The

Indo-European languages The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent. Some European languages of this family, English, French, Portuguese, Russian, D ...

include some 449 ( SIL estimate, 2018 edition) languages spoken by about or more than 3.5 billion people (roughly half of the world population). Most of the major languages belonging to language branches and groups of

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

, and western and southern

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an are ...

, belong to the Indo-European

language family A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ''ancestral language'' or ''parental language'', called the proto-language of that family. The term "family" reflects the tree model of language origination in h ...

. Therefore, Indo-European is the biggest language family in the world by number of mother tongue speakers (but not by number of languages in which it is the 3rd or 5th biggest). Eight of the top ten biggest languages, by number of native speakers, are Indo-European. One of these languages, English, is the ''

de facto ''De facto'' ( ; , "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, whether or not they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms. It is commonly used to refer to what happens in practice, in contrast with '' de jure'' ("by l ...

'' World Lingua Franca with an estimate of over one billion second language speakers. Each subfamily or linguistic branch in this list contains many subgroups and individual languages. Indo-European language family has 10 known branches or subfamilies, of which eight are living and two are extinct. The relation of Indo-European branches, how they are related to one another and branched from the ancestral proto-language is a matter of further research and not yet well known. There are some individual Indo-European languages that are unclassified within the language family, they are not yet classified in a branch and could be members of their own branch. The 449 Indo-European languages identified in the SIL estimate, 2018 edition, are mostly living languages, however, if all the known extinct Indo-European languages are added, they number more than 800 or close to one thousand. This list includes all known Indo-European languages, living and extinct. A distinction between a language and a dialect is not clear-cut and simple because there is, in many cases, several

dialect continuum A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated vari ...

s, transitional dialects and languages and also because there is no consensual standard to what amount of

vocabulary A vocabulary is a set of familiar words within a person's language. A vocabulary, usually developed with age, serves as a useful and fundamental tool for communication and acquiring knowledge. Acquiring an extensive vocabulary is one of the ...

grammar In linguistics, the grammar of a natural language is its set of structural constraints on speakers' or writers' composition of clauses, phrases, and words. The term can also refer to the study of such constraints, a field that includes doma ...

pronunciation Pronunciation is the way in which a word or a language is spoken. This may refer to generally agreed-upon sequences of sounds used in speaking a given word or language in a specific dialect ("correct pronunciation") or simply the way a particular ...

and prosody differences there is a language or there is a dialect. (

Mutual intelligibility In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. It is sometimes used as ...

can be a standard but there are closely related languages that are also mutual intelligible to some degree, even if it is an asymmetric intelligibility.) Because of this, in this list, several dialect groups and some individual dialects of languages are shown (in italics), especially if a language is or was spoken by a large number of people and over a big land area, but also if it has or had divergent dialects. The ancestral population and language,

Proto-Indo-Europeans The Proto-Indo-Europeans are a hypothetical prehistoric population of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the ancestor of the Indo-European languages according to linguistic reconstruction. Knowledge of them comes chiefly from ...

that spoke

Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo ...

, estimated to have lived about 4500 BCE (6500 BP), at some time in the past, starting about 4000 BCE (6000 BP) expanded through migration and

cultural influence Culture () is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.Tylo ...

. This started a complex process of population blend or population replacement,

acculturation Acculturation is a process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society. Acculturation is a process in which an individual adopts, acquires and ...

and language change of peoples in many regions of western and southern

Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelag ...

. This process gave origin to many languages and branches of this language family. By the end of the second millennium BC Indo-European speakers were many millions and lived in a vast geographical area in most of western and southern

(including western

Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes the fo ...

). In the following two millennia the number of speakers of Indo-European languages increased even further. By geographical area, Indo-European languages remained spoken in big land areas, although most of western Central Asia and Asia Minor was lost to another language family (mainly Turkic) due to Turkic expansion, conquests and settlement (after the middle of the first millennium AD and the beginning and middle of the second millennium AD respectively) and also to Mongol invasions and conquests (that changed Central Asia ethnolinguistic composition). Another land area lost to non-Indo-European languages was today's Hungary due to Magyar/Hungarian (Uralic language speakers) conquest and settlement. However, in the second half of the second millennium AD, Indo-European languages expanded their territories to

North Asia North Asia or Northern Asia, also referred to as Siberia, is the northern region of Asia, which is defined in geographical terms and is coextensive with the Asian part of Russia, and consists of three Russian regions east of the Ural Mountains ...

(

Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part ...

), through Russian expansion, and

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and th ...

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sou ...

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. With an area of , Australia is the largest country by ...

and

New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island coun ...

as the result of the age of European discoveries and European conquests through the expansions of the Portuguese, Spanish, French, English and the Dutch. (These peoples had the biggest continental or maritime empires in the world and their countries were major powers.) The contact between different peoples and languages, especially as a result of

European colonization The historical phenomenon of colonization is one that stretches around the globe and across time. Ancient and medieval colonialism was practiced by the Phoenicians, the Greeks, the Turks, and the Arabs. Colonialism in the modern sense be ...

, also gave origin to the many

pidgins A pidgin , or pidgin language, is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups of people that do not have a language in common: typically, its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn from s ...

, creoles and

mixed languages A mixed language is a language that arises among a bilingual group combining aspects of two or more languages but not clearly deriving primarily from any single language. It differs from a creole or pidgin language in that, whereas creoles/pidgi ...

that are mainly based in Indo-European languages (many of which are spoken in island groups and coastal regions).

Ancestral (
Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo ...
)

(extinct) (see also

Proto-Indo-European homeland The Proto-Indo-European homeland (or Indo-European homeland) was the prehistoric linguistic homeland of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE). From this region, its speakers migrated east and west, and went on to form the proto-communities o ...

) ** Early Proto-Indo-European (First phase of Indo-European) *** Middle Proto-Indo-European ("Classical" Indo-European) **** Late Proto-Indo-European (Last phase of indo-European as spoken language before splitting into several languages that originated in the regional dialects that diverged in time, and in space with Indo-European migrations, these languages were the direct ancestors of today's subfamilies or "branches" of descendant languages) (larger clades of Indo-European than the individual subfamilies or the way individual subfamilies are related to each other is still an unresolved issue)

Dating the split-offs of the main branches

Although all Indo-European languages descend from a common ancestor called

, the kinship between the subfamilies or branches (large groups of more closely related languages within the language family), that descend from other more recent proto-languages, is not the same because there are subfamilies that are closer or further, and they did not split-off at the same time, the affinity or kinship of Indo-European subfamilies or branches between themselves is still an unresolved and controversial issue and being investigated. However, there is some consensus that Anatolian was the first group of Indo-European (branch) to split-off from all the others and Tocharian was the second in which that happened. Using a mathematical analysis borrowed from evolutionary biology, Donald Ringe and Tandy Warnow propose the following tree of Indo-European branches:Anthony, David W. (2007), ''The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World'', Princeton University Press *

(PIE) **Pre- Anatolian (before 3500 BC) **Pre- Tocharian **Pre- Italic and Pre-

Celtic Celtic, Celtics or Keltic may refer to: Language and ethnicity *pertaining to Celts, a collection of Indo-European peoples in Europe and Anatolia **Celts (modern) *Celtic languages **Proto-Celtic language *Celtic music *Celtic nations Sports Foo ...

(before 2500 BC) **Pre- Armenian and Pre- Greek (after 2500 BC) **Proto- Indo-Iranian (2000 BC) **Pre- Germanic and Pre-

Balto-Slavic The Balto-Slavic languages form a branch of the Indo-European family of languages, traditionally comprising the Baltic and Slavic languages. Baltic and Slavic languages share several linguistic traits not found in any other Indo-European br ...

;

proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. Proto-Germanic eventually developed from pre-Proto-Germanic into three Germanic br ...

(500 BC) David W. Anthony, following the methodology of Donald Ringe and Tandy Warnow, proposes the following sequence: *

(PIE) **Pre- Anatolian (4200 BC) **Pre- Tocharian (3700 BC) **Pre- Germanic (3300 BC) **Pre- Italic and Pre-

(3000 BC) **Pre- Armenian (2800 BC) **Pre-

(2800 BC) **Pre- Greek (2500 BC) **Proto- Indo-Iranian (2200 BC); split between Old Iranian and

Old Indic The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family. As of the early 21st century, they have more than 800 million speakers, primarily concentrated in India, ...

1800 BC

List of Indo-European protolanguages

The protolanguages that developed into the Indo-European languages This is not a list of just Proto-Indo-European, but it also contains the protolanguages of Indo-European subfamilies *

Pre-Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo- ...

(PIE) (Proper) *** Early / Archaic PIE **** Proto-Anatolian ***** Proto-Luwian / Proto-Luwic ***** Proto-Lydian ***** Proto-Palaic ***** Proto-Hittite **** Middle PIE ***** Proto-Tocharian ***** Late PIE ****** Proto-Italic ******* Proto-Latino-Faliscan ******* Proto-Osco-Umbrian ******

Proto-Celtic Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. It is not attested in writing but has been partly reconstructed through the comparative method. Proto-Celt ...

******* Proto-Continental-Celtic ********Proto-Eastern-Celtic ********Proto-Gaulish ********Proto-Celtiberian ********Proto-Gallaecian ******* Proto-Insular-Celtic ********Proto-Brittonic ********Proto-Goidelic ****** Proto-Armenian ****** Proto-Greek ****** Proto-Albanian ******

Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. Proto-Germanic eventually developed from pre-Proto-Germanic into three Germanic br ...

******* Proto-Northwest-Germanic ********

Proto-Norse Proto-Norse (also called Ancient Nordic, Ancient Scandinavian, Ancient Norse, Primitive Norse, Proto-Nordic, Proto-Scandinavian and Proto-North Germanic) was an Indo-European language spoken in Scandinavia that is thought to have evolved as ...

( Proto-North-Germanic) ******** Proto-West-Germanic ********* Proto-Elbe Germanic ********* Proto-Weser-Rhine Germanic ********* Proto-North Sea Germanic ******* Proto-East-Germanic ****** Proto-Balto-Slavic ******* Proto-Baltic ********Proto-Western-Baltic ********Proto-Eastern-Baltic ******* Proto-Slavic ******** Proto-East-Slavic *********Proto-Ruthenian-Russian (Proto-Southwest-Northeast East Slavic) ********** Proto-Ruthenian ********** Proto-Russian ********* Proto-Novgorodian-Pskovian ( Proto-Northwest East Slavic) ********Proto-West-South Slavic ********* Proto-West-Slavic ********** Proto-Lechtic ********** Proto-Sorbian (Proto-Elbe-Serbian) ********** Proto-Czech-Slovak ********* Proto-South-Slavic ********** Proto-Western South Slavic *********** Proto-Slovene *********** Proto-Shtokavian ( Proto-Serbo-Croatian) ********** Proto-Eastern South Slavic *********** Old-Slavonic (Proto-Slavic Bulgarian-Slavic Macedonian) ****** Proto-Indo-Iranian ******* Proto-Iranian ******** Proto-Eastern-Iranian *********Proto-Northeast-Iranian (North Eastern Iranian) **********Proto-Scythian *********Proto-Southeast-Iranian (South Eastern Iranian) **********Proto-Sogdo-Bactrian ******** Proto-Western-Iranian *********Proto-Northwest-Iranian (North Western Iranian) *********Proto-Southwest-Iranian (South Western Iranian) ******* Proto-Nuristani ******* Proto-Indo-Aryan ********

Sanskrit Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural diffusion ...

*********

Prakrit The Prakrits (; sa, prākṛta; psu, 𑀧𑀸𑀉𑀤, ; pka, ) are a group of vernacular Middle Indo-Aryan languages that were used in the Indian subcontinent from around the 3rd century BCE to the 8th century CE. The term Prakrit is usu ...

********** Proto-Shauraseni *********** Proto-Sindhi *********** Proto-Punjabi *********** Proto-Western-Hindi ********** Proto-Magadhi *********** Proto-Bihari *********** Proto-Bengali-Assamese *********** Proto-Odia ********** Proto-Maharashtri *********** Proto-Marathi-Konkani *********** Proto-Sinhalese-Maldivian The list below follows Donald Ringe and Tandy Warnow classification tree for Indo-European branches.

Anatolian languages The Anatolian languages are an extinct branch of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Anatolia, part of present-day Turkey. The best known Anatolian language is Hittite, which is considered the earliest-attested Indo-European langua ...
(all extinct)

Anatolian Languages in 2nd millennium BC

* Proto-Anatolian **Hittite (Nesitic/Central) *** Hittite ( Nesite) ( 𒉈𒅆𒇷 – '' Nesili'') ****

Cappadocian Cappadocian Greeks also known as Greek Cappadocians ( el, Έλληνες-Καππαδόκες, Ελληνοκαππαδόκες, Καππαδόκες; tr, Kapadokyalı Rumlar) or simply Cappadocians are an ethnic Greek community native to the ...

? (also known as Leucosyrian, was spoken in

Cappadocia Cappadocia or Capadocia (; tr, Kapadokya), is a historical region in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It largely is in the provinces Nevşehir, Kayseri, Aksaray, Kırşehir, Sivas and Niğde. According to Herodotus, in the time of the Ionian Revo ...

and West Pontus) **Luwic (Southern) *** Luwian ****'' Aštanuwa Luwian''/'' Ištanuwa Luwian'' ''(written in

Cuneiform Luwian Luwian (), sometimes known as Luvian or Luish, is an ancient language, or group of languages, within the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family. The ethnonym Luwian comes from ''Luwiya'' (also spelled ''Luwia'' or ''Luvia'') � ...

)'' ****'' Kizzuwadna/Kizzuwatna Luwian'' ''(written in

)'' *****

Cilician Cilicia (); el, Κιλικία, ''Kilikía''; Middle Persian: ''klkyʾy'' (''Klikiyā''); Parthian: ''kylkyʾ'' (''Kilikiyā''); tr, Kilikya). is a geographical region in southern Anatolia in Turkey, extending inland from the northeastern coa ...

****'' Empire Luwian'' ''(written in

and Hieroglyphic Luwian)'' *****'' Iron Age Luwian'' **** Cataonian (possibly assimilated by

at Classical Age) **** Commagenian? **** Isaurian **** Lycaonian ****Southwest ***** Carian ***** Lelegian? (language of the Leleges) ***** Lycian ( 𐊗𐊕𐊐𐊎𐊆𐊍𐊆 – '' Trm̃mili = Trəmmili (m̃ = əm)'') *****

Milyan Milyan, also known as Lycian B and previously Lycian 2, is an extinct ancient Anatolian language. It is attested from three inscriptions: two poems of 34 and 71 engraved lines, respectively, on the so-called Xanthian stele (or Xanthian ...

("Lycian B") *****Pisido-Sidetian ****** Pisidian ****** Sidetic ******Pamphylian (Non-Hellenic) **Western Anatolian? (related to, but not part of, Luwic) *** Lydian/ Maeonian ( 𐤮𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣𐤸𐤯𐤦𐤳 – '' Śfardẽtis'') **Palaic (Northern) *** Palaic

Tocharian languages The Tocharian (sometimes ''Tokharian'') languages ( or ), also known as ''Arśi-Kuči'', Agnean-Kuchean or Kuchean-Agnean, are an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family spoken by inhabitants of the Tarim Basin, the Tocharians. Th ...
( Agni-Kuči languages) (all extinct)

* Proto-Agni-Kuči (" Proto-Tocharian") ** North-Tocharian (it was originally spoken in many areas of the Tarim Basin and Turpan Depression) (according to several linguists the languages are inaccurately called "Tocharian" in a misnomer because they view "Tocharian" as a name synonymous with Bactrian, an

Iranian language The Iranian languages or Iranic languages are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau. The Iranian languages are groupe ...

, however there are other linguists who think that the name was correctly applied and only later would Tocharians replace their original language with an Iranian one.) *** Agnean ( Tocharian A) (also called Turfanian, East Tocharian) (''

Agni Agni (English: , sa, अग्नि, translit=Agni) is a Sanskrit word meaning fire and connotes the Vedic fire deity of Hinduism. He is also the guardian deity of the southeast direction and is typically found in southeast corners of Hi ...

''/'' Ārśi'') (its main centres were

, in today's Yanqi or Karasahr, in the Yanqi Hui Autonomous County, and

Turpan Turpan (also known as Turfan or Tulufan, , ug, تۇرپان) is a prefecture-level city located in the east of the autonomous region of Xinjiang, China. It has an area of and a population of 632,000 (2015). Geonyms The original name of the cit ...

) ***

Kuchean Kuchean (also known as Tocharian B or West Tocharian) was a Western member of Tocharian branch of Indo-European languages, extinct from ninth century. Once spoken in the Tarim Basin in Central Asia. Tocharian B shows an internal chronological d ...

( Tocharian B) (also called West Tocharian) ('' Kuśiññe''/'' Kučiññe'') (its main centre was Kucha or Kuqa) ** South Tocharian (on the southern and southeastern rim of the Tarim Basin) *** Kroränian (

Tocharian C The Tocharian (sometimes ''Tokharian'') languages ( or ), also known as ''Arśi-Kuči'', Agnean-Kuchean or Kuchean-Agnean, are an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family spoken by inhabitants of the Tarim Basin, the Tocharians. The l ...

) (possible) (also called Krorainic, Lolanisch or South Tocharian) (it was the possible substrate language for the

Kroraina Loulan, also called Krorän or Kroraina ( zh, s=, t=, p=Lóulán < Eastern Han Chinese ''lo-lɑn'' < Old Chinese ''rô-rân''; ug, كروران, Kroran, Uyghur Cyrillic alphabet, USY: Кроран), was an ancient kingdom based around an importa ...

or Niya Prakrit, an Indo-Aryan language spoken as administrative language in the

Shanshan Shanshan (; ug, پىچان, Pichan, Piqan) was a kingdom located at the north-eastern end of the Taklamakan Desert near the great, but now mostly dry, salt lake known as Lop Nur. The kingdom was originally an independent city-state, known in ...

kingdom) (its main centre was

, today's Loulan, part of the

or Loulan kingdom)

Italic languages

Map Length of Roman Rule Neo Latin Languages

* Proto-Italic (extinct) ** Osco-Umbrian languages ( Sabellic languages) (all extinct) ***Umbrian ****

Umbrian Umbrian is an extinct Italic language formerly spoken by the Umbri in the ancient Italian region of Umbria. Within the Italic languages it is closely related to the Oscan group and is therefore associated with it in the group of Osco-Umbrian ...

( Umbrian Proper) (was spoken by the

Umbrians The Umbri were an Italic people of ancient Italy. A region called Umbria still exists and is now occupied by Italian speakers. It is somewhat smaller than the ancient Umbria. Most ancient Umbrian cities were settled in the 9th-4th centuries BC ...

) **** Sabine (was spoken by the Sabines in Sabina region) **** Hernican (was spoken by the Hernici) **** Marsian (was spoken in Marruvium region) ****

South Picene South Picene (also known as Paleo-Sabellic, Mid-Adriatic or Eastern Italic) is an extinct Italic language belonging to the Sabellic subfamily. It is apparently unrelated to the North Picene language, which is not understood and therefore unc ...

( Old Sabellic) ****

Volscian Volscian was a Sabellic Italic language, which was spoken by the Volsci and closely related to Oscan and Umbrian. Overview Volscian is attested in an inscription found in Velitrae (Velletri), dating probably from early in the 3rd century BC; i ...

(was spoken by the Volscians) ***

Oscan Oscan is an extinct Indo-European language of southern Italy. The language is in the Osco-Umbrian or Sabellic branch of the Italic languages. Oscan is therefore a close relative of Umbrian. Oscan was spoken by a number of tribes, including t ...

****

( Oscan Proper) (was spoken by the Oscans) **** Marrucinian (was spoken by the

Marrucini The Marrucini were an Italic tribe that occupied a small strip of territory around the ancient ''Teate'' (modern Chieti), on the east coast of Abruzzo, Italy, limited by the Aterno and Foro Rivers. Other Marrucinian centers included ''Ceio'' ( Sa ...

) **** Paelignian (was spoken by the Paeligni) **** Sidicinian (was spoken by the Sidicini) **** Pre-Samnite (ancient language spoken in southern

Campania (man), it, Campana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , demog ...

, in

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

, before Samnite conquest) ***Unclassified (within Italic) **** Aequian (extinct; certainly Italic but unclassified) (was spoken by Aequi) **** Vestinian (extinct; certainly Italic but unclassified) (was spoken by the Vestini) ** Latino-Faliscan languages *** Faliscan (extinct) (was spoken by the Faliscans in

Ager Faliscus Ager or AGER may refer to: *Ager (surname) *Ager (river), a river in Upper Austria *Àger, a municipality in Catalonia, Spain *Viscounty of Àger, a medieval Catalan jurisdiction that branched off the County of Urgell *Ager, California, unincorpo ...

) ****'' Capenate'' ***

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...

(Latina/Lingua Latina) ( Lingua franca, High culture language and ''

Official language An official language is a language given supreme status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction. Typically the term "official language" does not refer to the language used by a people or country, but by its government (e.g. judiciary, ...

of the

Roman Republic The Roman Republic ( la, Res publica Romana ) was a form of government of Rome and the era of the classical Roman civilization when it was run through public representation of the Roman people. Beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Ki ...

and the

Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post-Roman Republic, Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings aro ...

Classical language A classical language is any language with an independent literary tradition and a large and ancient body of written literature. Classical languages are typically dead languages, or show a high degree of diglossia, as the spoken varieties of th ...

in the western half of the

, see Greek East and Latin West, and of the

Western Roman Empire The Western Roman Empire comprised the western provinces of the Roman Empire at any time during which they were administered by a separate independent Imperial court; in particular, this term is used in historiography to describe the period ...

, High culture language of

Western Europe Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's countries and territories vary depending on context. The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the ancient Mediterranean ...

for two thousand years, traditional

sacred Sacred describes something that is dedicated or set apart for the service or worship of a deity; is considered worthy of spiritual respect or devotion; or inspires awe or reverence among believers. The property is often ascribed to objects ( ...

or liturgical language of the Christian Catholic Church/

Roman Catholic church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

for almost two millennia) (origin in Latium Vetus, part of today's

Lazio it, Laziale , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , demographics1_title2 ...

region, West Central

) (extinct as first language or mother tongue but always known, continuously learned, spoken and written along many generations) ****

Old Latin Old Latin, also known as Early Latin or Archaic Latin (Classical la, prīsca Latīnitās, lit=ancient Latinity), was the Latin language in the period before 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin. It descends from a common Proto-Italic ...

(

Early Latin Old Latin, also known as Early Latin or Archaic Latin (Classical la, prīsca Latīnitās, lit=ancient Latinity), was the Latin language in the period before 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin. It descends from a common Proto-Italic ...

Archaic Latin Old Latin, also known as Early Latin or Archaic Latin (Classical la, prīsca Latīnitās, lit=ancient Latinity), was the Latin language in the period before 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin. It descends from a common Proto-Italic ...

) ('' Prisca Latina''/'' Prisca Latinitas'') (extinct) *****

Classical Latin Classical Latin is the form of Literary Latin recognized as a literary standard by writers of the late Roman Republic and early Roman Empire. It was used from 75 BC to the 3rd century AD, when it developed into Late Latin. In some later period ...

( LINGVA LATINA – '' Lingua Latina'') (extinct) ******''Latium Latin'' ''(intra

Latium Latium ( , ; ) is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire. Definition Latium was originally a small triangle of fertile, volcanic soil ( Old Latium) on w ...

)'' ''(Latin that was spoken by the original speakers of Latin in Latium Vetus,

)'' *******''Roman Latin'' ********''Rural Roman Latin'' ''(Latin dialect of

Ager Romanus The Ager Romanus (literally, "the field of Rome"') is the geographical rural area (part plains, part hilly) that surrounds the city of Rome. Politically and historically, it has represented the area of influence of Rome's municipal government. It ...

, rural areas of

)'' ********''Urban Roman Latin'' ''(Latin dialect of ancient

Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus ( legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...

city,

Roma Roma or ROMA may refer to: Places Australia * Roma, Queensland, a town ** Roma Airport ** Roma Courthouse ** Electoral district of Roma, defunct ** Town of Roma, defunct town, now part of the Maranoa Regional Council * Roma Street, Brisbane, a ...

Urbs, itself)'' *********'' Standard Latin'' ('' Lingua Latina Exemplar'') *********''

Vulgar Latin Vulgar Latin, also known as Popular or Colloquial Latin, is the range of non-formal registers of Latin spoken from the Late Roman Republic onward. Through time, Vulgar Latin would evolve into numerous Romance languages. Its literary counterpa ...

''/'' Colloquial Latin''/''Common Latin'' ( Sermō vulgāris) *******'' Lanuvian'' ''(it was spoken in Lanuvium, today's Lanuvio, in

, west central

)'' *******'' Praenestinian'' ''(it was spoken in Praeneste, today's Palestrina, in

, west central

)'' ******''Provincial Latin'' ''(extra

)'' ''(Latin that was spoken by Romanized peoples in the provinces of the

)'' *******''Northern Latin''/''Continental Latin'' ********''Western Latin'' *********''Italic-Latin'' ''(Latin that was spoken by the Italo-Romans, non-latin italic Romanized populations)'' *********''Gallo-Hispanic Latin'' **********''Gallic Latin'' ''(Latin that was spoken by the Gallo-Romans)'' ***********''Cisalpine Gallic'' ''(in most of today's

Northern Italy Northern Italy ( it, Italia settentrionale, it, Nord Italia, label=none, it, Alta Italia, label=none or just it, Nord, label=none) is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of Italy. It consists of eight administrative region ...

)'' ***********''Transalpine''/''Gallic and Aquitanian Latin'' ************'' Britannic Latin''/''

British Latin British Latin or British Vulgar Latin was the Vulgar Latin spoken in Great Britain in the Roman and sub-Roman periods. While Britain formed part of the Roman Empire, Latin became the principal language of the elite, especially in the more roman ...

'' ''(Not British Romance)'' ''(Latin that was spoken by the

Romano-Britons The Romano-British culture arose in Britain under the Roman Empire following the Roman conquest in AD 43 and the creation of the province of Britannia. It arose as a fusion of the imported Roman culture with that of the indigenous Britons, a ...

)'' *************''Hibernian Latin'' ***********''Rhaetian Latin'' **********''Hispanic Latin'' ''(Latin that was spoken by the

Hispano-Roman Hispania ( la, Hispānia , ; nearly identically pronounced in Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, and Italian) was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula and its provinces. Under the Roman Republic, Hispania was divided into two provinces: Hispan ...

s)'' ********''Eastern Latin'' *********''Illyrian Latin'' (north of the

Jireček Line The Jireček Line is a conceptual boundary through the ancient Balkans that divides the influence of the Latin (in the north) and Greek (in the south) languages in the Roman Empire from antiquity until the 4th century. The border has been repe ...

) ''(Latin that was spoken by the Illyro-Romans)'' **********''Pannonian Latin'' ''(Not Pannonian Romance)'' **********''Dacian Latin'' ''(north of the

)'' ''(Latin that was spoken by the

Daco-Romans The term Daco-Roman describes the Romanized culture of Dacia under the rule of the Roman Empire. Etymology The Daco-Roman mixing theory, as an origin for the Romanian people, was formulated by the earliest Romanian scholars, beginning with Dosof ...

)'' **********''Thracian Latin'' ''(south of the

)'' ''(Latin that was spoken by the

Thraco-Romans The term Thraco-Roman describes the Romanized culture of Thracians under the rule of the Roman Empire. The Odrysian kingdom of Thrace became a Roman client kingdom c. 20 BC, while the Greek city-states on the Black Sea coast came under Roman contro ...

)'' ''(may have influenced Aromanian)'' *********''Greco-Latin'' ''(Spoken by Roman Diaspora in

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wi ...

)'' *******''Southern Latin'' ''(retention of archaic features in the periphery of the Latin speaking world)'' ********''Insular Latin'' ''(Not Insular Romance)'' ''(Latin that was spoken by the insular populations of

Corsica Corsica ( , Upper , Southern ; it, Corsica; ; french: Corse ; lij, Còrsega; sc, Còssiga) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France. It is the fourth-largest island in the Mediterranean and lies southeast of ...

and

Sardinia Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label= Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, aft ...

)'' *********''Corsican Latin'' *********''Sardinian Latin'' ********''African Latin'' ''(Not African Romance)'' ''(West

North Africa North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...

, in many regions of today's

Maghreb The Maghreb (; ar, الْمَغْرِب, al-Maghrib, lit=the west), also known as the Arab Maghreb ( ar, المغرب العربي) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of North Africa and the Arab world. The region includes Algeria, ...

)'' ''(Latin that was spoken by the

Roman Africans The Roman Africans or African Romans ( la, Afri ; ar, Afariqa) were the ancient populations of Roman North Africa that had a Romanized culture, some of whom spoke their own variety of Latin as a result. They existed from the Roman conquest un ...

in North Africa, especially in the Africa province, the origin of the name "Africa" that was later applied to the whole continent)'' ******''Latin Sociolects'' ''(most provinces)'' *******''Imperial Latin'' ''(Sociolect used by ruling class Romans)'' *******'' Judeo-Latin'' ''( Judæo-Latin/La‘az/Ebraico-Latino)'' ''(לועז – Lo`ez/La'az) (Sociolect used by Roman Jews, possible ancestor of Judæo-Romance languages)'' *******''Serf Latin'' ''(Sociolect used by Roman Serfs)'' ******''Out of the Empire Latin'' *******''Germanic-Latin'' *******''Slavic-Latin'' ******

Late Latin Late Latin ( la, Latinitas serior) is the scholarly name for the form of Literary Latin of late antiquity.Roberts (1996), p. 537. English dictionary definitions of Late Latin date this period from the , and continuing into the 7th century in t ...

(Latina/Lingua Latina) (last phase of

as a first language or mother tongue and written Latin of

Late Antiquity Late antiquity is the time of transition from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages, generally spanning the 3rd–7th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin. The popularization of this periodization in English h ...

) *******

Medieval Latin Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages. In this region it served as the primary written language, though local languages were also written to varying degrees. Latin functioned ...

( Lingua Latina) (Latin after stopped being spoken as first language or mother tongue) ********''Broad Medieval Latin'' *********''

Ecclesiastical Latin Latin, also called Church Latin or Liturgical Latin, is a form of Latin developed to discuss Christian thought in Late Antiquity and used in Christian liturgy, theology, and church administration down to the present day, especially in the Cath ...

'' ('' Church Latin''/'' Liturgical Latin'') ('' Lingua Latina Ecclesiastica'') *********'' Hiberno-Latin''/'' Hisperic Latin'' ''(Latin spoken and written by Ireland's Celtic Christianity or Insular Christianity culture, a part of the

Catholic Christianity The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

in the

Medieval Christianity Christianity in the Middle Ages covers the history of Christianity from the fall of the Western Roman Empire (). The end of the period is variously defined. Depending on the context, events such as the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman ...

time, especially the

Irish monks The Hiberno-Scottish mission was a series of expeditions in the 6th and 7th centuries by Gaelic missionaries originating from Ireland that spread Celtic Christianity in Scotland, Wales, England and Merovingian France. Celtic Christianity spr ...

)'' ********* Renaissance Latin **********Baroque Latin (French Standard Latin) ********** New Latin ('' Lingua Latina Nova''/'' Latina Nova'') *********** Contemporary Latin ('' Latinitas viva'') *******'' Late Vulgar Latin'' ('' Sermo Vulgaris''/'' Lingua Romanica'' – ''"Roman language"''/''"Romanic language"'', the origin of the term "Romance" applied to the languages) ''(

, especially Late Vulgar Latin is synonymous with Proto-Romance or Common Romance,

through its variant Vulgar Latin, is the Proto-language or common ancestor language of Romance or New Latin languages or

Neo-Latin languages The Romance languages, sometimes referred to as Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages, are the various modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European language fam ...

)'' ''(Latin, mainly including its variant, Vulgar Latin, had several regional dialects that over time developed towards separate but closely related Romance/ New Latin languages languages)'' ''(extinct)'' ******** Romance/ New Latin/ Neo Latin (languages that evolved from

regional dialects that over time developed towards separate but closely related languages) ********* Continental Romance/ Northern Romance (another alternative classification of the main Romance languages groups is the Western vs.

Eastern Romance languages The Eastern Romance languages are a group of Romance languages. Today, the group consists of the Daco-Romance subgroup, which comprises the Romanian language (Daco-Romanian), Aromanian language and two other related minor languages, Meglen ...

split by the

La Spezia-Rimini Line LA most frequently refers to Los Angeles, the second largest city in the United States. La, LA, or L.A. may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * La (musical note), or A, the sixth note * "L.A.", a song by Elliott Smith on ''Figure ...

) **********

Italo-Western languages Italo-Western is, in some classifications, the largest branch of the Romance languages. It comprises two of the branches of Romance languages: Italo-Dalmatian and Western Romance. It excludes the Sardinian language and Eastern Romance. Italo-Dal ...

(

) *********** Italo-Dalmatian languages (

) ************Italian (in the sense of a group of sister languages forming a

) *************

Old Italian Italian (''italiano'' or ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire. Together with Sardinian, Italian is the least divergent language from Latin. Spoken by about ...

(extinct) ************** Central Italian/ Middle Italian ('' Italiano Centrale''/'' Italiano Mediano'') ***************''Latian'' (''Laziale'') ''(spoken in most part of the Lazio region)'' ''(roughly in the region corresponding to the

Old Latium Old Latium ( la, Latium vetus or ') is a region of the Italian peninsula bounded to the north by the river Tiber, to the east by the central Apennine mountains, to the west by the Mediterranean Sea and to the south by Monte Circeo. It was the t ...

)'' ****************'' Romanesco'' ('' Romanesco'' / ''

Romano Romano may refer to: Food * Pecorino Romano, a hard, salty Italian cheese * Romano cheese, an American English and Canadian English term for a class of cheeses Places Italy Municipalities in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Latium * Arcinazzo Ro ...

'') ''(spoken roughly in the city of

, genealogical and geographical descendant from popular Roman Latin)'' ****************''

Central-Northern Latian {{short description, Central Italian dialect The Central-Northern Latian dialect (''Laziale centro-settentrionale'') is an Italian dialect belonging to the Central Italian dialects, of which it represents the southern offshoot. Territory It is s ...

'' / '' Ciociaro'' ''(spoken in the old Province of Rome, outside the capital, and the northern areas of the Provinces of

Frosinone Frosinone (, local dialect: ) is a town and ''comune'' in Lazio, central Italy, the administrative seat of the province of Frosinone. It is located about south-east of Rome close to the Rome-Naples A1 Motorway. The city is the main city of the ...

and Latina, roughly in the western Ciociara historical region)'' ***************'' Sabino'' ('' Sabino'') ''(spoken in the Province of Rieti and L'Aquila)'' ****************'' Aquilano'' ''(also known as Cicolano-Reatino-Aquilano)'' ****************'' Arseolano''/'' Sublacense'' ****************'' Tagliacozzano'' ***************''Umbrian'' ''(Romance Umbrian)'' (spoken in Umbria) ****************'' Northern Umbrian'' ****************''

Viterbese The Viterbese or it, Asino Viterbese, italic=no is a breed of donkey from Lazio in central Italy. It is particularly associated with the town and province of Viterbo from which it takes its name, and with the Monti della Tolfa and the town o ...

'' / ''Tuscia dialect'' ''( Tuscia, northern part of the wider

)'' ****************'' Southern Umbrian'' ***************'' Marchegian'' ( Marchigiano Proper) ( Marchigià) ''(spoken in the central part of

Marche Marche ( , ) is one of the twenty regions of Italy. In English, the region is sometimes referred to as The Marches ( ). The region is located in the central area of the country, bordered by Emilia-Romagna and the republic of San Marino to the ...

)'' ****************'' Maceratese-Fermano'' ****************'' Anconitano'' ************** Southern Italian ( Southern-Far Southern Italian) ***************

Neapolitan Neapolitan means of or pertaining to Naples, a city in Italy; or to: Geography and history * Province of Naples, a province in the Campania region of southern Italy that includes the city * Duchy of Naples, in existence during the Early and Hig ...

( Southern Italian) (''

Napulitano , altname = , states = Italy , region = Abruzzo, Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Lazio, Marche, Molise , ethnicity = ''Mezzogiorno'' Ethnic Italians , speakers = 5.7 million , date ...

'' – '' ’O Nnapulitano'') ****************'' Campanian'' *****************'' Southern Laziale'' ''(southern part of the province of

: Sora, Lazio, Cassino; southern part of Province of Latina: Gaeta, Formia)'' *****************''

'' ''(as in the language spoken in

Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adm ...

)'' ''(Neapolitan proper:

and the

Gulf of Naples The Gulf of Naples (), also called the Bay of Naples, is a roughly 15-kilometer-wide (9.3 mi) gulf located along the south-western coast of Italy ( province of Naples, Campania region). It opens to the west into the Mediterranean Sea. I ...

)'' *****************'' Beneventano'' ''(in Benevento area)'' *****************'' Irpino'' ''( Province of Avellino)'' ******************'' Arianese'' *****************'' Cilentano'' / '' Cilentano Settentrionale'' ('' Cilentan'' / '' Northern Cilentan'') ''(southern part of Province of Salerno: Vallo della Lucania)'' ****************''Abruzzese and Southern Marchigiano'' *****************'' Southern Marchigiano'' ''( Ascoli Piceno)'' *****************''Teramano'' ''(

Province of Teramo The Province of Teramo ( it, provincia di Teramo; Abruzzese: ') is a province in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Teramo. The province has an area of , a population of 313,029 (2012), and is subdivided into 47 comunes ( ...

; northern

Province of Pescara The province of Pescara ( it, provincia di Pescara; Abruzzese: ') is a province in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Its provincial capital is the city Pescara, which has a population of 119,483 inhabitants. As of 2017, it has a total population o ...

: Atri, Abruzzo)'' *****************''Abruzzese Eastern Adriatico'' ''(Southern

: Penne, Francavilla al Mare; Province of Chieti)'' *****************''Western Abruzzese'' ''(southern part of Province of L'Aquila: Marsica, Avezzano, Pescina, Sulmona, Pescasseroli, Roccaraso)'' ****************'' Molisan'' ''(in

Molise it, Molisano (man) it, Molisana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 ...

region)'' ****************'' Apulian'' ''(Pugliese)'' ''(in Apulia)'' *****************'' Dauno'' ''(western Province of Foggia: Foggia, Bovino)'' *****************'' Garganico'' ''(eastern Province of Foggia: Gargano)'' *****************'' Barese'' ''( Province of Bari; western Province of Taranto, includes Tarantino dialect; and part of the western Province of Brindisi'') ******************''

Tarantino Quentin Jerome Tarantino (; born March 27, 1963) is an American film director, writer, producer, and actor. His films are characterized by stylized violence, extended dialogue, profanity, dark humor, non-linear storylines, cameos, ensemble ...

'' ''(in

Taranto Taranto (, also ; ; nap, label=Tarantino, Tarde; Latin: Tarentum; Old Italian: ''Tarento''; Ancient Greek: Τάρᾱς) is a coastal city in Apulia, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Taranto, serving as an important comme ...

city)'' ****************''Lucanian/Basilicatan - Northern Calabrian'' ''(northern Province of Potenza: Potenza, Melfi)'' ''(in

Basilicata it, Lucano (man) it, Lucana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = ...

, ancient Lucania, and northern Calabria)'' *****************'' Northeastern Lucanian'' ''( Province of Matera: Matera)'' *****************'' Central Lucanian'' ''( Province of Potenza: Lagonegro, Pisticci, Laurenzana)'' ''(The northern " Lausberg area"; archaic forms of Lucanian with Balkan Romance vocalism, "Romanian like" language area described by

Heinrich Lausberg Heinrich Lausberg (12 October 1912 in Aachen; died 11 April 1992 in Münster) was a German rhetorician, classical philologist and historical linguist specialising in Romance studies. His 1960 treatise Handbook of literary rhetoric', is considered ...

(1939))'' ******************''

Castelmezzano Castelmezzano (Castelmezzano dialect: ) is a town and '' comune'' in the province of Potenza, in the Southern Italian region of Basilicata. It is bounded by the comuni of Albano di Lucania, Anzi, Laurenzana, Pietrapertosa, Trivigno. It is part o ...

'' *****************'' Southern Lucanian'' ''(The southern " Lausberg area"; archaic forms of Lucanian with Sardinian vocalism, "Sardinian like" language area described by

(1939))'' ''(It lies between Calabria and

– Chiaromonte, Oriolo)'' *****************'' Northern Calabrian'' ******************''Cosentino'' ''( Province of Cosenza: Rossano, Diamante, Castrovillari)'' ''(With transitional dialects to south of Cosenza, where they give way to Sicilian group dialects)'' *************** Sicilian (

Siculo Siculo-Arabic ( ar, الْلهجَة الْعَرَبِيَة الْصَقلِيَة), also known as Sicilian Arabic, is the term used for varieties of Arabic that were spoken in the Emirate of Sicily (which included Malta) from the 9th century ...

- Calabrian) ( Far Southern Italian) ('' Sicilianu''/'' Lu Sicilianu'') ****************'' Sicilian proper'' ('' Sicilianu''/'' Lu Sicilianu'') *****************'' Western Sicilian'' ''(Palermitano in Palermo, Trapanese in Trapani, Central-Western Agrigentino in

Agrigento Agrigento (; scn, Girgenti or ; grc, Ἀκράγας, translit=Akrágas; la, Agrigentum or ; ar, كركنت, Kirkant, or ''Jirjant'') is a city on the southern coast of Sicily, Italy and capital of the province of Agrigento. It was one o ...

