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Proterotheriidae
Proterotheriidae is an extinction, extinct family of fossil ungulates from the Cenozoic era that displays toe reduction. Despite resembling primitive, small horses, they were only distantly related to them, and instead belonged to the native South American ungulate order Litopterna. Description Two subfamilies and 18 genera of Proterotheriidae are known. All forms were small or medium-sized. Typical is a reduction of the number of toes and brachydont or mesodont teeth. The family is recorded since the late Palaeocene. Various fossils are known from many parts of the South American continent. The diversity decreased in the Miocene to Pliocene and it has been assumed for a long time that they entirely disappeared in the late Pliocene. However, fossils found in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay show that one member of the group, ''Neolicaphrium recens'' survived into the Late Lujanian, Pleistocene. Better known genera of the family include ''Diadiaphorus'' and ''Thoatherium'' from th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neolicaphrium
''Neolicaphrium'' is an extinct genus of ungulate mammal belonging to the extinct order Litopterna. This animal lived from the Late Pliocene (Chapadmalalan) to the Late Pleistocene (Lujanian) in southern South America, being the last survivor of the family Proterotheriidae. Species The genus includes two species, the type species ''N. recens'' and ''N. major''. The fossil found of ''N. major'', one jaw, come from the Miramar Formation in Chapadmalal, Argentina and correspond to the Chapadmalalan mammal age of South America (4.0 to 3.0 million years ago, in the Pliocene). ''N. recens'' appeared in the Ensenadan age (1.2-0.8 million years ago) and the species survived until the Lujanian age (800,000 and 11,000 years ago). Fossils of this species have been found in the Argentine provinces of the northeast, in Córdoba Province, Argentina, Córdoba, Corrientes Province, Corrientes, Tezzanos Pinto Formation, Santa Fe Province, Santa Fe and Santiago del Estero Province, Santiago del E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paramacrauchenia
''Paramacrauchenia'' is an extinct genus of proterotheriid litopterns from the Early Miocene of what is now Argentina and Chile. Its fossils have been found in the Sarmiento and Santa Cruz Formations of Argentina and Chile. Taxonomy ''Paramacrauchenia'' was originally assigned to the family Macraucheniidae, however, recent studies now consider it a member of the family Proterotheriidae, where it is found to be a derived member, closely related to ''Lambdaconus ''Lambdaconus'' is a genus of proterotheriid from the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene of Argentina. The type species is ''L. suinus'', named in 1897 by Ameghino, with referred species including ''L. lacerum'', named as ''Proterotherium ''Prot ...''. Below is a phylogenetic tree of the Proterotheriidae, based on the work of McGrath ''et al''. 2020. References Proterotheriids Miocene mammals of South America Colhuehuapian Santacrucian Neogene Argentina Fossils of Argentina Neogene Chile Fossils of Chi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Litopterna
Litopterna (from grc, λῑτή πτέρνα "smooth heel") is an extinct order of fossil hoofed mammals from the Cenozoic era. The order is one of the five great orders of South American ungulates that were endemic to the continent, until the Great American Biotic Interchange brought new ungulate species. Like other endemic South American mammals, their relationship to other mammal groups had long been unclear, but recent genetic and proteomic evidence indicates that their closest living relatives are Perissodactyls (odd-toed ungulates) including horses, rhinoceros, and tapirs, and that litopterns are closely related to notoungulates, another widespread group of South American ungulates. There were two major groups of litopterns: Proterotheriidae and Macraucheniidae. Proterotheriids were medium to large animals that evolved adaptations for fast running, and occupied a variety of niches that elsewhere were filled by animals such as goats and antelopes, mouse deer, and horses. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diplasiotherium
''Diplasiotherium'' is an extinct genus of litoptern belonging to the family Proterotheriidae, that lived between the late Miocene and the early Pliocene (in the SALMAs Huayquerian and Montehermosan).Villafañé et al., 2006, p.161 The fossils of this animal have been found in Argentina, in the Monte Hermoso Formation.Deschamps & Tomassini, 2016, p.224 ''Diplasiotherium'' is distinguished from other proterotheriids by the crown A crown is a traditional form of head adornment, or hat, worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity. A crown is often, by extension, a symbol of the monarch's government or items endorsed by it. The word itself is used, partic ... of its molars, which were higher than in other related genera (protohypsodont), and by its larger body size; the species ''D. robustum'' reached approximately in weight, making it the largest known proterotheriid.Villafañe, A. L. (2005). ''Paleoecología de los Proterotheriidae (Mammalia, Litopterna): U ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anisolambda
''Anisolambda'' is an extinct genus of litoptern. It lived from the Late Paleocene to the Middle Eocene in what is now Argentina. Description This animal is mostly known from fossils of its maxilla, mandible and teeth, and it is therefore difficult to speculate on its appearance. Its molars were primitive in shape, and closely resembled those of the enigmatic '' Didolodus''. They were distinguished from the latter by the presence of a strong paraconid, in an internal position, almost identical in size to the metaconid, and separated from the latter by a narrow indentation. ''Anisolambda'' may have been similar to more recent genera of Proterotheriidae, such as '' Diadiaphorus'' or ''Proterotherium'', but without the characteristic limb specializations of the latter genera. Classification The genus ''Anisolambda'' was first described in 1901 by Florentino Ameghino, based on a mandible with teeth from the Eocene of Argentina. Ameghino latter described fossils of the maxilla, tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guilielmofloweria
