from the Yugong Cave and Baxian Cave ( China) are presented by Sun ''et al.'' (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of Pleistocene climatic and environmental changes in South China. * A study on the affinities and ages of Pleistocene mammalian faunas from China is published online by Dong, Liu & Bai (2019). * A study on Pleistocene mammal fossils from the Yai Ruak Cave ( Krabi Province,

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...

), including the southernmost known record of '' Crocuta crocuta ultima'' in Southeast Asia, is published by Suraprasit ''et al.'' (2019), who evaluate the implications of these fossils for reconstructions of the environment in the area of the Malay Peninsula in the Pleistocene. * A study on Paleolithic faunal remains from the

Manot Cave Manot Cave ( ''Me'arat Manot'') is a cave in Western Galilee, Israel, discovered in 2008. It is notable for the discovery of a skull that belongs to a modern human, called Manot 1, which is estimated to be 54,700 years old (U–Th dating of the c ...

(

Israel Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...

), comparing human and hyena prey choice in the

Upper Paleolithic The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. Very broadly, it dates to between 50,000 and 12,000 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene), according to some theories coin ...

Galilee, is published online by Orbach & Yeshurun (2019). * A study on Pleistocene small mammal remains from Stratigraphic Unit V from El Salt site (

Alcoy, Spain Alcoy ( ca-valencia, Alcoi) is an industrial and university city, region and municipality located in the Valencian Community, Spain. The Serpis river crosses the municipal boundary of Alcoy. The local authority reported a population of 61,135 re ...

), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of climatic conditions in the eastern Iberian Peninsula at the time of the disappearance of local Neanderthal populations during Marine Isotope Stage 3, is published by Fagoaga ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on

leporid Leporidae is the family of rabbits and hares, containing over 60 species of extant mammals in all. The Latin word ''Leporidae'' means "those that resemble ''lepus''" (hare). Together with the pikas, the Leporidae constitute the mammalian order ...

assemblages from 8 sites in southern

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan area ...

associated with

Acheulean Acheulean (; also Acheulian and Mode II), from the French ''acheuléen'' after the type site of Saint-Acheul, is an archaeological industry of stone tool manufacture characterized by the distinctive oval and pear-shaped "hand axes" associated ...

and Middle Paleolithic occupations by hominins, aiming to examine small fast game exploitation by archaic ''

Homo ''Homo'' () is the genus that emerged in the (otherwise extinct) genus '' Australopithecus'' that encompasses the extant species ''Homo sapiens'' ( modern humans), plus several extinct species classified as either ancestral to or closely relat ...

'' populations, is published by Morin ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the taxonomic and skeletal identification and on surface modifications of mammals bones from the Fumane cave (

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of subsistence behaviour of hominins inhabiting the cave across the Middle to

Upper Paleolithic The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. Very broadly, it dates to between 50,000 and 12,000 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene), according to some theories coin ...

transition, is published by Sinet-Mathiot ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the dietary patterns and the ecological niches occupied by ungulates from the

Mousterian The Mousterian (or Mode III) is an archaeological industry of stone tools, associated primarily with the Neanderthals in Europe, and to the earliest anatomically modern humans in North Africa and West Asia. The Mousterian largely defines the l ...

of the Covalejos Cave (

Cantabria Cantabria (, also , , Cantabrian: ) is an autonomous community in northern Spain with Santander as its capital city. It is called a ''comunidad histórica'', a historic community, in its current Statute of Autonomy. It is bordered on the east ...

,

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

), as inferred from analyses of teeth wear and dental

cementum Cementum is a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. The cementum is the part of the periodontium that attaches the teeth to the alveolar bone by anchoring the periodontal ligament.Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, ...

, is published by Sánchez-Hernández ''et al.'' (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the environmental conditions of this region, the knowledge of the age and season at the time of death these ungulates, and the knowledge of the seasonality and duration of Neanderthal occupations of the Covalejos Cave and the seasonality of their hunting activities. * A study on animal remains from the El Cierro cave (

Asturias Asturias (, ; ast, Asturies ), officially the Principality of Asturias ( es, Principado de Asturias; ast, Principáu d'Asturies; Galician-Asturian: ''Principao d'Asturias''), is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. It is coextensiv ...

,

Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = ''Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , i ...