)'' *****************'' Central Metafonetic'' ''(in the central part of Sicily that includes some areas of the provinces of Caltanissetta, Messina, Enna, Palermo and Agrigento)'' *****************'' Southeast Metafonetic'' ''(in the Province of Ragusa and the adjoining area within the Province of Syracuse)'' *****************'' Ennese'' ''(in the Province of Enna)'' *****************'' Eastern Non-Metafonetic'' ''(in the area including the Metropolitan City of Catania, the second largest city in Sicily, as Catanese, and the adjoining area within the Province of Syracuse)'' *****************'' Messinese'' ''(in the Metropolitan City of Messina, the third largest city in Sicily)'' *****************'' Eoliano'' ''(in the Aeolian Islands)'' *****************'' Pantesco'' ''(on the island of Pantelleria)'' ****************''Southern Calabrian'' *****************'' Reggino'' ''(in the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria, especially on the Scilla–Bova line, and excluding the areas of Locri and Rosarno which represent the first isogloss which divide Sicilian from the continental varieties)'' ****************'' Salentino'' ('' Salentinu'') ''(spoken in Salento peninsula, far southeastern Apulia region)'' *****************'' Manduriano'' ''(in Manduria)'' ****************'' Cilentano Meridionale'' ''(Southern Cilentan)'' ''(area with Sicilian vocalism)'' ************** Old Tuscan (extinct) ( Etruscan substrate) *************** Tuscan ('' Toscano'') ( Etruscan substrate) ****************''Northern Tuscan'' *****************'' Florentine'' ''( Fiorentino)'' ''(the main dialect of

Florence Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico ...

, Chianti and the

Mugello The Mugello is a historic region and valley in northern Tuscany, in Italy, corresponding to the course of the River Sieve. It is located to the north of the city of Florence and includes the northernmost portion of the Metropolitan City of ...

region, also spoken in Prato and along the river

Arno The Arno is a river in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the most important river of central Italy after the Tiber. Source and route The river originates on Monte Falterona in the Casentino area of the Apennines, and initially takes a ...

as far as the city of Fucecchio)'' ''(basis of Modern Standard Italian but not identical, Standard Italian is much more latinized)'' ****************** Italian ('' Italiano''/'' Lingua Italiana'') / Standard Italian (mainly based on the Fiorentino dialect of Tuscan but not identical and much more latinized) ******************''

Pistoiese Unione Sportiva Pistoiese 1921 is an Italian association football club, based in Pistoia, Tuscany. Currently, Pistoiese plays in Serie D. Originally founded on 21 April 1921 and later restored after bankruptcy, the team plays their home games ...

'' ''(spoken in the city of Pistoia and nearest zones, some linguists include this dialect in Fiorentino)'' *****************'' Lucchese'' ''(spoken in Lucca and nearby hills: Lucchesia)'' ******************'' Pesciatino''/'' Valdinievolese'' ''(spoken in the

Valdinievole Valdinievole or Val di Nievole (; "Valley of the Nievole (River)") is an area in the south-western part of the province of Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy. Geography The area is made up of 11 comuni: Buggiano, Chiesina Uzzanese, Larciano, Lamporecch ...

zone, in the cities of

Pescia Pescia () is an Italian city in the province of Pistoia, Tuscany, central Italy. It is located in a central zone between the cities Lucca and Florence, on the banks of the river of the same name. History Archaeological excavations have sugges ...

and

Montecatini Terme Montecatini Terme is an Italian municipality (''comune'') of c. 20,000 inhabitants in the province of Pistoia, Tuscany, central Italy. It is the most important center in Valdinievole. The town is located at the eastern end of Piana di Lucc ...

)'' ''(some linguists include this dialect in Lucchese)'' *****************'' Versiliese'' ''(spoken in the historical area of Versilia)'' *****************'' Viareggino'' ''(spoken in Viareggio and vicinity)'' *****************'' Pisano-Livornese'' ''(spoken in Pisa, in Livorno, and the vicinity, and along the coast from Livorno to Cecina)'' ****************''Southern Tuscan'' *****************'' Aretino-Chianaiolo'' ''(spoken in Arezzo and the Valdichiana)'' *****************'' Grossetano'' ''(spoken in Grosseto and along the southern coast)'' *****************'' Elbano'' ''(spoken on the island of Elba)'' *************** Corsican ('' Corsu/ Lingua Corsa'') ( Paleo-Corsican substrate) ****************'' Northern Corsican'' *****************'' Capraiese'' ''(in Capraia Island)'' *****************'' Cismontano Capocorsino'' *****************'' Cismontano'' ******************'' Northern Cismontano'' ******************'' Southern Cismontano'' *****************'' Transitional Cismontano-Oltramontano'' *****************'' Oltramontano'' ****************'' Southern Corsican'' *****************'' Oltramontano Sartenese'' **************** Corsican-Sardinian (languages of Corsican origin with strong Sardinian substrate) ***************** Gallurese ('' Gadduresu'') (divergent enough from Corsican to be considered a separate language, although closely related to it) ******************'' Castellanese'' *****************

Sassarese Sassarese (natively ''sassaresu'' or ''turritanu''; sc, tataresu ) is an Italo-Dalmatian language and transitional variety between Sardinian and Corsican. It is regarded as a Corso– Sardinian language because of Sassari's historic ties ...

('' Sassaresu''/'' Turritanu'') (divergent enough from Corsican to be considered a separate language, although closely related to it, has a stronger Sardinian substrate) **************

Venetian Venetian often means from or related to: * Venice, a city in Italy * Veneto, a region of Italy * Republic of Venice (697–1797), a historical nation in that area Venetian and the like may also refer to: * Venetian language, a Romance language s ...

( Romance Venetian) ('' Vèneto'' / '' Łéngoa vèneta'') ***************'' Central Venetian'' ''(spoken in

Padua Padua ( ; it, Padova ; vec, Pàdova) is a city and ''comune'' in Veneto, northern Italy. Padua is on the river Bacchiglione, west of Venice. It is the capital of the province of Padua. It is also the economic and communications hub of the ...

, Vicenza, Polesine)'' ****************'' Alto Vicentino'' ***************'' Lagoon Venetian'' / ''

'' ''(spoken in and around

Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 ...

)'' ***************'' Western Venetian'' ''(Veronese)'' ''(spoken in

Verona Verona ( , ; vec, Verona or ) is a city on the Adige River in Veneto, Italy, with 258,031 inhabitants. It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region. It is the largest city municipality in the region and the second largest in nor ...

, eastern

Trentino Trentino ( lld, Trentin), officially the Autonomous Province of Trento, is an autonomous province of Italy, in the country's far north. The Trentino and South Tyrol constitute the region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, an autonomous region ...

)'' ***************'' Northern Venetian'' ****************'' Destra Piave'' ''(from Piave river right banks, to the west of Piave, a river that flows from north towards south)'' ''(western

Province of Treviso The Province of Treviso ('' it, Provincia di Treviso'') is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Treviso. The province is surrounded by Belluno in the north, Vicenza in the west, Padua in southwest, Venice in t ...

and southern Province of Belluno)'' *****************'' Trevigiano'' ''(in and around Treviso)'' ****************'' Sinistra Piave'' ''(from Piave river left banks, to the east of Piave, a river that flows from north towards south)'' ''(eastern

and most of the Province of Pordenone)'' *****************'' Bellunese'' ***************'' Eastern Venetian'' / '' Eastern Coastal Venetian'' ''(also called Colonial Venetian)'' ''(spoken in several islands and areas of the eastern coast of the

Adriatic Sea The Adriatic Sea () is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula. The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto (where it connects to the Ionian Sea) to th ...

)'' ''(spoken by majorities in

Grado Grado may refer to: People * Cristina Grado (1939–2016), Italian film actress * Jonathan Grado (born 1991), American entrepreneur and photographer * Francesco De Grado ( fl. 1694–1730), Italian engraver * Gaetano Grado, Italian mafioso * ...

and

Trieste Trieste ( , ; sl, Trst ; german: Triest ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital city, and largest city, of the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, one of two autonomous regions which are not subdivided into pr ...

, spoken by minorities in

Fiume Rijeka ( , , ; also known as Fiume hu, Fiume, it, Fiume ; local Chakavian: ''Reka''; german: Sankt Veit am Flaum; sl, Reka) is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split). It is located in Prim ...

or Rijeka and parts of Istria and

Dalmatia Dalmatia (; hr, Dalmacija ; it, Dalmazia; see names in other languages) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia, and Istria. Dalmatia is a narrow belt of the east shore of the Adriatic Sea, str ...

)'' ****************'' Triestine'' ''(in

)'' ''(it has Friulan substrate of the Old Tergestine dialect)'' ****************'' Istrian Venetian'' ''(not to be confused with the Istriot language)'' ''(in parts of western coastal Istria)'' ****************'' Fiuman'' - ''in

( Rijeka)'' ****************'' Dalmatian Venetian'' ''(not to be confused with Dalmatian language)'' ''(in parts of

)'' - ''it was spoken in the islands of Crepsa (

Cres Cres (; dlm, Crepsa, vec, Cherso, it, Cherso, la, Crepsa, Greek: Χέρσος, ''Chersos'') is an Adriatic island in Croatia. It is one of the northern islands in the Kvarner Gulf and can be reached via ferry from Rijeka, the island K ...

Veglia Krk (; it, Veglia; ruo, Krk; dlm, label= Vegliot Dalmatian, Vikla; la, Curicta; grc-gre, Κύρικον, Kyrikon) is a Croatian island in the northern Adriatic Sea, located near Rijeka in the Bay of Kvarner and part of Primorje-Gorski Kot ...

( Krk), Arba (

Rab Rab �âːb( dlm, Arba, la, Arba, it, Arbe, german: Arbey) is an island in the northern Dalmatia region in Croatia, located just off the northern Croatian coast in the Adriatic Sea. The island is long, has an area of and 9,328 inhabitants (2 ...

) and coastal cities of

such as Zara (

Zadar Zadar ( , ; historically known as Zara (from Venetian and Italian: ); see also other names), is the oldest continuously inhabited Croatian city. It is situated on the Adriatic Sea, at the northwestern part of Ravni Kotari region. Zadar ser ...

), Traù ( Trogir), Spalato ( Split), Ragusa (

Dubrovnik Dubrovnik (), historically known as Ragusa (; see notes on naming), is a city on the Adriatic Sea in the region of Dalmatia, in the southeastern semi-exclave of Croatia. It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations in the Mediterranea ...

) and Cattaro ( Kotor) alongside with Dalmatian language, also a

Romance language The Romance languages, sometimes referred to as Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages, are the various modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European language ...

, and being influenced by it)'' ***************''

diaspora dialects'' ****************''

Talian Talian may refer to: *Talian dialect Talian (or Brazilian Venetian, , , but ) is a dialect of the Venetian language, spoken primarily in the Serra Gaúcha region in the northeast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. It is also spoken ...

'' ''(spoken in

Antônio Prado Antônio Prado () is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is surrounded by the municipalities Ipê, Flores da Cunha, Vila Flores, Nova Roma do Sul, São Marcos, Nova Pádua, and Protásio Alves. It is 184 km from ...

, Entre Rios, Santa Catarina and Toledo, Paraná, among other southern Brazilian cities)'' ****************'' Chipilo Venetian'' ''(spoken in

Chipilo Chipilo, officially known as Chipilo de Francisco Javier Mina, is a small city in the state of Puebla, Mexico. It is located south of the state capital Puebla, Puebla, at a height of above sea level. The name itself derives from Náhuatl, meaning ...

Mexico Mexico (Spanish language, Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a List of sovereign states, country in the southern portion of North America. It is borders of Mexico, bordered to the north by the United States; to the so ...

)'' ************** Italkian (

Judeo-Italian Judeo-Italian (or Judaeo-Italian, Judæo-Italian, and other names including Italkian) is an endangered Jewish language, with only about 200 speakers in Italy and 250 total speakers today. The language is one of the Italian languages. Some word ...

) ( ג'יודו-איטאליאנו – '' Giudeo-Italiano''/ איטלקית – '' 'Italqit'') ***************'' Judeo-Roman'' ''( Giudeo-Romanesco)'' ''(from

)'' ***************'' Bagitto'' ''( Giudeo-Livornese)'' ''(from Livorno)'' ***************'' Judeo-Florentine'' ''( Giudeo-Fiorentino, Iodiesco)'' ''(from

)'' ***************'' Judeo-Reggian'' ''( Giudeo-Reggiano)'' ''(from the region of Reggio Emilia in

Emilia-Romagna egl, Emigliàn (man) egl, Emiglièna (woman) rgn, Rumagnòl (man) rgn, Rumagnòla (woman) it, Emiliano (man) it, Emiliana (woman) or it, Romagnolo (man) it, Romagnola (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title ...

)'' ***************'' Judeo-Modenan'' ''( Giudeo-Modenese)'' ''(from Modena)'' ***************'' Judeo-Ferraran'' ''( Giudeo-Ferrarese)'' ''(from

Ferrara Ferrara (, ; egl, Fràra ) is a city and ''comune'' in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital of the Province of Ferrara. it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream ...

)'' ***************'' Judeo-Mantuan'' ''( Giudeo-Mantovano)'' ''(from

Mantua Mantua ( ; it, Mantova ; Lombard and la, Mantua) is a city and '' comune'' in Lombardy, Italy, and capital of the province of the same name. In 2016, Mantua was designated as the Italian Capital of Culture. In 2017, it was named as the Eur ...

)'' ***************'' Judeo-Venetian'' ''( Giudeo-Veneziano)'' ''(from

)'' ***************''

Judaeo-Piedmontese Judaeo-Piedmontese was the vernacular language of the Italian Jews living in Piedmont, Italy, from about the 15th century until World War II. It was based on the Piedmontese language, with many loanwords from ancient Hebrew, Provençal, and Sp ...

'' ''( Giudeo-Piemontese)'' ''(from the region of

Piedmont it, Piemontese , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , demographics1_title2 ...

)'' ''(extinct)'' ************ Illyro-Roman / Dalmatian (Transitional Western-Eastern Romance) *************

Istriot The Istriot language () is a Romance language of the Italo-Dalmatian branch spoken by about 400 people in the southwestern part of the Istrian peninsula in Croatia, particularly in Rovinj and Vodnjan. It should not be confused with the Istri ...

('' Bumbaro''/'' Vallese''/'' Rovignese''/'' Sissanese''/'' Fasanese''/'' Gallesanese'') (no common self name, autonym, for the language) (not to be confused with the Istrian dialect of the

Venetian language Venetian, wider Venetian or Venetan ( or ) is a Romance language spoken natively in the northeast of Italy,Ethnologue mostly in the Veneto region, where most of the five million inhabitants can understand it. It is sometimes spoken and ofte ...

) **************''Bumbaro'' ''(in Vodnjan, Istria, coastal western

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

)'' **************''Vallese'' ''(in Bale, Istria, coastal western

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

)'' **************''Rovignese'' ''(in Rovinj, Istria, coastal western

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

)'' **************''Sissanese'' ''(in Šišan, Istria, coastal western

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

)'' **************''Fasanese'' ''(in Fažana, Istria, coastal western

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

)'' **************''Gallesanese'' ''(in

Galižana Galižana ( it, Gallesano) is a village in Istria, Croatia. It is part of the City District of Vodnjan, Istria County. Population According to the 2001 census, the settlement had 1,349 inhabitants and 455 family households. History Gali� ...

, Istria, coastal western

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

)'' ************* Dalmatian ( Romance Dalmatian) ('' Dalmato''/'' Langa Dalmata'') (extinct) (not to be confused with the Dalmatian dialect of the

) **************'' Northern Dalmatian'' ***************'' Vegliot'' ''(was spoken in the island of Krk – Vikla, Veglia, coastal

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

)'' ***************''

'' ''(was spoken in the island of Kres – Crepsa, coastal

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

)'' ***************''Rab'' ''(was spoken in the island of

– Arba, coastal

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

)'' ***************''Zadar'' ''(Jadera)'' ''(was spoken in

, coastal

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

)'' ***************''Trogir'' ''(Tragur, Traù)'' ''(was spoken in Trogir, coastal

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

)'' ***************''Spalato'' ''(Split; Spalato)'' ''(was spoken in Split region, coastal

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

)'' **************'' Southern Dalmatian'' ***************''Ragusa'' ''(Dubrovnik; Raugia, Ragusa)'' ''(was spoken in the old

Republic of Ragusa The Republic of Ragusa ( dlm, Republica de Ragusa; la, Respublica Ragusina; it, Repubblica di Ragusa; hr, Dubrovačka Republika; vec, Repùblega de Raguxa) was an aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik (''Ragusa'' ...

, today's

region, coastal

Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...

)'' ***************''Cattaro'' ''(was spoken in Kotor, southwestern coastal

Montenegro ) , image_map = Europe-Montenegro.svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Podgorica , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , official_languages = ...

)'' *********** Western Romance languages (

) ************Gallo-Hispanic/Gallo-Iberian ************* Gallo-Romance languages (

) ************** Gallo-Italic (Cisalpine Romance) ***************

Emilian-Romagnol Emilian-Romagnol is a linguistic continuum part of the Gallo-Romance languages spoken in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna. It is divided into two main varieties: Emilian and Romagnol. While first registered under a single code ...

('' Emiliân-Rumagnôl''/'' Langua Emiglièna-Rumagnôla'') ****************'' Romagnol'' ('' Rumagnôl'') *****************'' Southern Romagnol'' ''( North Marchigiano Romagnol)'' '' Pesaro-Urbino Romagnol'' ******************'' San Marino Romagnol'' ''( Sammarinese)'' *****************'' Central Romagnol'' ******************'' Forlivese'' ''(in Forli)'' *****************'' Northern Romagnol'' ****************'' Emilian'' ('' Emigliân'') *****************'' Bolognese'' ''(spoken in the

Metropolitan City of Bologna The Metropolitan City of Bologna ( it, Città Metropolitana di Bologna) is a metropolitan city in the Emilia-Romagna region, Italy. Its capital is ''de facto'' the city of Bologna, though the body does not explicitly outline it. It was created b ...

and in around Castelfranco Emilia, Modena)'' *****************'' Ferrarese'' ''(spoken in the Province of Ferrara, southern Veneto, and

Comacchio Comacchio (; egl, label= Comacchiese, Cmâc' ) is a town and '' comune'' of Emilia Romagna, Italy, in the province of Ferrara, from the provincial capital Ferrara. It was founded about two thousand years ago; across its history it was first g ...

)'' *****************'' Modenese'' ''(spoken in the Province of Modena, although Bolognese is more widespread in the Castelfranco area. In the northern part of the province of Modena, the lowlands around the town of Mirandola, a Mirandolese sub-dialect of Modenese is spoken)'' *****************'' Reggiano'' ''(spoken in the Province of Reggio Emilia, although the northern parts, such as Guastalla, Luzzara and Reggiolo, of the province are not part of this group and closer to Mantovano)'' *****************'' Parmigiano'' ''(spoken in the Province of Parma. Those from the area refer to the Parmigiano spoken outside of Parma as Arioso or Parmense, although today's urban and rural dialects are so mixed that only a few speak the original. The language spoken in Casalmaggiore in the Province of Cremona to the north of Parma is closely related to Parmigiano)'' *****************'' Piacentino'' ''(spoken west of the River Taro in the Province of Piacenza and on the border with the province of Parma. The variants of Piacentino are strongly influenced by Lombard, Piedmontese, and Ligurian)'' *****************'' Carrarese'' ''(spoken in Carrara)'' *****************'' Lunigiano'' ''(spoken in

Lunigiana The Lunigiana () is a historical territory of Italy, which today falls within the provinces of Massa Carrara, Tuscany, and La Spezia, Liguria. Its borders derive from the ancient Roman settlement, later the medieval diocese of Luni, which no long ...

, in almost all of the Province of Massa and Carrara in northwestern Tuscany, and a good portion of the Province of La Spezia in eastern

Liguria Liguria (; lij, Ligûria ; french: Ligurie) is a Regions of Italy, region of north-western Italy; its Capital city, capital is Genoa. Its territory is crossed by the Alps and the Apennine Mountains, Apennines Mountain chain, mountain range and is ...

)'' *****************'' Massese'' ''(mixed with some Tuscan features)'' *****************'' Casalasco'' ''(spoken in Cremona, Lombardy)'' ***************Transitional Emilian-Lombard **************** Lombard-Emilian *****************'' Mantuan'' ''(Mantovano)'' ''(spoken in all but the very north of the Province of Mantua in Lombardy. It has a strong Lombard influence)'' *****************'' Vogherese'' ''(Pavese-Vogherese)'' ''(spoken in the Province of

Pavia Pavia (, , , ; la, Ticinum; Medieval Latin: ) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy in northern Italy, south of Milan on the lower Ticino river near its confluence with the Po. It has a population of c. 73,086. The city was the ...

in Lombardy, it is closely related phonetically and morphologically to Piacentino, it is also akin to Tortonese)'' *************** Lombard ( Romance Lombard) ('' Lombard''/'' Lumbaart'') ( Italo-Roman people of today's

, who called their own language simply as "Latin" or "Roman"/"Romance", later adopted the adjective "Lombard" – "Lombard"/"Lumbaart" for the language based on the name of most of their ruling elite – the

Lombards The Lombards () or Langobards ( la, Langobardi) were a Germanic people who ruled most of the Italian Peninsula from 568 to 774. The medieval Lombard historian Paul the Deacon wrote in the ''History of the Lombards'' (written between 787 an ...

, a Germanic people that conquered most of the ancient Roman province called Gallia Cisalpina, most of today's

and after that most of

, and founded the

Lombard Kingdom The Kingdom of the Lombards ( la, Regnum Langobardorum; it, Regno dei Longobardi; lmo, Regn di Lombard) also known as the Lombard Kingdom; later the Kingdom of (all) Italy ( la, Regnum totius Italiae), was an early medieval state established ...

) ****************'' Eastern Lombard'' ('' Lombard'') *****************'' Northern Cremonese'' ''(in northern

Cremona Province The Province of Cremona ( it, provincia di Cremona; Cremunés: ; Cremasco: ; Casalasco-Viadanese: ) is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. Its capital city is Cremona. The province occupies the central section of Padana Plain, so the ...

)'' ***************** Bressano / '' Bresciano'' ''(in

Brescia Province The Province of Brescia ( it, provincia di Brescia; Brescian: ) is a Province in the Lombardy administrative region of northern Italy. It has a population of some 1,265,964 (as of January 2019) and its capital is the city of Brescia. With an ar ...

)'' *****************''

Bergamasco Bergamasco may refer to: People * Bergamasco (surname), list of people with the surname Places * the region around the city of Bergamo, in the Italian region of Lombardy * Bergamasco, Piedmont, a ''comune'' (municipality) in the province of Aless ...

'' ( Bergamàsch) ''(in

Bergamo Province The Province of Bergamo ( it, provincia di Bergamo; lmo, proìnsa de Bèrghem) is a province in the Lombardy region of Italy. It has a population of 1,112,187 (2017), an area of , and contains 243 ''comuni''. Its capital is the city of Bergamo. ...

)'' *****************'' Western Trentino'' ''(in west

, west Trento Province)'' *****************'' Eastern Trentino'' ''(in east

, east Trento Province)'' ''(influenced by

)'' ****************''

Western Lombard Western Lombard is a group of dialects of Lombard, a Romance language spoken in Italy. It is widespread in the Lombard provinces of Milan, Monza, Varese, Como, Lecco, Sondrio, a small part of Cremona (except Crema and its neighbours), ...

'' ('' Lombard''/'' Lumbaart'') *****************'' Milanese'' ''( Milanés)'' / '' Meneghin'' ''(Macromilanese)'' *****************'' Brianzöö'' ''(Lombardo-prealpino occidentale – macromilanese)'' ******************'' Monzese'' ******************'' Canzés'' ''(in

Canzo Canzo (; lmo, Canz , locally ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) of the Italian province of Como. It is the last town north of the historical Brianza region of Lombardy, capital of the Lake Como Triangle community and a regional tourism destinati ...

)'' *****************'' Bustocco-

Legnanese Bustocco and Legnanese (natively and ) are two dialects of Western Lombard, spoken respectively in the cities of Busto Arsizio (Province of Varese) and Legnano (Province of Milan), Lombardy. Although there is little evidence of Ligurian settleme ...

'' *****************'' Comasco-Lecchese'' ''(Lombardo-prealpino occidentale)'' ******************'' Comasco'' ******************'' Laghée'' ******************''Intelvese'' ******************'' Vallassinese'' ******************'' Lecchese'' ******************'' Valsassinese'' *****************'' Varesino'' / '' Bosin'' ''(Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale)'' *****************'' Ticinese'' ''(Lombardo Alpino)'' ******************'' Ossolano'' *****************'' Alpine Lombard'' ''(Lombardo alpino, strong influence from Eastern Lombard language)'' ******************'' Valtellinese'' ******************'' Chiavennasco'' *****************'' Southwestern Lombard'' ''(Basso-Lombardo Occidentale)'' ******************'' Pavese'' ''(in

area)'' ''(strong influence from Emiliano-Romagnolo language)'' ******************'' Lodigiano'' ******************'' Cremunés'' ''(in Cremona area)'' ''(strong influence from Emiliano-Romagnolo language)'' ***************** Spasell (spoken until the 19th century by inhabitants of Valassina, Vallassina as a Cant (language), cant or Cant (language), secret language) (by its divergent vocabulary it could be considered its own language derived from Lombard) (extinct) (similar to the case of Minderico language, Minderico in Portugal, a Cant (language), cant or Cant (language), secret language derived from Portuguese language, Portuguese but not intelligible with it because of divergent vocabulary) ***************Transitional Lombard-Piemontese ****************Novarese Lombard, Novarese (''Novarese Lombard, Nuares'') (Lombardo-Prealpino Occidentale – Macromilanese) (in Novara area) ***************Piedmontese language, Piedmontese (''Piemontèis'') ****************''Eastern Piemontese'' ****************''Western Piemontese'' *****************''Torinese-Cuneese'' *****************''Canavesano'' ***************Ligurian (Romance language), Ligurian (Ligurian (Romance language), Romance Ligurian) (''Ligurian language (Romance language), Ligure''/''Ligurian language (Romance language), Lengua Ligure''/''Ligurian language (Romance language), Zeneize'') ****************''Eastern Ligurian'' ****************''Genoese dialect, Genoese Ligurian'' (''Genoese dialect, Central Ligurian'') (''Zeneize'') ****************''Oltregiogo Ligurian'' ****************''Intemelian-Alpine Ligurian'' *****************''Intemelio dialect, Intemelio'' ******************''Monégasque dialect, Monégasque'' (''Monégasque dialect, Munegascu'') ''(spoken in Monaco)'' *****************''Alpine Ligurian'' ''(considered transitional dialects between Ligurian language, Ligurian and Occitan language, Occitan)'' ******************''Brigasc dialect, Brigasc'' ''(in Briga Alta and La Brigue area)'' ******************''Pignasc dialect, Pignasc'' ''(in Pigna, Liguria)'' ******************''Triorasc dialect, Triorasc'' ''(in Triora,

)'' ******************''Royasc'' ''(Royasc, Roiasc)'' ''(considered a transitional dialect between Ligurian language, Ligurian and Occitan language, Occitan)'' ***************Gallo-Italic of Basilicata ***************Gallo-Italic of Sicily **************Gallo-Rhaetian ***************Rhaeto-Romance languages, Rhaeto-Romance ****************Friulian language, Friulian/ Friulan (''Furlan'' / ''Friulian language, Lenghe Furlane''/''Friulian language, Marilenghe'') (spoken by the Friulians in Friuli, Northeastern

) *****************''Western'' *****************''Central'' *****************''Northern'' *****************''Southeastern'' ******************''Old Tergestine'' ''(extinct)'' ''(it was spoken in

before being replaced by a dialect of

)'' ****************Ladin language, Ladin (''Ladin language, Ladin''/''Ladin language, Lingaz Ladin'') *****************''Trentinian Group of the Sella group, Sella'' (''Moenat'', ''Brach'', and ''Cazet'') (spoken in Fassa Valley) *****************''Agordino Group of the Sella group, Sella'' (''Agordo'' and ''Valle del Biois'', ''Fodom'', ''Rocchesano'') *****************''Athesian Group of the Sella group, Sella'' (''Gherdëina'', ''Badiot'' and ''Maró'') *****************''Ampezzan Group'' ''(spoken in Cortina d'Ampezzo – Anpezo)'' *****************''Cadorino dialect, Cadorino Group'' ''(spoken in Cadore and Comelico)'' *****************''Låger / Nortades Group'' *****************''Fornes dialects, Fornes'' ''(in Forni di Sopra and Forni di Sotto)'' *****************''Nones dialect, Nones and Solandro Group'' ''(spoken in Western

, in Non Valley, Val di Sole, Val di Peio, Val di Rabbi, and part of Val Rendena)'' ****************Romansh language, Romansh (''Rumantsch''/''Rumàntsch''/''Romansh language, Romauntsch''/''Romansh language, Romontsch'') *****************''Tuatschin dialect (Romansh), Tuatschin'' *****************''Sursilvan dialects (Romansh), Sursilvan'' *****************''Sutsilvan dialects (Romansh), Sutsilvan'' *****************''Surmiran dialect, Surmiran'' *****************''Puter (dialect), Putèr'' *****************''Vallader dialect (Romansh), Vallader'' *****************''Jauer dialect (Romansh), Jauer'' ***************Oïl languages, Oïl (Northern Gallo-Romance) (Langues d'Oïl) (

) (Gallo-Roman people of today's Northern France, who called their own language simply as "Latin" or "Roman"/"Romans" or even "Langue d'Oïl", later adopted the adjective "French" – "François"/"Français" for the language based on the name of most of their ruling elite – the Franks, a Germanic people that conquered most of the ancient Roman province called Gallia and founded the Frankish Empire) ****************Southeast Oïl (transitional between Gallo-Italic and Oil languages, North Gallo-Romance (Oïl) and also Occitan language, South Gallo-Romance (Oc), although closer to the Oil languages, North Gallo-Romance (Oïl) languages) (archaic North Gallo-Romance language, with some features transitional to South Gallo-Romance language – Occitan language, Occitan) (

) *****************Franco-Provençal language, Arpitan (''Arpetan''/''Franco-Provençal language, Francoprovençâl''/''Arpetan, Patouès'') (Arpetan name is derived from the name of the Alps in the language – ''Alps, Arpes'') ******************''Piedmont Valleys Arpitan'' ******************''Valdôtain dialect, Valdôtain'' ''(Arpitan of Aosta Valley)'' ******************''Savoyard dialect, Savoyard'' ******************''Vaudois dialect, Vaudois'' ******************''Dauphinois dialect, Dauphinois'' ******************''Lyonnais dialect, Lyonnais'' ******************''Jurassien dialect, Jurassien'' ''(Southern Franc-Comtois)'' ******************Faetar language, Faetar-Faetar language, Cellese (Arpitan of Apulia) (''Faetar language, Faetar-Cigliàje'') (an Arpitan language, Arpitan enclave in the south of the Italian Peninsula ****************Old French (''Old French, Franceis''/''Old French, François''/''Old French, Romanz'') (extinct) (Gallo-Roman people of today's Northern France, who called their own language simply as "Latin" or "Roman"/"Romance" or even "Langue d'Oïl", later adopted the adjective "French" – "François"/"Français" for the language based on the name of most of their ruling elite – the Franks, a Germanic people that conquered most of the ancient Roman province called Gallia and founded the Frankish Empire) *****************Middle French (''Middle French, François''/''Middle French, Franceis'') ******************Burgundian (Oïl Burgundian/Burgundian Gallo-Romance) *******************Burgundian language (Oïl), Burgundian-Morvandeau (''Burgundian language (Oïl), Bregognon'') ********************''Burgundian language (Oïl), Burgundian proper'' ********************''Morvandeau dialect, Morvandeau'' ********************''Brionnais-Charolais'' *******************Frainc-Comtou dialect, Frainc-Comtois/Frainc-Comtou dialect, Jurassien (''Frainc-Comtou dialect, Frainc-Comtou''/''Frainc-Comtou dialect, Jurassien'') ******************Central Langues d'oïl, Oïl *******************North Central Oïl ********************Francien / Francien language, Francilien (Île de France Langue d'Oïl) *********************French language, French (''French language, Français''/''French language, Langue Française'') (in the sense of group of dialects forming a

) **********************''European French'' ***********************''French of France''/''French language, France French'' ************************''Île de France French'' *************************''Parisian French, Parisian'' (basis of Standard French, Modern Standard French but not identical) **************************''Standard French'' (Common Supradialectal French) ************************''Meridional French''/''Francitan'' ''(Occitan language, Occitan substrate and strongly influenced by it)'' ***********************''Belgian French'' ***********************''Swiss French'' ***********************''Aostan French'' ***********************''Jersey Legal French'' **********************''American French''/''American French, French of North America'' ***********************''Canadian French'' ************************''Acadian French'' (''Acadian French, Français Acadien'') *************************''Chiac'' *************************Louisiana French (Cajun French) (''Louisiana French, Français Louisianais'') (divergent enough to be considered a separate although closely related language to the other American French varieties) (Cadien > Cajun; Palatalization (sound change), palatalization of di [dj] as dj [dʒ] sounded almost as Cajun in English hence the name) ************************''Transitional Acadian-Québec French'' *************************''Brayon French'' ************************''Québec French'' (''Quebec French, Français Québécois'') *************************''Old Quebec French dialects, "Old" dialects'' **************************''Quebec City dialect'' (Québec city and surroundings) **************************''Rimouski dialect'' **************************''Western-Central Quebec French dialects, Western-Central dialects'' ***************************''Central Quebec French dialect, Central dialect'' ***************************''Western Quebec French dialect, Western dialect'' ''(includes Montreal and surroundings)'' ****************************''Montreal dialect'' *****************************''Joual'' ****************************''Ontario French'' ''(not an expatriate dialect)'' *****************************''Muskrat French''/''Muskrat French, Detroit River French Canadian'' **************************''Maritime Quebec French dialects, Maritime dialects'' *************************''New Quebec French dialects, "New" dialects'' **************************''Eastern Quebec French dialect, Eastern dialect'' **************************''Northern Quebec French dialect, Northern dialect'' **************************''Gaspésie dialect'' ''(spoken in Gaspésie)'' **************************''Expatriate Quebec French dialects, Expatriate dialects'' ***************************''New England French'' (''New England French, Français de Nouvelle-Angleterre'') ''(spoken in inland Maine, Maine State, parts of New Hampshire)'' ***************************''Manitoba French'' ''(spoken in some enclaves in Manitoba Province, Central Canada)'' *************************''Missouri French''/''Illinois Country French'' ''("Paw-Paw French")'' (''Missouri French, Français du Pays des Illinois''/''Missouri French, Français Vincennois''/''Missouri French, Cahok''/''Missouri French, Français du Missouri'') ''(nearly extinct)'' ***********************''Newfoundland French'' (''Newfoundland French, Français Terre-Neuvien'') ''(community of speakers came directly from France in the late 1800s and early 1900s, it is not Québécois people, Québécois or of Québécois descend)'' ''(nearly extinct)'' ***********************''Frenchville French'' (''Frenchville French, Français de Frenchville'') ''(community of speakers came directly from France in the 1800s, it is not Québécois people, Québécois or of Québécois descend)'' ''(nearly extinct)'' **********************''Saint-Barthélemy French'' (''Saint-Barthélemy French, Patois Saint-Barth'') ''(community of speakers came directly from France, although geographically in the Caribbean, in Saint-Barthélemy island in the French West Indies it is not a Caribbean French dialect)'' **********************''Caribbean French'' ***********************''Haitian French'' (''Haitian French, Français Haïtien'') ''(not to be confused with Haitian Creole, a French language, French-based Creole language)'' ***********************''French West Indies, West Indian French''/''French West Indies, Caribbean French'' **********************''French Guiana, Guianese French'' **********************''Oceania French'' ***********************''Caldoche, New Caledonian French'' ''(Caldoche)'' **********************''African French''/''African French, Sub-Saharan African French'' (''African French, Français Africain'') **********************''Maghreb French''/''Maghreb French, North African French'' **********************''Indian French'' (''Indian French, Français Indien'') **********************''South East Asian French'' ********************''Loire North Central Langue d'Oil'' ''(non francien north central Oïl, non-standard dialects of French, true dialects of French )'' *********************''Orleanais language, Orleanais'' (''Orléanais'') *********************''Blésois'' *********************''Tourangeau dialect, Tourangeau'' *******************South Central Oïl (close and sister languages of French in the Central Oïl dialect continuum) (South Gallo-Romance Occitan language, Occitan substrate) ********************Berrichon dialect, Berrichon (''Berrichon dialect, Berrichonne'') ********************Bourbonnais dialects, Oïl Bourbonnais (''Bourbonnais dialects, Bourbonnais d'Oïl'') ******************East Oïl *******************Champenois dialect, Champenois (''Champenois language, Champaignat'') ********************''Champenois language, Western Champenois'' ********************''Champenois language, Eastern Champenois'' *******************Lorrain dialect, Lorrain (''Lorrain language, Lorrain''/''Gaumais'') ********************''Central Lorrain'' ********************''Western Lorrain'' ********************''Eastern Lorrain'' *********************''Welche'' ******************Armorican (Western Oïl) *******************Manceau dialect, Manceau ********************''Percheron dialect, Percheron'' ********************''Sarthois dialect, Sarthois'' *******************Mayennais *******************Norman language, South Norman (south of Joret line) *******************Angevin dialect, Angevin (''Angevin dialect, Angevin'') *******************Gallo language, Gallo (''Gallo language, Galo'') ******************Frankish (Northern Oïl) *******************Northwest Oïl (archaic North Gallo-Romance language, less Palatalization (sound change), palatalization in comparison with Central, Eastern and Western Oïl languages) (north of Joret line) ********************Old Norman (Old Norman, Old Romance Norman) *********************Norman language, Norman (Norman language, Romance Norman) (''Normaund'') **********************Continental/Mainland dialects ***********************''Cauchois dialect, Cauchois'' ''(spoken in the Pays de Caux)'' ***********************''Augeron'' ''(spoken in the Pays d'Auge)'' ***********************''Cotentinais'' ''(spoken in Cotentin)'' **********************Norman Islands/Channel Island dialects ***********************''Auregnais''/''Aoeur'gnaeux'' (extinct) ***********************''Guernésiais''/''Dgèrnésiais'' ***********************''Jèrriais'' ************************''Sercquiais'' ''(nearly extinct)'' **********************''Anglo-Norman language, Anglo-Norman''/''Anglo-Norman French'' (''Anglo-Norman language, Norman'') (significantly contributed to Middle English vocabulary, many English words of Latin origin came through Anglo-Norman language, Anglo-Norman) (extinct) *******************North Langues d'oïl, Oïl Proper ********************Picard language, Picard (''Picard language, Picard''/''Chti''/''Chtimi''/''Rouchi''/''Picard language, Roubaignot'') (archaic North Gallo-Romance language, less Palatalization (sound change), palatalization in comparison with Central, Eastern and Western Oïl languages) (north of Joret line) *********************''Amiénois'' *********************''Vimeu-Ponthieu'' *********************''Vermandois'' *********************''Thiérache'' *********************''Beauvaisis'' *********************''"Chtimi dialect, Chtimi"'' ''(Bassin Minier, Lille)'' *********************''Lille dialect, Lille'' ''(Lille, Roubaix, Tourcoing, Mouscron, Comines)'' ''(Roubaignot)'' *********************''"Rouchi dialect, Rouchi"'' – ''Tournaisis'' ''(Valenciennois)'' *********************''Borain'' *********************''Artésien Rural'' *********************''Boulonnais dialect, Boulonnais'' ********************Walloon language, Walloon (''Walloon language, Walon'') (although it is closely related to Picard language, Picard and a North Oïl language, it is south of Joret line) *********************''Western Waloon''/''Wallo-Picard'' (''Western Walloon, Walo-Picård'') – ''the dialect closest to French proper and with a strong Picard influence, spoken in Charleroi (Tchårlerwè), Nivelles (Nivele), and Philippeville (Flipvile)'' *********************''Central Waloon''/''Namurois'' (''Central Walloon, Walon do Mitan'') – ''spoken in Namur (Nameur), the Wallon capital, and the cities of Wavre (Åve) and Dinant'' *********************''Eastern Waloon''/''Liégeois dialect, Liégeois'' (''Eastern Walloon, Walon do Levant'') – ''in many respects the most conservative and idiosyncratic of the dialects, spoken in Liège (Lidje), Verviers (Vervî), Malmedy (Måmdi), Huy (Hu), and Waremme (Wareme)'' *********************''Southern Waloon''/''Wallo-Lorrain'' (Southern Walloon, Walon Nonnrece) – ''close to the Lorrain and to a lesser extent Champenois languages, spoken in Bastogne, Marche-en-Famenne (Måtche-el-Fåmene), and Neufchâteau (Li Tchestea), all in the Ardennes region.'' ******************Southwest Langues d'oïl, Oïl *******************Poitevin-Saintongeais (''Poitevin-Saintongeais, Poetevin-Séntunjhaes'') (South Gallo-Romance Occitan language, Occitan substrate) ********************''Poitevin dialect, Poitevin'' (''Poitevin dialect, Poetevin'') ********************''Saintongeais dialect, Saintongeais'' (''Saintongeais dialect, Saintonjhais'') ******************Zarphatic (Judaeo-French) (Zarphatic language, צרפתית – ''Zarphatic language, Tzarfatit'') (from ''France, Zarpha'' = ''France, Tzarfa'', Jewish name for France) (extinct) ***************Moselle Romance (extinct) ************British Romance (?) (language of the

or Romano-Britons, Romanised Britons) (extinct) *************Occitan-Hispanic (Occitan-Ibero-Romance) (Southern Gallo-Romance – Hispano-Romance) (

