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Uspenski Gospels
The Uspenski Gospels, ''Minuscule 461'' (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 92 ( Soden), are a New Testament minuscule manuscript written in Greek, dated at 835 AD, and now in St Petersburg in Russia. They are the oldest known dated manuscript of the New Testament; it was not customary for Greek scribes to date their work at the time. Description The codex contains complete text of the four Gospels, on 344 parchment leaves, the leaves measure 16.7 cm by 10.7 cm. The text is written in one column per page, 19 lines per page, in minuscule letters. The margins are very wide, the column of writing occupies an area of 11,3 cm by 6 cm.Bruce M. Metzger & Bart D. Ehrman, ''The Text of the New Testament'' (Oxford University Press: 2005), p. 92. The words are written continuously, usually without any separation (with some exceptions). The letters are small and upright.Bruce M. Metzger, ''Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction To Greek Palaeography'', 1981, O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gospel
Gospel originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was set out. In this sense a gospel can be defined as a loose-knit, episodic narrative of the words and deeds of Jesus, culminating in his trial and death and concluding with various reports of his post-resurrection appearances. Modern scholars are cautious of relying on the gospels uncritically, but nevertheless, they provide a good idea of the public career of Jesus, and critical study can attempt to distinguish the original ideas of Jesus from those of the later authors. The four canonical gospels were probably written between AD 66 and 110. All four were anonymous (with the modern names added in the 2nd century), almost certainly none were by eyewitnesses, and all are the end-products of long oral and written transmission. Mark was the first to be written, using a variety of sources. The authors of Matthew and Luke both independently ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland (28 March 1915 – 13 April 1994) was a German theologian and biblical scholar who specialized in New Testament textual criticism. He founded the '' Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung'' (Institute for New Testament Textual Research) in Münster and served as its first director from 1959 to 1983. He was one of the principal editors of '' Nestle–Aland – Novum Testamentum Graece'' for the Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft and ''The Greek New Testament'' for the United Bible Societies. Life Aland was born in Berlin- Steglitz. He started studying theology in 1933 at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin (he also studied philology, archaeology, and history). On 23 March that year, he was examined before the ''Bruderrat'' (council of brothers) in the ''Bekennende Kirche'' (Confessing Church). During his studies, he worked for the journal of the Confessing Church, ''Junge Kirche'' (Young Church). In an ideological brochure, ''Wer fälscht?'' (Who is lying? ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Uncial 047
Uncial 047 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering no. 047, ε 95 von Soden) is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels. The codex is dated paleographically to the 8th century. Formerly the codex was designated by Hebrew letter ב. It has full marginalia. Description The codex contains on 152 parchment leaves (20.5 cm by 15.2 cm) almost complete text of the four Gospels, with some lacunae (Matthew 2-3; 28; Mark 5-6; 8-9; John 12; 14; 17). The text is written partly in double columns and partly in cruciform, 37 or 38 lines per page. Parchment is thick, ink is brown. The letters are small. The text is divided according to the (''chapters''), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their (''titles'') at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections (in Mark sections 237, the last section in 16:15), with references to the Eusebian Canons (written below Ammonian Section numbers). It contains prolegomena, lists of the (''table ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Sangallensis 48
Codex Sangallensis, designated by Δ or 037 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 76 ( von Soden), is a Greek-Latin diglot uncial manuscript of the four Gospels. It is usually dated palaeographically to the 9th century CE, though a few palaeographers would place it in the 10th century CE. It was named by Scholz in 1830. Description The codex contains 198 parchment leaves, in size. The text is written in one column per page, and 17-28 lines per page, in large semi-uncial letters. The codex contains the complete text of the four Gospels with only one lacuna of John 19:17-35. The Latin text is written above the Greek (as in Codex Boernerianus), and in minuscule letters. It is decorated, but the decorations were made by an inartistic hand. The manuscript Vorlage from which Sangallensis was copied was likely written stichometrically. The text is divided according to Ammonian Sections, whose numbers are given at the margin, with references to the Eusebian Canons in Roman letters ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Macedoniensis