), evaluating how much energy

red deer The red deer (''Cervus elaphus'') is one of the largest deer species. A male red deer is called a stag or hart, and a female is called a hind. The red deer inhabits most of Europe, the Caucasus Mountains region, Anatolia, Iran, and parts of we ...

supplied to the diet of the humans that inhabited El Cierro during the Lower Magdalenian in comparison with other animals, is published by Portero ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on movement patterns of the

Columbian mammoth The Columbian mammoth (''Mammuthus columbi'') is an extinct species of mammoth that inhabited the Americas as far north as the Northern United States and as far south as Costa Rica during the Pleistocene epoch. It was one of the last in a line ...

s and other herbivores from the

Waco Mammoth National Monument The Waco Mammoth National Monument is a paleontological site and museum in Waco, Texas, United States where fossils of 24 Columbian mammoths (''Mammuthus columbi'') and other mammals from the Pleistocene Epoch have been uncovered. The site is th ...

site (

Texas Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by ...

,

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

), based on strontium isotope data from their teeth, is published by Esker ''et al.'' (2019). * Description of Pleistocene mammal fossils from Extinction Cave (

Belize Belize (; bzj, Bileez) is a Caribbean and Central American country on the northeastern coast of Central America. It is bordered by Mexico to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Guatemala to the west and south. It also shares a wate ...

), including one of the southernmost record of the bison and one of two records of the bear species ''

Tremarctos floridanus ''Tremarctos floridanus'', occasionally called the Florida spectacled bear, Florida cave bear, or rarely Florida short-faced bear, is an extinct species of bear in the family Ursidae, subfamily Tremarctinae. ''T. floridanus'' was widespread in ...

'' from Central America, is published online by Churcher (2019). * A revision and a study on the age of the Late Pleistocene megafauna of Guatemala is published by Dávila ''et al.'' (2019). * Evidence from the Campo Laborde site in

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

indicating that humans hunted and butchered a giant ground sloth ''

Megatherium ''Megatherium'' ( ; from Greek () 'great' + () 'beast') is an extinct genus of ground sloths endemic to South America that lived from the Early Pliocene through the end of the Pleistocene. It is best known for the elephant-sized type species ' ...

americanum'' is presented by Politis ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on diet and niche width of late Quaternary large herbivorous mammals from the Brazilian Intertropical Region is published by Pansani ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on late Pleistocene mammal fossils recovered from a tank deposit in Lagoa de Pedra ( Anagé municipality,

Bahia Bahia ( , , ; meaning "bay") is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region of the country. It is the fourth-largest Brazilian state by population (after São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro) and the 5th-largest b ...

State, Brazil), aiming to determine the diet of these mammals and the paleoenvironment they lived in, is published by da Silva ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on late Quaternary mammal remains from the Upper Gunnison Basin (

Colorado Colorado (, other variants) is a state in the Mountain states, Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains, as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the wes ...

,

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...

), focusing on their implications for the knowledge of impact of climate changes since the Last Glacial Maximum on small mammals from this area, is published by Emslie & Meltzer (2019). * A study on the ecology of mammals from the La Brea Tar Pits, focusing on the dietary responses of carnivorans to changing climate and megafaunal extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene, is published by DeSantis ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on possible causes of the late Pleistocene extinctions, as indicated by the analysis of tooth wear and enamel hypoplasia in late Pleistocene horses and bisons from North America, is published by Barrón-Ortiz ''et al.'' (2019). * A study aiming to identify

community A community is a social unit (a group of living things) with commonality such as place, norms, religion, values, customs, or identity. Communities may share a sense of place situated in a given geographical area (e.g. a country, village, ...

assembly effects of the end-Pleistocene extinctions of large mammals in North America is published by Tóth ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the role of past climate, extinct megafauna and

guanaco The guanaco (; ''Lama guanicoe'') is a camelid native to South America, closely related to the llama. Guanacos are one of two wild South American camelids, the other being the vicuña, which lives at higher elevations. Etymology The guanaco ...

in shaping the vegetation of the Patagonian steppe is published by Hernández, Ríos & Perotto-Baldivieso (2019). * A study on the impact of climate change on the faunal composition and extinction dynamics of European mammal species during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene transition, aiming to test the hypothesis of the existence of common evolutionary processes of change in faunal composition during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, independent of the regions of Europe, is published by Puzachenko & Markova (2019). * A study on population density of large herbivores in Europe during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, reconstructed on the basis of data from fossil dung fungus spores from central Latvia, is published by Stivrins ''et al.'' (2019). * The discovery of ancient bear, roe deer and bat DNA recovered from stalagmites from the Solkota cave (

Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to the ...