) **************Occitan (Southern Gallo-Romance) (Langues d'Oc) (

) ***************Old Occitan/Old Provençal (''Old Occitan, Proensals''/''Old Provençal, Proençal''/''Old Occitan, Romans''/''Old Occitan, Lenga d'Òc''/''Old Occitan, Lemosin'') (extinct) ****************Occitan language, Occitan (''Occitan language, Occitan''/''Occitan language, Lenga d'Òc''/''Occitan language, Lemosin''/''Occitan language, Provençal'') *****************''Arverno-Mediterranean'' ******************''Eastern'' *******************''Provençal dialect, Provençal'' (''Provençal dialect, Provençau'' ''(classical norm)''/''Provençal dialect, Prouvençau'' ''(mistralian norm))'' ********************''Niçard'' / ''Nissart'' ''(in the lower County of Nice)'' ''(sometimes considered as a Ligurian language, Ligurian dialect, however most scholars consider it to be an Occitan language, Occitan dialect)'' ********************''Maritime Provençal, Maritime'' (''Maritime Provençal, Maritim''/''Maritime Provençal, Centrau''/''Maritime Provençal, Mediterranèu'') ********************''Rhodanien Provençal, Rhodanien'' (''Rhodanien Provençal, Rodanenc'') *********************''Shuadit'' ''(Judaeo-Provençal/Judaeo-Occitan)'' (''Chouadit'') (''Shuadit, שואדית'' – ''Shuadit'') ''(in Comtat Venaissin)'' ''(extinct)'' *******************''Vivaro-Alpine'' ''(Alpine Provençal, Gavòt)'' (Vivaroalpenc/Vivaroaupenc) ********************''Eastern'' *********************''Alpine'' **********************''Cisalpine Vivaro-Alpine, Cisalpine''/''Eastern Alpine'' (''Cisalpenc''/''Alpenc Oriental'') ''(in the Occitan Valleys, which are located in

–

and

)'' ***********************''Mentonasc dialect, Mentonasc'' ''(in and around Menton)'' ''(sometimes considered as transitional between Ligurian language, Ligurian and Occitan language, Occitan, however most scholars consider it to be an Occitan language, Occitan dialect)'' **********************''Gavot Vivaro-Alpine, Gavot'' (''Gavòt'') ''(in the western Occitan Alps, which are located in southeast France)'' ********************''Gardiol dialect, Guardiol'' ''(Gardiol dialect, Calabria Provençal)'' (''Gardiol dialect, Gardiòl'') ********************''Western'' *********************'' Vivaro-Dauphinois Vaivaro-Alpine, Vivaro-Dauphinois'' (''Vivarodaufinenc'') ******************''Western'' *******************''Auvergnat dialect, Auvergnat'' (''Auvernhat'') ********************''Southern Auvergnat'' ********************''Northern Auvergnat'' *********************''Croissant (linguistic), Croissant Auvergnat'' ''(Bourbonnais dialects, Bourbonnais d'Oc)'' ''(some features are transitional between Oc and Oïl languages)'' *******************''Limousin dialect, Limousin'' (''Lemosin'') ********************''Croissant (linguistic), Croissant Limousin'' ''(some features are transitional between Oc and Oïl languages)'' *****************''Central Occitan'' ******************''Lengadocian'' ''(Northern-Central)'' (''Lengadocian''/''Lengadocian, Lenga d'Oc'') ***************Aquitano-Pyrenean (Transitional Southern Gallo Romance – Hispano-Romance) (

) ****************Gascon language, Gascon (Gascon language, Romance Gascon) (''Gascon language, Gasco'') (Aquitanian language, Aquitanian/Proto-Basque substrate that differentiate it from the other Occitan dialect continuum) *****************''Lowland Gascon'' ******************''East Gascon'' ******************''West Gascon'' *****************''Highland Gascon''/''Pyrenean Gascon'' ******************''East Pyrenean Gascon'' *******************''Aranese'' (''Aranés'') ******************''Central Pyrenean Gascon'' ******************''Western Pyrenean Gascon''/''Bearnese dialect, Bearnese'' ****************Southern Lengadocian (Transitional Gascon-Lengadocian-Catalan) *****************''Toulousien dialect, Toulousien'' (''Tolosenc dialect, Tolosenc'') ****************East Iberian Romance (more related to the Occitan language, Occitan

, has an Iberian language, Iberian substrate, that also contributes to differentiate it from the other Hispano-Romance languages that are called "Iberian Romance", although, except for, partially, Aragonese language, Aragonese, they do not have an Iberian language, Iberian substrate but rather a Hispano-Celtic languages, Hispano-Celtic, Lusitanian language, Lusitanian or a Tartessian language, Tartessian one) (it is a true Iberian Romance language by its Pre-Romance substrate language – Iberian language, Iberian, that in the Paleohispanic languages, Pre-Roman past was roughly spoken in the Catalan language area – the east coastal region of Iberian Peninsula) *****************Old Catalan (''Old Catalan, Catalanesch'') (extinct) ******************Catalan language, Catalan (Catalan language, Modern Catalan) (Catalan–Valencian–Balearic) (''Català''/''Catalan language, Llengua Catalana'') *******************''East Catalan'' ********************''Northern Catalan''/''Northern Catalan, Rossellonese'' ''(mainly spoken in Roussillon, far southern Occitania (administrative region), Occitanie, far southern south France)'' ********************''Central Catalan'' (basis of Standard Catalan language, Modern Standard Catalan but not identical) ********************''Balearic dialect, Balearic'' ********************''Algherese Catalan'' (''Algherese Catalan, Alguerés'') ''(in Alghero, L'Alguer/Alghero,

)'' *******************''West Catalan'' ********************''Northwestern Catalan'' ''(including Lleida/Lerida)'' ********************''Valencian'' ******************Judaeo-Catalan, Catalanic (Judaeo-Catalan) (Judaeo-Catalan, קטלאנית יהודית – ''Judaeo-Catalan, Judeocatalà''/Judaeo-Catalan, קאטאלנית – ''Judaeo-Catalan, Catalànic'') (extinct) **************Iberian Romance languages / Iberian Romance languages, Hispano-Romance (

) (although they are called "Iberian Romance", because of originally being spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, except for, partially, Aragonese language, Aragonese, they do not have an Iberian language, Iberian substrate but rather a Hispano-Celtic languages, Hispano-Celtic, Lusitanian language, Lusitanian or a Tartessian language, Tartessian one) (

, in the Iberian Peninsula, did not become a First language and expanded at the same time in all the regions, first it became mother-tongue language in the Mediterranean coastal regions of the east, southeast and the south, then expanded towards the west and northwest and from the south towards north, and based on and from urban centers to the rural areas)Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. (2005). Historia de la Lengua Española (2 Vols.). Madrid: Fundación Ramón Menendez Pidal. ISBN 84-89934-11-8 ***************Southern Iberian Romance / Southern Hispano-Romance (

) (dialects of early Romanization (cultural), romanized regions, it was part of the Western Romance languages, Western Romance dialects, but also had some similarities with Italo-Dalmatian languages, Italo-Dalmatian ones due to the influence of the aforementioned dialectal group) ****************''Southern Iberian Late Latin'' / ''Southern Iberian Proto-Romance'' ''(it became more differentiated after the fall of the

and the formation of the Kingdom of the Suebi, Suebian and Visigothic Kingdom, Visigothic Kingdoms)''Wright, Roger. (1982). Late Latin and Early Romance in Spain and Carolingian France. Liverpool: University of Liverpool (Francis Cairns, Robin Seager). ISBN 0-905205-12-X ''(several dialects, Mozarabic language, Andalusi Romance descended from it)'' *****************Andalusi Romance (formed after the Arab and Moorish conquest and the formation of Al-Andalus under Arabic rule) (inaccurately called "Mozarabic")Marcos Marín, Francisco. (1998). "Romance andalusí y mozárabe: dos términos no sinónimos", Estudios de Lingüística y Filología Españolas. Homenaje a Germán Colón. Madrid: Gredos, 335–341. https://www.academia.edu/5101871/Romance_andalusi_y_mozarabe_dos_terminos_no_sinonimos_ (Andalusi Romance, لتن – Andalusi Romance, לטן – ''Andalusi Romance, Latino'') (extinct) (a large

) (uncertain classification within Ibero-Romance languages, Hispano-Romance / Ibero-Romance or even Western Romance, it had isoglosses and other language features in common with both Eastern and Western Hispano-Romance languages and also with both Western Romance and Italo-Dalmatian, it had the characteristics of a conservative language but also had language innovations) (it had several similarities with Aragonese language, Aragonese, however the classification of both languages under the name "Pyrenean" is inaccurate because both languages did not originate in the Pyreneans Mountains but in more southerner regions of the Iberian Peninsula, and also because, as a

, some dialects were more akin to Navarro-Aragonese but others were not) (a Romance and not an Arabic varieties, Arabic language, not to be confused with Andalusi Arabic, although both languages were, more or less, spoken in the same territorial area and interacted) (it was the vernacular language of many Hispanic Christians, of

origin, and Sephardic Jews that lived under Muslims, Muslim rule as Dhimmis in Al-Andalus where people of Arabic people, Arabic origin or Arabized people were the ruling elite, and also was the vernacular language of many Muslim converts of

origin; beside the dialectal variation between regions, there was also a sociological one – Christians used more Latin origin vocabulary, while Muslims used more Arabic origin vocabulary) ******************''Eastern-Central Andalusi Romance'' ''(roughly matching the territory where the Hispanic Citerior Latin had been spoken, that is, part of the ancient Roman province of Hispania Citerior, later Hispania Tarraconensis, later Hispania Carthaginensis, Cartaginensis and Hispania Tarraconensis, Tarraconensis proper Provinces, East and Centre of the Iberian Peninsula) (it had several analogies and similarities with the languages or dialects of eastern part of the Northern Iberian Peninsula – Aragonese language, Aragonese and Castilian Spanish, Castilian)'' *******************''Eastern Andalusi Romance'' ********************''Zaragozan Andalusi Romance'' ********************''Valencian Andalusi Romance'' *******************''Central Andalusi Romcane'' ********************''Tolledan Andalusi Romance'' ******************''Southern-Western Andalusi Romance'' ''(roughly matching the territory where Hispanic Ulterior Latin had been spoken, that is, part of the ancient Roman province of Hispania Ulterior, later the ancient Roman provinces of Hispania Baetica, Baetica and Lusitania, South and West of the Iberian Peninsula) (it had several analogies and similarities with the languages or dialects of the western part of the Northern Iberian Peninsula, mainly Galician-Portuguese and Asturleonese language, Asturian-Leonese)'' *******************''Southern Andalusi Romance'' / ''Baetic Andalusi Romance'' ********************''Sevillian Andalusi Romance'' ********************''Cordoban Andalusi Romance'' *******************''Western Andalusi Romance'' / ''Lusitanic Andalusi Romance'' ********************''Badajoz Andalusi Romance'' ********************''Lisbon Andalusi Romance'' ***************Northern Iberian Romance / Northern Hispano-Romance (

) (dialects of later Romanization (cultural), romanized regions, it was part of the Western Romance languages, Western Romance dialects in a higher degree than the southern ones) ****************''Northern Iberian Late Latin'' / ''Northern Iberian Proto-Romance'' ''(it became more differentiated after the fall of the

and the formation of the Kingdom of the Suebi, Suebian and Visigothic Kingdom, Visigothic Kingdoms)'' ''(the northern varieties, already in the form of languages, expanded to the south with the Reconquista, Christian Reconquest)'' *****************Ebro Iberian Romance / Caesaraugustan Iberian Romance (early form of Aragonese language, Aragonese that originated in the Ebro Basin) (

) ******************Navarro-Aragonese / Navarro-Aragonese, Middle Ebro Romance (early form of Aragonese language, Aragonese that originated in the middle Ebro Basin, in the Ebro River, Ebro plain, mainly in La Rioja (Spain), La Rioja, and then expanded northeast, towards the Pyrenean Mountains, and southeast, towards Iberian Mountains) (although today it is only spoken in the central Pyrenean Mountains, in High Aragon/Upper Aragon, originally it was not spoken there and it was a later arrival in those mountains) (Celtiberian language, Celtiberian, Iberian language, Iberian and Basque language, Basque substrates; influenced by Andalusi Romance and Basque language, Basque) (extinct) *******************''Old Riojan'' ''(roughly in the original area where the Romance language called "Navarro-Aragonese" originated)'' ''(extinct)'' ''(people shifted to a Riojan Castilian variety with a Navarro-Aragonese substrate)'' *******************''Romance Navarrese'' ''(Basque language, Basque substrate)'' ''(not to be confused with the Upper Navarrese dialect, Upper Navarrese and Low Navarrese/Navarro-Lapurdian dialects of Basque language, Basque that is a language isolate and not an Indo-European languages, Indo-European language)'' ''(it was spoken in southern Navarre – in the south of the old Kingdom of Navarre)'' ''(extinct)'' ''(replaced by a form of Castilian Spanish with a Romance Navarrese substrate)'' *******************Aragonese language, Aragonese (''Aragonés''/''Aragonese language, Luenga Aragonesa''/''Aragonese language, Fabla Aragonesa'') (at the present time it is only spoken in Upper Aragon/High Aragon or Northern Aragon, however, in the past, until late 17th and 18th centuries, Aragonese language, Aragonese was spoken in a much wider land area including almost all of Aragon, except for La Franja, Southern Navarre, parts of Rioja (Spain), Rioja and parts of inland Valencia Region) ********************''Central Aragonese'' (roughly in the original area where the Romance language called "Navarro-Aragonese" originated) ''(extinct)'' ''(people shifted to an Aragonese Castilian variety with an Aragonese language, Aragonese substrate)'' *********************''Eastern Aragonese'' ''(extinct)'' *********************''Western Aragonese'' ''(extinct)'' **********************''Zaragozan Aragonese'' ''(extinct)'' ********************''Northern Aragonese''/''Upper Aragonese'' ''(only surviving dialect group of Aragonese language, Aragonese, today is synonymous with the whole language)'' ''(Aragonese language, Aragonese Proper/Aragonese language, Aragonese Middle Ebro Romance)'' *********************''Eastern Aragonese, Eastern Northern Aragonese'' *********************''Central Aragonese, Central Northern Aragonese'' *********************''Western Aragonese, Western Northern Aragonese'' *********************''Southern Aragonese, Southern Northern Aragonese'' ********************''Southern Aragonese'' ''(extinct)'' ''(people shifted to an Aragonese Castilian variety with an Aragonese language, Aragonese substrate)'' *********************''Inland Central Valencian'' ********************Judaeo-Aragonese (''Judaeo-Aragonese, Chodigo-Aragonés'') (extinct) *****************Western Iberian Romance / Western Iberian Romance, Western Hispano-Romance (

) (although they are called "Iberian Romance", or more accurately West Iberian Romance, because of being in the Iberian Peninsula, they do not have an Iberian language, Iberian substrate but rather a Hispano-Celtic languages, Hispano-Celtic, Lusitanian language, Lusitanian or a Tartessian language, Tartessian one) ******************Castilian languages, Castilian (

) *******************Old Castilian (''Old Castilian, Romance Castellano'') (extinct) ********************Spanish (in the sense of a group of dialects forming a

) *********************''Peninsular Spanish''/''Spanish of Spain'' ''(European Spanish, European Spanish, Spanish of Europe)'' **********************''Castilian Spanish'' ''(basis of Standard Spanish, Modern Standard Spanish but not identical)'' ***********************Spanish language, Spanish / Castilian language, Castilian / Standard Spanish (''Spanish language, Español'' / ''Castilian language, Castellano'' / ''Spanish language, Lengua Española''/''Castilian language, Lengua Castellana'') ***********************''Castilian Spanish, Northern Castilian'' ************************''Castilian Proper'' ''(Castilian Core – regions of original Castilian language)'' *************************''Old Castile Castilian'' ''(roughly in Old Castile)'' **************************''Eastern Old Castilian'' ''(includes the dialects of Burgos Province, Burgos and Soria Province, Soria provinces)'' ***************************''Burgalese'' ''(Burgalés)'' ''(in Burgos Province)'' ***************************''Sorian'' ''(Soriano (dialect), Soriano)'' ''(in Soria Province)'' **************************''Western Old Castilian'' ''(includes the dialects of Segovia Province, Segovia and Ávila (province), Ávila provinces and later expanded towards Valladolid Province, Valladolid and Palencia Province, Palencia provinces)'' ***************************''Segovian'' ''(Segoviano)'' ''(in Segovia Province)'' ***************************''Avilese'' ''(Avilés (dialect), Avilés)'' ''(in Ávila Province)'' *************************''Northern New Castille Castillian'' ''(roughly in Northern New Castile (Spain), New Castille)'' ''(includes the dialects of Guadalajara Province, Guadalajara and Cuenca Province)'' **************************''Guadalajaran'' ''(Guadalajareño)'' ''(in Western Guadalajara Province)'' **************************''Alcarrian'' ''(Alcarreño)'' ''(in Southwestern Guadalajara Province)'' **************************''Serrano Castilian'' ''(Castellano-Serrano)'' ''(in Eastern Guadalajara Province, Guadalajara and Northern Cuenca province, Cuenca Province)'' ************************''Far-Northern Castilian'' *************************''Northwestern Castilian'' or ''Cantabrian Castilian'' ''(not to be confused with Cantabrian dialect, Romance Cantabrian, also called by its traditional name "Montañés", from Cantabria, La Montaña = Cantabria)'' ''(Cantabrian dialect, Romance Cantabrian substrate and influence)'' ''(roughly in Santander Province)'' *************************''Transitional Northwest-Northeast Castillian'' ''(Miranda de Ebro is the main centre)'' *************************''Northeastern Castilian'' ''(in old territory of the Autrigones, Caristii and Varduli tribes)'' ''(Basque Adstratum, adstrate influence)'' ''(mainly in Álava Province but also in western Bizkaia)'' ************************''Far-Eastern Leonese Castilian'' *************************''Palencian'' ''(Palenciano)'' ''(in Palencia Province)'' *************************''Valliseletan'' ''(Valliseletano)'' ''(in most of Valladolid Province)'' *************************''Southwestern Valliseletan'' ''(Valliseletano Suroccidental)'' ''(in Southwest Valladolid Province)'' *************************''Salmantine'' ''(Salmantino)'' ''(in most of Salamanca Province but not in the Northwest)'' ************************''Transitional Leonese Castilian'' ************************''Leonese Castilian'' ''(not to be confused with Leonese (Asturleonese from León and Zamora), Leonese dialects of Astur-Leonese)'' ''(Astur-Leonese substrate and influence)'' *************************''León Leonese Castillian'' ''(in León (Spain), León city and territory)'' ************************''Asturian Castilian'' ''(Castilian spoken by Asturians)'' ''(not to be confused with Astur-Leonese)'' ************************''Castrapo, Galician Castilian'' ''(Castrapo)'' ''(Castilian spoken by Galicians)'' ''(not to be confused with Galician language, Galician)'' ''(strong Galician language, Galician substrate and influence)'' ************************''Rioja Castilian'' ''(Riojano (dialect), Riojano)'' ''(roughly in Rioja (Spain), Rioja)'' ''(Navarro-Aragonese substrate)'' *************************''Western Riojan'' *************************''Central Riojan'' *************************''Eastern Riojan'' ************************''Navarre Castilian'' ''(South Navarre)'' ''(not to be confused with Navarro-Aragonese or with Upper Navarrese dialect of Basque language, Basque)'' ''(Navarro-Aragonese and Basque language, Basque substrate and influence)'' ************************''Basque Castilian'' ''(Castilian spoken by Basques)'' ''(not to be confused with Basque language, Basque)'' ************************''Aragonese Castilian'' ''(not to be confused with Aragonese language)'' ''(Aragonese language, Aragonese substrate and influence)'' *************************''Southwestern Aragonese Castilian'' *************************''Southern Aragonese Castilian'' ''(Churro (dialect), Churro)'' *************************''Far-Southern Aragonese Castilian'' ''(Enguerino)'' *************************''Central Aragonese Castilian'' **************************''Zaragozano'' ''(in Zaragoza city and territory)'' *************************''Northwestern-Northern Aragonese Castilian'' ************************''Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers, Catalan Castilian'' ''(Castilian spoken by Catalans)'' ''(not to be confused with Catalan language, Catalan)'' ''(strong Catalan language, Catalan substrate and influence)'' *************************''Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers, Catalan Castilian Proper'' *************************''Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers, Balearic Castilian'' *************************''Linguistic features of Spanish as spoken by Catalan speakers, Valencian Castilian'' ***********************''Central-Southern Castilian'' ************************''Castilian Spanish, Central Castilian'' ''(broad sense)'' ''(Southern Castilian in narrow sense)'' ''(Transitional Northern-Southern Castilian)'' *************************''Castilian proper'' **************************''Southern New Castile Castilian'' (roughly in Southern New Castile (Spain), New Castille) ***************************''Madrid Castilian'' ''(Madrileño (dialect), Madrileño)'' ''(in Madrid city and Madrid Region, region, present-day capital of Spain)'' ***************************''Transitional Madridian-Manchego'' ***************************''Manchego Castilian'' ''(Manchego (dialect), Manchego)'' ''(La Mancha Castilian)'' ****************************''Western Manchego'' ****************************''Central Manchego'' *****************************''Toledano dialect, Toledan Castilian'' ''(Toledano dialect, Toledano)'' ''(in Toledo (Spain), Toledo city and territory)'' ****************************''Eastern Manchego'' *************************''Murcian Spanish, Murcian'' **************************''Central Murcian'' ''(Panocho)'' **************************''Southern Murcian'' ***************************''Cartageno'' ''(in Cartagena (Murcia), Cartagena city and territory)'' **************************''Southeastern Murcian'' **************************''Southwestern Murcian'' **************************''Northwestern Murcian'' **************************''Northern Murcian'' **************************''Northeastern Murcian'' *************************''Eastern Andalusian'' **************************''Upper Eastern Andalusian'' **************************''Low Eastern Andalusian'' **************************''Transitional Granadine'' ''(Eastern and Western Andalusian transitional dialect)'' ''(in central and southern Granada Province)'' ************************''Southern Castilian'' ''(broad sense)'' ''(Andalusian-Canarian)'' ''(strongly influenced Spanish language in the Americas, Spanish American Spanish)'' *************************''Andalusian Spanish, Andalusian (Western)'' **************************''Seseo'' ***************************''Mainland Seseo'' ****************************''Sierra Morena Southern Slope Seseo'' ''(in the southern slopes of Sierra Morena, in parts of northwestern Jaen Province, Spain, and northern Córdoba Province (Spain), Córdoba, northern Seville province, Seville and northern Huelva Province, Huelva Provinces, Andalusia)'' ****************************''Cordobese'' ''(Cordobés)'' ''(in Córdoba (Spain), Córdoba city and most of Córdoba Province (Spain), Córdoba Province)'' ****************************''Sevillian (dialect), Sevillian'' ''(Sevillano (dialect), Sevillano)'' ''(in Seville city and outskirts but not in most of Seville Province where a Ceceo type dialect is spoken)'' ***************************''Canarian Spanish, Canarian'' ''(in the Canary Islands)'' ****************************''Lanzarote Canarian Spanish'' ''(in Lanzarote)'' ****************************''Fuerteventura Canarian Spanish'' ''(in Fuerteventura)'' ****************************''Gran Canaria Canarian Spanish'' ''(in Gran Canaria)'' ****************************''Tenerife Canarian Spanish'' ''(in Tenerife)'' ****************************''Gomera Canarian Spanish'' ''(in La Gomera)'' ****************************''Palma Canarian Spanish'' ''(in La Palma)'' ****************************''Hierro Canarian Spanish'' ''(in El Hierro)'' ****************************''Canarian Americans, Isleño'' ''(Canarian Americans, North American Canarian Spanish)'' ''(Spanish dialect of the Canarian Americans)'' ''(in Louisiana and Texas)'' **************************''Ceceo'' ***************************''Seville Province Ceceo'' ''(in Seville Province, but not in the capital Seville itself)'' ***************************''Onubese'' ''(Onubense)'' ''(in southern Huelva Province)'' ***************************''Gaditan'' ''(Gaditano)'' ''(in Cádiz Province)'' ***************************''Malagueño (dialect), Malagueño'' ''(in most of Málaga Province)'' *********************''Spanish language in the Americas, American Spanish''/''Spanish language in the Americas, Hispanic American Spanish'' ''(Spanish language in the Americas, Spanish of the Americas)'' **********************''Caribbean Spanish'' ***********************''Islands''/''Insular'' ''(strong influence from Canarian Spanish)'' ************************''Cuban Spanish'' *************************''Florida Spanish'' ''(influence from American English)'' ************************''Dominican Spanish'' ************************''Puerto Rican Spanish'' ***********************''Mainland''/''Continental'' ************************''Panamanian Spanish'' ************************''Colombian Spanish, Caribbean Coastal Colombian Spanish'' *************************''Mainland (Continental)'' ''(includes Barranquilla, Colombia, Barranquilla and Cartagena, Colombia, Cartagena de Las Indias)'' *************************''Islands (Insular)'' ''(in the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina)'' ************************''Venezuelan Spanish, Coastal Venezuelan Spanish'' *************************''Maracucho Spanish, Zulian Venezuelan Spanish''/''Maracucho Spanish, Maracucho''/''Marabino Spanish''/''Maracucho Spanish, Maracaibero'' *************************''Central Coastal Venezuelan Spanish'' **********************''Mexican Spanish'' ***********************''Coastal Mexican'' ************************''Central and Southern Gulf of Mexico Mexican Coast'' ************************''Southern Mexican Pacific Coast'' ***********************''Central Mexican'' ************************''Southern Central'' ************************''Core Central (Altiplano)'' ************************''Lowlands Central (Bajío)'' ************************''Western Central'' ***********************''Northern Mexican'' ************************''Eastern Northern'' ************************''Western Northern'' ************************''Peninsular Californian Northern'' ''(in most of Baja California)'' ***********************''Yucateco (Eastern Mexican)'' ***********************''Southwestern United States Mexican'' **********************''New Mexican Spanish'' ''(an old Latin American Spanish dialect with its own features, not to be confuse with the more recent Southwestern United States Mexican)'' **********************''Central American Spanish'' ***********************''Chiapas Spanish (Chiapaneco)'' ***********************''Guatemalan Spanish'' ***********************''Belizean Spanish'' ***********************''Salvadoran Spanish'' ***********************''Honduran Spanish'' ***********************''Nicaraguan Spanish'' ***********************''Costa Rican Spanish'' **********************''Andean Spanish/Andean Spanish, Andean-Pacific Spanish'' ***********************''Venezuelan Andean'' ''(Tachirense)'' ***********************''Colombian Andean'' ''(main basis of Colombian Spanish)'' ************************''Northwestern Colombian Andean/Paisa'' ''(Antioqueño)'' ''(includes Medellin, Colombia, Medellin)'' ************************''Eastern Colombian Andean'' *************************''Cundiboyá'' ''(includes Bogotá, Colombia, Bogotá)'' ************************''Central Colombian Andean'' ************************''Southwest Colombian Andean'' ''(includes Cali, Colombia, Cali)'' ***********************''Ecuadorian Spanish'' ************************''Chocoan'' ''(in the Pacific Coast of Colombia)'' ************************''Tumaquian'' ''(in the Pacific Coast of Colombia)'' ************************''Lowlands''/''Western Ecuadorian Spanish'' *************************''Esmeraldan'' *************************''Manabita'' *************************''Guayaquilian/Guayacan'' ************************''Highland Ecuadorian Spanish''/''Andean Ecuadorian Spanish'' *************************''Central (Quitoan)'' *************************''Southern (Riobambanian)'' *************************''Cuencan'' *************************''Lojan'' ***********************''Peruvian Spanish'' ************************''Peruvian Ribereño Spanish''/''Peruvian Coastal Spanish''/''Peruvian Coast Spanish'' ************************''Andean-Coastal Spanish''/''Neolimeño'' ''(mixed features of both Peruvian Coast Spanish and Andean Peruvian Spanish)'' ************************''Andean Peruvian Spanish''/''Highland Peruvian'' ***********************''Bolivian Spanish'' ************************''Bolivian Spanish, Andean Bolivian''/''Highland Bolivian''/''Western Bolivian'' ************************''Bolivian Spanish, Valluno'' ************************''Bolivian Spanish, Vallegrandino'' ************************''Bolivian Spanish, Camba''/''Lowland Bolivian''/''Eastern Bolivian''/''Media Luna Bolivian'' ************************''Bolivian Spanish, Chapaco'' **********************''Amazonic Spanish'' / ''Jungle Spanish'' / ''Loreto-Ucayali Spanish'' ''(most divergent of the Spanish American Spanish groups of dialects, could be a separate but closely related language to Spanish language, Spanish / Castilian language, Castilian)'' ***********************''Peruvian Amazonic'' ***********************''Colombian Amazonic Spanish'' ***********************''Llanero Spanish'' ************************''Llanero/Plateau Colombian Spanish'' ************************''Llanero/Plateau Venezuelan Spanish'' ***********************''Venezuelan Amazonic Spanish''/''South-East Venezuelan Spanish'' **********************''Southern Cone Spanish'' ***********************''Chilean Spanish'' ************************''Araucanian Chilean Spanish'' ''(Chilote)'' ************************''Patagonian Chilean Spanish'' ***********************''Argentinian Spanish''-''Uruguayan Spanish'' ************************''Northwestern Argentinian Spanish''/''Andean Argentinian Spanish'' ************************''Central-Western Argentinian Spanish'' *************************''Cordobés Spanish, Central Argentinian Spanish''/''Cordobés Spanish, Cordovian Argentinian Spanish'' *************************''Cuyo Spanish, Western Argentinian Spanish''/''Cuyo Spanish, Cuyano Argentinian Spanish'' ************************''Rioplatense Spanish'' ''(strongly influenced by Italian and other Romance languages of

, especially

and Genovese Ligurian language (Romance language), Ligurian)'' *************************''Buenos Aires Argentinian Spanish'' *************************''Platine Mesopotamian Argentinian Spanish'' ''(between Uruguay River, Uruguay and Paraná River, Paraná Rivers in Mesopotamia, Argentina, Argentinian Mesopotamia)'' *************************''Patagonian Argentinian Spanish'' *************************''Uruguayan Spanish'' ''(is part of Rioplatense Spanish, Rioplatense)'' ''(strongly influenced by Italian and other Romance languages of

, especially Genovese Ligurian language (Romance language), Ligurian)'' ***********************''Transitional Argentinian-Paraguayan Spanish'' ************************''Northeastern Argentinian Spanish''/''Guarani Argentinian Spanish'' ''(Paraguayan Spanish and Guarani language, Guarani influence)'' ***********************''Paraguayan Spanish'' ''(strong Guarani language, Guarani substrate and influence)'' *********************''Philippine Spanish'' ''(has a greater affinity to Spanish language in the Americas, American Spanish, especially Mexican Spanish, rather than to Peninsular Spanish/European Spanish)'' *********************''Maghrebi Spanish''/''North Africa Spanish'' **********************''Saharan Spanish'' *********************''Sub-Saharan Africa Spanish'' **********************''Equatoguinean Spanish''/''Equatoguinean Spanish, Equatorial Guinea Spanish'' ********************Castúo, Castilian Extremaduran (Castúo, Southern-Central Extremaduran)/Castúo (in the historical Leonese Extremadura) (Extremaduran language, Extremaduran substrate) (until late 17th century and middle 18th century, before heavy Castilianization, Central and Southern Extremaduran dialects were closer to Northern Extremaduran language, Extremaduran and were part of an old

transitional between Castilian language, Castilian to the east and Astur-Leonese to the west) *********************''Central Extremaduran'' *********************''Southern Extremaduran'' ********************Ladino language, Ladino/Judaeo-Spanish (''Ladino (language), לאדינו'' – ''Ladino (language), Ladino''/Judaeo-Spanish, גﬞודﬞיאו־איספאנייול – ''Djudeo-Espanyol''/''Judeo-Espagnol, Judeoespañol'') (not to be confused with ''Andalusi Romance, Latino'', the Andalusi Romance self name or autonym) (originally it was the vernacular language of many Sephardic Jews in the kingdoms of today's Northern Spain, later the language expanded towards south, along Christian Reconquista, where many Sephardic Jews spoke Andalusi Romance as vernacular language) *********************''Spain dialects'' ''(before the expulsion of Jews from Spain)'' *********************''Out of Spain dialects'' ''(after the expulsion of Jews from Spain)'' **********************''Western Ladino''/''Western Judeo-Spanish'' ***********************''Haketia, Western Judaeo-Spanish''/''Haketia'' ''(traditionally it was spoken in Tangier, Tétouan, northern Morocco)'' **********************''Eastern Ladino''/''Eastern Judeo-Spanish'' ***********************''South-Eastern Judeo-Spanish, South-Eastern'' ''(traditionally it was spoken in Salonica, Macedonia (Greece), Macedonia,

) and in Istanbul, Turkey'' ***********************''North-Eastern Judeo-Spanish, North-Eastern'' ***********************''North-Western Judeo-Spanish, North-Western'' ''(traditionally it was spoken in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Hercegovina)'' ******************Transitional Castilian – Astur-Leonese (Cantabrian dialect, Romance Cantabrian–Extremaduran language, Estremaduran) (an old

and isoglosses severed by the expansion of Castilian language, Castilian towards west) *******************Cantabrian dialect, Cantabrian (Cantabrian dialect, Romance Cantabrian) (''Cantabrian dialect, Cántabru''/''Cantabrian dialect, Montañés'') (not to be confused with Celtic languages, Celtic Cantabrian, a Hispano-Celtic dialect) ********************''Eastern Cantabrian'' ********************''Central Cantabrian'' ''(Pasiego-Montañés)'' *********************''Pasiego'' ''(Passiegu)'' *********************''Montañés'' ********************''Western Cantabrian'' *******************Far-Eastern Leonese (Leonese of Palencia-Valladolid-Salamanca) (extinct) (in the past it was spoken in most of Palencia Province, Palencia, Valladolid Province, Valladolid and Salamanca Province, Salamanca provinces but there people shifted to a Leonese Castilian variety) *******************Old Extremaduran (extinct) ********************''Old Northern Extremaduran'' ''(Artu Estremeñu)'' ''(extinct)'' *********************Extremaduran language, Extremaduran (Extremaduran language, Northern Extremaduran) (Extremaduran language, Leonese Extremaduran) (''Estremeñu'') (in the historical Extremadura, Leonese Extremadura) (surviving language land of the Extremaduran language) (Northern Extremaduran and Extremaduran are now identical because it is the only surviving dialect of the language) ********************''Old Central Extremaduran'' ''(Meyu Estremeñu)'' ''(extinct)'' ''(replaced by a Castilian languages, Castilian based variety)'' ********************''Old Southern Extremaduran'' ''(Bahu Estremeñu)'' ''(extinct)'' ''(replaced by a Castilian languages, Castilian based variety)'' ******************Astur-Leonese languages, Astur-Leonese (Asturian language, Asturian-Leonese language, Leonese

) (transitional features between Cantabrian dialect, Cantabrian and Castilian language, Castilian to the east and Galician language, Galician and Portuguese language, Portuguese to the west) *******************Old Astur-Leonese (extinct) ********************Astur-Leonese (''Asturleonese language, Asturllionés''/''Asturleonese language, Astur-Llionés''/''Asturleonese language, Llengua Astur-Llionesa'') (at the present time it is spoken in Asturias and Northwestern León (historical region), León, however, in the past, until late 17th and 18th centuries, it was spoken in a wider area, including almost all of Leon region) (Astur-Leonese dialects have eastern, central and western dialect strips from north towards south with Asturian and Leonese subdialects or variants, although there is no clear linguistic division between both because the east, central and west dialect strips have more importance than an Asturian versus Leonese or vice versa distinction, that is, a North versus South dialectal distinction) *********************''Eastern Astur-Leonese'' **********************''Asturian dialects'' **********************''Leonese dialects'' ''(Llionés)'' ***********************''Arribeiro'' ''(in La Ribera de Salamanca or Las Arribes, northwest Vitigudino Comarca, Northwest Salamanca Province), east of the border with northeast Portugal and the Douro, Douro river course)'' ''(severed from the Eastern Astur-Leonese dialects from the north by the Castilian language, Castilian expansion towards west)'' ***********************''Riba Côa Leonese'' ''(people in the lands east of the low and middle Côa River, Côa river course although, by the political border, were in far northeastern Beira (Portugal), Beira historic province of Portugal, they were Leonese language, Leonese and not Galaico-Portuguese speakers until the 13th and 14th centuries)'' ''(once spoken in Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo and Almeida, Portugal, Almeida and east of Vila Nova de Foz Côa municipalities)'' *********************''Central Astur-Leonese'' **********************''Asturian dialects'' ***********************''Northern Central'' ''(includes Oviedo – Uviéu and Gijón – Xixón)'' ***********************''Southern Central'' **********************''Leonese dialects'' ''(in the past it included Llión / León, Spain, León, but people there shifted to a Leonese Castilian variety, Leonese language, Leonese substrate)'' ***********************''Leonese Proper'' ''(once spoken in León city and territory)'' ''(extinct)'' ***********************''Sayagüés'' ''(in Sayago Comarca, southwestern Zamora Province)'' *********************''Western Astur-Leonese'' **********************''Asturian dialects'' ***********************''A Zone'' ***********************''B Zone'' ***********************''C Zone'' ***********************''D Zone'' ***********************''Brañas Vaqueiras dialect'' **********************''Leonese dialects'' ***********************''Central Western Leonese'' ''(includes Astorga (Spain), Astorga)'' ***********************''Berzian-Cabreirese'' ''(in Eastern El Bierzo and Cabreira)'' ***********************''Sanabrian'' / ''Senabrian'' ''(Senabrés)'' ''(in Sanabria (comarca), Sanabria; Senabria in Astur-Leonese; Sanabria (comarca), Seabra in Galician language, Galician)'' ***********************''Riudeonore-Guadramil-Deilon-Quintanilha Leonese'' – ''spoken in the four border villages of Rio de Onor, Riudeonore (Rio de Onor), Guadramil, Deilão, Deilon (Deilão) and Quintanilha, in the Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province, Trás-os-Montes historic province, Bragança District (Portuguese District = County), far northeastern Portugal'' ''(although people from these villages were, by the political border, in Portugal, most were Leonese dialect, Leonese and not Portuguese language, Portuguese speakers)'' ''(threatened dialect)'' ***********************''Riba Douro Leonese'' ''(people in the lands east of Sabor River and west of Douro River although, by the political border, were in far eastern Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province, Trás-os-Montes historic province of Portugal, they were Leonese language, Leonese and not Galaico-Portuguese speakers until the 13th and 14th centuries, after which they were bilingual until the 17th and 18th centuries, in the 18th century Portuguese language, Portuguese replaced most of Leonese language, Leonese save for Mirandese language, Mirandese, Mirandese is a surviving dialect of these Ribadouro Leonese dialects)'' ************************Mirandese language, Mirandese (''Mirandese language, Mirandés''/''Mirandese language, Lhengua Mirandesa'') (close to Western Astur-Leonese or even a dialect of it – Southern Western Astur-Leonese, but with Portuguese language, Portuguese influences as Adstratum, Adstrate and Superstratum, Superstrate) (recognized as a different native language in Portugal) *************************''Raiano'' ''(Northern villages border dialect)'' *************************''Central'' ''(Miranda do Douro town and most villages dialect, central area of Mirandese)'' *************************''Sendinês'' ''(Sendim village dialect, far southern Mirandese)'' ************************''Vimioso Leonese'' ''(extinct)'' ''(once spoken in Vimioso town and municipality)'' ************************''Mogadouro Leonese'' ''(extinct)'' ''(once spoken in Mogadouro town and municipality)'' ************************''Freixo de Espada à Cinta Leonese'' ''(extinct)'' ''(once spoken in Freixo de Espada à Cinta town and municipality)'' ************************''Torre de Moncorvo Leonese'' ''(extinct)'' ''(once spoken in Torre de Moncorvo town and municipality)'' ******************Galician-Portuguese (

