Codex Sangallensis, designated by Δ or 037 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 76 ( von Soden), is a

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

diglot A polyglot is a book that contains side-by-side versions of the same text in several different languages. Some editions of the Bible or its parts are polyglots, in which the Hebrew and Greek originals are exhibited along with historical translat ...

uncial Uncial is a majuscule Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall. (1996) ''Encyclopedia of the Book''. 2nd edn. New Castle, DE, and London: Oak Knoll Press & The British Library The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom and is one ...

manuscript A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand – or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten – as opposed to mechanically printing, printed or repr ...

of the four

Gospel Gospel originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was set out. In this sense a gospel can be defined as a loose-knit, episodic narrative of the words an ...

s. It is usually dated palaeographically to the 9th century CE, though a few palaeographers would place it in the 10th century CE. It was named by Scholz in 1830.

Description

The codex contains 198 parchment leaves, in size. The text is written in one column per page, and 17-28 lines per page, in large

semi-uncial Uncial is a majuscule Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall. (1996) ''Encyclopedia of the Book''. 2nd edn. New Castle, DE, and London: Oak Knoll Press & The British Library, p. 494. script (written entirely in capital letters) commonly used from the 4th to ...

letters. The codex contains the complete text of the four Gospels with only one

lacuna Lacuna (plural lacunas or lacunae) may refer to: Related to the meaning "gap" * Lacuna (manuscripts), a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or musical work ** Great Lacuna, a lacuna of eight leaves where there was heroic Old Norse p ...

of John 19:17-35. The Latin text is written above the Greek (as in

Codex Boernerianus Codex Boernerianus, designated by G, G or 012 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), α 1028 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a small New Testament codex, measuring 25 x 18 cm, written in ...

), and in

minuscule Letter case is the distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals (or more formally ''majuscule'') and smaller lowercase (or more formally ''minuscule'') in the written representation of certain languages. The writing ...

letters. It is decorated, but the decorations were made by an inartistic hand. The manuscript

Vorlage A ''Vorlage'' (; from the German for ''prototype'' or ''template'') is a prior version or manifestation of a text under consideration. It may refer to such a version of a text itself, a particular manuscript of the text, or a more complex manifest ...

from which Sangallensis was copied was likely written stichometrically. The text is divided according to Ammonian Sections, whose numbers are given at the margin, with references to the

Eusebian Canons Eusebian canons, Eusebian sections or Eusebian apparatus, also known as Ammonian sections, are the system of dividing the four Gospels used between late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The divisions into chapters and verses used in modern texts d ...

in Roman letters (written below the Ammonian Section numbers). The top of the pages contain the (''titles of chapters''), also. It contains Prologues, the Epistle of Jerome to Pope Damasus I, the Eusebian Canon Tables, and tables (''tables of contents'') in both Greek and Latin. The texts of Mark 7:16 and are omitted. The

Pericope Adulterae Jesus and the woman taken in adultery (or the ) is a passage (pericope) found in John 7:53– 8:11 of the New Testament. It has been the subject of much scholarly discussion. In the passage, Jesus was teaching in the Second Temple after com ...

(John 7:53-8:11) is omitted, but a blank space was left for the remainder of the 348th page.

Text

The Greek text is a representative of the

Alexandrian text-type In textual criticism of the New Testament, the Alexandrian text-type is one of the main text types. It is the text type favored by the majority of modern textual critics and it is the basis for most modern (after 1900) Bible translations. Over 5,8 ...

(similar to L) in the

Gospel of Mark The Gospel of Mark), or simply Mark (which is also its most common form of abbreviation). is the second of the four canonical gospels and of the three synoptic Gospels. It tells of the ministry of Jesus from his baptism by John the Baptist to h ...

, but the

Byzantine text-type In the textual criticism of the New Testament, the Byzantine text-type (also called Majority Text, Traditional Text, Ecclesiastical Text, Constantinopolitan Text, Antiocheian Text, or Syrian Text) is one of the main text types. It is the form fou ...

in the rest of the gospels (as in Ψ). Aland placed it in Category III. ; Some Textual variants : - Δ : - All other witnesses : - Δ Θ 0250 ''f''¹ ''f''¹³

537 __NOTOC__ Year 537 ( DXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Second year after the Consulship of Belisarius (or, less frequently, year 1290 ...