) is reported by Stahlschmidt ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on evolutionary changes in body size and sexual size dimorphism associated with the independent colonization of

Madagascar Madagascar (; mg, Madagasikara, ), officially the Republic of Madagascar ( mg, Repoblikan'i Madagasikara, links=no, ; french: République de Madagascar), is an island country in the Indian Ocean, approximately off the coast of East Africa ...

by primates, carnivorans,

tenrec A tenrec is any species of mammal within the afrotherian family Tenrecidae endemic to Madagascar. Tenrecs are wildly diverse; as a result of convergent evolution some resemble hedgehogs, shrews, opossums, rats, and mice. They occupy aquatic, a ...

s and rodents is published by Kappeler ''et al.'' (2019). * A study aiming to evaluate whether introduced deers and hares fill the same ecological niches as extinct

moa Moa are extinct giant flightless birds native to New Zealand. The term has also come to be used for chicken in many Polynesian cultures and is found in the names of many chicken recipes, such as Kale moa and Moa Samoa. Moa or MOA may also refe ...

birds in

New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...

, as indicated by data from pollen extracted from moa

coprolite A coprolite (also known as a coprolith) is fossilized feces. Coprolites are classified as trace fossils as opposed to body fossils, as they give evidence for the animal's behaviour (in this case, diet) rather than morphology. The name is de ...

s and mammal feces, is published by Wood & Wilmshurst (2019). * Description of small mammal fossils from the Pliocene site of Kanapoi (Kenya) is published online by Manthi & Winkler (2019).

Metatherians

Metatherian research

* Description of the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of '' Argyrolagus scaglai'' from the

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

is published online by Abello & Candela (2019), who interpret this species as having bipedal jumping locomotion. * Description of the anatomy of the caudal part of the cranium of ''

Thylacosmilus ''Thylacosmilus'' is an extinct genus of saber-toothed metatherian mammals that inhabited South America from the Late Miocene to Pliocene epochs. Though ''Thylacosmilus'' looks similar to the " saber-toothed cats", it was not a felid, like the ...

atrox'' is published by Forasiepi, Macphee & del Pino (2019). * Description of a nearly complete juvenile skull of '' Sparassocynus derivatus'' from the

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Chapadmalal Formation (

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of "sparassocynids" is published online by Beck & Taglioretti (2019). * A study on the locomotion of balbarids is published by Den Boer, Campione & Kear (2019). * A study on the phylogenetic relationships of a giant short-faced kangaroo '' Simosthenurus occidentalis'' and giant wallaby ''

Protemnodon ''Protemnodon'' is an extinct genus of megafaunal macropodids that existed in Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea in the Pliocene and Pleistocene. It is also called the giant kangaroo. Taxonomy Recent analysis of mtDNA extracted from fossils i ...

anak'', as indicated by data from fossils and near-complete mitochondrial genomes, is published by Cascini ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the skull morphology of ''Simosthenurus occidentalis'', and on its implications for inferring the diet of this mammal, is published by Mitchell & Wroe (2019). * A study on the skull of ''Simosthenurus occidentalis'', evaluating whether it was capable of consuming tough vegetation and withstanding twisting forces while biting resistant objects, is published by Mitchell (2019). * The first descriptions of the

appendicular skeleton The appendicular skeleton is the portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones that support the appendages. There are 126 bones. The appendicular skeleton includes the skeletal elements within the limbs, as well as supporting shou ...

and body mass estimates for three palorchestid species (''

Palorchestes ''Palorchestes'' ("ancient leaper or dancer") is an extinct genus of terrestrial animal, terrestrial, herbivorous marsupials of the family (biology), family Palorchestidae. The genus was endemic to Australia, living from the Miocene through to th ...

azael'', ''Palorchestes parvus'' and a member of the genus '' Propalorchestes'' of uncertain specific assignment from the Bullock Creek Fossil Site) are presented by Richards ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on fossils of a putative

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of ...

dicynodont Dicynodontia is an extinct clade of anomodonts, an extinct type of non-mammalian therapsid. Dicynodonts were herbivorous animals with a pair of tusks, hence their name, which means 'two dog tooth'. Members of the group possessed a horny, typic ...

from Australia reported by

Thulborn Thulborn is an Anglo-Saxon surname dating back to the late 12th century AD, derived from the baptismal name for the "son of Thurburn". Notable people with the surname include: * Richard A. Thulborn, British paleontologist * Scott Thulborn (born 198 ...