) *******************Galician-Portuguese (Old Galician-Old Portuguese) (extinct) ********************Galician language, Galician (''Galician language, Galego''/''Galician language, Lingua Galega'') (closely related to Portuguese language, Portuguese) *********************''Eastern Galician'' **********************''Eonavian''/''Galician-Asturian)'' (''Galician-Asturian, Asturias Galician''/''Galician-Asturian, Asturian Area of Galician'') (''Eonaviego''/''Galego-Asturiano'') ''(some features are transitional to Astur-Leonese)'' **********************''Ancares Eastern Galician'' **********************''Central Western Eastern Galician'' **********************''As Portelas Eastern Galician'' ''(in the west of Sanabria (comarca), Sanabria comarca – "Sanabria (comarca), A Seabra" in Galician language, Galician, Northwest Zamora Province)'' ''("As Portelas" means "The Small Ports", "The Small Land Ports"; Port = Passage)'' *********************''Central Galician'' (Northern Coastal Galicia and inland central Galicia of the Miño and Sil valleys) **********************''Mindoniensis Central Galician'' **********************''Central Transitional Area'' **********************''Lucu-Auriensis Central Galician'' **********************''Eastern Transitional Area'' *********************''Western Galician'' ''(Rias Galegas region – Rias Altas and Rias Baixas)'' **********************''Bergantiños Western Galician'' **********************''Finisterra Western Galician'' **********************''Pontevedra Western Galician'' **********************''Lower Limia Western Galician'' (Lobios municipality) (Lower Limia regarding Galicia, regarding Limia river total course, most it is in Portugal, it is Upper Limia) *********************Fala language, Fala/Fala language, Fala de Xálima/Fala language, Xalimego ( ''Fala language, Lagarteiru'' (in Eljas), ''Fala language, Manhegu''/''Fala language, Mañegu'' (in San Martín de Trevejo) and ''Fala language, Valverdeiru'' (in Valverde del Fresno) (no common self name or autonym for the language) (closely related to Galician language, Galician and to Portuguese language, Portuguese but closer to Galician language, Galician, although bordering Portuguese language, Portuguese to the west, it is Galician language, Galician-like, a related language enclave to Galician more than two hundred kilometers to the south) (in far northwestern Extremadura, southern slopes and valleys of Xálima/Jálama Mountain) ********************Portuguese language, Portuguese (''Português''/''Portuguese language, Língua Portuguesa'') (closely related to Galician language, Galician) (in the sense of a group of dialects forming a

and including the main varieties European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese) *********************''European Portuguese'' ''(European Portuguese, Portugal Portuguese / Portuguese of Portugal)'' **********************''Northern'' ''(some features are transitional to Galician)'' ''(a typical feature of the Northern Portuguese dialects is that they have betacism, i.e. they don't distinguish between b [b or β] and v [v] phonemes, i.e v [v] phoneme is absent)'' ***********************''Alto Minhoto-Transmontano'' ************************''Alto Minhoto'' ''(geographically in Minho Province but more closely related to the Transmontano dialect)'' ''(east Viana do Castelo District and far northeast Braga District)'' ************************''Transmontano dialect, Transmontano'' ''(in Trás-os-Montes Province, most of northern Vila Real District and most of Bragança District, save for Miranda do Douro Municipality)'' *************************''Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo dialect'' ''(geographically in Beira Serra or Beira Transmontana Province, which was included in Beira Alta Province, but closely related to the Transmontano dialect)'' ***********************''Baixo Minhoto-Duriense – Alto Beirão-Beira Serrano'' ************************''Baixo Minhoto-Duriense'' *************************''Baixo Minhoto'' ''(in most of Minho Province)'' ''(matches most of Braga District, Braga and west Viana do Castelo District, Viana do Castelo Districts)'' *************************''Duriense'' ''(includes Douro Litoral Province and matches most of Porto District and the southwestern corner of Trás-os-Montes Province, which matches a large part of southern Vila Real District, located in Alto Douro Province, which was included in Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province)'' **************************''Porto, Oporto / Porto (city), Porto dialect'' ************************''Alto Beirão-Beira Serrano'' (''Inland Northern Central'') *************************''Alto-Beirão dialect'' ''(in western Beira Alta Province, matches Viseu District)'' *************************''Beira Serra'' or ''Beira Transmontana dialect'' ''(in the Beira Serra or Beira Transmontana Province, which was included in the Beira Alta Province, roughly matches Guarda District)'' ''(more features in common with Northern dialects, but in the phonetics distinguishes between b [b] and v [v] phonemes, a typical feature of the Central and Southern dialects)'' **********************''Central-Southern'' ''(a typical feature of the Central and Southern Portuguese dialects is that in the phonetics they don't have betacism, i.e. they distinguish between b [b] and v [v] phonemes, i.e. v [v] phoneme is clearly pronounced)'' ***********************''Coastal Central'' ''(Extremaduran Portuguese)'' ''(Português Estremenho)'' ''(Transitional Northern-Southern)'' ''(basis of Standard Portuguese, Modern Standard European Portuguese but not identical)'' ''(although in the 20th century a province in the Central Coastal Lowlands region was called Beira Litoral Province, Beira Litoral, i.e. Litoral/Coastal Beira, older and traditional Beira Province was an inland province in the Highlands, while all Central Coastal Lowlands region of Mainland Portugal, from south of the Douro, Douro river, in the north, till the northern banks of the Tagus, Tagus river, in the south, was the province of Estremadura until the middle of the 18th century)'' ("Beira" name means edge, slope, mountain slope, or border, with the specific meaning of "Mountainous Borderland" or "Edge Borderland") ''(until the 14th century the broad or collective name for all the portuguese territories south of Douro river was "Extremadura", i.e. "Far Border Land", the name derives from "Extrema", "Extremada" – extreme in the sense of extreme borderland, far borderland)'' ''(this name is cognate and has equivalents with the Leonese, Castilian and Aragonese Extremaduras, that were also old Borderlands at the beginning of the Christian Reconquista)'' ''(therefore "Estremadura" and "Beira" names had the meaning of "Borderland" in the context of the Christian Reconquista)'' ************************''Northern Coastal Central'' ''(more features in common with Central and Southern dialects, but in the phonetics, some areas, mainly in Aveiro District, don't distinguish between b [b] and v [v] phonemes, i.e. they don't have v [v] phoneme, a typical feature of the Northern dialects)'' *************************''Aveiro dialect'' ''(in most of the Aveiro District)'' ''(Portuguese District = County)'' *************************''Coimbra dialect'' ''(in west Coimbra District)'' ''(Portuguese District = County)'' ************************''Southern Coastal Central'' ''(Standard European Portuguese is mainly based on this dialect with also important contribution from Coimbra, i.e. the coastal central region, the ancient and traditional Portuguese Extremadura, from north till south – Aveiro, Coimbra, Leiria, Santarem and Lisbon, is the main basis of Modern Standard European Portuguese)'' *************************''Leiria District dialect'' *************************''Inland Lisbon District dialect'' **************************''Lisbon dialect'' ''(early Lisbon dialect, Lisboeta, was only spoken in Lisbon itself and was an enclave, however today it is spoken in Lisbon metropolitan area, and is a very widespread dialect, many dialects are under pressure and being replaced by the standard language that closely resembles Lisbon dialect)'' ************************''Standard Portuguese, Standard European Portuguese'' ''(mainly based on the Coastal Central dialects - the dialect of the historical Estremadura Province (historical), Estremadura)'' ***********************''Inland Southern Central'' ''(Beira Baixa Province, Beira-Baixa-Far Northern Alto-Alentejo)'' ''(a divergent group of Portuguese dialects in phonetics and some vocabulary, it forms its own dialectal group)'' ''(its more typical phonetic feature is the presence of the vowels ö [ø] and ü [y], phonemes that don't exist in the other Portuguese dialects or other Iberian Romance languages, Iberian Romance/Iberian Romance languages, Hispano Romance languages and dialects but are a typical common feature of the Gallo-Romance languages and dialects; several placenames/toponyms in Beira Baixa Province, Beira Baixa, roughly Castelo Branco District, Castelo Branco County, and Far North Alto Alentejo Province, Alto Alentejo, North Portalegre District, Portalegre County, such as Proença-a-Nova, Proença, Old Occitan name of Provence, Vila Velha de Ródão, Ródão, from Rodano, a name for Rhodanus, Rhodanus river, Tolosa, Occitan language, Occitan name of Toulouse, seem to testify an old Gallo-Romance presence of speakers in enclaves, they were assimilated to Galician-Portuguese but left a phonetic influence in the dialect of this region;DIAS, Felisberto Luís Ferreira. (1998). “Origens do Português Micaelense. Abordagem diacrónica do sistema vocálico” in ''A Voz Popular''. Ponta Delgada: Universidade dos Açores in the 13th century, speakers of this dialect group also settled in Western Algarve, at the end of the Portuguese Reconquista; in the 15th and 16th centuries, speakers of this dialect group, mixed with speakers of other dialectal groups, settled in several islands of the Archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira)'' ''(declining and extinct in many municipalities where it was spoken)'' ************************''Baixo-Beirão – Far Northern Alto-Alentejo'' *************************''Baixo-Beirão dialect, Baixo-Beirão'' ''(in Beira Baixa Province, which roughly matches Castelo Branco District)'' **************************''Northern Baixo-Beirão'' ''(has some features of Northern Portuguese dialects in the consonants but not in the vowels)'' **************************''Southern Baixo-Beirão'' ''(South Castelo Branco District)'' *************************''Far Northern Alto-Alentejo'' ''(South of Tagus river, geographically in Alentejo but closely related to the Beira Baixa Province, Beira Baixa dialect and not to the Alentejo dialect)'' ************************''Far Western Algarvian'' ''(geographically in the Algarve but is more related to the Beira Baixa Province, Beira Baixa dialect and not to the Algarvian dialect, it is an Inland Southern Central dialect enclave in Far Southwestern Mainland Portugal)'' ''(has the ü [y] phoneme but doesn't have the ö [ø] phoneme)'' ***********************''Southern'' ************************''Southern Portuguese Extremaduran-Ribatejano'' *************************''Southern Portuguese Extremaduran'' ''(traditionally in most of the Coastal Lisbon District, except for Lisbon itself, today is declining, being replaced by Lisbon Proper dialect in the Lisbon metropolitan area)'' *************************''Ribatejano'' ''(along Tagus River banks)'' ''(in Ribatejo Province) ("Ribatejo – Riba Tejo" name means "Tagus Banks", from "Riba" – River Bank and "Tejo" – the Tagus river)'' ''(in large part of Santarém District)'' ************************''Setubalense'' ''(in the Setubal Peninsula)'' ''(its more typical phonetic feature is that it doesn't distinguish between trilled r [r] and guttural r [ʁ] i.e. r is always pronounced as guttural r [ʁ])'' ''(overlaps and under pressure of the modern Lisbon metropolitan area dialect)'' ************************''Alentejano dialect, Alentejano'' ''(its more typical phonetic feature is the pronunciation of more open vowels than in Standard European Portuguese, final vowel e [e] is generally pronounced as i [i] or the [i] vowel is added after a final consonant where Standard European Portuguese doesn't have a final vowel after a consonant, and has a distinct prosody)'' ''(in South Alto Alentejo Province, Alto Alentejo and Baixo Alentejo Province, Baixo Alentejo Provinces) ("Alentejo – Além Tejo" name means "Beyond Tagus River, Tagus")'' ''(roughly matches south Portalegre District and Évora District, Évora and Beja District, Beja Districts)'' ************************''Algarvian dialect, Algarvian'' ''(closely related to Alentejano)'' ''(in most of the Algarve Province)'' ''(roughly matches central and eastern Faro District)'' **********************''Islander'' ''(Geographical Grouping and not a Linguistic Genealogical one)'' ''(a divergent group of Portuguese dialects in phonetics and some vocabulary, several linguistic archaisms from Middle Portuguese when the islands were settled)'' ''(Azores and Madeira didn't have native Pre-European peoples)'' ***********************''Azorean'' ''(nine dialects in the nine islands of the Azores Archipelago, an areal grouping of dialects)'' ************************''Mariense'' ''(Santa Maria Island dialect)'' ************************''Micaelense dialect, Micaelense'' ''(São Miguel Island dialect)'' ''(its more typical phonetic feature is the presence of the vowels ö [ø] and ü [y] in its phonemes, a common phonetic feature with Inland Southern Central dialects, mainly Baixo Beirão dialect, and with the more distant Gallo-Romance languages and dialects, it has more vowels than Standard European Portuguese and several long vowels, and it has a "French-like" prosody)'' ************************''Terceirense'' ''(Terceira Island dialect)'' ''(its more typical phonetic feature is the presence of the semivowels [j] and [w] before a vowel in many words where Standard European Portuguese only has one vowel and a "singing-like" prosody)'' ************************''Graciosense'' ''(Graciosa Island dialect)'' ************************''Jorgense'' ''(São Jorge Island dialect)'' ************************''Picoense'' ''(Pico Island dialect)'' ************************''Faialense'' ''(Faial Island dialect)'' ''(Faial island dialect is closer to Standard European Portuguese than the dialects of other islands, initial Flemish people, Flemish settlers, that spoke the germanic Flemish dialect of Dutch language, Dutch, some years later were rapidly surpassed and assimilated by a big majority of Portuguese settlers that came from Coastal Central Portugal, whose dialect is the basis of European Standard Portuguese, and did not influenced Faial Island dialect)'' ************************''Florentino'' ''(Flores Island (Azores), Flores Island dialect)'' ************************''Corvino dialect, Corvino'' ''(Corvo Island dialect)'' ***********************''Madeiran'' ''(two dialects in the two islands of Madeira Archipelago, it's not only a single dialect)'' ************************''Portosantense dialect, Portosantense'' ''(Porto Santo Island dialect)'' ************************''Madeirense dialect, Madeirense'' ''(Madeira Island dialect)'' ''(its more typical phonetic feature is the pronunciation of the vowels u [u] and i [i], in many cases, as a Schwa [ə] or as [ɐ], where Micaelense and Baixo-Beirão dialects have ü [y] and the palatalization of l [l] to [λ] before i [i])'' *********************''American Portuguese''/''American Portuguese, Portuguese of South America'' ''(not synonymous with Brazilian Portuguese, there is also a specific and native Uruguayan Portuguese that is not a simple dialect of Brazilian Portuguese)'' **********************''Brazilian Portuguese'' ''(Portuguese of Brazil)'' / ''American Portuguese'' ***********************''Northern''/''Broad Northern Brazilian Portuguese, Broad Northern'' ''(one of its earlier centers, in the 16th century, was Salvador da Bahia)'' ************************''Bahian dialect, Bahian'' *************************''Salvador da Bahia dialect'' ''(Soteropolitano)'' ************************''Northeast Brazilian dialect, Northeast'' *************************''Eastern Northeast'' **************************''Recifense'' ''(Recife and Olinda dialect)'' *************************''Western Northeast'' **************************''Cearense''/''Northern Coast'' ************************''Amazonian Brazilian dialect, Amazonian''/''Northern Proper'' ''(sometimes also called Northern Brazilian)'' ***********************''Transitional Northern-Southern'' ''(Mixed Northern-Southern Portuguese Brazilian)'' ************************''Amazonic Range'' ''(Serra Amazônica)''/''Deforestation Arc'' ''(Arco do Desflorestamento)'' ***********************''Southern''/''Broad Southern Brazilian Portuguese, Broad Southern'' ''(one of its earlier centers, in the 16th century, was São Vicente, São Paulo, São Vicente, in the western half of the island with the same name, closely offshore of São Paulo State coast, in the eastern half of the island is Santos, São Paulo, Santos city)'' ************************''Fluminense dialect, Fluminense'' (Broad Rio de Janeiro, in the Rio de Janeiro State) *************************''Rio de Janeiro dialect'' ''(Carioca)'' *************************''Espiritosantense dialect, Espiritosantense''/''Goitacá'' ''(in Espírito Santo State)'' ************************''Mineiro dialect, Mineiro'' ''(in central Minas Gerais State)'' *************************''Belo Horizonte dialect'' ************************''Brasiliense dialect, Brasiliense'' ''(in Brasilia, Brazil capital)'' ************************''Sulista Lato Próprio'' ''(Broad Southern Proper)'' *************************''São Paulo dialect'' ''(Paulistano)'' ''(São Paulo City Proper dialect)'' *************************''Caipira dialect, Broad Paulista'' ''(Caipira dialect, Caipira)'' **************************''Sertanejo dialect, Sertanejo''/''Southern Sertanejo dialect, Southern Sertanejo'' ''(Sertanejo do Sul)'' *************************''Southerner Proper'' ''(Sulista Próprio)''/''Brazilian Gaúcho dialect, Gaúcho'' ''(sometimes Gaúcho is used as synonym of all Southern Proper Brazilian dialects)'' **************************''Florianopolitano'' ''(Manezês dialect, Manezês)'' ''(in Santa Catarina State Coast)'' ''(stronger influences from European Portuguese, mainly from Azorean settlers and colonists of the 18th century)'' *************************''Gaúcho''/''Narrow Gaúcho'' ''(Gaúcho Estrito)'' ''(in all the Rio Grande do Sul State or just the South of Rio Grande do Sul State along northern border of Uruguay)'' **************************''Portoalegrense'' ''(in Porto Alegre)'' ************************''Brazilian Portuguese, Standard Brazilian Portuguese'' ''(mainly based on the dialects of the Southeast Region, Brazil, Southeast Brazilian States, São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro (state), Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais)'' **********************''Uruguayan Portuguese''/''Uruguayan Portuguese, Fronteiriço'' ''(not a simple dialect of Brazilian Portuguese)'' ''(not confuse with Portunhol/Portuñol that is a mixed language)'' *********************''African Portuguese'' **********************''Cape Verdean Portuguese'' ''(not confuse with Cape Verde Creole language, Cape Verdean Creole)'' **********************''Guinean Portuguese''/''Guinean Portuguese, Guinea-Bissau Portuguese'' ''(not confuse with Guinea-Bissau Creole)'' ''(mainly in the capital Bissau)'' **********************''Sao Tomean Portuguese''/''Sao Tomean Portuguese, São Tomé and Principe Portuguese'' ''(not confuse with Forro Creole, Forro/Forro Creole, San Tomean and Principense Creole, Principense Creoles)'' **********************''Angolan Portuguese'' **********************''Mozambican Portuguese'' *********************''India Portuguese'' **********************''Goan Portuguese'' *********************''China Portuguese'' **********************''Macanese Portuguese'' ''(not confuse with Macanese language or patuá, a distinct Portuguese creole)'' *********************''East Timorese Portuguese'' *********************Minderico (''Minderico language, Piação do Ninhou''/''Minderico language, Piação dos Charales do Ninhou'') (originally was a Portuguese-based Cryptolect) (spoken in Minde (Alcanena), Minde; ''Minde (Alcanena), Ninhou'' in Minderico language, Minderico) *********************Judaeo-Portuguese (''Judaeo-Portuguese, Judeu-Português'') (it was the vernacular language of Sephardi Jews in Portugal before the 16th century) (extinct) **********

***********Pannonian Romance (extinct) ***********Daco-Roman (

) (see also Eastern Romance substratum) ************Proto-Romanian / Common Romanian *************South-Danubian ************** Aromanian ( ''Aromanian language, Rrãmãneshti''/''Armãneashti''/''Aromanian language, Armãneshce''/''Aromanian language, Limba Rrãmãniascã''/''Aromanian language, Limba Armãneascã''/''Aromanian language, Limba Armãneshce'') (today most of the language is spoken in Language island, language enclaves or language islands scattered south of the

, however there are also enclaves scattered along the Balkans south of the Danube and north of the

) ***************''North Aromanian'' ****************''Farsherot'' ''(including Muzekean, in parts of Myzeqe, Muzachia region, Myzeqe in Albanian)'' ''(spoken in Language island, language enclaves scattered along southern Albania and northwestern

)'' ****************''Muscopolean Aromanian dialect, Muscopolean'' ''(spoken in Moscopole, Muscopole, Voskopoje in Albanian, traditional Aromanian cultural centre and in other Language island, language enclaves scattered in mountainous areas of southern Albania, northern

and southwestern North Macedonia, Northern Macedonia)'' ****************''Gopish, Mulovishti, Beala de Sus, Beala de Jos dialect'' ''(4 scattered mountain villages – Gopeš, Gopish – Gopeš, Malovište, Mulovishti – Malovište, Gorna Belica, Beala de Sus – Gorna Belica and Dolna Belica, Beala de Jos – Gorna Belica, which form Language island, language enclaves or language islands)'' ***************''South Aromanian'' ****************''Pindian Aromanian dialect, Pindian'' ''(spoken mainly in Language island, language enclaves scattered in the Pindus, Pindus Mountains but also in other mountainous areas of northern

)'' ****************''Gramostian Aromanian dialect, Gramostian'' ''(originally from Gramos mountain range, Gramosta in Aromanian, later expanded northeastward and today spoken in Language island, language enclaves scattered in mountainous areas of northern

, eastern North Macedonia and southwestern Bulgaria)'' *************Transitional South-North Danubian **************Megleno-Romanian language, Megleno-Romanian (''Megleno-Romanian language, Vlăhește'') (spoken in the border area between northern Macedonia (Greece), Greek Macedonia and far south North Macedonia (North Macedonia, Slavic Macedonia) to the west of the Axios River, Axios or Vardar river, mainly west but also including a neighbourhood in Gevgelija town) ***************''Northern Megleno-Romanian, Northern'' ***************''Central Megleno-Romanian, Central'' ***************''Tsarnarekan Megleno-Romanian, Tsarnarekan'' ''(Karpian)'' *************North-Danubian (

) **************Old Romanian (Daco-Romanian language, Daco-Romanian) (common ancestor of Romanian language, Romanian and Istro-Romanian language, Istro-Romanian) ***************Modern Romanian ''(Limba Română / Românește)'' (in the sense of a group of dialects forming a

) ****************''Northern Romanian'' ''(Graiuri Nordice)'' *****************''Banat Romanian dialect, Banatian'' ''(Banat Romanian dialect, Bănățean)'' ''(in Banat region)'' *****************''Transylvanian varieties of Romanian'' ''(Ardelenesc)'' ''(Transylvanian varieties of Romanian, Ardelenesc varieties)'' ''(Transitional Banatian-Moldavian)'' ''(Geographical Grouping)'' ''(in Transylvania, Transylvania, Ardeal in Romanian)'' ******************''Crișana dialect, Crișanian'' ''(Western Transylvanian)'' ''(in Crișana)'' ******************''Maramureș dialect, Maramureșian'' ''(Northern Transylvanian)'' ''(Maramureșean)'' ''(in Maramureș)'' ******************''Oaș Country, Oașian'' ''(Northeastern Transylvanian)'' ''(in Oaș Country)'' ******************''Bukovinian Romanian dialect'' ''(in Bukovina, Bucovina)'' ******************''Central-Southern Transylvanian'' *****************''Moldavian dialect, Moldavian'' ''(Moldavian dialect, Moldovenesc)'' ''(in Moldavia historical region, northeast Romania and the country of Moldova)'' ******************''Northern Dobrujan'' ''(in the northern part of Dobruja, Dobruja, Dobrogea in Romanian)'' ****************''Southern Romanian'' ''(Graiuri Sudice)'' *****************''Wallachian dialect, Muntenian'' ''(Wallachian dialect, Wallachian)'' ''(Wallachian dialect, Muntenesc)'' ''(in Wallachia, Muntenia in Romanian)'' ''(basis of Romanian language, Modern Standard Romanian but not identical)'' ******************Romanian language, Romanian / Romanian language, Modern Standard Romanian (Daco-Romanian language, Daco-Romanian) (''Limba Română'' / ''Romanian language, Românește'') ******************''Oltenian dialect, Oltenian'' ''(Oltenian dialect, Oltenesc)'' ''(in Oltenia)'' ******************''Southern Dobrujan'' ''(in the southern part of Dobruja, Dobrogea in Romanian)'' ***************Istro-Romanian language, Istro-Romanian ( ''Istro-Romanian language, Rumârește''/''Istro-Romanian language, Vlășește'') (closer to Romanian language, Romanian, not to be confused with

which is closer to the Dalmatian Romance language) ****************''Cici Istro-Romanian, Cici'' ''(in Ciceria mountain range, Istria,

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)'' ****************''Vlahi Istro-Romanian, Vlahi'' *********Southern Romance (Insular Romance + African Romance – several archaic features in vocabulary and phonetics) (another alternative classification of the main Romance languages groups is the Western vs.

split by the

) **********Insular Romance languages, Insular Romance (

) ***********Old Corsican language, Old Corsican (speakers shifted to Italo-Romance varieties of Tuscan in the 13th and 14th centuries) (extinct) *********** Sardinian (''Sardinian language, Sardu'' or ''Sardinian language, Lingua Sarda''/''Sardinian language, Limba Sarda'') (Paleo-Sardinian language, Paleo-Sardinian substrate) ************''Logudorese dialect, Logudorese-Nuorese'' *************''Logudorese dialect, Logudurese'' **************''Central (Common) Logudorese'' **************''Northern Logudorese'' *************''Nuorese dialect, Nuorese'' ************''Campidanese dialect, Campidanese'' *************''Arborense Campidanese, Arborense'' ''(Arborensi)'' *************''Ogliastrino Campidanese, Ogliastrino'' ''(Ollastrinu)'' *************''Guspinese Campidanese, Guspinese'' ''(Guspinesu)'' *************''Villacidrese Campidanese, Villacidrese'' ''(Biddexidresu)'' *************''Cagliaritano'' ''(Casteddaiu)'' *************''Meridionale Campidanese, Meridionale'' **********African Romance (extinct)

Celtic languages

A map of the distribution of the Celtic languages

*Proto-Celtic language, Proto-Celtic (extinct) **Continental Celtic languages, Continental Celtic (all extinct; a paraphyly, paraphyletic grouping) (had both P Celtic and Q Celtic languages) ***Eastern Celtic (insufficient knowledge if it was a P Celtic or a Q Celtic group or if it had both types of Celtic languages) ****Noric language, Noric? (or unclassified within Celtic) ****Galatian language, Galatian ***Lepontic ****Lepontic language, Lepontic ***Gaulish? (P Celtic) ****Gaulish language, Gaulish *****Cisalpine Gaulish ***Hispano-Celtic (Q Celtic) ****Celtiberian language, Celtiberian (Eastern Hispano-Celtic) ****Gallaecian language, Gallaecian? (Western Hispano-Celtic) (or unclassified within Celtic) **Insular Celtic languages, Insular Celtic (has both P Celtic and Q Celtic languages) ***Brittonic languages, Brittonic / British (Celtic) languages, British (P Celtic) (once it formed a

which was broken first by Roman conquest of Britain, Roman conquest, the formation of a Britannia province and the formation of a Romano-Britain Culture with

language, and later by the Anglo-Saxons, Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, migration and settlement and spreading of their language in most of old Britannia province, Britannia, Great Britain) ****Common Brittonic / Old Brittonic (extinct) *****Eastern Brittonic (extinct after Anglo-Saxonic conquest and settlement in Britannia, today's England) *****Southwestern Brittonic languages, Southwestern Brittonic ******Dumnonian (extinct) *******Old Cornish (extinct) ********Middle Cornish (extinct) *********Cornish language, Cornish (Modern Cornish) (''Kernowek'') ******Old Breton (extinct) *******Middle Breton (extinct) ********Breton language, Breton (Breton language, Modern Breton) (''Brezhoneg'') *********''Léonard'' ''(Leoneg)'' *********''Trégorrois'' ''(Tregerieg)'' *********''Cornouaillais'' ''(Kerneveg)'' *********''Vannetais'' ''(Gwenedeg)'' *********''Guérandais'' ''(in Guérande and Batz-sur-Mer)'' ''(extinct)'' *****Western Brittonic languages, Western Brittonic ******Primitive / Archaic Welsh (extinct) *******Old Welsh (extinct) ********Middle Welsh (extinct) *********Welsh language, Welsh (Modern Welsh) (''Cymraeg'' / ''y Gymraeg'') (''Y Fro Gymraeg'' is the largest contiguous Celtic language area with a majority of speakers) **********''Gwent and Morgannwg'' **********''Dyfed'' **********''Gwynedd'' **********''Powys'' **********''Patagonian Welsh'' ''(in Y Wladfa, Chubut, Patagonia, Argentina)'' ******Cumbric (extinct) ******Ivernic language, Ivernic? (hypothetical) (extinct) ****Pictish *****Pictish language, Pictish (may have been a Celtic language possibly related to Brittonic) (extinct) ***Goidelic languages, Goidelic (Q Celtic) (

) ****Primitive Irish (extinct) *****Old Irish (''Goídelc'') (extinct) ******Middle Irish (''Middle Irish, Gaoidhealg'') (extinct) *******Modern Goidelic languages, Goidelic

(''teangacha Gaelacha'' / ''cànanan Goidhealach'' / ''çhengaghyn Gaelgagh'') ********Western Gaelic *********Irish language, Irish (Modern Irish) (''Gaeilge'') (not to be confused with Hiberno-English, Irish English / Hiberno-English) (the districts part of regions were Irish language, Irish is spoken as first language by a majority of people are known as Gaeltacht) **********''Standard Irish'' (''An Caighdeán Oifigiúil'') ''(pan-regional form)'' **********''Urban Irish'' ''(developing modern dialect in the urban areas, particularly in Dublin)'' **********''Leinster-Connacht Irish'' ''(in Central Ireland)'' ''(Lár – Middle, Central)'' ''(transitional characteristics between Ulster Irish, in the north, and Munster Irish, in the south)'' ***********''Leinster Irish'' ''(in Leinster / Laighin)'' ''(extinct)'' ''(no longer part of the Gaeltacht)'' ''(the only Irish language, Irish is the Standard Irish)'' ************''East Leinster'' (''Laighin Thoir'') *************''The Pale Irish'' ''(in South The Pale / The Pale, An Pháil)'' ''(extinct)'' ''(included Dublin)'' ''(originally was part of the Kingdom of Mide)'' ''(no longer part of the Gaeltacht)'' ''(the only Irish language, Irish is the Standard Irish)'' ***********''Midland Leinster-Connaught, Midland Leinster-Connacht'' (''Lár Tíre'') ''(transitional between Leinster and Connaught dialects)'' ***********''Connacht Irish'' (''Gaeilge Chonnacht'') ''(in Connacht)'' ************''Connemara Connacht Irish'' ''(in Connemara)'' ''(West Connemara is the largest contiguous Gaeltacht region)'' ************''West Aran Connacht Irish'' / ''Inishmore and Inishmaan Connacht Irish'' ''(in the Aran islands of Inishmore and Inishmaan but not in Inisheer where people speak a Munster Irish dialect)'' ************''Mayo Connacht Irish'' (''Erris'' / ''Iorras'') ''(in County Mayo, Mayo)'' **********''Munster Irish'' (''Gaelainn na Mumhan'') ''(in Munster)'' ''(Deisceartach – Southern)'' ***********''East Munster'' (''Mumhain Thoir'') ************''Ring and Old Parish Munster Irish'' ''(in Ring, County Waterford, Ring / Ring, County Waterford, Rinn Ua gCuanach and Old Parish / An Sean Phobal, Waterford County)'' ************''Inisheer'' ''(in Inisheer island, the easternmost of the Aran Islands)'' ***********''West Munster'' (''Mumhain Thiar'') ************''Kerry Munster Irish'' ************''West Muskerry'' ''(in West Muskerry)'' ************''Iverragh Peninsula'' ''(in the Iveragh Peninsula)'' ************''Dingle Peninsula'' ''(in the Dingle Peninsula)'' ***********''Newfoundland Irish'' ''(in Newfoundland)'' ''(extinct)'' ********Central-Eastern Gaelic (Ulster Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx language, Manx descend from the Goidelic languages, Goidelic language that was spoken in the Ulster, north of Ireland, in the 6th to 8th centuries, and share a close common ancestor with Irish language, Irish, they are not direct descendants from the Brittonic languages like Welsh language, Welsh) *********Transitional Irish-Scottish Gaelic / Western-Eastern Gaelic **********''Ulster Irish'' ''(Ulster Irish, Canúint Uladh)'' ''(in Ulster)'' ''(Tuaisceartach – Northern)'' ***********''West Ulster'' (''Ulaidh Thiar'') ************''Donegal Ulster Irish'' ''(second largest Gaeltacht region)'' ***********''Bréifne dialect, Bréifne'' ''(roughly matching west old Kingdom of Bréifne lands)'' ***********''Acaill dialect, Acaill'' ''(an Ulster dialect exclave mainly in Achill Island and parts of the mainland, in Connaught – western Ireland)'' ***********''East Ulster'' (''Ulaidh Thoir'') ************''Meadh Irish'' ''(in Mide, Meath)'' ''(extinct)'' ''(no longer part of the Gaeltacht)'' ''(the only Irish language, Irish is the Standard Irish)'' ''(most people from the two small enclaves of speakers in Meath part of the Gaeltacht – Baile Ghib (Gibstown) and Ráth Chairn (Rathcarran), are not speakers of the Meadh Gaelic Irish because they came from Western Ireland – Connemara, in Connaught, and County Kerry, in Munster, in the mid 20th century)'' ************''Straits of Moyle Gaelic'' / ''North Channel Gaelic'' (extinct) *********Eastern Gaelic (Scottish Gaelic and Manx language, Manx descend from the Goidelic languages, Goidelic language that was spoken in the Ulster, mainly in the Kingdom of Ulaid, north of Ireland, in the 6th to 8th centuries, and share a close common ancestor with Irish language, Irish, they are not direct descendants from the Brittonic languages like Welsh language, Welsh) (Cumbric Common Brittonic and Pictish language, Pictish substrates) **********Scottish Gaelic (''Gàidhlig'') (not to be confused with Scots language, Scots or Scottish English) (the districts part of regions were Scottish Gaelic is spoken as first language by a majority of people are known as Gàidhealtachd) ***********''Mid-Minch Gaelic'' (''Mid-Minch Gaelic, Gàidhlig Meadhan na Mara'') ''(pan-regional form of Scottish Gaelic, developing standard Scottish Gaelic)'' ***********''Highland Scottish Gaelic'' ''(also included Northern Lowland Scotland, north of the Firth of Clyde and Firth of Forth, this group of dialects has a Pictish language, Pictish substrate, from the Gaelic-languages, Pre-Gaelic language once spoken in this area of Scotland)'' ************''Southern Highland'' *************''Argyllean Gaelic'' ''(in Argyll / Earra-Ghàidheal)'' *************''Tayside Gaelic'' ''(in Tayside / Tayside, Taobh Tatha, including Perthshire / Siorrachd Pheairt and Angus, Scotland, Angus / Angus, Scotland, Aonghas, Kincardineshire / Kincardineshire, A' Mhaoirne (Kincardineshire, Mearns), Fife / Fìobha, Kinross-shire, Clackmannanshire / Clackmannanshire, Siorrachd Chlach Mhannainn, and northern parts of Stirlingshire / Stirlingshire, Siorrachd Sruighlea, in Northern Lowland Scotland, where it was largely replaced by Scots language and Scottish English, however there are small enclaves of speakers)'' ************''Middle Highland'' (''Meadhan'') *************''West Middle Highland'' ''(Meadhan Siarach)'' *************''East Middle Highland'' / ''Grampian-Moravian Gaelic'' ''(in Grampian / Roinn a' Mhonaidh and Moray / Moray, Moireibh or Moray, Moireabh, hence the name "Moravian" for the dialect, in Northern Lowland Scotland, where it was largely replaced by Scots language and Scottish English, however there are small enclaves of speakers)'' ************''Hebridean Gaelic, Hebridean'' / ''Hebridean Gaelic'' ''(in the Hebrides Islands / Innse Gall)'' ''(largest Gàidhealtachd region)'' ************''Lewis Gaelic'' ''(in the Isle of Lewis / Leòdhas)'' ************''North Highland dialect, North Highland'' *************''Sutherland Gaelic'' **************''East Sutherland Gaelic'' (''East Sutherland Gaelic, Gàidhlig Chataibh'') ''(extinct)'' *************''Caithness Gaelic'' ''(Northernmost Scottish Gaelic dialect, Utmost, Most Distant – Iomallach)'' ''(in Caithness / Gallaibh)'' ************''Canadian Gaelic'' / ''Canadian Gaelic, Cape Breton Gaelic'' (''Canadian Gaelic, Gàidhlig Chanada'' / ''Canadian Gaelic, A' Ghàidhlig Chanadach'' / ''Canadian Gaelic, Gàidhlig Cheap Bhreatainn'') ''(mainly Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia)'' ''(part of the Gàidhealtachd)'' ***********''Lowland Scottish Gaelic'' ''(extinct)'' ''(Southern Lowland Scotland, south of the Firth of Clyde and Firth of Forth, had a Cumbric Language, Cumbric substrate, from the Pre-Gaelic-languages, Gaelic

language once spoken in this area of Scotland)'' ''(no longer part of the Gàidhealtachd)'' ''(former speakers shifted to Scots language, Scots and Scottish English)'' ************''Galwegian Gaelic'' ''(in Galloway / Galloway, A' Ghalldachd)'' ''(extinct)'' ''(former speakers shifted to Scots language, Scots and Scottish English)'' ''(Common Brittonic substrate)'' ************''Strathclyde Gaelic'' ''(extinct)'' ''(replaced by Scots language, Scots and Scottish English)'' ''(in the east part of Strathclyde / Srath Chluaidh, roughly matching the old Kingdom of Strathclyde)'' ''(there is a community of Scottish Gaelic speakers in urban centers like Glasgow, Scotland's biggest city, however they are Mid-Minch Gaelic speakers, not of the old Strathclyde Gaelic dialect)'' ************''Lothian Gaelic'' (?) ''(this region in the southeastern corner of Scotland, Lothian, where Edinburgh, Scotland's capital is located, and including part of the east Borders, Scotland, Borders, from an early time, 7th and 8th centuries, had Northumbrian Old English speakers and was the basis for the emergence, development and spreading of Scots language, Germanic Scots, it is not sure if Scots Gaelic or Scottish Gaelic was spoken in this region alongside Cumbric Language, Cumbric and before the rooting of Northumbrian dialect, Northumbrian Old English, the ancestor of Scots language)'' **********Manx language, Manx Gaelic (''Gaelg'' / ''Gaelg, Gailck'') (not to be confused with Manx English) (Common Brittonic substrate) ***********''Manx language, Northern Manx'' (''Manx language, Gaelg y Twoaie'') ***********''Manx language, Douglas Manx'' (?) (''Manx language, Gaelg y Doolish'') ***********''Manx language, Southern Manx'' (''Manx language, Gaelg y Jiass'')

Armenian language

*Proto-Armenian language, Proto-Armenian (extinct) **Classical Armenian (Old Armenian) (Classical Armenian, գրաբար հայերէն – ''Classical Armenian, Krapar Hayeren''/''Classical Armenian, Grabar Hayeren'' գրաբար – ''Classical Armenian, Krapar''/''Classical Armenian, Grabar'') (

, High culture language, official language of the Armenian Kingdom, Liturgical language, liturgical or sacred language of the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Armenian Catholic Church) ***''Classical Armenian, Liturgical Armenian'' ***Middle Armenian ****List of Jewish diaspora languages, Judeo-Armenian **** Armenian (Modern Armenian) (Armenian language, հայերէն or հայերեն – ''Hayeren'') (

) *****Western Armenian (Western Armenian, արեւմտահայերէն – ''Western Armenian, Arevmdahayerēn'') (

) ******''Western Armenian, -gë Dialects'' *******''Karin dialect, Karin''/''Karin dialect, Upper Armenia'' ''(Bardzr Hayk')'' ''(roughly today's Erzurum city and Erzurum Province, Eastern Turkey)'' *******''Turuberan dialect, Turuberan'' ********''Mush dialect, Mush''/''Mush dialect, Taron'' *********''Gavar subdialect'' *******''Van dialect, Van''/''Van dialect, Vaspurakan'' ********''Torfavan subdialect'' *******''Tigranakert Armenian''/''Aghdznik dialect, Aghdznik'' ''(Arzanene)'' ''(in Diyarbakır)'' ''(nearly extinct)'' *******''Kharpert-Yerznka dialect, Kharpert-Yerznka''/''Sophene dialect, Sophene'' ''(Tsopk')'' ''(in Elazığ)'' ''(nearly extinct)'' *******''Nikopoli Armenian'' ''(in Nikopoli region, today's Şebinkarahisar/Shabin-Karahisar, Giresun Province, Black Sea Region, Turkey)'' *******''Trapizon Armenian'' ''(in Trabzon)'' ''(nearly extinct)'' *******''Homshetsi'' ''(Armenian spoken by the Hemshin peoples, Hemshin Armenians)'' *******''Malatia Armenian'' ''(in Malatya)'' ''(nearly extinct)'' *******''Cilician Armenian dialect, Cilician Armenian'' ''(nearly extinct)'' *******''Sueidia Armenian dialect, Sueidia/Syrian Armenian dialects'' ''(still spoken by Syrian Armenians)'' ********''Vakıflı Armenian'' ''(in Vakıflı, Turkey)'' ********''Kessab Armenian'' ''(in Kessab, Syria)'' ********''Latakia Armenian'' ''(in Latakia, Syria)'' ********''Jisr al-Shughur Armenian'' ''(in Jisr al-Shughur, Syria)'' ********''Anjar Armenian'' ''(in Anjar, Lebanon, Anjar, Lebanon)'' *******''Arabkir Armenian'' ''(almost extinct)'' *******''Akn Armenian'' *******''Sebastia Armenian'' ''(in Sivas)'' ''(nearly extinct)'' *******''Tokat Armenian'' ''(almost extinct)'' *******''Western Armenian dialects in the diaspora'' ********''Smyrna Armenian'' ''(in today's Izmir, Izmir Province, Aegean Region, Western Turkey)'' ********''Nicomedia Armenian'' ''(in today's Izmit, Kocaeli Province, Northwestern Turkey)'' ********''Constantinople Armenian'' ''(in Istanbul, Northwestern Turkey)'' ''(nearly extinct)'' ********''Rodosto Armenian'' ''(in Rodosto, today's Tekirdağ, Turkey, close to Istanbul)'' ''(extinct)'' ********''Crimea Armenian'' ''(still spoken by Armenians in Crimea)'' *********''Nakhichevan-on-Don Armenian''/''New Nakhichevan/New Nakhichevan, Nor Naxiĵevan Armenian'' ''(today included in the city of Rostov-on-Don, Russia)'' ********''Austria-Hungary Armenian'' ''(extinct)'' ''(an Armenian dialect of the European Armenian diaspora)'' *****Eastern Armenian (Eastern Armenian, արևելահայերեն – ''Eastern Armenian, Arevelahayeren'') (

) ******''Eastern Armenian, -owm Dialects'' *******''Yerevan dialect, Araratian'' ********''Yerevan dialect, Yerevan'' ''(basis of Modern Standard Eastern Armenian)'' *******''Jugha dialect, Jugha'' ''(originally in Julfa, Azerbaijan (city), Julfa)'' ''(today in New Julfa)'' ''(still spoken by part of the Iranian Armenians)'' *******''Agulis dialect, Agulis'' ''(in Ordubad District, Azerbaijan)'' *******''Artsakh dialect, Artsakh'' ''(Artsakh dialect, Nagorno-Karabagh Armenian dialect/Artsakh dialect, Karabakh)'' *******''Shamakha Armenian'' ''(in Shamakhi District, Azerbaijan)'' ''(nearly extinct)'' *******''Tiflis Armenian'' ''(in Tbilissi, Georgia (country), Georgia)'' *******''Eastern Armenian dialects in the diaspora'' ********''Astrakhan Armenian'' ''(in Northern Caucasus and Astrakhan, Russia)'' ''(extinct)'' ******''Eastern Armenian, -el Dialects'' ''(Tayk'-Nor Shirakan)'' *******''Artvin dialect, Ardvin''/''Tayk' dialect, Tayk''' ''(in Artvin)'' *******''Nor Shirakan dialect, Nor Shirakan''/''Persarmenia dialect, Parskahayk''' ''(Persarmenia)'' ********''Khoy dialect, Khoy'' ''(in Khoy)'' ''(still spoken by part of the Iranian Armenians)'' ********''Maragha Armenian'' ''(in Maragheh)'' ''(still spoken by part of the Iranian Armenians)''