1424 :omit - All other witnesses : (''the love of wealth'') - Δ : - D Θ 565 it : - W 1424 f : - All other witnesses : – B L W Δ ''f''¹ ''f''¹³ 28 565

700 The denomination 700 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Avar and Slavic tribes conq ...

ℓ ''260'' syr^s cop^sa : – All other witnesses : - 1646 : - All other witnesses

Latin text

The Latin version seems a mixture of the Vulgate with Old Latin Itala, and altered and accommodated to the Greek as to be of little critical value. The interlinear Latin text of the codex is remarkable for its alternative readings in almost every verse, e.g. ''uxorem vel coniugem'' for την γυναικα in Matthew 1:20.

History

The codex was written in the West, possibly in the St. Gallen monastery, by an Irish monk in the 9th century. It can not be dated earlier, because it has a reference to the (heretical) opinions of

Gottschalk Gottschalk or Godescalc (Old High German) is a male German name that can be translated literally as " servant of God". Latin forms include ''Godeschalcus'' and ''Godescalcus''. Given name * Godescalc of Benevento, 8th-century Lombard duke *Godescal ...

at Luke 13:24 and John 12:40. Siglum Δ was given to it by Scholz.H. C. M. Rettig
''Ueber einen tausendjährigen noch nie verglichenen griechischen Evangeliencodex mit lateinischer Interlinearversion''
Theologische Studien und Kritiken (1836), pp. 465-469. It was examined by Martin Gerbert (1773), Scholz, Rettig, J. Rendel Harris,

Oscar von Gebhardt Oscar Leopold von Gebhardt (22 June 1844 – 9 May 1906) was a German Lutheran theologian, born in the Baltic German settlement of Wesenberg in the Russian Empire (now Rakvere, Estonia). He studied theology at Dorpat and at several other German un ...

. Rettig thought that Codex Sangallensis is a part of the same manuscript as

. The text of the codex was edited by H. C. M. Rettig in 1836, but with some mistakes (e.g. in Luke 21:32 οφθαλμους instead of αδελφους). There are references made to the opinions of Gottschalk († 866) in Luke 13:24; John 12:40, and to Hand Aragon († 941). C. R. Gregory, "Textkritik des Neuen Testaments", Leipzig 1900, vol. 1, p. 87. The codex is located in the

Abbey library of St. Gallen The Abbey Library of Saint Gall (german: Stiftsbibliothek) is a significant medieval monastic library located in St. Gallen, Switzerland. In 1983, the library, as well as the Abbey of St. Gall, were designated a World Heritage Site, as “an outst ...

(48) at

St. Gallen , neighboring_municipalities = Eggersriet, Gaiserwald, Gossau, Herisau (AR), Mörschwil, Speicher (AR), Stein (AR), Teufen (AR), Untereggen, Wittenbach , twintowns = Liberec (Czech Republic) , website ...

Gallery

File:Codex Sangallensis 48 005.jpg, The epistle of

Jerome Jerome (; la, Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; grc-gre, Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was a Christian presbyter, priest, Confessor of the Faith, confessor, th ...

Pope Damasus I Pope Damasus I (; c. 305 – 11 December 384) was the bishop of Rome from October 366 to his death. He presided over the Council of Rome of 382 that determined the canon or official list of sacred scripture. He spoke out against major heresies ( ...

File:Codex Sangallensis 48 316.jpg, Tables of for John File:Codex Sangallensis 48 348.jpg, It lacks John 7:53-8:11

References

External links

*

at the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism''
Codex Sangallensis 48
images of the codex at the

CSNTM The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts (CSNTM) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization whose mission is to digitally preserve Greek New Testament manuscripts. Toward that end, CSNTM takes digital photographs of manuscripts at institu ...

.
Codex Sangallensis 48
images of the codex at the ''Stiffsbibliothek St. Gallen'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Sangallensis Greek New Testament uncials Vetus Latina New Testament manuscripts 9th-century biblical manuscripts Manuscripts of the Abbey library of Saint Gall Vulgate manuscripts