& Turner (2003) is published online by Knutsen & Oerlemans (2019), who consider these fossils to be of

Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the ''Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed in ...

age, and reinterpret it as fossils of a large mammal, probably a

diprotodontid The Diprotodontidae are an extinct family of large herbivorous marsupials, endemic to Australia and New Guinea during the Oligocene through Pleistocene periods from 28.4 million to 40,000 years ago. The family consisted of large quadrupedal te ...

. * A study on the range and ecological tolerances of the Tasmanian devil living in the mainland Australia in prehistoric times, and on its implications for the viability of the proposal to reintroduce Tasmanian devils to mainland Australia, is published by Westaway ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the pre-Pleistocene evolutionary history of the family

Thylacinidae Thylacinidae is an extinct family of carnivorous, superficially dog-like marsupials from the order Dasyuromorphia. The only species to survive into modern times was the thylacine (''Thylacinus cynocephalus''), which became extinct in 1936. The ...

is published by Rovinsky, Evans & Adams (2019). * An atlas of the skeletal elements of the

thylacine The thylacine ( , or , also ) (''Thylacinus cynocephalus'') is an extinct carnivorous marsupial that was native to the Australian mainland and the islands of Tasmania and New Guinea. The last known live animal was captured in 1930 in Tasma ...

is published by Warburton, Travouillon & Camens (2019).

Other mammals

Miscellaneous mammaliformes research

* A study on Occlusion (dentistry), occlusion and function of teeth in ''Morganucodon watsoni'' and ''Megazostrodon rudnerae'' is published by Jäger ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on teeth development and replacement in Jurassic euharamiyidan mammals from the Yanliao Biota ( China) is published by Mao ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the anatomy of the auditory and hyoid bones of ''Arboroharamiya allinhopsoni'' and ''Arboroharamiya jenkinsi'' is published online by Meng ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the

tooth wear Tooth wear refers to loss of tooth substance by means other than dental caries. Tooth wear is a very common condition that occurs in approximately 97% of the population. This is a normal physiological process occurring throughout life; but with i ...

in ''Qishou'' and ''Shenshou'' from the Yanliao Biota, and on the Occlusion (dentistry), occlusal modes present in "haramiyidan" taxa, is published by Mao & Meng (2019). * A study on the anatomy of the petrosal of ''Borealestes'' is published by Panciroli, Schultz & Luo (2019), who also generate an endocast of the inner ear of ''Borealestes''. * A study on the anatomy of the

mandible In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone ...

and teeth of ''Borealestes serendipitus'' and on the phylogenetic relationships of this species, based on data from new specimens from the Isle of Skye (Scotland), is published by Panciroli, Benson & Luo (2019). * A revision of the teeth and

mandibular In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower tooth, teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movabl ...

fossils of members of the genus ''Docodon'' from Yale Quarry 9 at the Como Bluff site in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation is published by Schultz, Bhullar & Luo (2019), who argue that the fossils from that quarry represent only one species, ''Docodon victor''. * A study on the anatomy of the inner ear and surrounding structures in ''Priacodon fruitaensis'' and two isolated stem therian petrosal specimens from the Aptian or Albian Höövör locality (

Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...

) is published by Harper & Rougier (2019). * A study comparing the anatomy and function of skulls of rodents and Multituberculata, multituberculates, and evaluating their implications for inferring whether the extinction of multituberculates was caused by competition with rodents, is published by Adams ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the anatomy of skull and teeth of ''Maotherium sinense'', based on data from a three-dimensionally preserved skull from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation ( China), is published online by Plogschties & Martin (2019). * A study on the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of ''Henkelotherium guimarotae'' is published online by Jäger, Luo & Martin (2019). * Description of new Tooth, dental and

dentary In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone ...

specimens of ''Reigitherium'' from the Upper Cretaceous La Colonia Formation (

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this taxon is published by Harper, Parras & Rougier (2019).