Hellenic languages

*Proto-Greek language, Proto-Greek (extinct) **Mycenaean language, Mycenaean Greek (extinct) ***Ancient Greek language, Ancient Greek (Classical Greek) (Ancient Greek, Ἑλληνική – ''Ancient greek language, Hellēnikḗ''/Ancient greek language, Ἑλληνική γλῶσσα – ''Ancient greek language, Hellēnikḗ glōssa'') (includes Homeric Greek) (extinct) (

, High culture language of Ancient Greece, Greek colonies and East Mediterranean) ****''Eastern'' *****''Central'' ''(Central Eastern)'' ******''Aeolic Greek'' ''(extinct)'' *******''Thessalian Ancient Greek dialect, Thessalian'' ''(in ancient Thessaly)'' ''(not the same as Modern Thessalian Greek that descends from Attic Koiné Greek)'' ''(extinct)'' *******''Boeotian Ancient Greek dialect, Boeotian'' ''(in ancient Boeotia)'' ''(extinct)'' *******''Asia Minor Aeolian Ancient Greek dialect, Asia Minor Aeolian'' ''(extinct)'' ******''Arcadocypriot Greek, Arcadocypriot'' ''(extinct)'' *******''Arcadian Ancient Greek dialect, Arcadian'' ''(in ancient Arcadia (ancient region), Arcadia)'' ''(extinct)'' *******''Cyprian Ancient Greek dialect, Cyprian'' ''(extinct)'' ''(not the same as Modern Greek Cypriot that descends from Attic Koiné Greek)'' *******''Pamphylian Greek'' (in Pamphylia) ''(extinct)'' *****''Eastern'' ''(Southern Eastern)'' ******''Ionic Greek, Ionic'' ''(extinct)'' *******''West Ionic'' ********''Attic Greek, Attic'' ''(extinct)'' *********Koine Greek (Koine Greek, ἡ κοινὴ διάλεκτος – Koine Greek, hē koinḕ diálektos/Koine Greek, Kοινὴ – Koine Greek, Koinḕ) ("Koinḕ" means "Common" in the sense of "Supradialectal Greek") (extinct) (

, High culture language of the Hellenistic time, Greek colonies, East Mediterranean, the east part of the

and the East Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire, see Greek East and Latin West, original language of most of the Bible's New Testament, liturgical language/sacred language of the Greek Orthodox Church and Greek Catholic Church) **********New Testament, Biblical Greek (Biblical Forms of Koine Greek) ***********New Testament, New Testament Greek (Greek of New Testament) ***********Septuagint, Septuagint Greek (Greek of Septuagint (Old Testament)) ************Jewish Koine Greek (Greek of Byzantine Jews) **********Patristic Greek (Koine Greek of Orthodox Church fathers) **********Medieval Greek (Byzantine Greek/Constantinopolitan Greek) (Colloquial language, Colloquial or vernacular language of the East Roman Empire, East Roman or Byzantine Empire) (extinct) ***********Greek language, Greek (Modern Greek) (ελληνικά – ''Greek language, Elliniká'') ************''Katharevousa'' (''Καθαρεύουσα'' – ''Katharevousa'') (Conservative (language), Conservative variant of Greek language, Greek) ************''Demotic Greek, Demotic'' (''Demotic Greek, Δημοτική γλώσσα'' – ''Demotic Greek, Dimotikí glṓssa'') ''(basis of Standard Modern Greek but not identical)'' *************''Athenian dialect, Modern Athenian/Metropolitan Athenian Greek'' (close to Standard Modern Greek) (not quite a Southern or Northern Greek dialect, although Standard Modern Greek is based predominantly on the southern dialects, especially those of the Peloponnese) *************''Varieties of Modern Greek, Southern dialects'' **************''Ionian-Peloponnesian dialects, Ionian-Peloponnesian'' ***************''Archaic Demotic Southern Greek Dialects'' ****************''Old Ionian Demotic Greek'' ''(all extinct)'' *****************''Old Attican Demotic Greek'' ******************''Old Athenian Greek dialect, Old Athenian'' ''(archaic dialect)'' ''(traditional dialect of Athens)'' *****************''Old Aeginian'' ''(in Aegina Island)'' *****************''Old Euboean'' ''(in Kymi, Greece, Kymi, Central Northern coast of Euboea Island)'' ****************''Old Megaran Demotic Greek'' ''(extinct)'' ****************''Old Demotic Peloponnese Greek'' ''(extinct)'' *****************''Mani Greek Dialect, Maniot'' ''(in Mani Peninsula)'' ''(archaic dialect)'' ******************''Cargèse Greek dialect, Cargèse Greek'' ''(in western

coast, to the north of Ajaccio)'' ''(extinct)'' ***************''South Euboean dialect, South Euboean'' ***************''Peloponnese dialect, Peloponnese'' ***************''Ionian Islands dialects'' ****************''Cytherian dialect, Cytherian'' ****************''Zakynthian dialect, Zakynthian'' ****************''Kefallonian dialect, Kefallonian''/''Cefallonian dialect, Cefallonian'' ****************''Ithakan dialect, Ithakan'' ****************''Lefkadan dialect, Lefkadan'' ****************''Paxian dialect, Paxian'' ****************''Kerkyra dialect, Kerkyra/Corfu dialect, Corfu'' ***************''North Epirote Greek dialect, North Epirote'' ''(in Thesprotia, North Epirus, Far-Southern Albania)'' ''(although geographically in the Northwest of

the dialect has more similarities with Southern Greek dialects)'' ****************''Himariote dialect, Himariote'' **************''Cretan-Cycladian dialects, Cretan-Cycladian'' ***************''Cyclades dialect, Cycladian'' ***************''Cretan Greek, Cretan'' **************''Southeastern dialects'' ***************''Chiote-Ikarian'' ****************''Chiote dialect, Chiote'' ****************''Ikarian dialect, Ikarian'' ***************''Dodecanese dialect, Dodecanese'' ***************''Cypriot Greek, Cypriot'' **************''Southwestern-Southern Anatolian Greek dialects, Southwestern-Southern Anatolian Greek'' ''(was more in contact with other Greek dialects than Pontic Greeks, Pontic or Cappadocian Greek)'' ***************''Dorian Anatolian Greek'' ***************''Lycian Greek dialect, Lycian Greek'' ***************''Demotic Pamphylian Greek'' ***************''Cilician Greek'' ''(extinct)'' *************''Central-Northern Greek'' **************''Varieties of Modern Greek, Central Greek ("Semi-Northern")'' ''(Transitional Southern-Northern Greek)'' ***************''Boeotian dialect, Boeotian'' ***************''Phocian dialect, Phocian'' ***************''Phthiotian dialect, Phthiotian'' ***************''Evrytania dialect, Evrytania'' ***************''Aetolian dialect, Aetolian'' ***************''Acarnanian dialect, Acarnanian'' ***************''Dhërmi and Palasë Greek dialect, Dhërmi and Palasë Greek'' ''(in Dhërmi and Palasë, Northern Epirus, Far-Southern Albania)'' ***************''Desfinan'' ***************''North Euboean-Sporadic'' ****************''North Euboean'' ****************''Sporadic dialect, Sporadic'' *****************''Skyriote'' *****************''Mykonian'' *****************''Lefkian'' **************''Varieties of Modern Greek, Northern dialects'' ***************''Thessalian dialect, Thessalian'' ***************''Epirote dialect, Epirote'' ''(Southern Epirote Greek dialect, Southern Epirote but not the Northern)'' ***************''Modern Greek Macedonian dialect, Modern Greek Macedonian'' ***************''Thracian Greek dialect, Thracian Greek'' ***************''Rumelian Greek dialect, Rumelian Greek'' ***************''Istanbul Greek dialect, Constantinopolitan Greek'' ''(Greek of Constantinopolis/Byzantium, today's Istanbul)'' ***************''Kastorian dialect, Kastorian'' ***************''Naoussan dialect, Naoussan'' ***************''Veurbinian dialect, Veurbinian'' ***************''Sarakatsanika'' ''(Varieties of Modern Greek, Greek dialect of the Sarakatsani/Karakachani)'' ***************''North Aegean'' ****************''Lemnos Island dialect, Lemniote'' ****************''Samothracian dialect, Samothracian'' ****************''Imbriote dialect, Imbriote'' ****************''Thasian dialect, Thasian'' ****************''Lesbos Island dialect, Lesbiote'' ****************''Samos Island dialect, Samian'' ***************''West-Northwest Anatolian Greek dialects, West-Northwest Anatolian Greek'' ''(was more in contact with other Greek dialects than Pontic Greeks, Pontic or Cappadocian Greek)'' ****************''Mysian Greek'' *****************''Artakian'' ****************''Bithynian Greek'' ****************''Paphlagonian Greek'' ''(extinct)'' ****************''Anatolian Ionian Greek'' *****************''Smyrniote'' ''(Greek of Smyrna, today's Izmir)'' ***********Northern-Central Anatolian Greek/Northern-Central Asia Minor Greek (more divergent than Western and Southern Anatolian Greek, that were more in contact with other Greek dialects, divergent enough to be considered separate languages although closely related to Modern Greek, they descend from Medieval Greek, Medieval or Byzantine Greek) ************Silliot Greek, Silliot (Greek of Sille (village), Sille, near Ikonion/Iconium, today's Konya) (was the most divergent of the varieties of Asia Minor/Anatolian Greek) ************Pharasiot-Pontic-Cappadocian *************Pharasiot Greek, Pharasiot (Pharasiot Greek, Greek of Pharasa, Faraşa, now Çamlıca village in Yahyalı, Kayseri, and other nearby villages, Afshar-Köy, Çukuri) (not particularly close to Cappadocian Greek, Cappadocian) *************Pontic-Cappadocian **************Pontic Greek language, Pontic Greek (ποντιακά – ''Pontic Greek-language, Pontiaká'') (spoken by the Pontic Greeks) ***************''Western Pontic'' ***************''Eastern Pontic'' ****************''Trapezuntine'' ''(Greek dialect of Trabzon, Trebizond, today's Trabzon)'' ****************''Chaldiote'' ***************''Crimean Greek''/''Ukrainian Greek'' ''(Rumeíka)'' ****************''Mariupolitan Greek'' ''(Rumeíka)'' ''(spoken in Mariupol, that was founded by Crimean Greeks, and about 17 villages around the northern coast of the Sea of Azov in southern Ukraine)'' ''(not confuse with Urum language, Urum, which is List of Turkic languages, Turkic, the language of the Urums, another Greek regional group that also belong to the wider Crimean Greeks)'' **************Old Cappadocian Greek (former speakers shifted to a mixed Greek-Turkish language) (see Cappadocian Greek) (was spoken by the Cappadocian Greeks) ***********Italiot Greek dialects or languages (Magna Graecia Greek, Greek of Southern Italy) (Griko dialect, Κατωιταλιώτικα – Griko dialect, Katōitaliṓtika) (divergent enough to be considered separate from Modern Greek although closely related to it, they descend from Medieval Greek, Medieval or Byzantine Greek) (spoken by the Griko people) ************Griko dialect, Griko/Griko dialect, Salentinian Greek (Griko dialect, Γκρίκο – ''Griko dialect, Gríko'') ''(Doric Greek, Doric-influenced)'' ************Calabrian Greek (Calabrian Greek, Γκραίκο – ''Calabrian Greek, Graíko'') ''(Northwestern Greek, Achaean Greek, Achaean and Ionic Greek, Ionic influenced)'' ***********Yevanic language, Yevanic (Judæo-Greek/Romaniote language, Romaniote) (probably extinct) (Hebrew language, Hebrew substrate and influence) *******''Central Ionic'' (extinct) *******''East Ionic'' ''(Asia Minor Ionic)'' ****''Western'' *****''Doric Greek, Doric'' ''(extinct)'' ******''Doric Greek, Northwest Doric''/''Northwest Greek'' ''(extinct)'' *******''Epirote-Acarnanian-Aetolian'' ''(extinct)'' ********''Epirote Ancient Greek dialect, Epirote'' ''(in Epirus (ancient state), Epirus)'' ''(extinct)'' ''(not the same as Modern Epirote Greek that descends from Attic Koiné Greek)'' ********''Acarnanian Ancient Greek dialect, Acarnanian'' ''(in Acarnania)'' ''(extinct)'' ********''Aetolian Ancient Greek dialect, Aetolian'' ''(in Aetolia)'' ''(extinct)'' *******''Locrian-Phocian'' ''(extinct)'' ********''Locrian Greek'' ''(in Locris)'' ''(extinct)'' *********''Ozolian Locrian'' ''(extinct)'' *********''Epicnemidian Locrian'' ''(extinct)'' *********''Opuntian Locrian'' ''(extinct)'' ********''Phocian Ancient Greek dialect, Phocian'' ''(in Phocis (ancient region), Phocis)'' ''(extinct)'' *******''Elean Ancient Greek dialect, Elean'' ''(in ancient Elis, Elis)'' ''(Western Peloponnese Peninsula)'' ''(extinct)'' ******''Achaean Doric Greek, Achaean Doric'' ''(in Achaea (ancient region), Achaea)'' ''(North Coast of Peloponnese)'' ''(extinct)'' ******''Doric Greek, Doric proper'' ''(extinct)'' *******''Megarean Ancient Greek dialect, Megarean'' ''(in Megaris)'' ''(extinct)'' *******''Corinthian Ancient Greek dialect, Corinthian'' ''(in Corinthia (ancient region), Corinthia)'' ''(extinct)'' *******''Argive-Aeginetan'' ''(extinct)'' ********''Argive Ancient Greek dialect, Argive'' ''(in Argolis (ancient region), Argolis)'' ''(extinct)'' ********''Aeginetan Ancient Greek dialect, Aeginetan'' ''(in Aegina Island)'' ''(extinct)'' *******''Laconian Ancient Greek dialect, Laconian'' ''(in Laconia, including Sparta)'' ''(extinct)'' ********Tsakonian language, Tsakonian (Tsakonian language, Tσακώνικα – ''Tsakonian language, Tsakṓnika''/Tsakonian language, A Tσακώνικα γρούσσα – ''Tsakonian language, A Tsakṓnika gloússa'') (Doric-influenced Koine, archaic and most divergent of Modern Greek varieties) *******''Messenian Ancient Greek dialect, Messenian'' (in Messenia (ancient region), Messenia) ''(extinct)'' *******''Cretan Ancient Greek dialect, Cretan'' (in Crete Island) ''(extinct)'' *******''Rhodian-Carpathian'' ''(extinct)'' ********''Rhoddian Ancient Greek dialect, Rhoddian'' ''(in Rhodes Island)'' ''(extinct)'' ********''Carpathian Ancient Greek dialect, Carpathian'' ''(in Carpathos Island)'' ''(extinct)'' *******''Theran-Melian'' ''(extinct)'' ********''Theran Ancient Greek dialect, Theran'' ''(in Santorin Island, Thera Island)'' ''(extinct)'' ********''Melian Ancient Greek dialect, Melian'' ''(in Melos Island)'' ''(extinct)'' *******''Asia Minor Doric Ancient Greek dialect, Asia Minor Doric'' ''(extinct)'' *****Ancient Macedonian language, Ancient Macedonian (not the same as Modern Macedonian Greek that descends from Attic Koiné Greek) (extinct)

Albanian language

*Proto-Albanian language, Proto-Albanian (extinct) **Middle Albanian (extinct) ***Albanian language, Albanian (Albanian language, Modern Albanian) (''Shqip''/''Gjuha Shqipe'') (

) ****Gheg Albanian (''Gheg Albanian, Gegnisht'') (Albanian dialects, Northern Albanian dialect) *****''Gheg Albanian, Northern Gheg'' ******''Gheg Albanian, Northwestern Gheg'' *******''Arbanasi dialect, Arbanasi'' ''(Albanian of

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)'' *******''Istrian Albanian'' ''(extinct)'' ******''Northeastern Gheg'' ''(Northeast Albania and most of Kosovo)'' *****''Southern Gheg'' ''(Central-Southern Gheg)'' ******''Gheg Albanian, Central Gheg'' *******''Upper Reka dialect, Upper Reka'' ******''Southern Gheg'' ''(includes the capital Tiranë)'' ****Transitional Gheg-Tosk Albanian *****''Southern Elbasan'' *****''Southern Peqin'' *****''Northwestern Gramsh'' ****Tosk Albanian (''Tosk Albanian, Toskërisht'') (Albanian dialects, Southern Albanian dialect, basis of Standard Albanian, Standard Modern Albanian but not identical) *****''Northern Tosk'' ******''Mandritsa Tosk'' (''in far southeast Bulgaria)'' *****''Lab Albanian dialect, Lab'' *****''Cham Albanian dialect, Cham'' ******Arbëresh language, Arbëresh (''Arbëresh language, Arbërisht'') (Tosk Albanian variety of Southern Italy) *******''Puglia Arbëresh''/''Apulio-Arbëresh'' *******''Molise Arbëresh''/ ''Molisan-Arbëresh'' *******''Campania Arbëresh''/''Campano-Arbëresh'' *******''Basilicata Arbëresh''/''Basilicatan-Arbëresh'' *******''Vaccarizzo Albanian, Calabria Arbëresh''/''Calabro-Arbëresh'' *******''Sicilia Arbëresh''/''Siculo-Arbëresh'' ******Arvanitika (''Arvanitika, Arbërisht'') (Tosk Albanian variety of Central Greece)

List of Germanic languages, Germanic languages

*Proto-Germanic language, Proto-Germanic (extinct) **East Germanic languages, East Germanic (most archaic and divergent Germanic group) (all extinct) ***Gothic language, Gothic (Gothic language, 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 / Gothic language, 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – ''Gothic language, Gutiska'' / ''Gothic language, Gutiska Razda'') (mainly recorded in Ulfilas Bible) ****Crimean Gothic language, Crimean Gothic (Crimean Gothic although descends from Gothic language, Gothic is not a direct descendant of Biblical Gothic, the Gothic language of Ulfilas Bible) (remnant of an Ostrogothic dialect east of Dnieper river?) ****Biblical Gothic (Liturgical language of the Ulfilas Bible) ***Vandalic language, Vandalic ***Burgundian language (Germanic), Burgundian **Northwest Germanic (

) ***West Germanic languages, West Germanic (

) ****Elbe Germanic (Irminonic languages, Herminionic / Irminonic / Elbe Germanic, Suebic / Elbe Germanic, Alamanic) *****Lombardic language, Langobardic / Lombardic language, Lombardic (extinct) *****Suebian language, Suebian / Suebi language, Allemanian (extinct) (Suebian languages are thought to be a main source of the later High German languages) ******High German languages (characterized by the High German consonant shift) (

) *******Old High German ********Middle High German *********Early New High German **********New High German (Modern High German Varieties) ***********Central German / Middle German (Central German, Mitteldeutsch) (transitional between High German languages, High and Low German but closer to the first) ************East Central German (East Central German, Ostmitteldeutsch) (main basis of Standard German, Modern Standard High German but also with East Franconian German, East Franconian influences) *************Central East Central German **************Thuringian-Upper Saxon ***************Thuringian dialect, Thuringian (''Thüringisch'') ****************''Central Thuringian'' ''(spoken around the Thuringian capital Erfurt, Gotha, and Ilmenau)'' ****************''Northern Thuringian'' ''(around Mühlhausen and Nordhausen (district), Nordhausen)'' *****************''Eichsfeld dialect'' ****************''Northeastern Thuringian'' ''(spoken around Artern as well as in the adjacent areas of Querfurt, Halle (Saale), Halle, and Merseburg of Saxony-Anhalt)'' *****************''Mansfeld dialect'' ****************''Ilm (Thuringia), Ilm Thuringian'' ''(around Rudolstadt, Jena, and Weimar)'' ****************''Eastern Thuringian'' ''(spoken around Eisenberg, Thuringia, Eisenberg and Altenburg as well as in the adjacent area of Naumburg, Weissenfels, and Zeitz in Saxony-Anhalt)'' ****************''Southeastern Thuringian'' ''(around Schleiz, Greiz, Saalfeld, and Gera, as well as around Ludwigsstadt in neighboring Bavaria)'' ****************''Western Thuringian'' ***************Upper Saxon German, Upper Saxon (''Obersächsisch'') (in fact it is East Thuringian – Ostthüringisch, and not truly Saxon, a North Sea Germanic descendant, what is called Upper Saxon is an Elbe Germanic descendant, and close to Thuringian dialect, Thuringian) (roughly spoken on the Middle Elbe river basin) ****************''North Upper Saxon'' ''(includes Leipzig)'' ****************''Meissen dialect'' ****************''Erzgebirgisch'' *****************''Northern Bohemian German'' (''Nordböhmisch'') ''(nearly extinct)'' ''(it was spoken by part of the Sudeten Germans, German Bohemians – Sudeten Germans, Deutschböhmen, part of the "Sudeten Germans", a catch-all word for Ethnic Germans that lived in Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia, western Czechoslovakia)'' ******************''Iglauisch'' ''(it was spoken in Jihlava, Iglau region, modern Jihlava, a former german language island in the border between Bohemia and Moravia)'' ******************''Schönhengstler'' ''(it was spoken in a region of far northeast Bohemia and far northwest Moravia, a former german language island in the border between Bohemia and Moravia)'' ***************''Lusatian German'' (''Lausitzisch'') ****************''Low Lusatian German'' ''(spoken in Lower Lusatia and northern Upper Lusatia)'' ''(not to be confused with Lower Sorbian language, Lower Sorbian, which is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language)'' ''(Lower Sorbian language, Lower Sorbian substrate)'' ****************''Western Lusatian German'' ''(spoken in Western Upper Lusatia)'' ''(Sorbian languages substrate)'' ****************''Eastern Lusatian German'' ''(spoken in Eastern Upper Lusatia)'' ''(Sorbian languages substrate)'' ****************''Upper Lusatian German'' ''(spoken in southern Upper Lusatia; with an American r)'' ''(not to be confused with Upper Sorbian language, Upper Sorbian, which is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language)'' ''(Upper Sorbian substrate)'' ****************''New Lusatian German'' ''(spoken in the area of settlement of the Sorbs; influenced by the Sorbian languages)'' ***************''South Marchian dialect, South Marchian'' (''South Marchian dialect, Südmärkisch'') / ''South Marchian dialect, South Brandenburgish'' (East Low German substrate) ****************''Berlinerisch'' / ''Berlin German'' ''(spoken in Berlin)'' ''(East Low German substrate)'' *************Schlesisch–Wilmesau **************Silesian German (Lower Silesian German) (''Schläsche Sproache'' / ''Schläs'sche Sproche'') (mainly in Silesia historical region, it was the majority language in Lower Silesia until 1945) (nearly extinct) ***************''Lowland Silesian'' ''(Neiderländischschläsche)'' ****************''West Silesian'' ''(Westschläsche)'' ***************''Middle''/''Central Silesian'' ''(Mittelschläsche)'' ****************''Krauter'' ''(Kräuter)'' ''(included Breslau, today's Wrocław and Liegnitz, today's Legnica)'' ****************''Brieg-Grottkauer'' ''(included Brieg, today's Brzeg)'' ***************''Mountain Silesian'' ''(Gebirgsschläsche / Oberländisch)'' ''(was also spoken in Czech Silesia)'' ''(not to be confused with Upper Silesian language, Upper Silesian which is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language related to Polish language, Polish)'' ****************''Oberländisch Proper'' / ''Southwest Silesian'' ''(Südostschläsche)'' ****************''Riesengebirgisch'' ''(it was spoken by part of the Sudeten Germans, German Bohemians – Sudeten Germans, Deutschböhmen, part of the "Sudeten Germans", a catch-all word for ethnic Germans that lived in Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia, western Czechoslovakia)'' ****************''Glatzian'' ''(Glätzisch)'' ''(in Glatz (district))'' ****************''Upper Elbe Silesian German'' ''(North Moravian German – Nordmährisch)'' ''(moribund, nearly extinct)'' ''(was spoken by part of the Sudeten Germans)'' ****************''Upper Oder Silesian German'' ''(North German Moravian – Nordmährisch)'' ''(in modern Czech Silesia)'' ''(it was spoken by part of the German Moravians – Deutschmährer, part of the "Sudeten Germans", a catch-all word for ethnic Germans who lived in Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia, western Czechoslovakia)'' ***************''Upper Silesian German'' ''(it was formed by several Germanic Language island, language enclaves or language islands in the slavic majority region of Upper Silesia)'' ''(included Opole, Oppeln, today's Opole)'' ''(not to be confused with Upper Silesian language, Upper Silesian which is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language related to Polish language, Polish)'' ***************''Volhynian German'' ''(Volhynian German dialect, Wolinisch / Volhynian German dialect, Wolinisches Hochdeitsch)'' ''(spoken by the Volhynian Germans)'' ''(until 1945 in scattered communities in Volhynia, northwestern Ukraine)'' – ''the dialect was formed with a main Silesian German basis and lesser Alemannic German, Alemannic and Swabian German, Swabian (part of High German languages, High German) contributions but also with a lesser Pomerelian German (part of Low German) contribution.'' **************Wilmeserisch-Alzenerisch (Wilmesau-Alzenau) / Wymysiöeryś-Altsnerisch (Vilamovian-Haltsnovian) (in Wilamowice, Wymysoü in Wymysorys language, Wymysorys, Wilamowice, Wilmesau in German, Wilamowice in Polish, and Hałcnów, Altsnau in Wymysorys language, Wymysorys, Hałcnów, Alzenau in German, and Hałcnów in Polish, two contiguous settlements) (a Germanic Language island, language enclave or language island) (nearly extinct) ***************Wymysorys language, Wymysorys (''Wymysiöeryś'') (Vilamovian) (spoken in Wymysoü or Wilmesau in German, Wilamowice in Polish, on the border between Silesia and Lesser Poland, near Bielsko-Biała) (nearly extinct) ***************Alzenau dialect, Alzenau (Haltsnovian) (''Altsnerisch''/''Päurisch'') (spoken in the former city of Hałcnów, Altsnau, Hałcnów in Polish, which is now a district of Bielsko-Biała, Bielsko-Biała, Bielitz in German, Poland) (nearly extinct) *************High Prussian dialect, High Prussian (''Hochpreußisch'') (closely related to Silesian German) (it was spoken in southwestern East Prussia, region of Warmia and adjacent East Prussian Oberland region beyond the Pasłęka, Passarge River in the west) (not to be confused with Baltic Prussian or Old Prussian) (nearly extinct, Moribund language, moribund) **************''Breslauisch/Breslausch'' ''(name that came from Breslau, modern Wrocław, Wroclaw)'' **************''Oberländisch'' ***********German language, German (''German language, Deutsch'') / ''Standard German'' (''Standarddeutsch''/''Hochdeutsch'') (based on the East Central German varieties and East Franconian ones) ************''German Standard German'' (''Bundesdeutsches Hochdeutsch'') *************''Luxemburgian variety'' ''(not to be confused with Luxemburgian language, Luxemburgian, a West Central German language related to but not the same as Standard German)'' *************''Belgian variety'' ************''Austrian Standard German'' (''Austrian German'') (''Österreichisches Standarddeutsch''/''Österreichisches Hochdeutsch'') ''(not to be confused with Austro-Bavarian, an Upper German language related to but not the same as Standard German)'' *************''South-Tyrolean variety'' ************''Swiss Standard German'' ''(not to be confused with Swiss German which is based on Alemannic German, Alemannic, an Upper German language related to but not the same as Standard German)'' (''Schweizer Standarddeutsch''/''Schweizer Hochdeutsch'') *************''Liechtenstein German, Liechtenstein variety'' ************''Brazilian German'' ***********Upper German (Upper German, Oberdeutsch) (from north towards south) ************East Franconian ''(East Franconian German, Ostfränkisch)'' / East Franconian German, Main Franconian ''(East Franconian German, Mainfränkisch)'', transitional between Central German and Upper German (has several dialects and sub-dialects) – descends from Elbe Germanic (language of Cherusci, Semnones and Hermunduri, among others) and Weser-Rhine Germanic (mainly the language of the Franks) contact and mixing (contributed to the formation of Standard German, Modern Standard High German along with East Central German) *************''Lower East Franconian'' ''(Unterostfränkisch)'' **************''Hennebergisch dialect, Hennebergisch'': ''around Meiningen – Suhl – Schmalkalden'' ***************''Rhön-Mundart'' / ''Rhönisch dialect, Rhönisch'': ''in the Rhön Mountains'' **************''Lower East Franconian'' ''(in a stricter sense)'' (''Engeres Unterostfränkisch''): ''Würzburger Raum, Hohenlohischer Raum'' ***************''Würzburgisch dialect, Würzburgisch'': ''in the Würzburg area (Würzburger Raum)'' ***************''Taubergründisch'': ''around Tauberbischofsheim'' ***************''Hohenlohisch dialect, Hohenlohisch'': ''in Hohenlohe (district), Hohenlohe'' ***************''Ochsenfurter Mundart'': ''around Ochsenfurt'' ''(ox Ford (crossing), ford - the name of the town is cognate with Oxford and has the same meaning: a Ford (crossing), ford where Ox, oxen crossed the river)'' ***************''Schweinfurtisch'': ''around Schweinfurt'' ''(Pig, swine Ford (crossing), ford - the name of the city has the meaning of a Ford (crossing), ford where Pig, pigs crossed the river)'' *************''Transitional Lower East Franconian - Upper East Franconian'' - ''Area between ''Lower East Franconian'' ''(Unterostfränkisch)'' and ''Upper East Franconian'' ''(Oberostfränkisch)'': Ansbacher-, Neustädter- und Coburger Raum'' ''(in Ansbach, Neustadt am Main, Neustdt am Main and Coburg)'' **************''Itzgründisch dialect, Itzgründisch'' - ''Coburgisch'': ''Itzgrund and around Coburg/Coburg, Koburg'' **************''Bambergisch dialect, Bambergisch'' **************''Ansbachsich dialect, Ansbachsich'' *************''Upper East Franconian'' ''(Oberostfränkisch)'': ''Regnitz-, Hof-Bayreuther-, Obermain-, Nailaer- und vogtländischer Raum (in Regnitz, Hof, Bavaria, Hof, Bayreuth, Obermain, Nailaer)'' **************''Erlangisch'' **************''Nuremberg dialect'' (''Nermbercherisch'' / ''Nürnbergerisch'') ''(in and around Nuremberg)'' ''(it has influences from the Northern Bavarian)'' **************''Upper Franconian'' ''(Oberfränkisch)'' ''[in a strict sense]'' ''(Upper Franconian Proper)'': ''around Hof, Bavaria, Hof and Bayreuth'' **************''Vogtlandian, Vogtländisch'' ''(= Ostfränkisch-Vogtländisch)'': ''Vogtländischer Raum (in Vogtland, around Plauen)'' ************South Franconian (''Südfränkisch'', (transitional between Central German and Upper German) – descends from Elbe Germanic (language of Cherusci, Semnones and Hermunduri, among others) and Weser-Rhine Germanic - mainly the language of the Franks) contact and mixing) (in and around Karlsruhe, Mosbach and Heilbronn) ************Swabian German, Swabian-Alemannic German, Alemannic (''Schwäbisch-Alemannisch'') (sometimes Swabian and Alemannic are included under "Alemannic" as general word for both groups) *************Swabian German, Swabian (''Schwäbisch'') **************''South-East Swabian'' **************''Central Swabian'' **************''West Swabian'' ''(Württemberg Swabian)'' ''(spoken in Württemberg, including Stuttgart)'' **************''Swabian eastern diaspora dialects'' ***************''Danube Swabian'' (''Danube Swabian, Donauschwäbisch'') ''(spoken by the Danube Swabians, Danube Suabians)'' ****************''West Hungarian German'' (''West Hungarian German, Westungarndeutsch'') ''(spoken by the West Hungary Germans)'' ****************''Satu Mare Swabian language, Satu Mare Swabian'' (''Satu Mare Swabian, Satmarschwäbisch'') ''(spoken by the Satu Mare Swabians)'' ***************''Black Sea Swabian German'' ****************''Bulgarian German language, Bulgarian German'' (''Bulgarian German language, Bulgardeutsch'') ''(spoken by the Bulgarian Germans)'' ****************''Dobrujan German'' (''Dobruja German, Dobrudschadeutsch'') ''(spoken by the Dobrujan Germans)'' ****************''Bessarabian German'' (''Bessarabian German, Bessarabiendeutsch'') ''(spoken by the Bessarabian Germans)'' ****************''Black Sea German'' (''Black Sea German, Schwarzmeerdeutsch'') ''(spoken by the Black Sea Germans)'' *****************''Crimea German'' (''Crimea German, Krimdeutsch'') ''(spoken by the Crimean Germans)'' ****************''Caucasus German'' (''Caucasus German, Kaukasusdeutsch'') ''(spoken by the Caucasus Germans)'' *************Alemannic German, Alemannic (''Alemannisch'') **************''Low Alemannic German'' ***************Upper-Rhine Alemannic (spoken in southwestern Baden, Germany, and in Alsace, France) ****************''Alsatian dialect, Alsatian'' (''Alsatian dialect, Elsässisch'' / ''Alsatian dialect, Elsässerditsch'') *****************''Nordbreisgauisch'' (''Black Forest Alsatian'') ''(in the Black Forest, part of Baden)'' ******************''South American Alemannic diaspora dialect'' *******************''Colonia Tovar dialect, Colonia Tovar German'' (''Alemán Coloniero'' in Spanish language, Spanish) (spoken in Colonia Tovar, capital of the Tovar Municipality, Aragua, Tovar municipality in Aragua state, 65 km to the west of Caracas, Northern Venezuela) ***************''Basel German'' (''Baseldütsch'') ''(spoken in Basel, Basel (canton), Basel canton, Northwestern Switzerland)'' **************''High Alemannic German'' (''High Alemannic German, Hochalemannisch'') ***************''Lake Constance Alemannic'' (''Bodenseealemannisch'') ''(transitional between Low Alemannic German, Low and High Alemannic German, High Alemannic, although closer to Alemannic)'' ***************''Eastern High Alemannic'' ''(east of Brünig-Napf-Reuss line)'' ****************''Vorarlbergisch'' ****************''Liechtensteinisch'' ****************''Zürich German'' (''Züritüütsch'') ***************''Western High Alemannic'' ''(west of Brünig-Napf-Reuss line)'' ****************''Bernese German'' (''Bernese German, Bärndüütsch'') **************Highest Alemannic German, Highest Alemannic (''Hegschtalemannisch'') ***************''Walliser German'' (''Wallisertiitsch'') ''(spoken in Upper Valais, the higher and eastern part of Valais, Vallais Canton, a canton in Switzerland, the name "Walser" is derived from this name)'' ''(in the Lower Valais, Lower Vallais, a

related to French language, French is traditionally spoken – Franco-Provençal, Arpitan or Franco-Provençal)'' ***************''Walser'' (''Walser German, Walscher'' / ''Walschertiitsch'') ''(dialects that originally came from the Upper Valais, Upper Vallais, traditionally spoken in several List of valleys of the Alps, Alpine valleys)'' ************Bavarian language, Bavarian / Austro-Bavarian (''Boarisch'') *************''Northern Bavarian'' / ''Northern Bavarian, North Bavarian'' ''(also known as Upper Palatinian / Oberpfälzisch)'' ''(spoken in Upper Palatinate, Northern Bavaria or Upper Palatinate)'' **************''West Northern Bavarian'' **************''North Northern Bavarian'' **************''North-West Northern Bavarian'' **************''North-East Northern Bavarian'' ''(it was also spoken by part of the Sudeten Germans, German Bohemians – Sudeten Germans, Deutschböhmen, part of the "Sudeten Germans", a catch-all word for Ethnic Germans that lived in Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia, western Czechoslovakia)'' **************''South Northern Bavarian'' *************''Transitional Northern-Central Bavarian'' (''Northern Central Bavarian'') **************''South-Eastern Northern Bavarian'' / ''South-Eastern Upper Palatinate'' **************''Northernmost Lower Bavarian'' *************''Central Bavarian'' **************''West Central Bavarian'' ***************''Lower Bavarian dialect, Lower Bavarian'' ''(spoken in Lower Bavaria)'' ''(it was also spoken by part of the Sudeten Germans, German Bohemians – Sudeten Germans, Deutschböhmen, part of the "Sudeten Germans", a catch-all word for Ethnic Germans that lived in Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia, western Czechoslovakia)'' ****************''Rengschburgisch'' ''Regensburg dialect'' ''(in Regensburg, "Regensburg, Rengschburg" in Bavarian language, Bavarian)'' ***************''Lower Inn dialect, Lower Inn'' ***************''Upper Bavarian dialect, Upper Bavarian'' ''(spoken in Upper Bavaria)'' ****************''Salzburg dialect'' (''Salzburgisch'') ''(spoken in Salzburg)'' ***************''West Bavarian dialect, West Bavarian'' ''(spoken in West Bavaria)'' ****************''Mingarisch'' (''Munich dialect, spoken in Munich, "Munich, Minga" in Bavarian language, Bavarian)'' **************''Austrian Proper'' (''Österreichisch'') (''East Central Bavarian'' ***************''Upper Austrian dialect, Upper Austrian'' ''(spoken in Upper Austria)'' ***************''Lower Austrian dialect, Lower Austrian'' ''(spoken in Lower Austria)'' ''(it was also spoken by part of the Sudeten Germans, German Bohemians – Sudeten Germans, Deutschböhmen and Sudeten Germans, German Moravians – Sudeten Germans, Deutschmährer, part of the "Sudeten Germans", a catch-all word for Ethnic Germans that lived in Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia, western Czechoslovakia)'' ****************''Viennese German'' (''Viennese German, Weanarisch, spoken in Vienna, "Vienna, Wean" in Bavarian language, Bavarian)'' **************''South Central Bavarian'' ***************''Upper Isar-Loisach'' ''(includes Garmisch-Partenkirchen)'' ***************''Northeastern Tirolese'' ***************''South Salzburg State'' ***************''Styrian dialect group, Styrian'' (''Steirisch'') ''(includes Graz)'' ***************''Burgenlandish dialect, Heanzen'' / ''Burgenlandish dialect, Burgenlandish'' (''Burgenlandish dialect, Burgenländisch'') ''(spoken in Burgenland, formerly known as Burgenland, Heizenland, which was also the name of a short-lived republic – the Republic of Heinzenland, Republic of Heizenland, the border region between Austria and Hungary was mostly ethnic Austrian German, part of the land of the West Hungary Germans – Westungarn Deutsche)'' *************''Southern Bavarian'' **************''Tirolean'' ***************''Eastern Tirolese diaspora dialect'' ****************''Hutterite German, Old Hutterite German'' ''(extinct)'' **************''Carinthian'' ***************''Balkanic Carinthian diaspora dialect'' ****************''Gottscheerish'' ''(Granish/Granisch, from the German word Carniola, Krainisch – Carniola)'' (''Gottscheerisch'') ''(originally spoken by the Gottscheers or Gottschee Germans in the Gottschee enclave, a former majority German language, German-speaking Language island, enclave in South Central Slovenia, today's Kočevsko, Municipality of Kočevje)'' ***************''North American Carinthian diaspora dialect/language'' ****************Hutterite German (''Hutterite German, Hutterisch'') ''(Hutterite German, New Hutterite German is Carinthian German based and not Tirolean based like Old Hutterite German)'' ''(language of the Hutterites, Hutterite diaspora in the United States and Canada, they have their origins in Tirol and Carinthia, west and southern Austria)'' **************Mòcheno language, Mòcheno (''Mocheno language, Bersntolerisch''/''Mocheno language, Bersntoler sproch'') (spoken in an alpine valley of

– Bersntol in Mocheno language, Mocheno and Valle del Fersina in Italian) **************Cimbrian language, Cimbrian (''Cimbrian language, Zimbar'') ***************''Sette Comuni, Seven Communities'' (''Sette Comuni, Siben Komoin'') ''(currently only the village of Roana (Robàan))'' ***************''Luserna'' (spoken in Luserna, Lusern,

) ***************''Thirteen Communities'' (Thirteen Communities, Dreizehn Komoin) ''(spoken currently only in the village of Giazza (Ljetzan))'' ***************''Dialects of the villages in the Carnic Alps'' ''(spoken in Sappada, Sauris and Timavo, Timau)'' ****Weser-Rhine Germanic (Istvaeonic) (mainly it was the language of the Franks) *****West Central German (Central / Middle Franconian) (descends from Weser-Rhine Germanic and participate in the High German consonant shift) (