''Guilielmofloweria'' is an extinct genus of proterotheriid litoptern that lived from the Middle to Late Eocene of what is now Argentina. Fossils have been found in the Sarmiento Formation of Argentina. Taxonomy ''Guilielmofloweria'' was first named in 1901 by Florentino Ameghino based on fragmentary remains found in the Sarmiento Formation of Argentina, in rocks dating back to the Middle Eocene. He originally considered it a member of the pantodont family Pantolambdidae, but recent studies have shown this to be incorrect, as Richard Cifelli considered it as a member of the litoptern family Proterotheriidae, more specifically within the subfamily Anisolambdinae. Anisolambdinae (also called Anisolambdidae in some studies) was proposed to unite the primitive and earlier forms '' Anisolambda'', '' Eolicaphrium'', '' Heteroglyphis'', '' Lambdaconops'', '' Paranisolambda'', '' Protheosodon'', '' Wainka'' and '' Xesmodon''. However, the phylogenetic analysis of McGrath and colleagu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epitherium
''Epitherium'' is an extinct genus of Litopterna, who belonged to the family Proterotheriidae. It lived during the Pliocene in South America. The fossils of this herbivorous ungulate were found in Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ....The Paleobiology Database References Proterotheriids[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eoauchenia
''Eoauchenia'' is a genus of extinct proterotheriidae, proterotheriid from the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene of Argentina. The genus was named by Ameghino in 1887 for the type species ''E. primitiva'', which was originally known from the early Pliocene Monte Hermoso Formation of the Montehermosan age of Buenos Aires Province, but has since been found in the Cerro Azul Formation of the late Huayquerian of La Pampa Province. The fossils originally known included postcranial remains like foot material, but teeth, a skull and skeleton, and mandibles and further postcrania have since been referred to ''Eoauchenia'', which can be distinguished from ''Epitherium'' found alongside it by more gracile bones. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q112077467 Proterotheriids Miocene mammals of South America Neogene Argentina Fossils of Argentina Fossil taxa described in 1887 Taxa named by Florentino Ameghino Cerro Azul Formation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anisolophus
''Anisolophus'' is an extinct genus of proterotheriid from the Early to Middle Miocene of Argentina. The genus was named by Burmeister in 1885 to accommodate the species ''Anchitherium australe'', which they had named earlier in 1879. Soria then referred the species ''Licaphrium floweri'' and ''Anisolophus minisculus'' to the genus, making ''Licaphrium'', named in 1887 by Florentino Ameghino, a junior synonym of the genus. Both ''A. australis'' and ''A. floweri'' are known from the Santacrucian age Santa Cruz Formation, while ''A. minisculus'' is known from the Collón Curá Formation. ''Anisolophus'' is considered the senior synonym of the genus ''Licaphrium'', which was named in 1887 by Ameghino for the species ''L. floweri'', now ''A. floweri''. Many other species of ''Licaphrium'' were named, many of which are considered synonyms of ''A. floweri'', '' Tetramerorhinus'', ''Neobrachytherium'', or '' Lophogonodon'', as well as the dubious Doubt is a mental state in which the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ungulate
Ungulates ( ) are members of the diverse clade Ungulata which primarily consists of large mammals with hooves. These include odd-toed ungulates such as horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs; and even-toed ungulates such as cattle, pigs, giraffes, camels, sheep, deer, and hippopotamuses. Cetaceans such as whales, dolphins, and porpoises are also classified as even-toed ungulates, although they do not have hooves. Most terrestrial ungulates use the hoofed tips of their toes to support their body weight while standing or moving. The term means, roughly, "being hoofed" or "hoofed animal". As a descriptive term, "ungulate" normally excludes cetaceans as they do not possess most of the typical morphological characteristics of other ungulates, but recent discoveries indicate that they were also descended from early artiodactyls. Ungulates are typically herbivorous and many employ specialized gut bacteria to allow them to digest cellulose. Some modern species, such as pigs, are omnivorous, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Olisanophus
''Olisanophus'' is a genus of extinct litoptern from the late middle Miocene of southern Bolivia. It was named in 2020 by Andrew McGrath and colleagues, for two distinct species from the same deposits of an unnamed formation of the Honda Group. The type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ... is ''O. riorosarioensis'', known from elements of the partial upper and lower left and right dentitions and possibly a partial mandible, and the referred species is ''O. akilachuta'', known for 6 teeth. Some intermediate material from the same deposits was referred to ''Olisanophus'' sp., not showing diagnostic features of either species. Both species were recovered together in a phylogenetic analysis, where they were sister taxa to a group of '' Diplasiotherium'' and '' Mes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