General research

* A study on the origin of the mammalian middle ear ossicles, as indicated by the anatomy of the jaw-otic complex in 43 synapsid taxa, is published by Navarro-Díaz, Esteve-Altava & Rasskin-Gutman (2019). * A study on the evolution of the morphological complexity of the mammalian vertebral column, as indicated by data from mammals and non-mammalian synapsids, is published by Jones, Angielczyk & Pierce (2019). * A study on the ecological structure of Mesozoic Mammaliaformes, mammaliaform communities is published by Chen, Strömberg & Wilson (2019). * A study on the diversification of functional

morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines * Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts * Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies ...

of jaws in Mammaliaformes in general and

crown A crown is a traditional form of head adornment, or hat, worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity. A crown is often, by extension, a symbol of the monarch's government or items endorsed by it. The word itself is used, partic ...

-therians in particular from the Early Jurassic to the end of the

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...

, focusing on changes occurring across the

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of ...

- Paleogene boundary, is published by Benevento, Benson & Friedman (2019). * A study on the evolution of foot posture in mammals, and on the effects of posture on body size evolution, is published by Kubo ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on arrangements of tarsal bones in mammals, focusing on extinct South American ungulates, is published by Lorente (2019). * A review of ecological diversifications of mammals throughout their evolutionary history is published by Grossnickle, Smith & Wilson (2019). * A study on the ancestral Molar (tooth)#Tribosphenic, tribosphenic therian chewing stroke, as conserved in the extant gray short-tailed opossum, is published by Bhullar ''et al.'' (2019). * A review of the Biogeography, biogeographic history of mammals and other terrestrial vertebrates from the Mesozoic of Gondwana is published by David W. Krause, Krause ''et al.'' (2019). * A protocol for reconstructing 3D models of skulls of extinct species of small mammals known only from fragmentary fossils is proposed by Moya-Costa, Cuenca-Bescós & Bauluz (2019), who present reconstructions of the skulls of fossil shrews ''Beremendia fissidens'' and ''Dolinasorex glyphodon''. * A study on the impact of uncertainty of stratigraphic age of fossils on studies estimating species divergence times which incorporate fossil taxa, based on data from the fossil record of North American mammals and from the dataset of extant and fossil cetaceans, is published by Barido-Sottani ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the ecological spectrum of six sequential terrestrial mammal faunas of the North American Cenozoic, aiming to assess the potential influence of long-term climatic shifts on the Ecomorphology, ecomorphological composition of these faunas, is published by Figueirido ''et al.'' (2019). * A study comparing the utility of classic

morphometric Morphometrics (from Greek μορϕή ''morphe'', "shape, form", and -μετρία ''metria'', "measurement") or morphometry refers to the quantitative analysis of ''form'', a concept that encompasses size and shape. Morphometric analyses are co ...

indices and three-dimensional landmarks configuration to infer diet of carnivorous fossil mammals is published by Tarquini ''et al.'' (2019). * A review of the fossil record of terrestrial mammals from

Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest cont ...

is published by Gelfo ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the taphonomy and age of mammal fossils from the Gruta do Ioiô cave (Salitre Formation; Chapada Diamantina region,

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

), and on the paleoecology of fossil mammals from this site, is published online by Eltink ''et al.'' (2019). * A study determining the sex of 186 Holarctic bison specimens known from subfossil remains, of 91 subfossil

brown bear The brown bear (''Ursus arctos'') is a large bear species found across Eurasia and North America. In North America, the populations of brown bears are called grizzly bears, while the subspecies that inhabits the Kodiak Islands of Alaska is ...

specimens and of mammal specimens from 4 large museum mammal collections representing multiple orders is published by Gower ''et al.'' (2019), who report a significant skew toward males among the studied specimens and search for possible explanations of the observed skew in sex ratio. * A study determining the origins of nocturnal behavior in early mammals as correlating to sperm preservation.

References

{{reflist 2019 in paleontology 2010s in paleontology 2019 in science Prehistoric mammals

Afrotherians

Afrosoricida

Proboscidea

Proboscidean research

Sirenia

Sirenian research

Other afrotherians

Euarchontoglires

Lagomorpha

Lagomorph research

Primates

Rodentia

Rodent research

Laurasiatheria

Artiodactyla

Cetaceans

=Cetacean research

Other artiodactyls

=Other artiodactyl research

Carnivorans

=Carnivoran research

Chiroptera

Chiropteran research

Notoungulates

Notoungulate research

Perissodactyla

Perissodactyl research

Xenarthrans

Cingulata

Cingulatan research

Pilosa

Pilosan research

General xenarthran research

Other eutherians

Other eutherian research

General eutherian research

Metatherians

Metatherian research

Other mammals

Miscellaneous mammaliformes research

General research

References