) ******Rhenish Franconian languages, Rhenish Franconian / Rhenish Franconian languages, Rhine Franconian *******Hessian dialects, Hessian (Hessisch) ********''Hessian dialects, Northern Hessian'' ''(around the city of Kassel)'' ********''Hessian dialects, Central Hessian'' ''(including the Marburg and Gießen areas)'' ********''Hessian dialects, Eastern Hessian'' ''(around Fulda)'' ********''Hessian dialects, Southern Hessian'' ''(in Darmstadt (region), basis of Frankfurt dialect)'' ''(meaning of Frankfurt name = Franks, Frank Ford (crossing), ford)'' *******Hessian-Palatinate diaspora Koiné language, Koiné (of German diaspora in the Low Volga region) ********Volga German language, Volga German (''Volga German language, Wolgadaitsch'') (mainly originated from Hessian dialects, Hessian and Palatine German language, Palatine – Rhine Franconian dialects of Germans who migrated to the Low Volga river basin) (spoken by the Volga Germans) *******Palatinate German language, Palatinate German / Palatine German language, Rhenish Palatinate (''Pälzisch'') (''Palatine German language, Pfaelzisch–Lothringisch'') ********''East Palatinate'' ********''West Palatinate dialect, West Palatinate'' *********''Hunsrückisch dialect, Palatinate Hunsrückisch'' / ''Hunsrückisch dialect, Rhenish Franconian Hunsrückisch'' ''(Hunsrückisch has two varieties, a Rhenish Franconian languages, Rhenish Franconian or Palatine German language, Palatinate and a Moselle Franconian language, Moselle Franconian one)'' *********''Lorraine Franconian, Lotharingian'' (''Lorraine Franconian, Lothringisch'') ''(traditionally spoken in far northern Lorraine, northern France)'' ''(here it has the narrow sense of a variant part of the West Palatinate)'' ********''Rhenish Palatinate / Rhenish Franconian diaspora dialects/languages'' *********''Galician German'' (''Galiziendeutsch'') ''(spoken by the Galician Germans)'' *********Pennsylvania Dutch language, Pennsylvania German (Pennsylvania "Dutch") (''Deitsch''/''Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch'') (''Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch'' is the self name or autonym of the language, "Deitsch" and "Dutch" are cognates but now have different meanings: one for Germanic language in a broad sense, not only for German in a narrow sense, and the other for specifically the Dutch or Nederlandic language, leading to the name Pennsylvania Dutch for the language in English due to the similarity of names) ******Central Franconian proper *******Moselle Franconian ********''East Moselle Franconian'' *********Hunsrückisch dialect, Moselle Hunsrückisch ''(Hunsrückisch has two varieties, a Moselle Franconian language, Moselle Franconian variety and a Rhenish Franconian languages, Rhenish Franconian or Palatine German language, Palatinate one)'' **********Hunsrückisch dialect, Moselle Hunsrückisch dialect diaspora ***********Hunsrik (Hunsrik, Hunsrückisch / Riograndenser Hunsrückisch) (mainly spoken in some areas of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná states, South Region, Brazil, Southern Brazil, South America) (mainly descends from the Moselle Franconian language, Moselle Franconian Hunsrückisch dialect, Hunsrückisch) *********''Siegerländisch'' ''(spoken in far southern Westphalia, in modern North Rhine-Westphalia state)'' *********''Nassau dialect, Nassauisch'' ''(spoken in Nassau (region), east of the Moselle and of the Rhine, in modern northern area of Rhineland-Palatinate)'' *********''West-Westerwäldisch'' ''(Rhineland-Palatinate)'' ''(includes Koblenz)'' *********''Untermosellanisch'' ''(Rhineland-Palatinate)'' ********''West Moselle Franconian'' *********''Eifelisch'' ''(Eifelisch, Southern Eifel)'' ''(in Southern Eifel region, Rhineland-Palatinate, East Belgium, Luxembourg, southern North Rhine-Westphalia)'' ''(different from the Northern Eifel dialect)'' *********''Trierisch'' ''(Rhineland-Palatinate, Luxembourg, northwestern Saarland)'' ''(includes Trier)'' *********Luxembourgish language, Luxembourgish (''Lëtzebuergesch'') (a Moselle Franconian dialect raised to a National language) *********''West Moselle Franconian eastern diaspora dialects/languages'' **********Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Transylvanian Saxon (''Transylvanian Saxon dialect, Siweberjesch Såksesch'') ''(despite the name "Saxon", the dialect is actually Moselle Franconian in origin and close to Luxembourgish not Low German, Saxon)'' *******''Central Franconian eastern diaspora dialects/languages'' ********''Carpathian German'' ''(spoken by the Carpathian Germans)'' *********''Pressburgish'' ''(was spoken by Carpathian Germans in part of Bratislava, Pressburg in German, Slovakian Capital)'' *********''Hauerlandish'' ''(was spoken by Carpathian Germans in Hauerland)'' **********''Zipser German, Zipser-Gründlerisch'' ***********''Zipser German'' ''(Germanic dialect which developed in the Upper Spis region, Slovakia, Zips region of what is now Slovakia)'' ***********''Gründlerisch'' ********''Walddeutsch'' ''(extinct)'' ''(German dialect of the Walddeutsche – "Forest Germans" before Polonization and assimilation into Poles in the 17th and 18th centuries)'' ********''Zipser Bukovina German'' ''(Zipser Buchenlanddeutsch)'' ''(spoken by part of the Bukovina Germans – Bukovina Germans, Buchenlanddeutsche)'' *******Ripuarian language, Ripuarian / Ripuarian language, Ripuarian Franconian (''Ripoarisch Platt'' / ''Ripoarėsch Sprooche'') (descends from the language spoken by the Ripuarian Franks) (part of the set of isoglosses called the "Rhenish fan" in linguistics because of its shape on language maps) ********''Bönnsch dialect, Bönnsch Platt'' ''(spoken in Bonn)'' ********''Colognian language, Colognian'' ''(Colognian language, Kölsch Platt)'' ''(spoken in Cologne)'' ********''South Bergish'' / ''East Ripuarian'' ********''Nördliche Eifel'' (''Eifelplatt'') ''(spoken in Northern Eifel)'' ''(different from the Southern Eifel dialect)'' ********''Mittleres Erft- und Rurgebiet'' ********''Eischwiele Platt'' ''(spoken in Eschweiler)'' ********''Öcher Platt'' ''(spoken in Aachen'') (''Aachener Land)'' ********''Kirchröadsj Platt'' ''(spoken in Kerkrade)'' ********''Bocheser Platt'' ''(spoken in Bocholtz)'' *****Yiddish language, Yiddish (Yiddish, Jewish German) (ייִדיש, Yiddish Language, יידיש or Yiddish Language, אידיש – ''Yiddish, Jidish'' / ''Yiddish, 'Idish'') (''Yiddish Language, Jidish'' is the short name for ''Yiddish, Jidish Taitsh'' – Jewish German) (according to Max Weinreich and Solomon Birnbaum model it originated in Lotharingia or Lotharingia, Loter, especially in the Middle and Upper Rhine basin, Rhine Valley, Rhineland, Rheinland and Palatinate (region), Palatinate, extending over parts of modern Germany (West) and France (North), with also a contribution from Bavarian language, Bavarian German, according to other authors, later it would expand over western regions of Eastern Europe forming Eastern Yiddish) (for several centuries it was the traditional daily or vernacular language of the Ashkenazi Jews and still is for many Hasidic Judaism, Hasidic Jews, a subgroup of the Haredi Judaism, Haredi Jews, who follow a branch of Judaism) ******Western Yiddish (in many of the regions were Yiddish originated) *******''South Western'' ''(Swiss–Alsatian–Southern German Yiddish)'' ********''Judeo-Alsatian'' ********''Swiss Yiddish'' *******''Central Western'' / ''Midwestern'' *******''North Western'' ''(Netherlandic–Northern German)'' ******Central (Pomeranian-Brandenburgish-Sorbian) (transitional West-East Yiddish) *******''South Central'' ''(Sorbian Yiddish)'' *******''North Central'' ''(Brandengurbish-Pomeranian Yiddish)'' ******Eastern Yiddish (it was the Yiddish dialects, Yiddish dialect or language of many Ashkenazi Jews that originally came to the Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569), Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, later unified in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, due to their historically Religious tolerance, religious tolerant policies; after the Partitions of Poland, Partitions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the late 18th century, many of these Ashkenazi Jews, Ashkenazi Jews started to live in the Jewish Pale or Pale of Settlement, western region of the Russian Empire, where most of European Jews lived, roughly corresponds to today's eastern and central Poland or Congress Poland, most of modern-day Ukraine, Bessarabia, Belarus, Lithuania and part of Latvia, in the southeast, including Daugavpils) (although they were called "History of the Jews in Russia, Russian Jews", the large majority did not lived in Russia proper, very few actually lived in Russia due to the restrictive Russian Empire policy of the Jewish pale, Jewish Pale and most lived in separate communities in Jewish small towns called "Shtetlach", they were called "Russian Jews" because most were subjects of the Russian Empire) *******''Central Eastern''/''Mideastern'' ''(Polish–Galician–Eastern Hungarian Yiddish)'' *******''South Eastern'' ''(Ukrainian–Romanian Yiddish)'' ********Standard Theater Yiddish (Standard form of Yiddish used in theatrics) *******''North Eastern'' / ''Litvish'' ''(Lithuanian–Belarusian)'' ''(centered in modern-day Lithuania, Belarus, and most of Latvia, it was also spoken in portions of northeastern Poland, northern and eastern Ukraine and along Dnieper, Dnieper river valley and European Russia, western Russia; many of these regions belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, hence the name)'' ''(it was the biggest Eastern Yiddish dialect by number of speakers and the most Prestige (sociolinguistics), prestigious)'' ********Klezmer-loshn (Klezmer-loshn, קלעזמער-לשון) ("Musician's Tongue") (Yiddish argot created by traveling Jewish musicians in the Russian Empire) ********Literary Yiddish (Standardized Yiddish used in certain institutes such as YIVO, YiVo) *******''Udmurtish'' ''(Yiddish spoken by Jews of Udmurtia and Tatarstan)'' *****Low Franconian languages (descends from Weser-Rhine Germanic but did not participate in the High German consonant shift) (

) (it was mainly the language of the Franks) ******Old Dutch (Old Low Franconian) *******Middle Dutch (''Middle Dutch, Nederlands Dietsch''/''Middle Dutch, Nederlands Duutsch'' – Lowland Dutch or Lowland German/Germanic in a broad sense) ********Limburgish language, Limburgish (''Limburgish, Lèmburgs'')/East Low Franconian (East Low Franconian, East Dutch) *********Bergish dialects *********''Ripuarisch-niederfränkisches Übergangsgebiet ohne nordbergischen Raum'' ********West Low Franconian (West Low Franconian, West Dutch) *********Dutch language, Dutch/Dutch language, Nederlandic (Modern Dutch) (''Dutch language, Nederlands'' – short name for ''Dutch language, Nederlands Duutsch'' – Lowland Dutch or Lowland German/Germanic in a broad sense, hence the name Dutch language, Dutch for the language in English language, English) **********''Central Dutch dialects, Central Dutch'' ***********''South Guelderish'' (''Zuid Gelders'') / ''Kleverlandish'' ***********''Hollandic dialect, Hollandic'' (''Hollandic dialect, Hollands'') ************''Utrechts-Alblasserwaards'' ''(considered part of Hollandic dialect, Hollandic)'' ************''South Hollandic dialect, South Hollandic'' (''South Hollandic dialect, Zuid Hollands'') *************''South Hollandic dialect diaspora'' **************Afrikaans language, Afrikaans (Afrikaans language, Cape Dutch) (''Afrikaans, Afrikaans-Nederlands''/''African Dutch, Afrikaans-Hollands'' / ''African Dutch, Afrikaans-Hollands Duutsch'' – African Dutch/African Dutch, African Nederlandic) ***************''Standard Afrikaans'' ***************''Cape Afrikaans'' (''Kaapse Afrikaans'') ''(Broad Sense)'' ****************''Western Cape Afrikaans, Western Cape'' ''(spoken in Western Cape Province, Southwest South Africa)'' *****************''Cape Peninsula Afrikaans'' (Narrow Sense) ''(spoken in Cape Peninsula – Cape Town and environs)'' ****************''Eastern Cape Afrikaans, Eastern Cape'' ''(spoken in Eastern Cape Province, South South Africa)'' ***************''Northern Cape Afrikaans, Northern Cape'' ''(spoken in Northern Cape Province)'' ***************''Orange River Afrikaans'' (''Oranjerivierafrikaans'') ''(spoken in Free State (province), Free State Province, old Orange Free State)'' ************''North Hollandic dialect, North Hollandic'' **********''East Flemish'' (''East Flemish, Oost Vlaams'') **********West Flemish (''West Flemish, West Vlaams'') (according to Ethnologue is divergent enough from Central Dutch dialects, Central Dutch to be considered a distinct language) ***********''Central West Flemish'' ***********''Mainland West Flemish'' ***********''Coastal West Flemish'' ***********''Westlands West Flemish'' **********''Brabantian dialect, Brabantian'' (''Brabantian dialect, Brabants'') **********Zeelandic (''Zeelandic language, Zeêuws'') (according to Ethnologue is divergent enough from Central Dutch dialects, Central Dutch to be considered a distinct language) ***********''Goeree-Overflakkee dialect'' ***********''Walcheren dialect'' ***********''Zuid-Beveland dialect'' ****North Sea Germanic (Ingvaeonic) (it was the language of the mainland Saxons, which stayed in what is today Northern Germany, and of the Angles, Jutes, Frisians, among others) *****Old Low German (Old Saxon) (did not participate in the High German consonant shift) ******Middle Low German (Middle Saxon) *******Low German (Low German, Modern Low German) / Low German, Low Saxon) (

) ********West Low German (''West Low German, Westniederdeutsch'') / West Low German, West Low Saxon *********Northern Low Saxon **********''Schleswigsch'', including ''Schleswigsch, Anglisch'' ''(language of the Angles substrate)'' **********''Holsteinisch'' ***********''Dithmarsch'' ''(in Dithmarschen)'' **********''Low Elbian dialects'' ***********''Hamburg German'' (''Hamburg German, Hamborger Platt'') (''in Hamburg'') ***********''Elb-Weser-Ländisch'' **********''Oldenburgisch'' ''(in the Oldenburg Land)'' **********''Nordemsländisch'' **********''North Hanoveranian'' *********East Frisian Low Saxon-Gronings (Frisian languages, Frisian substrate) **********East Frisian Low Saxon ''(in East Frisia)'' ''(Frisian languages, Frisian substrate)'' **********Gronings dialect, Gronings **********Stellingwarfs dialect, Stellingwarfs *********Southern Low Saxon / Southern Low German (it is divided into an eastern – Eastphalian, and a western – Westphalian, language area) **********Eastphalian dialect, Eastphalian ***********''Heide-Eastphalian'' ***********''Central Eastphalian'' ************''Hannoverian dialect, Hannoverian'' ''(traditionally in Hannover)'' ***********''Elbostfälisch'' ************''Bördeplatt'' ''(includes Magdeburg)'' ************''Bodeostfälisch'' ***********''Göttingisch-Grubenhagenian'' ***********''ostfälisch-nordniederdeutscher Interferenzraum'' ***********''ostfälisch-westfälischer Interferenzraum'' **********Westphalian language, Westphalian ***********''East Westphalian'' ***********''Münsterländisch'' ***********''Westmünsterländisch'' ***********''South Westphalian'' ***********''Südemsländisch'' ***********Tweants dialect, Tweants ***********Achterhooks dialect, Achterhooks ***********Gelderish-Overijssels / Gelderish-Overijssels, North Gelderish-Overijssels ************Veluws dialect, Veluws *************''Veluws dialect, East Veluws'' *************''Veluws dialect, West Veluws'' ************Sallaans dialect, Sallaans ************Urkers dialect, Urkers ************Drèents dialects, Drèents ********East Low German (East Low Saxon) *********Brandenburgisch dialect, Brandenburgisch (Brandenburgisch dialect, Märkisch) (Brandenburgisch dialect, Northern-Central Brandenburgisch) (Brandenburgisch dialect, Margravian) **********''North Brandenburgisch'' ''(North Margravian)'' **********''Central Brandenburgisch''/''Middle Brandenburgisch'' ''(Central Margravian)'' **********''Old South Brandenburgisch'' / ''Old South Margravian'' ''(extinct)'' ''(in the 17th and 18th centuries people shifted to an East Central German dialect – South Markish)'' ***********''Old Berlinerisch'' ''(extinct)'' ''(people of Berlin in the 18th and 19th centuries shifted from a Saxon East Low German into an East Central German High German dialect)'' *********''Nordostniederdeutsch'' **********Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect, Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch ***********''Mecklenburgisch'' ***********''Wendlandisch'' ''(Polabian language, Polabian substrate)'' ***********''Strelizisch'' ***********''Vorpommersch'' ''(West Pomeranian, West German Pomeranian)'' **********''Middle Pommeranian'' ''Neo-Brandenburgisch'' / ''Neo-Margravian'' ''(Middle Pommeranian'', ''Mittelpommersch'')'' ''(dialect formed by the expansion of Brandenburgisch into an older Pomeranian land)'' ''(Pomeranian language, Pomeranian substrate)'' ''(included Stettin, today's Szczecin, in Poland) *********''East Pomeranian dialect, East Pomeranian'' ''(East Pomeranian dialect, East German Pomeranian)'' (''East Pomeranian dialect, Hinterpommersch'') ''(not to be confused with Pomeranian language, Slavic Pommeranian, the Pomeranians (tribe), Slavic Pomeranians language)'' **********''North East Pommeranian'' **********''Western East Pomeranian'' (''Westhinterpommersch'') **********''Eastern East Pomeranian'' (''Osthinterpommersch'') **********''Bublitzisch'' **********''South East Pommeranian'' (''Südhinterpommersch'') **********''Pomerellian dialect, Pomerellian'' (''Pommerellisch'') ''(it was spoken in the Low Vistula region, former Pomerelia, and part of West Prussia)'' *********Low Prussian dialect, Low Prussian **********''Dialekt des Weichselgebietes, Weichselplatt'' / ''Dialekt des Weichselgebietes'' / ''Dialekt des Weichselgebietes, Dialect of the Vistula Lands'' ''(Vistula, Weichsel = Vistula)'' (''Low Prussian dialect, West Prussian'' / ''Low Prussian dialect, West German Prussian'') ***********''Danzigisch'' ''(formerly spoken in Gdańsk, Danzig and Danzig Free State, modern Gdańsk, Gdansk, in northern Poland)'' ''(it was spoken in part of Pomerelia or Pomerelia, Vistula Pomerania)'' **********''Werdersch'' ''(formerly spoken in the Vistula delta, Vistula Delta)'' ***********''Molotschna dialect'' ''(originally it was spoken in Molotschna, Molotschna Colony or Molotschna, New Colony, located in modern Molochansk, Molochna river banks, Zaporizhzhia Oblast)''. ''Most Plattdietsch or Pomerelian speakers were not Mennonites; although Mennonite Low German mainly descends from Pomerelian German dialect, also called West Prussian German dialect, it was an adopted language from the originally Dutch people, Dutch, Flemish people, Flemish and Frisians, Frisian Mennonites that came to the Lower Vistula, Weichsel or Vistula region, mainly the delta; however, today Plautdietsch language, Mennonite Plautdietsch, a diaspora dialect or language, is practically the only surviving form of Pomerelian German or West Prussian German; because of that, in modern times "Plautdietsch" or "Pomerelian German" and "Mennonite Plautdietsch" are almost synonymal).'' ''It is a Pomerelian German diaspora dialect/language / ''West Prussian German diaspora dialect/language'' ''(in Germany, Kazakhstan and the Americas).'' ''It is one of the Mennonite Low German, Mennonite Plautdietsch or Mennonite Low German dialects'' ''(Dutch language, Dutch and Frisian languages, Frisian substrate) (originally it was spoken by the Vistula delta Mennonites who came from the Low Countries in the 16th century, in the 18th century many migrated to the Russian Empire, to Novorossiya, in modern south Ukraine, however, at the end of the 19th century and early 20th century, most of them migrated to the Americas, first to Northern America and later to Latin America, people that are called "Russian Mennonites" are their descendants, although they are not of Russian background) **********''Nehrungisch'' ''(formerly spoken in the Vistula Spit, Frischen Nehrung – the Vistula Spit)'' ***********''Chortitza dialect'' ''(originally it was spoken in Chortitza Colony or Chortitza Colony, Old Colony, located in modern Khortytsia, an island in the big bend of the Dnieper, Zaporizhzhia Oblast)'' ''Most Pomerelian speakers were not Mennonites; although Mennonite Low German mainly descends from Pomerelian German dialect, also called West Prussian German dialect, it was an adopted language from the originally Dutch people, Dutch, Flemish people, Flemish and Frisians, Frisian Mennonites that came to the Lower Vistula, Weichsel or Vistula region, mainly the delta; however, today Plautdietsch language, Mennonite Plautdietsch, a diaspora dialect or language, is practically the only surviving form of Pomerelian German or West Prussian German, because of that, in modern times "Plautdietsch" or "Pomerelian German" and "Mennonite Plautdietsch" are almost synonymal).'' ''It is a Pomerelian German diaspora dialect/language / ''West Prussian German diaspora dialect/language'' ''(in Germany, Kazakhstan and the Americas)''. ''It is one of the Mennonite Low German, Mennonite Plautdietsch or Mennonite Low German dialects'' ''(Dutch language, Dutch and Frisian languages, Frisian substrate) (originally it was spoken by the Vistula delta Mennonites who came from the Low Countries in the 16th century, in the 18th century many migrated to the Russian Empire, to Novorossiya, in modern south Ukraine, however, at the end of the 19th century and early 20th century, most of them migrated to the Americas, first to Northern America and later to Latin America, people that are called "Russian Mennonites" are their descendants, although they are not of Russian background) **********''Mundart der Elbinger Höhe'' **********''Mundart des Kürzungsgebietes, Mundart des Kürzungsgebiet(e)s'' **********''Westkäslausch'' **********''Ostkäslausch'' **********''Natangian, Natangisch-Bartisch'' **********''Samlandic'' ''(included Königsberg, modern Kaliningrad)'' ***********''Memelisch'' ''(formerly spoken in the Klaipėda, Memel region, modern Klaipėda, in Lithuania)'' **********''Mundart des Ostgebietes'' ''(Mundart des Ostgebietes, Dialect of the Eastern Lands)'' ''(formerly spoken in the eastern, northern and part of southern regions of East Prussia)'' part of ''Low Prussian dialect, East Prussian'' ''(not to be confused with Baltic Prussian or Old Prussian that is the substrate of Low Prussian dialect, Low Prussian German)'' ''(it was spoken in East Prussia, the true historical Prussia (region), Prussia or Prussia (region), Baltic Prussia dwelt by the Old Prussians, Baltic Prussians before their conquest by the Teutonic Order and later Germanisation) (it included Königsberg, today's Kaliningrad, as its main centre; in modern times the region is divided between Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, enclave, in the north, and the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Masuria region of northeastern Poland, in the south)'' ***********''Niederungisch'' ***********''Litauisch dialect, Litauisch'' ''(Lithuanian German Prussian)'' ''(dialect spoken by assimilated Lithuanians, known as Prussian Lithuanians, Prussian Lithuanians, German Prussian Lithuanians, or Lietuvininkai, Small Lithuanians – Prussian Lithuanians, Kleinlitauener, the Lietuvininkai in Lithuania Minor)'' ''(it had Lithuanian language, Lithuanian substrate)'' *****Anglo-Frisian languages (did not participate in the High German consonant shift) ******Anglic languages (

) *******Old English (Anglo-Saxon language, Anglo-Saxon) (Old English, Anglo-Saxon-Jute) (''Old English, Anglisc'' / ''Old English, Anglisc sprǣc'' / ''Ængliṡc'' / ''Old English, Ænglisc sprǣċ'' – ''Old English, Seaxisc'' / ''Old English, Seaxisc sprǣc'' – ''Old English, Ēotisc'' / ''Old English, Ēotisc sprǣc'') (extinct) ********''Anglian'' (''Old English, Anglisc'' / ''Old English, Anglisc sprǣc'' / ''Ængliṡc'' / ''Old English, Ængliṡc sprǣċ'') (ṡc = sh [ʃ] ; ċ = ch [tʃ]) *********''Southumbrian'' **********''East Anglian'' **********''Mercian dialect, Mercian'' *********''Northumbrian dialect (Old English), Northumbrian'' ********''Jute'' (''Old English, Ēotisc'' / ''Old English, Ēotisc sprǣc'') *********''Kentish dialect (Old English), Kentish'' ********''Saxon'' (''Old English, Seaxisc'' / ''Old English, Seaxisc sprǣc'') *********''West Saxon dialect, West Saxon'' ********Middle English (''Middle English, Englisch''/''Middle English, English''/''Middle English, Inglis'') (extinct) *********Early Modern English **********English language, English (Modern English) ***********''Standard English'' ***********''Euro English'' ************''English English''/''England English''/''Anglo-English'' *************''Received Pronunciation'' ''(based on the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England)'' *************''Central and Northern English'' ''("Anglian English")'' **************''Central English'' ''(Southumbrian)'' ***************''East Anglian English'' ****************''Norfolk dialect'' ****************''Suffolk dialect'' ****************''Cambridgeshire dialect'' ****************''Essex dialect'' ***************''*West Midlands English'' ****************''East Midlands English'' ****************''South-East Midlands dialect'' ****************''West Midlands English'' ****************''Coventry dialect'' ****************''Birmingham dialect'' ''(Brummie)'' ****************''Black Country English'' ''("Country of the Coal Mines")'' ****************''Potteries dialect'' **************''English language in Northern England, North English'' ''(Northumbrian)'' ***************''Yorkshire dialect'' ***************''Transitional Yorkshire-North-East English'' ****************''Teesside dialect'' ***************''Geordie, North-East English'' ''(Geordie)'' ***************''Sunderland dialect'' ''(Mackem dialect, Mackem)'' ***************''Pitmatic/Pitmatical'' ***************''English of Northumbria, Northumbrian Proper'' ***************''Manchester dialect'' ''(Manchester dialect, Mancunian)'' ***************''Scouse, Liverpool dialect''/''Merseyside English'' ''(Scouse, older name Scouse, Lobscouse)'' ***************''Lancashire dialect'' ***************''Cumbrian dialect'' ***************''Barrovian dialect'' *************''Broad South English'' ''("Saxon English")'' **************''English language in southern England, South English'' ''(many times is used as synonymous with the dialects of Southeast England)'' ***************''London dialect'' ***************''Cockney'' ''(traditionally in the London East End)'' ***************''Estuary English''/''London Regional General British'' ***************''Sussex dialect'' ***************''Surrey dialect'' ***************''Southeast English Proper'' ***************''Kentish dialect'' ***************''Isle of Wight dialect'' **************''West Country English'' ''(West Country English, Southwest English)'' ***************''West Country Proper'' ***************''Bristolian dialect'' ***************''Somerset dialect'' ***************''Devonshire dialect'' ***************''Anglo-Cornish'' ''(Cornish language, Cornish substrate)'' ************''Welsh English''/''Wales English'' *************''Cardiff English'' ************''Scottish English''/''Scotland English'' ''(not confuse with Scots language, Scots, a separate but closely related language to English language, English, and with Scottish Gaelic, a

language, a separate but closely related language to Irish language, Irish)'' *************''Lowland Scottish'' *************''Highland Scottish'' *************''Glaswegian'' ''(dialect of Glasgow)'' ************Early Scots (extinct) *************Middle Scots (extinct) **************Scots language, Scots (Modern Scots) (''Scots language, Scots''/''Lallans'' – Lowlands) (not to be confused with Scottish English or Scottish Gaelic) ***************''Southern Scots'' ***************''Central Scots'' ***************''Ulster Scots dialects, Ulster Scots '' ***************''Northern Scots'' ***************''Insular Scots'' ''(Orkney and Shetland)'' ************''Manx English'' ''(not to be confused with Manx language, Manx, a

language, closely related to Scottish Gaelic, Scottish and Irish language, Irish)'' ************''Irish English''/''Ireland English''/''Hiberno-English'' *************''Dublin English'' ''(historical beginnings with the English Pale)'' **************''Local Dublin English'' **************''New Dublin English'' *************''Ulster English''/''Hiberno-English, Northern Hiberno-English'' ''(not confuse with Ulster Scots dialects, Ulster Scots)'' **************''Mid-Ulster English'' **************''Belfast dialect'' **************''South-Ulster English'' *************''West and South-West Irish English'' **************''South-West Irish English'' **************''West Irish English'' *************''Supraregional Southern Irish English'' *************''Béarlachas'' ************Channel Island English, ''Channel Islands English'' *************Channel Island English#Alderney English, ''Alderney English'' *************Channel Island English#Guernsey English, ''Guernsey English'' *************Channel Island English#Jersey English, ''Jersey English'' ************''Gibraltarian English'' ************Languages of Malta#English, ''Malta English'' *************''Maltenglish'' ************''Franglais, French English (Franglais)'' ************''Dunglish, Dutch English (Dunglish)'' ************''Spanglish, Spanish English (Spanglish)'' *************''Llanito'' ************''Porglish, Portuguese English (Porglish/Portuglish)'' ************Itanglese, ''Italian English (Itanglese)'' ************Siculish, ''Sicillian English (Siculish)'' ************Greeklish, ''Greek English (Greeklish)'' ************''Denglisch, German English (Denglisch)'' ************''Yinglish, Yiddish English (Yinglish)'' *************''Yeshivish'' ************''Czenglish, Czech English (Czenglish)'' ************''Danglish, Danish English (Danglish)'' ************Swenglish, ''Swedish English (Swenglish)'' ************''Finglish, Finnish English (Finglish)'' ************Poglish, ''Polish English (Poglish)'' ************Runglish, ''Russian English (Runglish)'' ***********''North American English''/''Broad American English'' ************''Canadian English'' *************''Standard Canadian English'' **************''Ottawa Valley English'' **************Pacific Northwest English, ''Pacific Northwest Canadian English'' *************''Atlantic Canadian English'' **************''Newfoundland English'' **************''Canadian Maritime English'' **************African Nova Scotian English, ''Black Nova Scotia (African Nova Scotian English)'' **************''Lunenburg English'' *************''Inland Canadian English'' **************''Quebec English, Quebec Canadian English'' ''(not confuse with Quebec French)'' **************''Ontario Canadian English'' **************''West Canadian English'' ***************''Prairies Canadian English'' ***************''British Columbia English'' *************''Aboriginal English in Canada, First Nations English/Aboriginal English in Canada'' ************''American English'' ''(USA English)'' *************''General American English'' *************''North and West'' **************''Northern New England'' ***************''Eastern New England English'' ****************''Northeastern New England'' ''(includes Boston and Maine)'' ****************''Southeastern New England'' ''(includes Rhode Island)'' ***************''Western New England English'' ****************''Northwestern New England'' ''(includes Vermont)'' **************''Northern American English'' ''(a specific dialect and not synonym of North American English)'' ***************''Southwestern New England'' ''(Eastern Northern American English)'' ***************''Inland Northern American English'' ''(Great Lakes)'' ***************''Western Northern American English'' ''(not confuse with Western American English dialect)'' **************''North Central American English'' ''(Upper Midwest)'' **************''New York City English'' (''New York City English, Metropolitan New York English''/''Greater New York City English'') **************''Midland American English'' ''(General American has many features of Midland American but is not identical)'' ***************''East Midland'' ****************''Mid-Atlantic American English'' ''(includes Philadelphia and Baltimore)'' ****************''Western Pennsylvania English'' ''(includes Pittsburgh)'' ***************''Central Midland'' ''(Lower Midwest)'' ***************''West Midland'' ****************''Central Nebraska, Kansas and Oklahoma'' ****************''El Paso, Texas, Southwest New Mexico, Far Southeast Arizona'' ****************''San Francisco Bay Area'' ***************''Florida Midland (a new dialect that is no longer Southerner)'' ****************''South Florida'' ****************''North Florida'' ''(but not in Jacksonville and Pensacola that are Southerner)'' ***************''Galveston, Texas'' **************''Western American English'' ***************''Pacific Northwest English, Pacific Northwest American English'' ***************''Alaska North American English'' **************''Languages of the United States#Hawai'i Creole English, Hawaiian English'' ***************''Hawaiian Creole'' ***************''Bonin English'' *************''Southern American English'' **************''Lowland South'' ***************''Older Southern American English'' ''(Older Southern American English, Classical Southerner)'' ****************''General Older South'' ****************''Piedmont and Tidewater Virginia'' ****************''Plantation Southern American English'' *****************''African American English'' ''(several common features with Southern American English)'' ''(divergent dialect)'' ****************''Florida Southerner'' ''(many former speakers shifted to a Midland dialect)'' ****************''Southern Louisiana'' *****************''Cajun English'' ''(Cajun French substrate and influence)'' ***************''East and South Texas'' **************''General Texan English'' ''(features of both Lower South/Lowland South and Upland South/Inland South) (West Texan)'' **************''Upper South/Upland South'' ''(Inland Southern American English)'' ***************''Appalachian English'' ''(in Southern Appalachia)'' ''(divergent dialect)'' ***************''Ozark Mountains'' ''(North Arkansas and South Missouri)'' ***************''Southeast and South Oklahoma, North and West Texas, Southeast New Mexico'' **************''Peripheral Southerner'' ''(Archaic Southerner dialects)'' ***************''Chesapeake Islands'' ***************''Down East and Outer Banks'' ***************''Lowcountry'' ''(Charleston-Savannah)'' *************''Chicano English'' ''(English of many Mexican-Americans)'' ***********''Bermudian English'' ***********''Caribbean English'' ************Gullah Language, ''Gullah-English (Geechee/Sea Island Creole English)'' *************''Afro-Seminole Creole'' ************''Bahamian English'' ************''Turks and Caicos Creole'' ************''Belizean English'' *************''Belizean Creole, Belizean Creole (Kriol)'' ************''Cayman Islands English'' *************''Bay Islands English, Bay Islands English (Caracol)'' ************Miskito Coast Creole, ''Mískito Coast Creole'' (''Nicaragua Creole English)'' *************''Rama Cay Creole'' ************''San Andrés–Providencia Creole, San Andrés-Providencia Creole'' ************Bocas del Toro Creole, ''Bocas del Toro Creole (Panamanian Patois English)'' ************''Jamaican English'' *************''Jamaican Patois'' **************Limonese Creole, ''Limónese Creole'' (Costa Rica) ************''Samaná English'' ************English language in Puerto Rico, ''Puerto Rican English'' ************''Virgin Islands Creole'' ************''Leeward Caribbean Creole English, Leeward Caribbean Creole English (Antiguan English Creole)'' *************''Saint Kitts Creole'' *************''Montserrat Creole'' *************''Anguillian Creole'' *************''Kokoy Creole English, Kokoy Creole'' ************''Vincentian Creole'' ************Barbadian English, ''Barbadian English (Bajan English)'' *************Bajan Creole, ''Barbadian Creole (Bajan Creole)'' ************''Grenadian Creole English'' ************Trinidadian English, ''Trinidadian and Tobagonian English'' *************''Trinidadian Creole'' *************''Tobagonian Creole'' ************''Languages of Guyana, Guyanese English'' *************''Guyanese Creole'' ************''Sranan Tongo'' – (Suriname) ************''Saramaccan'' – (Suriname) ************Ndyuka language, ''Ndyuka/Aukan (Eastern Maroon Creole)'' – (Suriname) ************''Kwinti'' – (Suriname) ***********''South Atlantic English'' – (Tristan da Cunha, Ascension Island, and Saint Helena) ***********''Falkland Islands English'' ***********Arablish, ''Arabic English'' (''Arablish'') ***********Heblish, ''Hebrew English'' (''Heblish)'' ***********Turklish, ''Turkish English'' (''Turklish)'' ***********''Gambian English'' ***********''Krio language, Krio (Sierra Leonean Creole)'' ***********''Liberian English'' ************''Kru Pidgin English'' ************Liberian Kreyol language, ''Liberian Kreyol/Kolokwa'' (Vernacular Liberian English) from African American Vernacular English ************''Merico language'' (Americo-Liberian settlers from the United States, United States of America) ***********''Ghanaian English'' ************''Ghanaian Pidgin English, Ghanaian Pidgin English (Kru English)'' ***********''Nigerian English'' ************''Nigerian Pidgin, Nigerian Pidgin/Creole'' ***********''Cameroonian English'' ************''Cameroonian Pidgin English, Cameroonian Pidgin English/Creole'' ***********Equatorial Guinean Pidgin, ''Pichinglis'' (''Equatorial Guinean Pidgin/Fernando Po Creole English)'' ***********''Namlish, Namlish (Namibian English)'' ***********''South African English'' ************ South African English#White South African English, ''White South African English'' ************* ''South African English#White South African English, Cultivated South African English'' ************* ''South African English#White South African English, General South African English'' ************* ''South African English#White South African English, Broad South African English'' ************* South African English#Cape Flats English, ''Cape Flats English'' ************ South African English#Black South African English, ''Black South African English'' ************ South African English#Indian South African English, ''Indian South African English'' ***********''Malawian English'' ***********Ugandan English, ''Ugandan English (Uglish)'' ***********''Kenyan English'' ************''Sheng slang'' ***********''Pakistani English, Pakistani English (Paklish/Pinglish)'' ************''Urdish, Urdish/Urglish'' ***********''Nepalese English'' ***********''Indian English, General Indian English'' ************Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Babu English, ''Babu English'' ************''Butler English'' ************''Hinglish'' ************Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Assamese English, ''Assamese English'' ************Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Bengali English, ''Bengali English'' ************Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#West Indian English, ''West Indian English'' ************Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Cultivated Indian English, ''Cultivated Indian English'' ************Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Southern Indian English, ''Southern Indian English'' ************Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Malayali English, ''Malayali English'' ************Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Tamilian English, ''Tamilian English'' *************''Tanglish'' ************Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Punjabi English, ''Punjabi English'' ************Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Rajasthani English, ''Rajasthani English'' ************Regional differences and dialects in Indian English#Telugu English, ''Telugu English'' *************''Tenglish'' ************''Kanglish'' ***********Sri Lankan English, ''Sri Lankan English (Ceylonese English)'' ***********Bangladeshi English, ''Bangladeshi English (Benglish/Banglish)'' ***********''Burmese English, Burmese/Myanmar English'' ***********''Tinglish, Thai English (Tinglish)'' ***********Vinish, ''Vietnamese English'' (''Vinish)'' ***********''Hong Kong English'' ************''Chinglish'' ************''Chinese Pidgin English'' ***********Konglish, ''Korean English'' (''Konglish)'' ***********''Engrish, Japanese English (Engrish)'' ************''Wasei-eigo'' ***********''Malaysian English'' ************''Manglish'' ***********''Singapore English'' ************''Singlish'' ***********''Brunei English'' ***********''Philippine English'' ************''Taglish'' *************Taglish#Coño English, ''Coño English'' *************Taglish#Swardspeak, ''Swardspeak'' ************''Bislish'' ***********''Palauan English'' ***********''Micronesian Pidgin English'' ************''Ngatikese Creole'' ************''Nauruan Pidgin English'' ***********''Australian-New Zealand English'' ************''Australian English'' *************Strine, ''Broad Country Australian English (Strine)'' *************Variation in Australian English, ''Cultivated Australian English'' *************Variation in Australian English, ''General Australian English'' **************''NT Australian English'' **************''Southeast Coast Australian English'' ***************''New South Wales Australian English'' ***************''Victoria Australian English'' ***************''Queensland Australian English'' ****************''Queensland Kanaka English'' **************''Tasmania Australian English, Tasmanian Australian English'' **************''South Australian English'' **************''Western Australian English'' **************''Australian Aboriginal English'' **************''Torres Strait English'' ***************''Torres Strait Creole'' **************''Australian Kriol'' ************''New Zealand English'' *************''Maori Pidgin English''† *************''New Zealand Southland Dialect, Southland Dialect'' ***********''Tok Pisin'' (Papua New Guinea) ***********''Solomon Islands English'' ************Pijin language, ''Pijin'' ''(Solomons Pidgin or Neo-Solomonic)'' ***********''Bislama'' (Vanuatu) ***********''Fiji English'' ************''Fijian Creole'' ***********''Loyalty Islands Pidgin English'' ***********''New Caledonia Pidgin English''† ***********''Samoan Plantation Pidgin''† ***********''Tongan Creole'' ***********Pitkern language, Pitcairnese/Pitkern ************Norfuk language, Norfuk/Norf'k *******Frisian languages (

) ********Old Frisian *********Middle Frisian **********North Frisian language, North Frisian (''North Frisian language, Frasch''/''North Frisian language, Fresk''/''North Frisian language, Freesk''/''Friisk'') ***********''Island North Frisian'' ************''Heligolandic dialect, Haligolandic Frisian'' ************''Föhr-Amrum Frisian'' ************''Sylt Frisian'' ************''Strand Frisian'' ''(extinct)'' ***********''Mainland North Frisian'' ************''Wiedingharde Frisian'' ************''Bökingharde Frisian (Mooring)'' ************''Goesharde Frisian'' ************''Halligen Frisian'' ************''Eiderstedt Frisian'' ''(extinct)'' **********East Frisian Language, East Frisian ***********''Ems Frisian'' ***********Saterland Frisian language, Saterland Frisian (''Seeltersk'') ***********''Weser Frisian'' ************''Wangerooge Frisian'' ''(extinct)'' ************''Wursten Frisian'' ''(extinct)'' **********West Frisian language, West Frisian (''Frysk'') ***********''Mainland West Frisian'' ************''Hindeloopen Frisian'' ************''Clay Frisian'' ************''Wood Frisian'' ************''Northern West Frisian'' ************''Southwestern Western Frisian'' ***********''Island West Frisian'' ************''Schiermonnikoog'' ************''Aastersk'' ''(in Terschelling/Skylge Island)'' ************''Westersk'' ''(in Terschelling/Skylge Island)'' **North Germanic languages, North Germanic (

) ***Proto Norse/Proto-Norse language, Proto Scandinavian (extinct) ****Old Norse (''Dǫnsk tunga'') (extinct) *****Old Gutnish (extinct) *****East Scandinavian (