Codex Macedoniensis or Macedonianus designated by Y or 034 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 073 ( von Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels, dated palaeographically to the 9th century. The manuscript is lacunose. Description The codex contains 309 parchment leaves (). The text is written in one column per page, and 16 lines per column. The codex contains almost complete text of the four Gospels with six lacunae (Matthew 1:1-9:11; 10:35-11:4; Luke 1:26-36; 15:25-16:5; 23:22-34; John 20:27-21:17).Hermann von Soden, ''Die Schriften des neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt / hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte'' (Berlin 1902), vol. 1, p. 132 The texts of Matthew 16:2b–3 (''Signs of the Times'') and Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11) are omitted. The Greek text of this codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V. History The manuscript was inadequately cited by Constantin von ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Campianus
Codex Campianus is designated as "M" or "021" in the Gregory-Aland cataloging system and as "ε 72" in the Von Soden system. It is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 9th century. The manuscript has complex contents. It has marginalia and was prepared for liturgical (religious) use. The text of the manuscript was held in high esteem by some 19th-century scholars, but this general opinion changed in the 20th century; as a result the manuscript is rarely cited in critical editions of the Greek New Testament. Description The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels, on 257 parchment leaves each approximately . The leaves are arranged in quarto and the text is written in two columns per page, 24 lines per column, in very elegant and small uncial letters, with breathings and accents (in red). The letters are similar to those from Codex Mosquensis II. The liturgical notes at the margin are written in minuscule letters. Accordi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Cyprius
Codex Cyprius, designated by Ke or 017 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 71 ( von Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the four Gospels, on parchment. It has been variously dated (8th–11th centuries), but it is currently dated to the 9th century. It was brought from Cyprus (hence name of the codex) to Paris. Sometimes it was called Codex Colbertinus 5149 (from its then place of housing). It is one of the very few uncial manuscripts with the complete text of the four Gospels, and it is one of the more important late uncial manuscripts. The text of the codex was examined by many scholars. It mainly represents the Byzantine text-type, but it has numerous peculiar readings. Although its text is not highly estimated by present textual critics, and a full collation of its text was never made or published, it is often cited in critical editions of the Greek New Testament. Description The codex contains the complete text of the four Gospels. The entire work is arranged on 267 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Codex Alexandrinus
The Codex Alexandrinus (London, British Library, Royal MS 1. D. V-VIII), designated by the siglum A or 02 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 4 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a manuscript of the Greek Bible,The Greek Bible in this context refers to the Bible used by Greek-speaking Christians who lived in Egypt and elsewhere during the early history of Christianity. This Bible contained both the Old and New Testaments in Koine Greek. written on parchment. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the fifth century. It contains the majority of the Greek Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. It is one of the four Great uncial codices (these being manuscripts which originally contained the whole of both the Old and New Testaments). Along with Codex Sinaiticus and Vaticanus, it is one of the earliest and most complete manuscripts of the Bible. It derives its name from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jesus And The Woman Taken In Adultery
Jesus and the woman taken in adultery (or the ) is a passage (pericope) found in John 7:53– 8:11 of the New Testament. It has been the subject of much scholarly discussion. In the passage, Jesus was teaching in the Second Temple after coming from the Mount of Olives. A group of scribes and Pharisees confronts Jesus, interrupting his teaching. They bring in a woman, accusing her of committing adultery, claiming she was caught in the very act. They tell Jesus that the punishment for someone like her should be stoning, as prescribed by Mosaic Law. Jesus begins to write something on the ground using his finger; when the woman's accusers continue their challenge, he states that the one who is without sin is the one who should cast the first stone at her. The accusers and congregants depart, realizing not one of them is without sin either, leaving Jesus alone with the woman. Jesus asks the woman if anyone has condemned her and she answers no. Jesus says that he, too, does not c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asterisk
The asterisk ( ), from Late Latin , from Ancient Greek , ''asteriskos'', "little star", is a typographical symbol. It is so called because it resembles a conventional image of a heraldic star. Computer scientists and mathematicians often vocalize it as star (as, for example, in ''the A* search algorithm'' or ''C*-algebra''). In English, an asterisk is usually five- or six-pointed in sans-serif typefaces, six-pointed in serif typefaces, and six- or eight-pointed when handwritten. Its most common use is to call out a footnote. It is also often used to censor offensive words. In computer science, the asterisk is commonly used as a wildcard character, or to denote pointers, repetition, or multiplication. History The asterisk has already been used as a symbol in ice age cave paintings. There is also a two thousand-year-old character used by Aristarchus of Samothrace called the , , which he used when proofreading Homeric poetry to mark lines that were duplicated. Origen is know ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