) ******Old East Norse (extinct) *******Old Swedish (extinct) ********Modern Swedish *********Early Modern Swedish **********Late Modern Swedish ***********Swedish language, Swedish (Contemporary Swedish) (''Swedish language, Svenska'') ************Standard Swedish (Rikssvenska/Högsvenska) ************''Svealand Swedish, Svealandic'' *************''Mälaren dialect'' **************''Stockholm dialects'' ''(Stockholmska)'' ''(Stockholm-Uppsala dialect)'' ''(basis of Modern Standard Swedish but not identical)'' *************''Uppländska dialect'' *************''Gästrikland dialect'' *************''Gnällbältet dialects'' **************''Västmanland dialect'' **************''Närke dialect'' **************''Western Södermanland dialect'' *************''South Dalecarlian Swedish dialect'' ''(not confuse with Dalecarlian)'' ************''North Swedish (Norrland dialects, Norrlandic)'' *************''Norrland dialects, Hälsing dialects'' *************''Norrland dialects, Medelpad'' *************''Norrland dialects, Hogdal'' *************''Norrland dialects, Ångermanland dialects'' *************''Norrland dialects, Transitional dialects between Ångermanland and Västerbotten'' *************''Norrland dialects, South Westrobothnian'' *************''Norrland dialects, North Westrobothnian'' *************''Norrland dialects, Piteå dialects'' *************''Luleå dialects'' *************''Kalix dialect, Kalix'' *************''Norrland dialects, Settler dialects'' ''(a large land area, roughly in Lapland (Sweden), Lapland Province, where Saami languages were traditionally spoken but now mainly with Swedish language, Swedish speakers)'' **************''Kiruna dialect'' ************''East Swedish'' ''(Finland Swedish)'' *************''Southern'' **************''Åland Swedish'' ''(in Åland islands, Southwest Finland)'' **************''South Finland Coast Swedish'' **************''Estonian Swedish'' ''(in Aiboland, the Swedish-speaking areas and towns of northern and western Estonia)'' ''(nearly extinct)'' *************''Northern'' **************''Ostrobothnian'' ''(in Ostrobothnia (region), Ostrobothnia, parts of Western Finland coast)'' ''(most divergent East Swedish dialect)'' ************''Götamål dialect, Götalandic'' *************''Småländska, Northern Smålandic'' ''(in Northern Småland)'' *************''Öland dialect, Ölandic'' ''(in Öland)'' *************''Östergötland dialect, Östergötlandic'' ''(in Östergötland)'' *************''Västergötland dialect, Västergötlandic'' ''(in Västergötland)'' *************''Dalsland dialect, Dalslandic'' ''(in Dalsland)'' *************''Värmland dialect, Värmlandic'' ''(in Värmland)'' *************''Northern Halland dialect, Northern Hallandic'' ''(in Northern Halland)'' ************''Gutnish'' ''(Gutnish, New Gutnish/Gotlandic)'' ''(Gotland Island)'' *************''Mainland Gotlandic'' *************''Faroymal'' ************''Immigrant variants'' ''(more sociolects than dialects)'' *************''Rinkeby Swedish'' *******Transitional Danish-Swedish (also called South Swedish) (under pressure from Swedification and Standard Swedish) (Danish language, Danish substrate) (divergent enough to be considered a separate language from Swedish and Danish although closely related and sharing features with both languages) (in Scania, Blekinge, South Halland and South Småland) ********''South Småländska dialect'' (Småländska) ********''Scanian dialect, Scanian'' ''(Scanian dialect, New Scanian)'' (''Skånska'') *******Old Danish (extinct) ********Middle Danish (extinct) *********Danish language, Danish (''Danish language, Dansk'') **********''Eastern Danish'' ***********''Scanian dialect, Old Scanian'' ''(was part of Eastern Danish until Swedish conquest at the 17th century that was later followed by Swedification)'' ''(in Scania, Blekinge and South Halland)'' ***********''Bornholmsk dialect, Bornholmsk'' **********''Insular Danish'' ''(basis of Modern Standard Danish but not identical)'' ***********''Zealand Island dialect'' ************''Eastern Zealand'' *************''Copenhagen dialect'' ***********''Southern Islands dialect'' ''(Møn, and Lolland-Falster)'' ***********''Funen Islands dialect'' **********''Jutlandic dialect, Jutlandic'' ''(language of the Jutes substrate, was a West Germanic language and not a North Germanic/Scandinavian language, Scandinavian one)'' ***********''Northern Jutlandic'' ************''Eastern Jutlandic'' ************''Western Jutlandic'' ***********''Southern Jutlandic'' ''(language of the Angles substrate, was a West Germanic language and not a North Germanic/Scandinavian language, Scandinavian one)'' *********Dano-Norwegian (''Dano-Norwegian, Dansk-Norsk'') **********Riksmål, Norwegian Riksmål (written) ***********Norwegian Bokmål (written) (Bokmål) ************''Urban East Norwegian'' *****Transitional East-West Scandinavian ******Dalecarlian/Dalecarlian dialects, Dalarna dialect (''Dalmål'') (spoken in Central and Northern Dalecarlia/Dalarna) *******''Lower Siljan'' *******''Upper Siljan'' ********''Elfdalian'' ''(Älvdalsmål)'' *******''Western Dalarna'' ********''Lower Western Dalarna'' ********''Upper Western Dalarna'' ******Jamtlandic dialects, Jamtlandic (Jamtlandic, New Jamtlandic) (''Jamska'') *******''Eastern Jamtlandic'' *******''Western Jamtlandic'' *****West Scandinavian (

) ******Old West Norse (extinct) *******Old Norwegian (extinct) ********Middle Norwegian (extinct) *********Norwegian language, Norwegian (Modern Norwegian) (''Norwegian language, Norsk'') **********Høgnorsk, Norwegian Høgnorsk (written) ***********Nynorsk, Norwegian Nynorsk (written) (''Nynorsk'') **********''Østlandsk'' (''Østlandsk'') ''(Østlandsk-Midlandsk)'' ''(Eastern Norway)'' ***********''Østlandsk'' ''Proper'' ************''Flatbygd dialects'' (''Flatbygdmål'') ''(Lowland districts)'' *************''Vikværsk, Vikværsk dialects'' (''Vikværsk, Vikværsk dialects'') ''(Viken, Norway, Viken district)'' **************''Bohuslän dialect'' (''Bohuslänska'') ''(Bohuslän, Bohuslän province)'' **************''Oslo dialect'' ''(Oslo)'' **************''Andebu dialect'' (''Andebumål'') ''(Andebu)'' **************''Grenland dialect'' (''Grenlandsmål'') ''(Grenland, Grenland district)'' *************''Midtøstland dialects'' (''Midtøstlandsmål'') ''(Mid-east districts)'' **************''Ringerike dialects'' (''Ringeriksmål'') ''(Ringerike (traditional district), Ringerike district)'' ***************''Hønefoss dialect'' (''Hønefossdialekt'') ''(Hønefoss)'' ***************''Ådal dialect'' (''Ådalsmål'') ''(Ådal)'' *************''Oppland dialect'' (''Opplandsmål'') ''(Opplandene, Opplandene district)'' **************''Hedmark dialects'' ''(Hedmark)'' ***************''Solung dialect'' ''(Solung)'' ''(Solør)'' *************''Hadeland dialect'' (''Hadelandsdialekt'') ''(Hadeland, Hadeland district)'' *************''Østerdal dialect'' (''Østerdalsmål'') ''(Viken, Norway, Viken district)'' **************''Särna-Idremål, Särna-Idre dialect'' (''Särna-Idremål'') ''(Särna and Idre)'' ***********''Midland dialects (Norway)'' (''Midlandsmål'') ''(Midland districts)'' ************''Gudbrandsdalsmål, Gudbrandsdal dialect'' ''(Gudbrandsdalen, Oppland and Upper Folldal, Hedmark)'' ************''Hallingmål-Valdris, Hallingdal-Valdres dialects'' ''(Hallingdal, Valdres)'' *************''Hallingdal dialect'' (''Hallingdialekt'') *************''Valdris, Valdris dialect'' ''(Valdres, Valdres district)'' ************''Telemark-Numedal dialects'' ''(Telemark and Numedal)'' *************''Bø dialect'' ''(Bøhering (dialekt))'' ***********''other dialects'' **********''Vestlandsk'' ''(Western Norway, Western and Southern Norway)'' ***********''South'' (''Sørlandet''/''Sørlandsk'') ************''Arendalsk, Arendal dialect'' ''(Arendal, Arendal region)'' ************''Valle-Setesdalsk dialect'' (''Setesdalsk'') ''(Upper Setesdal, Valle, Norway, Valle)'' ***********''West'' ''(Vestlandet)'' ************''Southwest'' (''Sørvestlandsk'') *************''Jærsk dialect'' (''Jærsk'') ''(Jæren, Jæren district)'' **************''Sandnes-mål, Sandnes dialect'' ''(Sandnes)'' **************''Stavangersk, Stavanger dialect'' ''(Stavanger)'' *************''Karmøy dialect'' (''Karmøydialekt'') ''(Karmøy)'' *************''Haugesund dialect'' (''Haugesund-dialekt'') ''(Haugesund)'' *************''Bergensk, Bergen dialect'' (''Bergensk'') ''(Bergen)'' *************''Strilar dialect'' (''Strilamål'') ''(Midhordland, Midhordland district)'' *************''Sognamål, Sogn dialect'' ''(Sogn, Sogn district)'' ************''Nortthwest'' (''Nordvestlandsk'') *************''Sunnmøre dialect'' (''Sunnmørsdialekt'') ''(Sunnmøre)'' *************''Romsdal dialect'' (''Romsdalsdialekt'') ''(Romsdal)'' *************''Nordmøre dialects'' (''Nordmørsdialekt'') ''(Nordmøre)'' **************''Sunndalsøra dialect'' (''Sunndalsøramål'') ''(Sunndalsøra)'' ***********''other dialects'' **********''Trøndersk'' ''(Trøndelag)'' ***********''Outer Trøndersk'' ************''Fosen dialect'' (''Fosendialekt'') ''(Fosen)'' ***********''Inland Trøndersk'' ************''Meldal dialect'' ''(Meldal)'' ************''Tydal dialect'' (''Tydalsdialekt'') ''(Tydal)'' ************''Härjedal dialect'' (''Härjedalska'') ''(Härjedalen)'' ************''Jamtlandic, Old Jamtlandic'' ''(extinct)'' ''(Old dialect of Jämtland, Jämtland province before Swedish conquest at the 17th century, people shifted to a language with features with both Nynorsk Norwegian and Swedish language, Swedish)'' ***********''Namdalen dialect'' (''Namdalsmål'') ''(Namdalen)'' ***********''other dialects'' **********''Nordnorsk'' (''Nordnorsk'') ''(Northern Norway)'' ***********''Helgeland dialect'' (''Helgelandsk'') ''(Helgeland)'' ************''Brønnøy dialect'' ''(Brønnøy)'' ***********''Nordland dialect'' (''Nordlandsmål'') ''(Nordland)'' ************''Bodø dialect'' (''Bodødialekt'') ''(Bodø)'' ***********''Northern Norwegian'' ***********''other dialects'' ********Insular *********Faroese language, Early Faroese **********Faroese language, Old Faroese ***********Faroese language, Faroese (Faroese language, New Faroese) (''Føroyskt mál''/''Faeroese language, Færøsk sprog'') ************''North Faroese'' ************''South Faroese'' *********Norn language, Old Norn (extinct) **********Norn language, Norn (Shetland and Orkney) (extinct) ***********''Shetland Norn'' (extinct) ***********''Orkney Norn'' (extinct) ***********''Caithness Norn'' ''(in some areas of coastal Caithness)'' (extinct) *********Old Icelandic (was a dialect of Old Norse) **********Icelandic language, Icelandic (''Íslenska'') ***********Greenlandic Norse (in Norse Greenland, three main areas of settlement in southwestern coast of Greenland: Eastern Settlement, Middle Settlement and Western Settlement) (extinct)

Balto-Slavic languages

*Proto-Balto-Slavic language, Proto-Balto-Slavic (extinct) **Baltic languages ***Proto-Baltic (extinct) ****Eastern Baltic languages, Eastern Baltic (Dnieper Basin Baltic) (

) *****Dnieper Baltic ******Galindian language, East Galindian (extinct) *****Latvian language, Old Latvian (extinct) ******Latvian language, Latvian (Latvian language, Modern Latvian) (''Latviešu''/''Latviešu, Latviešu Valoda'') *******Latgalian language, Latgalian (Latgalian language, Upper Latgalian) (Latgalian language, Upper Latvian) (''Latgalian language, Latgalīšu Volūda'') (''Augšzemnieku dialekts'') (divergent enough to be considered a separate language from Latvian language, Latvian but closely related to it) (initially Latvian language, Latvian developed from the language of the Latgalians) ********''Latgalian Proper''/''Upper Latgalian Latvian'' *********''Southern'' *********''Central'' *********''Northern'' ********''Selonian Latgalian'' (''Sēliskās Izloksnes'') ''(Selonian language, Selonian substrate)'' ''(not confuse with Selonian language)'' *******Latvian language, Latvian (Latgalian language, Low Latvian) (''Latviešu''/''Latviešu, Latviešu Valoda'') ********''Middle Latvian''/''Central-Southwestern Latvian'' (''Vidus dialekts'') ''(Midus > Vidus)'' ''(basis of Standard Latvian but not identical)'' *********''Vidzeme-Semigallian'' **********''Vidzeme Latvian'' ''(Low Latgalian)'' (''Videzemes Izloksnes'') ''(initially Latvian language, Latvian developed from the language of the Latgalians)'' **********''Semigallian Latvian'' (''Zemgaliskās Izloksnes'') ''(Semigallian language, Semigallian substrate)'' ''(not to be confused with Semigallian language)'' *********''Curonian'' ''(Latvian Curonian)'' (''Kursiskās Izloksnes'') ''(Curonian language, Curonian substrate)'' ''(not to be confused with Curonian language)'' **********''Kursenieki language, Kursenieki'' () ''(Curonian substrate)'' ''(not to be confused with Curonian language)'' ''(dialect or language spoken by the Kursenieki)'' ********''Livonian Latvian'' (''Lībiskais dialekts'') ''(Livonian language, Livonian substrate)'' ''(not to be confused with Livonian language, Livonian)'' *********''Vidzeme Livonian Latvian'' (''Vidzemes Izloksnes'') ''(not to be confused with Livonian language, Livonian)'' *********''Courland Livonian Latvian'' (''Kurzemes Izloksnes'') ''(not to be confused with Curonian language, Curonian)'' *****Transitional Latvian-Lithuanian ******Selonian language, Selonian (extinct) ******Semigallian language, Semigallian (extinct) *****Old Lithuanian (extinct) ******Lithuanian language, Lithuanian (Lithuanian language, Modern Lithuanian) (''Lithuanian language, Lietuvių Kalba'') *******Aukštaitian dialect, Highland Lithuanian/Aukštaitian dialect, Aukštaitian (''Aukštaitian dialect, Aukštaičių'') (basis of Standard Lithuanian but not identical) ********''Eastern Aukštaitian'' ********''Southern Aukštaitian'' ''(Dzūkian)'' ********''Western Aukštaitian'' *******Samogitian dialect, Lowland Lithuanian/Samogitian dialect, Samogitian (''Samogitian language, Žemaičių''/''Samogitian language, Žemaitiu'') (Curonian language, Curonian substrate) ********''Southern Samogitian'' ********''Western Samogitian'' ********''Northern Samogitian'' ****Transitional East-West Baltic *****Curonian language, Curonian (disputed; see Curonian language#Origin, Origin of Curonian) (extinct) ****Western Baltic language, Western Baltic (Baltic Sea Coast Baltic) (

) *****Old Prussian language, Old Prussian/Baltic Prussian (''Prūsiskan''/''Prūsiskan, Prūsiska Billā'') (extinct) ******Prussian language, New Prussian/Old Prussian language, Neo-Prussian (Prussian language, Revived Prussian) (''Prūsiskan''/''Prūsiskan, Prūsiska Billā'') (revived language with 50 second language speakers, some children are natively bilingual) (not to be confused with Germanic Prussian – Low Prussian and High Prussian) *****Skalvians, Skalvian (extinct) *****Galindian language, West Galindian (extinct) *****Sudovian language, Sudovian (Yotvingian) (extinct) **Slavic languages *** Proto-Slavic (extinct) ****North Slavic languages, North Slavic (

) *****East Slavic languages/Northeast Slavic (

) ******Old Novgorodian-Pskovian (Archaic East Slavic/Northwest Old Slavic or a North Slavic proper group)? (extinct) *******Old Novgorod dialect, Old Novgorodian (extinct) ******Innovative East Slavic *******Old East Slavic (Old Russian, Ruthenian language, Old Rusyn, Old Ukrainian and Old Belarusian) (extinct) ********Ruthenian language, Ruthenian (Ruthenian language, Old Rusyn, Old Ukrainian and Old Belarusian) (extinct) *********''Southwest Old East Slavic'' ''(Ruthenian language, Old Rusyn)'' **********Rusyn language, Rusyn / Carpathian Rusyn (also known as Ruthenian, Rusinian) (Rusyn language, Pусиньскый язык/Rusyn language, Pуски язик – ''Rusyn language, Rusîn'skyj Jazyk'' / ''Rusyn language, Ruski Jazik'' / Pуснацькый язык - Rusnac'kyj jazyk / Πо-Hашому - Po Nashomu) (spoken by the Rusyns mainly in Carpathian Ruthenia, most in Zakarpattia Oblast, Transcarpathia, far southeastern Poland and far northeastern Slovakia and also in enclaves in Bačka, Vojvodina, northern Serbia; Slavonia, eastern

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; the Banat, southwestern Romania; and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia) ***********''Hutsulian'' / ''Gutsulian'' ''(dialect spoken by the Hutsuls or Hutsuls, Gutsuls)'' ***********''Boykian'' ''(dialect spoken by the Boykos)'' ***********''Dolinyan'' / ''Sub-Carpathian'' ***********''Lemkian'' ''(dialect spoken by the Lemkos)'' ***********''Rusyn diaspora dialects'' ************''Pannonian Rusyn language, Pannonian Rusyn'' / ''Pannonian Rusyn, Bačka Rusyn'' (''Pannonian Rusyn, Ruski jazik'') ************''Canadian Ukrainian'' (''Canadian Ukrainian, Kанадсько-українська мова'' – ''Canadian Ukrainian, Kanadsko-Ukraїnska Mova'') ''(more closely related to Rusyn language, Rusyn)'' *********''Southern Old East Slavic'' ''(Old Ukrainian)'' **********Ukrainian language, Ukrainian (Ukrainian language, Українська мова – ''Ukrainian language, Ukrayins'ka Mova'') (an older name was Ukrainian language, Little Russian – Ukrainian language, Малоросійський or Ukrainian language, Малорусский) ***********''Ukrainian dialects, Southern'' ************''Ukrainian dialects, South-Western'' ''(Ukrainian dialects, Western South)'' *************''Volynian''/''Volhylian'' *************''Podilian''/''Podolian'' *************''Upper Dniestrian'' *************''Sjanian''/''Sanian''/''Upper Sanian'' *************''Pokuttyan-Bukovynian'' ************''Ukrainian dialects, South-Eastern'' ''(Ukrainian dialects, Eastern South)'' *************''Middle Dnieprian'' ''(includes Kyiv, Cherkasy, Poltava)'' (basis of Ukrainian language, Modern Standard Ukrainian but not identical) **************''Kyiv (Kyyiv) dialect'' ''(in Kyiv, Kyyiv)'' *************''Slobozhan'' / ''Slodozian'' / ''Slododzian'' ''(in Sloboda Ukraine, Slobozhan or Sloboda Ukraine region)'' ''(in most regions it overlapps with Orlovskiy Russian dialect in a complex language situation)'' *************''Steppe Ukrainian'' ''(in most regions it overlapps with New Orlovskiy Russian, Surzhyk, Ukrainian language, Standard Ukrainian and Russian language, Standard Russian in a complex language situation)'' **************''Don Cossack'' ***************''Balachka'' ****************''Black Sea-Kuban Cossack'' ''(mixed and overlapped with New Orlovskiy Russian)'' ''(roughly in Krasnodar Krai, Krasnodar Kray including the Kuban (river) valley)'' ****************''Mountain Cossack'' ''(North Caucasus Cossack)'' ''(mixed and overlapped with New Orlovskiy Russian)'' ''(roughly in Krasnodar Krai, Krasnodar Kray)'' **********Transitional Ukrainian-Belarusian (Ukrainian dialects, Northern Ukrainian dialects) ***********Polesian language, Polesian/Polesian language, Polisian ************''Eastern Polesian'' ************''Central Polesian'' ************''West Polesian microlanguage, West Polesian'' *************''Motolian dialect, Motolian'' *********''Central Old East Slavic'' ''(Old Belarusian)'' **********Belarusian language, Belarusian (Belarusian language, Беларуская мова – ''Belarusian language, Biełaruskaja Mova'') ***********''Belarusian dialects, South-Western'' ************''Slutskian'' ************''Mazyrskian'' ************''Hrodzean-Baranavian'' ''(Hrodna-Baranavichy)'' ***********''Belarusian dialects, Middle'' (basis of Belarusian language, Modern Standard Belarusian but not identical) ************''Minskian (Menskian)'' ''(in Minsk, Mensk / Minsk)'' ***********''Belarusian dialects, North-Eastern'' ************''Polatskian'' ************''Vitsebskian'' ************''East-Mahilioŭian'' ''(East-Mogilevian)'' *********Transitional Belarusian-Russian (also included in the western group of Southern Russian dialects) **********''Smolenskian'' ''(Smolenskiy)'' ''(includes Smolensk, Nevel (town), Nevel', Klintsy)'' ********''Northeast Old East Slavic'' ''(Old Russian)'' *********Russian language, Russian (Russian language, Pусский язык – ''Russian language, Russkij Jazyk'' / ''Russian language, Russkiy Yazyk'') (an older name was Great Russian language, Great Russian – Great Russian language, великорусский) (distinction between russian dialects of primary formation and russian dialects of second formation is mainly chronological and geographical not genealogical) (dialects of primary formation correspond to Old Russia, mainly settled before 16th century, the Russian Core dialects in the central area of European Russia) (dialects of secondary formation correspond to the new territories where Russians expanded, mainly and especially after the Territorial evolution of Russia, Russian expansion and conquests from the 16th century until 19th centuries and the formation of a Russian diaspora outside Russia proper) **********''Southern Russian'' ***********''Western Southern Russian'' ************''Upper Dnieper'' ''(includes Vyazma, Vyaz'ma)'' ************''Upper Desna'' ''(includes Bryansk)'' ***********''Transitional Group A'' ''(between Western Southern Russian and Central Southern Russian)'' ''(includes Mosalsk, Mosal'sk, Zhizdra, Sevsk, Bryansk Oblast, Sevsk)'' ***********''Central Southern Russian'' / ''Oryol-Don'' / ''Kursk-Oryol'' ''(Orlovskiy – Orelian; Broad Orlovskiy)'' ''(includes Oryol or Oryol, Orel, Kursk, Belgorod, Kozelsk, Kozel'sk)'' ************''Orlovskiy Proper'' ''(origin in Oryol region)'' ''(spoken in east central and southern European Russia, including Russians in North Caucasus, and by many Russians in Eastern Ukraine and Southern Ukraine)'' ***********''Transitional Group B'' ''(Tul'skiy – Broad Tulian)'' ''(between Central Southern Russian or Orlovsky dialect, Orlovskiy, and Eastern Southern Russian or Ryazan'skiy dialect, Ryazan'skiy)'' ************''Tul'skiy dialect, Tul'skiy – Tul'skiy dialect, Tulian'' / ''Tul'skiy dialect, Tulian Proper'' ''(includes Kaluga, Tula, Russia, Tula, Serpukhov, Kolomna)'' ************''Yeletsian'' ''(includes Yelets)'' ************''Oskolian'' ''(includes Stary Oskol)'' ***********''Eastern Southern Russian'' ''(Ryazan'skiy dialect, Ryazan'skiy – Ryazan'skiy dialect, Ryazanian; Ryazan'skiy dialect, Broad Ryazanian)'' ''(origin in Ryazan, Ryazan' region)'' ''(east of the Don (river) and south of the Oka (river) )'' ''(includes Ryazan, Ryazan', Lipetsk, Voronezh, Tambov)'' ''(spoken in east central and southeast European Russia, in part of the Middle Volga and in the Lower Volga, Volga Delta and Orenburg Oblast, Orenburg region, and along the border with western Kazakhstan and the Ural (river), Ural river region)'' ''(in some regions it overlapps with Central Russian dialects)'' **********''Central-Northern Russian / Middle-Northern Russian'' ***********''Central Russian'' / ''Middle Russian'' ''(Transitional Northern-Southern Russian, has characteristics with both southern and northern dialects)'' ''(this dialectal area forms a big arc strip or bow-shaped strip, from northwest towards southeast, between southern and northern dialects, including both dialects of primary and second formation, from Saint Petersburg, Saint-Petersburg, passing by Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod, Tver, Tver', Moscow, Penza, Saratov and Volgograd, to Astrakhan)'' ************''West Central Russian'' / ''West Middle Russian'' ''(Novgorodskiy – Novgorodian)'' ''(Old Novgorodian substrate)'' *************''Groups with okanye'' **************''Gdov dialectal group'' ''(in Gdov city and region)'' **************''Novgorod dialectaL Group'' ''(in Luga, Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod, Valdaysky District, Valday)'' **************''Saint Petersburg dialect'' ''(in Saint Petersburg city and region)'' *************''Mixed Pskov-Gdov dialect'' **************''Lake Peipus dialect'' (''Lake Peipus dialect, Prichudskiy Govor'') *************''Groups with akanye'' **************''Pskov dialectal group'' ''(Pskovskiy – Pskovian)'' ''(in Pskov, Velikiye Luki, Toropets)'' ''(some features, but less, are transitional to Smolensk dialect and Belarusian language, Belarusian)'' **************''Seligerian-Torzhokian dialectal group'' ''(includes Lake Seliger, Seliger Lake region in the Volga river high course)'' ''(in Ostashkov, Rzhev, Torzhok)'' ************''East Central Russian'' / ''East Middle Russian'' ''(Moskovskiy – Broad Moskovian, dialects closer to Moscovian)'' *************''Groups with okanye'' ''(Vladimirsko-Povolzhskaya – Vladimirian-Volgian)'' ''(some characteristics are transitional and common to Northern Russian dialects)'' **************''Tverian'' or ''Western'' ''(in Tver, Tver' and Klin, Klinsky District, Moscow Oblast, Klin)'' **************''Central'' ''(mainly between Volga and Oka (river), Oka rivers)'' ''(in Vladimir, Russia, Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov in the Volga, Ivanovo)'' **************''Nizhny Novgorodian'' or ''Eastern'' ''(in Murom and Nizhny Novgorod)'' *************''Groups with akanye'' ''(includes Moscow, Yegoryevsk, Kasimov, Temnikov and Nizhny Lomov)'' **************''Group A'' – ''Moscow dialect, Moscovian Proper / Moscow dialect'' ''(in Moscow city and region)'' ''(basis of Standard Russian, Modern Standard Russian but not identical)'' **************''Group B'' – ''Yegoryevsk-Kasimovian'' ''(in Yegoryevsk)'' **************''Group V (C)'' – ''Temnikov-Nizhny Lomov'' ''(in Temnikov and Nizhny Lomov)'' *************''Chukhloma dialect'' ''(in Chukhloma region)'' ''(a central Russian dialectal island)'' *************''Samara dialect'' ''(in Samara city and region)'' ''(forms a dialectal island)'' *************''Astrakhan Russian'' ''(in Astrakhan city and region)'' ***********''Northern Russian'' ************''Western'' *************''Ladoga-Tikhvin'' ''(in Novaya Ladoga and Tikhvin)'' ************''Eastern'' *************''Vologda-Vyatka'' / ''Vologda-Kirov'' ''(Vologodsko-Vyatskiy – Vologdian-Vyatian)'' ''(in Vologda, Kirov, Kirov Oblast, Vyatka or Kirov, Kirov Oblast, Kirov and Perm, Russia, Perm city and region)'' *************''Kostroma-Yaroslavl'' ''(in Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl' and Kostroma)'' ************''Transitional groups'' *************''Onegian dialect, Onegian'' / ''Olonetsian Russian'' (Olonetian Russian, Olonetskiy) ''(in south Lake Onega, Onega Lake region)'' ''(includes Vytegra)'' ''(not to be confused with Olonets language, Olonets or Livvi-Karelian language, Livvi-Karelian, an Uralic languages, Uralic language)'' ''(Livvi-Karelian language, Olonets / Livvi-Karelian language, Livvi Karelian substrate and influence)'' *************''Lachian Russian dialect, Lachian'' ''(eastern region of Lake Lacha)'' *************''Belozersk-Bezhetsk'' ''(in Belozersk, Bezhetsk, Cherepovets)'' ************''Pomor dialects'' ''(traditionally they were spoken by the Pomors in the northern coastal regions of the White Sea and Barents Sea, and also more inland, in the arctic regions of European Russia)'' ''(includes Arkhangelsk and Murmansk)'' ************''Siberian Russian dialects'' ''(a group of dialects in a very big landmass language area, in

, in the broadsense also including the Russian Far East)'' ''(the dialects of the Siberians, Siberian Russians and other Starozhily Russians were formed mainly on the basis of Northern Russian dialects, Northern Russian dialects although there was also contribution from the dialects of Russian settlers speaking dialects of Central Russian dialects, Middle and Southern Russian dialects, Southern groups)'' *************''Alaskan Russian'' ''(still spoken in some scattered villages in Alaska, in Kodiak Island, Kodiak island and Ninilchik, Alaska, Ninilchik, by the Alaskan Creole people, Alaskan Creoles, they are distinct from the Russian Americans)'' ***********''Russian diaspora dialects'' ''(spoken by ethnic Russians Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states, outside Russia, they have several dialectal group afilliations, a geographical grouping of dialects)'' ************''Eastern Europe'' *************''Russian language in Belarus, Belarusian Russian'' ''(spoken by a significant number of Belarusians throughout Belarus)'' ''(Belarusian language, Belarusian influence and substrate)'' *************''Russian language in Ukraine, Ukrainian Russian'' ''(spoken by a significant number of Ukrainians, mainly in Eastern Ukraine, Eastern and Southern Ukraine, Southern Ukraine)'' ''(Ukrainian language, Ukrainian influence and substrate)'' **************''Odessan Russian dialect, Odessan Russian'' ''(in Odessa or Odessa, Odesa, southwestern Ukraine)'' *************''Transdnistrian Russian dialect, Transdnistrian Russian'' ''(spoken in Transnistria, Transdnistria, a List of states with limited recognition, self-proclaimed state, to the east of Dniester river, far eastern Moldova and between Ukraine and Moldova by Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states, Ethnic Russians and others)'' *************''East Baltic Region'' **************''Russian language in Estonia, Estonian Russian'' ''(spoken by Russians in Estonia)'' **************''Russian language in Latvia, Latvian Russian'' ''(spoken by Russians in Latvia)'' **************''Russian language in Lithuania, Lithuanian Russian'' ''(spoken by Russians in Lithuania)'' ************''

'' *************''Kazakhstan Russian'' ''(spoken by Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states, ethnic Russians mainly in the northern regions of Kazakhstan by Russians in Kazakhstan)'' ************''Northern America'' *************''Doukhobor Russian, Doukhobor'' (Doukhobor Russian, Диалект духоборов Канады – ''Dialekt Duchoborov Kanady'') ''(traditionally it was spoken by the Doukhobors, later, at the end of the 19th century, they migrated to the Provinces and territories of Canada, provinces of Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, western Canada)'' ''(heterogeneous dialectal origin, has features both with Southern Russian dialects, Southern Russian dialects as well as with Central or Central Russian dialects, Middle Russian ones)'' ***********''Russian spoken as first or second language by Non-Ethnic Russians'' ''(higher influence from native languages and substrates)'' ************''Caucasus'' *************''Abkhaz Russian'' ''(Russian spoken by the Abkhazians)'' *************''Chechen Russian'' ''(Russian spoken by the Chechens)'' *************''Dagestani Russian'' ''(Russian spoken by the many ethnic groups of Dagestan)'' *************''Armenian Russian'' ''(Russian spoken by Armenians)'' ************''Central Asia'' *************Kazakhstani Russian ''(Russian spoken by the Kazakhs)'' ''(not the same as Russian language, Russian of the Ethnic Russians in Kazakhstan)'' *************Kyrgyzstani Russian ''(Russian spoken by the Kyrgyz people, Kyrgyz)'' ************''Israel'' *************''Russian language in Israel, Israeli Russian'' ''(Russian spoken by History of the Jews in Russia, Russian Empire Jews and Ethnic Jews that came from former Soviet Union Republics to Israel before but mainly after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union)'' *********Transitional Russian-Ukrainian **********Goryun language, Goryun / Goryun language, Horyun *********''Mixed Russian-Ukrainian dialectal area'' **********''Mixed Orlovskiy Russian and Steppe Ukrainian dialectal area'' ''(roughly in Krasnodar Krai, Krasnodar Kray, including the Kuban (river), Kuban river valley)'' *****West Slavic languages / Northwest Slavic (

) ******Lechitic languages, Lechitic *******Old Polish language, Old Polish (extinct) ********Middle Polish (extinct) *********Polish language, Polish (''Polish language, Polski''/''Polish language, Język Polski''/''Polish language, Polszczyzna'') **********''Lesser Polish dialect, Lesser Polish'' (''Lesser Polish, Dialekt Małopolski'') **********''Kresy dialect, Southern Kresy''/''Podolian-Volhynian Polish'' ''(has affinities with Lesser Polish dialect, Lesser Polish)'' ''(spoken in isolated pockets or enclaves in Ukraine)'' ''(included Lwów, today's Lviv)'' ''(Eastern Polish dialect in the former East Poland territories lost to the Soviet Union in 1945)'' **********''Gorals, Goralian/Podhale dialect, Podhale'' (''Highlander Polish dialects'') ''(has several affinities with Lesser Polish dialect but it's not a simple subdialect of it)'' **********''Transitional Lesser Polish-Greater Polish-Mazovian'' ''(also included as subdialects of Lesser Polish or of Greater Polish)'' ''(Central Polish)'' ***********''Sieradzanian'' ***********''Łęczytsanian'' ''(includes Lodz, Łódz)'' **********''Greater Polish'' ***********''Srodkowa'' ''(includes Poznan and Gniezno)'' ***********''Kujawy dialect, Kujawy'' (in Kuyavia) **********''Masovian dialect, Masovian''/''Mazovian dialect, Mazovian'' ''(basis of Polish language, Modern Standard Polish but not identical)'' ***********''Warsaw dialect'' ''(Warsaw dialect, Old Warsaw dialect)'' ''(nearly extinct)'' ''(modern Warsaw dialect is close to standard Polish)'' **********''Kresy dialect, Northern Kresy'' ''(Belarusian Polish)'' ''(has affinities with Mazovian dialect, Mazovian)'' ''(spoken along the border between Lithuania and Belarus)'' ''(spoken mainly by the Polish minority in lithuania, Polish minorities in Lithuania and in Polish minority in Belarus, Belarus)'' ''(Eastern Polish dialect in the former East Poland territories lost to the Soviet Union in 1945)'' ***********Masurian dialect, Masurian/Masurian dialect, Mazurian (divergent enough to be considered a separate language from Polish language, Polish although closely related to it) **********''New Mixed Dialects'' ''(in what is called Recovered Territories of western and far northern Poland, former ethnic and linguistic Germans, German majority territories of Silesia, Pomerania, East Brandenburg and most of East Prussia annexed in 1945 to Poland; several speakers of eastern Polish dialects settled in these regions and mixed with other polish dialect speakers)'' *******Pomeranian language, Pomeranian ********Kashubian language, Kashubian (''Kaszëbsczi''/''Kaszëbsczi, Kaszëbsczi Jãzëk'') *********''Northern Kashubian'' *********''Middle Kashubian'' *********''Southern Kashubian'' ********Slovincian language, Slovincian (''Slovincian language, Słowińskô Mòwa'') (extinct) *******Polabian language, Polabian (extinct) *******Sorbian languages, Sorbian (Sorbian languages, Lusatian) (in Lusatia) ********Lower Sorbian language, Lower Sorbian (''Lower Sorbian language, Dolnoserbšćina''/''Lower Sorbian language, Dolnoserbski'') ********Upper Sorbian language, Upper Sorbian (''Upper Sorbian language, Hornjoserbšćina''/''Upper Sorbian language, Hornjoserbsce'') ******Transitional Polish-Czech *******Silesian language, Upper Silesian (Silesian language, Slavic Silesian) (''Silesian language, Ślōnskŏ gŏdka''/''Silesian language, Ślůnsko godka'') (disputed as separate language from Polish language, Polish) ********''Southern Silesian'' *********''Cieszyn Silesian dialect, Cieszyn Silesian'' ''(Teschin Silesian)'' (''Cieszyn Silesian dialect, Po Naszymu'') ********''Central Silesian'' *********''Sulkovian dialect, Sulkovian'' *********''Prudnik dialect, Prudnik'' ********''Northern Silesian'' *********''Niemodlin dialect, Niemodlin'' ********''Lach dialects, Lachian'' ''(in parts of Moravian Silesia)'' ******Czech-Slovak languages, Czech-Slovak *******Czech language, Czech (Czech language, Slavic Bohemian-Moravian) (''Čeština''/''Čeština, Český Jazyk'') ********''Czech language, Czech proper'' (''čeština''/''český jazyk'') *********''Czech language, Standard Czech'' *********''Common Czech'' ''(spoken primarily in and around Prague)'' *********''Slavic Bohemian''/''Bohemian'' **********''Northeastern Bohemian dialects'' ***********''Krkonoše subgroup'' **********''Central Bohemian dialects'' ***********''Bohemian Praguian'' **********''Southwestern Bohemian dialects'' ***********''Chod dialect, Chod subgroup'' ***********''Doudleby subgroup'' ********''Transitional Bohemian (Czech)-Moravian'' *********''Bohemian–Moravian dialects'' ********''Moravian dialects, Moravian'' (''Moravian dialects, Moravská Nářečí''/''Moravian dialects, Moravština'') *********''Central Moravian dialects'' **********''Tišnov subgroup'' ********''New Mixed dialects''/''Peripheral Czech dialects'' ''(in former ethnic and linguistic Germans, German majority territories of the Sudeten Germans, Sudetenland, that where annexed to Czechoslovakia in 1945, border region of what is today the Czech Republic with Germany, Austria and Poland)'' *******Transitional Moravian-Slovak (Moravian dialects, Eastern Moravian dialects) ********''Moravian Slovakia, Moravian Slovak'' ********''Moravian Wallachian dialect, Moravian Wallachian'' ''(dialect of the Moravian Vlachs – at first a Romance languages, Romance-speaking and Eastern Orthodox, Orthodox Christian transhumant pastoral farming, pastoralist people, they were originally Vlachs, i.e. Romanians, originating in Transylvania, central Romania, and migrated along the Carpathian Mountains towards northwest, they were Slavicized over time)'' ''(Romanian language, Romanian substrate)'' *******Slovak language, Slovak/Slovakian language, Slovakian (''Slovak language, Slovenčina''/''Slovak language, Slovenský Jazyk'') ********''Western Slovak'' *********''Northern'' *********''Southwest'' *********''Southeast'' ********''Central Slovak'' *********''Northern'' *********''Southern'' **********''Lowland Slovak'' ''(Dolnozemské)'' ''(outside Slovakia in the Pannonian Plain in Serbian Vojvodina, and in southeastern Hungary, western Romania, and the

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n part of Syrmia)'' ********''Eastern Slovak dialects, Eastern Slovak'' *********''Southwest'' *********''Central'' *********''Eastern'' *******Knaanic language, Knaanic (Judaeo-Czech) (from ''Knaan'' – Canaan, "language of Canaan") (extinct) ****South Slavic languages (

) *****Western South Slavic/Southwest South Slavic (

) ******Slovene language, Slovene (''Slovene language, Slovenščina''/''Slovene language, Slovenski Jezik'') *******''Pannonian dialect group, Pannonian'' ''(Pannonian dialect group, Pannonian Slovene)'' ********''Prekmurje Slovene'' ''(Prekmurje Slovene, Wendisch)'' *******''Styrian dialect group, Styrian'' ''(Styrian dialect group, Styrian Slovene)'' ''(includes Maribor)'' *******''Carinthian dialect group, Carinthian'' ''(Carinthian dialect group, Carinthian Slovene)'' *******''Resian dialect, Resian'' *******''Littoral dialect group, Littoral'' ''(includes Koper and Piran)'' *******''Upper Carniolan dialect group, Upper Carniolan'' ''(includes Ljubljana)'' *******''Lower Carniolan dialect group, Lower Carniolan'' *******''Rovte dialect group, Rovte'' ******Transitional Slovene-Serbo-Croatian *******Kajkavian dialect, Kajkavian (''Kajkavica''/''Kajkavština'') ******Serbo-Croatian (''Srpskohrvatski''/''Srpskohrvatski, Hrvatskosrpski'' – Srpskohrvatski, Cрпскохрватски/Srpskohrvatski, Xрватскосрпски) *******''Chakavian dialect, Chakavian'' (''čakavica''/''čakavština'') ********''Burgenland Croatian'' *******''Shtokavian dialect, Shtokavian'' (''štokavski''/''Štokavski, štokavski dijalekt'') (basis of Serbo-Croatian Language, Serbo-Croatian but not identical) ********''Old-Shtokavian'' *********''Western Shtokavian'' **********''Slavonian/Archaic Šćakavian'' ''(in Slavonia, East part of Croatia)'' **********''East Bosnian/Jekavian-Šćakavian'' ''(basis of Standard Bosnian but not identical)'' ***********''Bosnian language, Bosnian'' ''(official language of Bosnia and Herzegovina called Bosnian language, Bosnian, accurately it is a Serbo-Croatian Language, Serbo-Croatian dialect part of its

)'' *********''Eastern Shtokavian'' **********''Zeta–Raška/Đekavian-Ijekavian'' ''(Zeta–South Sandžak)'' ''(basis of Standard Montenegrin but not identical)'' ***********''Montenegrin language, Montenegrin'' ''(official language of

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called Montenegrin language, Montenegrin, accurately it is a Serbo-Croatian Language, Serbo-Croatian dialect part of its

)'' **********''Resava-Kosovo/Older Ekavian'' ********''Neo-Shtokavian, New Shtokavian/Neo-Shtokavian'' *********''Western Shtokavian'' **********''Bosnian-Dalmatian/Western Ikavian/Younger Ikavian'' ***********''Slavomolisano dialect, Slavomolisano'' ''(Molise Croatian)'' ***********''Bunjevac dialect, Bunjevac'' *********''Eastern Shtokavian'' **********''Šumadija–Vojvodina dialect, Šumadija–Vojvodina/Younger Ekavian'' ''(in Northern Serbia)'' ''(basis of Standard Serbian but not identical)'' ***********''Serbian language, Serbian'' ''(official language of Serbia called Serbian language, Serbian, accurately it is a Serbo-Croatian Language, Serbo-Croatian dialect part of its

)'' **********''Smederevo-Vršac'' **********''Eastern Herzegovinian'' ''(basis of Standard Croatian but not identical)'' ''(also spoken by most Bosnian and Croatian Serbs/Krajina Serbs)'' ***********''Croatian language, Croatian'' ''(official language of

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called Croatian language, Croatian, except for Kajkavian, accurately it is a Serbo-Croatian Language, Serbo-Croatian dialect part of its

)'' ***********''Dubrovnik subdialect'' *****Transitional West-East South Slavic ******Torlakian dialect, Torlakian (also belong to Old Shtokavian) (Torlakian dialect, Торлачки/Torlakian dialect, Торлашки – ''Torlakian dialect, Torlački''/''Torlakian dialect, Torlashki'') *******''South Morava-Prizren'' *******''Svriljig-Zaplanje'' *******''Timok-Lužnica'' *******''Macedonian dialects, Northern Macedonian dialects'' ''(in Kumanovo, Kratovo, North Macedonia, Kratovo, Kriva Palanka)'' ''(are closer to Torlakian)'' *******''Gora dialect'' *****Eastern South Slavic/Southeast South Slavic (

) ******Old Church Slavonic, Old Eastern South Slavic/Old Church Slavonic, Old Slavonic/Old Church Slavonic, Old Slavic/Old Bulgarian (Old Church Slavonic, ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ ⰧⰈⰟⰊⰍⰟ – Old Church Slavonic, Cловѣ́ньскъ ѩꙁꙑ́къ – ''Old Church Slavonic, Slověnĭskŭ Językŭ'') (extinct) (the language that is inaccurately called Church Slavonic was not only or not exclusively a Liturgical language, liturgical or sacred language as it was the Old Eastern South Slavic language, common ancestor of Bulgarian language, Slavic Bulgarian and Slavic Macedonian languages) (it was the neighbouring Slavic language of Greek to the North and was chosen by the Greeks, Greek Eastern Orthodox Church, Christian Orthodox brothers from Thessaloniki, apostles Cyril and Methodius, to be the liturgical language used in their Christianity, Christian preaching to the Christianization of Slavs, Slavs) *******''Old Church Slavonic'' (''Old Church Slavonic, Црькъвьнословѣньскъ ѩзыкъ'' – ''Church Slavonic language, Tsrĭkŭvĭnoslověnĭskŭ Językŭ'') ''(the specific liturgical variant of Old Church Slavonic, Old Eastern South Slavic, it had several Greek language, Greek Borrowing (linguistics), language borrowings for several theological Christianity, Christian concepts and ideas that were passed to other Slavic languages, especially those Slavic languages that were spoken by Eastern Orthodox Church, Christian Orthodox Slavs)'' (extinct) ********Church Slavonic (Church Slavonic language, Црькъвьнословѣньскъ ѩзыкъ – ''Church Slavonic language, Tsrĭkŭvĭnoslověnĭskŭ Językŭ'') (Conservative (language), conservative Slavic languages, Slavic Liturgical language, liturgical or sacred language used by the Eastern Orthodox Church in several Slavic countries that descends from Old Church Slavonic) (contrary to the language called inaccurately Old Church Slavonic, accurately it is Old Eastern South Slavic, it is a specific Liturgical language, liturgical or sacred language) *******Bulgarian language, Bulgarian-Macedonian language, Macedonian ********Bulgarian language, Bulgarian (Bulgarian language, Slavic Bulgarian/Bulgarian language, Seven Tribes Slavic) (Bulgarian language, български – ''Bulgarian language, Bălgarski''/Bulgarian language, языкъ словяньскъ – ''Bulgarian language, Jazykŭ Slovyanĭskŭ'') (old east south Slavic people, the Seven Slavic tribes and other Slavic tribes, who called their own language simply as "Slavic", later adopted the adjective "Bulgarian" for the language based on the name of most of their ruling elite – the Bulgars, that were of Turkic peoples, Turkic non-Indo-European peoples, Indo-European origin and founded the Bulgarian Empire) *********''Bulgarian dialects, Western Bulgarian'' **********''Northwestern Bulgarian dialects, Northwestern'' **********''Southwestern Bulgarian dialects, Southwestern'' **********Macedonian language, Macedonian (Slavic Macedonian Language, Slavic Macedonian/Slavic Macedonian language, Vardar Slavic) (Macedonian language, македонски/Macedonian language, македонски Jазик – ''Macedonian language, Makedonski''/''Macedonian language, Makedonski Jazik'') (often included in the Western Bulgarian dialects of the Eastern South Slavic

) (old east south Slavic people, composed of several Slavic tribes, who called their own language simply as "Slavic", later adopted the adjective "Macedonian" for the language based on the name of the former East Roman Empire Province called Macedonia (Roman province), Macedonia that had this name by reference of the ancient Hellenic people – the Macedonians (ancient people), Macedonians, although most of the territory of Modern North Macedonia was Paeonia (kingdom), Paeonia) (not to be confused with the Macedonian Greek dialect spoken by the Macedonians (Greeks), Macedonian Greeks) ***********''Standard Macedonian'' ''(Standard Macedonian, Standard Slavic Macedonian)'' ***********''Macedonian dialects, Eastern and Southern dialects'' ***********''Macedonian dialects, Western dialects'' *********''Bulgarian dialects, Eastern Bulgarian'' **********''Balkan dialects of Bulgarian, Balkan (Stara Planina)'' ''(Central)'' **********''Moesian dialects, Moesian'' ''(Northeastern)'' **********''Rup dialects, Rup'' ''(Southeastern)'' ***********''Banat Bulgarian dialect, Banat Bulgarian''

Indo-Iranian languages

*Proto-Indo-Iranian language, Proto-Indo-Iranian (extinct)

Iranian languages

*Proto-Iranian language, Proto-Iranian **Old-Iranian (extinct) ***Eastern Iranian languages ****Old East Iranian (extinct) *****Northeastern Iranian languages ******Northeastern Iranian, Old Northeast Iranian *******Scytho-Sarmatian language, Scytho-Sarmatian ********Scythian languages, Scythian (extinct) ********Sarmatian languages, Sarmatian (extinct) *********Alanic language, Alanic (extinct) **********Ossetian language, Ossetian (Iron Ossetian, Iron and Digor language, Digor are divergent enough to be considered two separate although closely related languages) ***********Iron Ossetian ( Iron Ossetian, Ирон – ''Iron Ossetian, Iron'' or Iron Ossetian, Ирон ӕвзаг – ''Iron Ossetian, Iron ævzag'') ************''Ir Ossetian, Ir'' ************''Tagaur Ossetian, Tagaur'' ************''Alagir Ossetian, Alagir'' ************''Kurtat Ossetian, Kurtat'' ***********Digor language, Digor Ossetian (Digor Ossetian, дигорон – ''Digor Ossetian, Digoron'') ************''Digor Proper'' ************''Tual Ossetian, Tual'' ************''Jassic dialect, Jassic'' ''(extinct)'' ''(Ossetian language, Ossetic variant, more closely related to Digor language, Digor, of a nomadic tribe, the Jassic people, settled in Hungary at the 13th century, in Jaszsag)'' ''(not confuse with the language of the Iazyges, a related but separate language)'' ********Saka languages, Scytho-Khotanese (Saka language, Saka) (extinct) *********''Tumshuqese'' ''(extinct)'' ''(was spoken in the Tumxuk Kingdom)'' *********''Saka languages, Kanchaki'' ''(extinct)'' ''(was spoken in the Shule Kingdom, Kashgar Kingdom/Shule Kingdom)'' *********''Khotanese language, Khotanese'' ( ''Khotanese language, Khotanai''/''Khotanese language, Hvatanai''/''Khotanese language, Gaustanai''/''Khotanese language, Gostanai''/''Khotanese language, Kustanai''/''Khotanese language, Yūttinai'') ''(extinct)'' ''(was spoken in the Kingdom of Khotan)'' ******List of Southeastern Iranian languages, Southeastern Iranian languages *******Southeastern Iranian, Old Southeast Iranian ********Khwarazmian language, Khwarazmian/Chorasmian language, Chorasmian (extinct) (was spoken in Khwarazm – ''Khwarazm, Xwârazm'' or ''Khwarazm, Xârazm'', Khwarazm, Xvairizem, Khwarazm, Huwarazmish, from ''Kh(w)ar'' "Low" and ''Zam'' "Land") (closely related to Sogdian language, Sogdian) ********Old Sogdian *********Sogdian language, Sogdian (was spoken in Sogdiana and was the Silk Road's lingua franca in

) (extinct) (closely related to Khwarazmian language, Khwarazmian) *********''North Sogdian'' *********''South Sogdian'' **********''Osrushana Sogdian'' ''(was spoken in Osrushana)'' ***********Yaghnobi language (Yaghnobi language, йағнобӣ зивок – ''Yaghnobi language, Yaɣnobī́ zivók'') (Yaghnobi language, Neo-Sogdian, Yaghnobi language, New Sogdian, Yaghnobi language, Modern Sogdian) (spoken in the upper valley of the Yaghnob River in the Zarafshan area of Tajikistan by the Yaghnobi people) ************''Yaghnobi language, Western Yaghnobi'' ************''Yaghnobi language, Eastern Yaghnobi'' ********Avestan language, Avestan/Zend language, Zend (Classical language, Classical and sacred language of ancient Iran, language of Zoroastrian religion and of their sacred book – the Avesta) (extinct) (Conservative (language), archaic

that was originally spoken in ancient Margiana, Aria (region), Aria, Bactria and Arachosia, roughly corresponding with a large part of today's Afghanistan, especially the northwest and north) *********Old Avestan (extinct) **********Younger Avestan (extinct) *********Margian language, Margian (was spoken in Margiana, roughly corresponding with most of today's Turkmenistan) (extinct) *********Aryan of Aria language, Aryan of Aria (was spoken in Aria (region), Aria, roughly corresponding with today's Herat Province) (extinct) ******** Bactrian (Bactrian language, Αριαο – ''Bactrian language, Aryao'' = ''Bactrian language, Aryā''; αο = ao = ā) (extinct) (was spoken in Bactria – Bactria, βαχλο – ''Bactria, Bakhlo'') ********Munji-Yidgha (could descend from Bactrian or was part of an Eastern Iranian languages, Eastern Iranian dialect chain intermediate between Bactrian and other Iranian languages such as Pashto, Old Pashto) (classified as Pamir languages because of geographical position not genealogical) *********Munji language, Munji (Munji language, مونجى – ''Munji language, Munji'') **********''Munji language, Northern Munji'' ''(Munji language, Mamalghan)'' **********''Munji language, Southern Munji'' ''(Munji language, Munjan)'' *********Yidgha language, Yidgha (Yidgha language, یدغہ – ''Yidgha language, Yidgha'') *********Sarghulami (extinct) ********Shughni-Yazgulami (classified as Pamir languages because of geographical position not genealogical) *********Vanji-Yazgulami **********Vanji language, Vanji / Old Wanji (extinct) (it was spoken in the Vanj River valley in what is now the Gorno-Badakhshan) **********Yazghulami language, Yazgulyam (''Yazghulami language, Yuzdami zevég'') ***********''Yazghulami language, Lower Yazgulami'' ***********''Yazghulami language, Upper Yazgulami'' *********Rushani *********Oroshori language, Oroshori (Roshorvi) *********Shughni language, Shughni/Shughni language, Khughni (Shughni language, Shughni Proper) (Shughni language, хуг̌ну̊н зив – ''Shughni language, Xuǧnůn ziv'') *********Khufi language, Khufi (divergent enough from Shughni language, Shughni to be considered a separate language although closely related to it) *********Bartangi (divergent enough from Shughni language, Shughni to be considered a separate language although closely related to it) *********Sarikoli language, Sarikoli/Tashkorghani language, Tashkorghani (Sarikoli language, Tоҷик зив – ''Sarikoli language, Tujik ziv'' / ''Sarikoli language, Sariqöli Ziv'') (although the language is also called Tajik, as the people who speak it, in Taxkorgan Tajik Autonomous County, Far Southwest Xinjiang, West China, it's not Tajik language, Tajik and is more closely related to the Eastern Iranian languages, Eastern Iranian ones) (it is a remnant of the Iranian languages once spoken in Xinjiang or East Turkistan) (spoken by the Tajiks of Xinjiang, Sarikol – Tajiks of Xinjiang) ********Sanglechi-Ishkashimi / Zebaki (classified as Pamir languages because of geographical position not genealogical) *********Sanglechi language, Sanglechi (Sanglechi language, Sanglechi-Warduji) *********Ishkashimi language, Ishkashimi (''Ishkashimi language, Škošmī zəvuk''/''Ishkashimi language, Rənīzəvuk'') **********''Afghanistan Ishkashimi'' **********''Tajikistan Ishkashimi'' ********Wakhi language, Wakhi (Wakhi language, وخی – ''Wakhi language, x̌ik zik'') (it is spoken mainly in the Wakhan Corridor) (classified as Pamir languages because of geographical position not genealogical) (seem to have Saka language, Saka influence) ********Ormuri-Parachi *********Ormuri (Ormuri language, زبان ارموری – Ormuri language, Oormuri, Ormuri language, Urmuri, Ormuri language, Bargista, Ormuri, Baraks, and Ormuri language, Baraki) **********''Kaniguram'' ''(in Kaniguram Valley, South Waziristan, F.A.T.A., Northwest Pakistan)'' **********''Baraki-Barak'' (in Baraki Barak town, Baraki Barak District, Logar Province, Southeastern Afghanistan) *********Parachi (mainly in the upper part of Nijrab District, northeast of Kabul) ********Drangian language, Drangian (was spoken in Drangiana) (extinct) ********Arachosian language, Arachosian (was spoken in Arachosia) (extinct) *********Pakhto, Old Pakhto **********Pakhto language, Pakhto/Pashto Language, Pashto/Pasto language, Pathan (Pashto Language, پښتو – ''Pashto Language, Pax̌tō''/''Pashto Language, Pashtō'') (

) ***********Northern Pashto (Pakhto language, Pakhto) (Northern variety) (Northern Pashto, Northern-Central Pakhto) (Northern Pashto, Yusufzai) ( Northern Pashto, یوسفزئی پښتو – ''Pashto Language, Pax̌tō'') (divergent enough to be considered a separate language with its own dialects, although closely related to the other Pakhto or Pashto languages) ************''Northern Pashto, Northern dialect'' ''(or Eastern dialect)'' ''(Northern Proper/Eastern Proper)'' ************''Yusufzai dialect'' ''(or Northeastern dialect)'' ************''Northern Karlani group'' *************''Taniwola dialect'' *************''Khosti dialect'' *************''Zadran dialect'' *************''Bangash dialect'' ''(spoken by the Bangash)'' *************''Afridi dialect'' ''(spoken by the Afridi)'' *************''Khogyani dialect'' *************''Wardak dialect'' ************Transitional Northern-Southern Pashto *************Central Pashto (Ghilji Pakhto) (or Northwestern dialect) (Central Pashto, منځنۍ پښتو – ''Central Pashto, Manźanəi Pax̌to'') (divergent enough to be considered a separate language with its own dialects, although closely related to the other Pakhto or Pashto languages) (Basis of Standard Pakhto/Pashto but not identical) ***********Southern Pashto (Pashto Language, Pashto) (Southern variety) (Southwestern Pashto) (Kandahari Pashto) (Kandahari pashto, کندهارۍ پښتو – ''Kandahari Pashto'') ************''Southern Pashto, Durrani dialect'' ''(or Southern dialect)'' ''(Southern Proper)'' ************''Kakar dialect'' ''(or Southeastern dialect)'' ************''Shirani dialect'' ************''Marwat-Bettani dialect'' ''(spoken by the Marwat and the Bettani)'' ************''Southern Karlani group'' *************''Dawarwola dialect'' *************''Khattak dialect'' *************''Bannuchi dialect'' ''(spoken by the Bannuchi)'' Wanetsi, Tsalga *************''Wazirwola dialect'' ''(in Waziristan)'' *************''Masidwola dialect'' ''(spoken by the Masid (Pashtun tribe), Mehsuds/Masid (Pashtun tribe), Masid)'' **********Wanetsi (Pashto dialect), Wanetsi (Wanetsi, Tarīnō/Wanetsi, Chalgarī) (Wanetsi, وڼېڅي – Wanetsi, Waṇētsī; Wanetsi, ترينو – Wanetsi, Tarīnō; Wanetsi, څلګري – Tsalgarī) (an archaic and divergent Pakhto/Pashto variety) (divergent enough to be considered a separate language with its own dialects, although closely related to the other Pakhto or Pashto languages) *********Gedrosian language, Gedrosian (was spoken in Gedrosia/Gwadar/Maka?, roughly corresponding with today's Makran, Balochistan) (extinct) ***Western Iranian languages ****Old West Iranian (extinct) *****List of Northwestern Iranian languages, Northwestern Iranian languages / Northwestern Iranian, Northern Western Iranian ******Median language, Median/Median language, Medic (was the language of the Medes) (extinct) *******Northwestern I ********Kurdish languages, Kurdish (

) *********Laki language, Laki (Laki language, لکي – ''Laki language, Lekî'') **********''Pish-e Kuh Laki'' **********''Posht-e Kuh Laki'' *********Southern Kurdish (Pehlewani, Palewani, Southern Kurdish, Xwarig/Southern Kurdish, Xwarîn) (Southern Kurdish, کوردی خوارین – ''Southern Kurdish, Kurdîy Xwarîn'') **********''Bayray'' **********''Feyli (Kurdish dialect), Feyli'' (spoken by the Feyli (Kurdish tribe), Feyli tribe) **********''Garrusi'' ''(Bijari)'' ''(Gerrûsî)'' ''(Bîcarî)'' **********''Kermanshahi'' **********''Kolyai dialect, Kolyai'' **********''Kordali language, Kordali'' **********''Malekshahi dialect, Malekshahi'' ''(Melikşayî)'' **********''Sanjabi'' ''(Sanjâbi/Sincawî)'' (spoken by the Sanjâbi) **********''Kalhori'' ''(Kelhûrî)'' ''(spoken by the Kalhor Kurds, Kalhor)'' **********''Zangana'' *********Central Kurdish (Sorani) (Central Kurdish, کوردیی ناوەندی – ''Central Kurdish, Kurdîy Nawendî'') (Sorani, سۆرانی – ''Sorani, Soranî'') **********''Mukriyani''/''Mokriyani'' ''(spoken south of Lake Urmia with Mahabad as its center)'' **********''Hawleri'' ''(spoken in and around the city of Hawler (Erbil) in Iraqi Kurdistan, in Hawler (Erbil) Governorate and Oshnavieh in Iran)'' **********''Ardalani'' ''(spoken in the cities of Sanandaj, Saqqez, Marivan, Kamyaran, Divandarreh and Dehgolan in Kordestan province and the Kurdish speaking mores of Tekab and Shahindej in West Azerbaijan province)'' ''(in Ardalan region)'' **********''Wermawi'' **********''Garmiani''/''Germiyani'' **********''Jafi language, Jafi'' ''(spoken in the towns of Javanroud, Ravansar, Salas-e Babajani and some villages around Paveh, Sarpole Zahab and the parts of Kermanshah City)'' **********''Babani'' ''(spoken in Sulaymaniyah and around this city, in Iraq, and the city of Baneh, in Iran)'' ''(in Baban)'' *********Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) (''Kurmanci language, Kurmancî'' – Kurmanci language, کورمانجی/Kurmanci language, Кӧрманщи – ''Kurmanji language, Kӧrmanshchi''/''Northern Kurdish, Kurdiya Jorîn'' – Northern Kurdish, کوردیا ژۆرین/''Northern Kurdish, Êzdîkî'') **********''Southeastern Kurmanji'' ''(Badînî/Botani/Boti)'' ''(spoken in the Hakkâri Province, Hakkâri province of Turkey and Dohuk Governorate of Iraqi Kurdistan)'' ***********''Hekari'' ***********''Shemdinani'' ''(in Şemdinli, Shamdinli/Şemdinli)'' **********''Southern Kurmanji'' ''(spoken in the Al-Hasakah Governorate in Syria, the Sinjar district in Iraq, and in several adjacent parts of Turkey centering on the Mardin Province, Mardin and Batman Province, Batman provinces) (includes Hewler/Diyarbakır)'' **********''Southwestern Kurmanji'' ''(spoken in the Adıyaman Province, Adıyaman/Semsûr, Gaziantep Province, Gaziantep/Entab and Şanlıurfa provinces of Turkey and the Aleppo Governorate of Syria)'' **********''Northwestern Kurmanji'' ''(spoken in the Kahramanmaraş Province, Kahramanmaraş, in Kurmanji: Meraş, Malatya Province, Malatya – Meletî, and Sivas Province, Sivas – Sêwaz provinces of Turkey)'' ***********''Marashi'' **********''Northern Kurmanji''/''Serhed Kurdish'' ''(spoken mainly in the Ağrı Province, Ağrı (Agirî), Erzurum Province, Erzurum (Erzerom) and Muş Province, Muş (Mûş) provinces of Turkey, as well as adjacent areas)'' ***********''Shikakî'' ***********''Bayezidi'' **********''Anatolian Kurmanji'' ''(is spoken in Central Anatolia, especially in Konya Province, Konya, Ankara Province, Ankara, Aksaray Province, Aksaray, by the Kurds of Central Anatolia)'' **********''Ashiti'' **********''Silivî'' **********''Mihemedî'' ********Zaza-Gorani *********Zaza language, Zaza (''Zaza language, Dimlî'') (''Zaza language, Zazaki''/''Kirmanjki'') **********Zaza language, Northern Zaza (Zaza language, Northern Dimlî) (''Zaza language, Northern Zazaki''/''Kirmanjki, Northern Kirmanjki'') ***********''West-Dersim dialect, West-Dersim'' ***********''East-Dersim dialect, East-Dersim'' ***********''Varto dialect, Varto'' ***********''Sarız dialect, Sarız'' ***********''Koçgiri dialect, Koçgiri'' **********Zaza language, Southern Zaza (Zaza language, Southern Dimlî) (''Zaza language, Southern Zazaki''/''Kirmanjki, Southern Kirmanjki'') ***********''Sivereki dialect, Sivereki'' ***********''Kori dialect, Kori'' ***********''Hazzu dialect, Hazzu'' ***********''Motki dialect, Motki'' ***********''Dumbuli dialect, Dumbuli'' ***********''Eastern/Central Zazaki dialect, Eastern/Central Zazaki'' ***********''Dersimki dialect, Dersimki'' *********Gorani language (Zaza-Gorani), Gorani (Gorani language, گۆرانی – ''Gorani language, Goranî'') (spoken in the Hawraman region, western Iran, Iranian Kurdistan, and northeastern Iraq, Iraqi Kurdistan) **********''Hawrami'' ''(Avromani)'' **********Bajelani **********Sarli dialect, Sarli **********Shabaki dialect, Shabaki (Shabaki language, شەبەکی – ''Shabaki language, Shabaki'') *******Northwestern II ********Tatic *********Tati-Azari/Tati/Azari **********Old Azeri language, Old Azeri/Azari Language, Azari (Old Azeri language, آذری – ''Old Azeri language, Āḏarī'') (extinct) ***********Tati language (Iran), Tati ( Tati (Iran), اتی زبون – ''Tati (Iran), Tâti Zobun'') ************''South Qazvin province'' *************''Takestani'' ''(Qazvin)'' *************''Eshtehardi language, Eshtehardi'' *************''Chāli'' *************''Dānesfāni'' *************''Esfarvarini'' *************''Ebrāhim-Ābādi'' *************''Sagz-Ābādi'' *************''Ziārāni Tāti'' *************''Kilit dialect, Kiliti'' ''(extinct)'' *************''Ziārāni Tāti'' *************''Tikhuri Tāti''/Tikhvur Tati (in Tikhor/Tikhvor) ************''Ardabil province'' *************''Ardabilaki Tāti'' *************''Khalkhal language, Khalkhal'' ************''Alborz mountains range'' *************''Damāvandi'' ''(in Damavand, Iran)'' *************''Old Tehrani'' ''(modern Tehrani accent, Tehrani is a Persian dialect)'' ************''North Khorasan province'' *************''Khorāsāni'' ***********Ramandi language, Southern Tati/Ramandi language, Ramandi ( Tati (Iran), اتی زبون – ''Tati (Iran), Tâti Zobun'') ***********Harzandi dialect, Harzandi/Harzandi dialect, Harzani (Harzandi dialect, هرزندی، هرزنی – ''Harzandi dialect, Harzani'') ***********Karingani language, Karingani ***********Kho'ini dialect, Kho'ini/Xo'ini (Kho'ini dialect, دیه زواَن – ''Kho'ini dialect, Die Zuan'') ***********Upper Taromi language, Upper Taromi ***********Kabatei ***********Gilaki language, Rudbari ***********Taromi language, Taromi *********Talysh languages, Talysh **********Talysh language, Talysh (''Talysh language, Talışi'' – Толыши – Talysh language, تالشه زَوُن) ***********''Southern-Central Talyshi'' ************''South Talyshi'' ************''Central Talyshi'' ***********''Northern Talyshi'' **********Gozarkhani language, Gozarkhani **********Kajali language, Kajali (nearly extinct) **********Koresh-e Rostam language, Koresh-e Rostam (nearly extinct) **********Maraghei language, Maraghei (Maraghei language, مراغی، مراقی – ''Maraghei language, Maraghei'') ***********''Dikini'' **********Razajerdi language, Razajerdi (nearly extinct) **********Shahrudi language, Shahrudi (nearly extinct) *********Transitional Tati-Talysh-Central Iran **********Tafresh ***********Tafresh-Ashtiani ************Tafresh language, Tafresh ************Ashtiani language, Ashtiani (Ashtiani language, آشتیانی – ''Ashtiani language, Ashtianī'') ***********Vafsi language, Vafsi (Vafsi dialect, ووسی – ''Vafsi dialect, Vowsī'') ***********Alviri-Vidari language, Alviri-Vidari ************''Alviri dialect, Alviri'' ''(in Alvir)'' ************''Vidari dialect, Vidari'' ''(in Vidar, Markazi, Vidar)'' ***********Judeo-Hamadani language, Judeo-Hamadani (Judeo-Median of Hamadan) (traditionally spoken in Hamadan, old Ecbatana) (nearly extinct) *********Central Iran/Central Plateau (Kermanic) **********Northwestern Central Iran/Northwest Central Plateau ***********Khunsari language, Khunsari (''Khunsari language, Khusaari'') ***********Mahallati ***********Vanishani ***********Judeo-Golpaygani (Judeo-Median of Golpayegan) (extinct) **********Southwestern Central Iran/Southwestern Central Plateau ***********Gazi language, Gazi ***********Sedehi ***********Ardestani ***********Nohuji ***********Sajzi language, Sajzi ***********Jarquya’i ***********Rudashti language, Rudashti ***********Kafrudi ***********Kafruni ***********Judeo-Esfahani (Judeo-Median of Esfahan) (traditionally spoken in Esfahan/Ispahan) **********Northeastern Central Iran/Northeast Central Plateau ***********Arani language, Arani ***********Bidgoli ***********Delijani ***********Nashalji ***********Abuzaydabadi language, Abuzaydabadi (''Bizovoy''/''Bizovoyja'') ***********Qohrudi ***********Badrudi ***********Kamu’i ***********Jowshaqani ***********Meyma’i ***********Abyana’i ***********Soi language, Soi/Soi language, Sohi ***********Badi language, Badi ***********Natanzi language, Natanzi (spoken in Natanz, Natanz County, Isfahan Province, Central Iran) ************''Natanzi language, Natanzi Proper'' ************''Farizandi'' ************''Yarandi/Yarani'' ***********Kasha’i ***********Tari (Iranian language), Tari ***********Tarqi (Iranian language), Tarqi ***********Judeo-Kashani (Judeo-Median of Kashan) **********Southeastern Central Iran/Southeastern Central Plateau ***********Zoroastrian Dari language, Zoroastrian Dari (Zoroastrian Dari language, گویش بهدینان/Zoroastrian Dari language, دری زرتشتی – ''Zoroastrian Dari language, Behdīnānī'') ************''Yazdi language, Yazdi'' ************''Kermani language, Kermani'' ***********Nayini language, Nayini/Nayini language, Na'ini/Nayini language, Biyabanak ************''Anaraki dialect, Anaraki'' ***********Zefra’i ***********Varzenei ***********Tudeshki ***********Keyjani ***********Abchuya’i ********Kavir *********Khuri language, Khuri ********Balochi language, Balochi (Balochi language, بلۏچی – ''Balochi language, Balòči''/''Balochi language, Balòci'') (

) (Southeastern Iranian languages, Southeast Iranian East Iranian languages, East Iranian substrate) *********Western balochi, Northern Baloch (Mandwani) **********Balochi language, Western Baloch ***********''Rakhshani language, Rakhshani'' ''(Rakhshani language, Raxshani)'' ***********''Sarawani''/''Saravani dialect, Saravani'' ***********''Sarhadi''/''Sarhaddi'' ***********''Panjguri'' ***********''Kalati baloch dialect, Kalati'' **********Balochi language, Eastern Baloch ***********''Sulaimani dialect, Sulaimani'' *********Balochi language, Southern Baloch (Dombki/Domki) **********''Lashari'' **********''Coastal Balochi'' ***********''Makrani dialect, Makrani'' ''(Makrani dialect, Lotuni)'' ***********''Las Bela Balochi, Las Bela'' ''(in Lasbela District)'' **********''Kachi Baloch, Kachi''/''Kechi Baloch, Kechi'' ''(Kechi Baloch, Keci)'' *********Koroshi dialect, Koroshi/Koroshi dialect, Koroshi Balochi (Koroshi language, کوروشی – ''Koroshi language, Koroshi'') ******Parthian language, Parthian (Parthian language, Arsacid Pahlavi) (''Parthian language, Pahlawānīg'') (extinct) *******Northwestern III ********Caspian languages, Caspian (

) (possible Kartvelian languages, Kartvelian/South Caucasian languages, South Caucasian influence or substrate) *********Semnani languages, Semnani **********Semnani language, Semnani proper (''Semnani language, Semani zefön'') ***********''Biyabanaki language, Biyabunaki'' **********Sangsari language, Sangsari/Sangsari language, Sangisari **********Lasgerdi language, Lasgerdi-Sorkhei language, Sorkhei ***********Lasgerdi language, Lasgerdi ***********Sorkhei language, Sorkhei ************''Aftari language, Aftari'' *********Old Tabari (extinct) (a separate language from Mazanderani/Amardian that was assimilated) (it was spoken by the Tapuri) *********Mazanderani language, Mazanderani (Amardian)/Tabari language, Tabari (Tabari language, Tapuri) (Mazanderani language, مازندرانی – ''Mazanderani language, Mazandarani''/Tabari language, طبری – ''Tabari language, Tabari'') (Mazanderani people traditionally also call their language Gilaki as Gilaks call their language) **********''Gorgani dialect, Gorgani'' ''(extinct)'' **********''Main Mazandarani'' ***********''Baboli dialect, Baboli'' ***********''Amoli dialect, Amoli'' ***********''Nuri dialect, Nuri'' ***********''Chaloosi dialect, Chaloosi'' ***********''Saravi dialect, Saravi'' ***********''Ghaemshahri dialect, Ghaemshahri'' ***********''Ghasrani dialect, Ghasrani'' ***********''Damavandi dialect, Damavandi'' ***********''Firoozkoohi dialect, Firoozkoohi'' ***********''Astarabadi dialect, Astarabadi'' ***********''Katouli dialect, Katouli'' ***********''Shahsavari dialect, Shahsavari'' **********''Shahmirzadi dialect, Shahmirzadi'' **********''Royan Mazanderani'' **********''Mazandarani-Gilaki''/''Gilani Mazanderani, Gilani'' *********Deylami language, Deylami/Daylami language, Daylami (Galechi) (Daylami language, دیلمی – ''Daylami language, Deilami'') (extinct) *********Gilaki language, Gilaki (Gilaki language, گیلکی – ''Giləki'') **********''Western Gilaki'' **********''Eastern Gilaki'' **********''Galeshi'' *****List of Southwestern Iranian languages, Southwestern Iranian languages/Southwestern Iranian, Southern Western Iranian (

) ******Old Persian (Old Persian, 𐎠𐎼𐎹 – ''Old Persian, Ariya'') (extinct) *******Middle Persian (Middle Persian, 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪 – ''Middle Persian, Pārsīk'' or ''Middle Persian, Pārsīg'') (extinct) ********Persian language, Persian (New Persian) (Persian language, فارسی – ''Fārsi'' / Persian language, پارسی – ''Persian language, Pārsi'' / Persian language, форсӣ – ''Persian language, Forsī'') *********Iranian Persian (Western Persian) (Western Persian, فارسی – ''Western Persian, Fārsi'' / Western Persian, پارسی – ''Western Persian, Pārsi'') **********''Southwest Western Persian'' ''(in Fars Province, Fars / Pars Province, Pars, Bushehr Province, Bushehr and far western Hormozgan Province, Hormozgan provinces, where Persian language, Farsi-language, Farsi / Persian language, Parsi, had its origin)'' ***********''Shirazi dialect, Shirazi'' ***********''Bushehri dialect, Bushehri'' ***********''Bandari dialect, Bandari Persian'' ''(not to be confused with Bandari)'' **********''West Western Persian''/''Mesopotamian Persian'' ***********''Ahvazi dialect, Ahvazi'' ***********''Abadani dialect, Abadani'' ***********''Khorramshahri dialect, Khorramshahri'' ***********''Karbalai dialect, Karbalai'' **********''Central Western Persian'' ''(Median language, Median substrate)'' ***********''Esfahani dialect, Esfahani''/''Ispahani dialect, Ispahani'' ***********''Araki dialect, Araki'' ***********''Kashani dialect, Kashani'' ***********''Yazdi dialect, Yazdi'' ***********''Kermani dialect, Kermani'' **********''North Western Persian'' ''(Median language, Median substrate)'' ***********''Tehrani accent, Tehrani'' ''(Tehrani accent, Modern Tehrani)'' ''(basis of Standard Iranian Persian in Iran)'' ***********''Qazvini dialect, Qazvini'' **********''Northeast Western Persian''/''Khorasani Persian'' ''(Parthian language, Parthian substrate)'' ***********''Mashhadi dialect, Mashhadi'' **********''Dzhidi (Judeo-Persian)'' *********Dari language, Afghanistan Persian/Dari language, Dari Persian (Dari language, Eastern Persian) (Southeastern Iranian languages, Southeast Iranian East Iranian languages, East Iranian substrate) **********Dari language, Afghanistan Persian (Dari language, Dari Proper) (''Dari language, دری'' – ''Dari language, Darī''/Dari language, فارسی دری – ''Dari language, Fārsī-ye Darī'') ***********''Sistani dialect, Sistani'' ''(in Sistan)'' ***********''Herati Dari, Herati'' ''(in Herat)'' ***********''Mazari Dari, Mazari'' ''(in Mazar-i-Sharif, Mazar/Mazar-i-Sharif, Balkh Province)'' ***********''Badakhshi Dari, Badakhshi'' ''(in Badakhshan)'' ***********''Panjshiri Dari, Panjshiri'' ''(in Panjshir Valley)'' ***********''Kabuli Dari, Kaboli'' ''(in Cabul)'' ''(basis for Dari language, Standard Dari in Afghanistan)'' ***********''Laghmani Dari, Laghmani'' ''(in Laghman Province)'' **********Pahlavni language, Pahlavni/Pahlavani (extinct) **********Aimaq dialect, Aimaq/Aimaq dialect, Aimaqi/Aimaq language, Aimaq Persian (Aimaq dialect, ایماقی – ''Aimaq dialect, Aimaq'') (several borrowings from Mongolic languages, Mongolic and Turkic languages, Turkic but much less significant than Hazaragi) ***********''Firozkohi dialect, Firozkohi'' ***********''Jamshidi dialect, Jamshidi'' ''(Jamshedi dialect, Jamshedi, Djamchid dialect, Djamchidi, Yemchidi dialect, Yemchidi, or Dzhemshid dialect, Dzhemshid)'' ***********''Maliki dialect, Maliki'' ***********''Mizmast dialect, Mizmast'' ***********''Taimani Aimaq'' ***********''Zainal dialect, Zainal'' ***********''Zohri dialect, Zohri/Zuri dialect, Zuri'' ***********''Changezi dialect, Changezi'' ***********''Taimuri dialect, Taimuri'' ''(Teimuri dialect, Teimuri, Timuri dialect, Timuri, or Taimouri dialect, Taimouri)'' **********Hazaragi dialect, Hazaragi/Hazaragi dialect, Hazaragi Persian (Hazaragi dialect, Hazāragī) (Hazaragi dialect, آزرگی – ''Hazaragi dialect, Azaragi'') (significant borrowings from Mongolic languages, Mongolic and Turkic languages, Turkic) (spoken by the Hazara people, Hazara, their origin is in Persianized Turkic peoples, Turkic and Mongolian peoples mixed with native Iranian peoples of Central Afghanistan) **********Tajik language, Tajik/Tajiki Persian (Tajik Persian, Northeast Persian) (забо́ни тоҷикӣ́ – ''Tajik language, Zaboni Tojikī''/Tajik language, форси́и тоҷикӣ́ – ''Tajik language, Forsii Tojikī'') ( Bactrian substrate) ***********''Southern Tajiki, Southern dialects'' ''(South and East of Dushanbe, Kulob/Kulyab, and the Rasht region of Tajikistan)'' ''(today tends to be the basis of Standard Tajiki but not identical)'' ***********''Southeastern Tajiki, Southeastern dialects'' ''(dialects of the Darvaz (region), Darvoz region and the Amu Darya near Rushon)'' ***********''Central Tajiki, Central dialects'' ''(dialects of the upper Zarafshan Valley)'' ***********''Northern Tajiki, Northern dialects'' ''(Sughd Region, Sughd, Northern Tajikistan, Bukhara, Samarkand, Kyrgyzstan, and the Varzob valley region of Dushanbe)'' ''(once was the basis of Standard Tajiki)'' ************''Bukhori dialect, Bukhori'' ''(Judeo-Bukharic, Judeo-Persian of Bukhara)'' (''Bukhori dialect, בוכארי'' – ''Bukhori dialect, бухорӣ'' – ''Bukhori dialect, Buxorī''/''Bukhori dialect, Bukhori'') (traditionally spoken by Bukharian Jews in Bukhara, now mainly in Israel) ********Tat language (Caucasus), Tat/Tat language (Caucasus), Caucasus Tat/Tat language (Caucasus), Persian Tat (''Tat language (Caucasus), Zuhun Tati'') *********Tat language (Caucasus), Muslim/Christian Tat (''Tat language (Caucasus), Zuhun Tati'') **********''Aruskush-Daqqushchu dialect, Aruskush-Daqqushchu'' **********''Lahyj dialect, Lahyj'' **********''Balakhani dialect, Balakhani'' **********''Devechi dialect, Devechi'' **********''Qyzyl Qazma dialect, Qyzyl Qazma'' **********''Qonaqkend dialect, Qonaqkend'' **********''Absheron dialect, Absheron'' **********''Surakhani dialect, Surakhani'' **********''Northern Tats dialect, Northern Tats'' **********''Malham dialect, Malham'' **********''Quba dialect, Quba'' **********''Armeno-Tati'' ''(spoken by the Armeno-Tats)'' *********Judeo-Tat/Judeo-Tat language, Judeo-Persian Tat (Juhuri/Juhuri, Juvuri) (''Judeo-Tat, Çuhuri'' – Judeo-Tat, жугьури – Judeo-Tat, ז׳אוּהאוּראִ) (traditional language of the Mountain Jews) ********Persid/Southern Zagros *********Northwestern Fars-Sivandi **********Northwestern Fars **********Sivandi language, Sivandi (Sivandi language, زووآن ئ سیوندی – ''Sivandi language, Sivandi'') *********Kuhmareyi language, Kuhmareyi **********''Davani dialect'' ''(Davani dialect, Devani)'' (''Kuhmareyi language, دوانی'' – ''Kuhmareyi language, Davāni'') *********Luri language, Luri (Luri language, لۊری – ''Luri language, Lurī'') **********Southern Luri ***********''Mamasani dialect, Mamasani'' ***********''Kohkiluyeh dialect, Kohkiluyeh''/''Kohgīlūya dialect, Kohgīlūya'' ***********''Boir-Aḥmadī dialect, Boir-Aḥmadī'' **********Northern Luri/Northern luri, Central Luri (Northern luri, Minjai) **********Bakhtiari dialect, Bakhtiari (Bakhtiari dialect, بختیاری – ''Bakhtiari dialect, Bakhtiarī'') *********Khuzestani Persian **********''Southern Khuzestani Persian'' ***********''Behbahani dialect, Behbahani'' ***********''Ramhormozi dialect, Ramhormozi'' ***********''Hendijani dialect, Hendijani'' ***********''Mahshahri dialect, Mahshahri'' ***********''Qanavati dialect, Qanavati'' ***********''Larki dialect, Larki'' ***********''Bahmeei dialect, Bahmeei'' **********''Northern Khuzestani Persian'' ''(Dezfuli/Shushtari dialect, Shushtari)'' ***********''Dezfuli dialect, Dezfuli'' ***********''Shushtari dialect, Shushtari'' ***********''Gotvandi dialect, Gotvandi'' *******Larestani–Gulf (Larestani-Persian Gulf) ********Larestani *********Lari language (Iran), Lari (Larestani/Achomi language, Achomi/Ajami language, Ajami) (Achomi language, اَچُمی – ''Achomi language, Achomi''/Achomi language, خودمونی – ''Achomi language, Khodmoni'') **********''Judeo-Shirazi'' ''(Judeo-Persian of Shiraz)'' ********Gulf (Persian Gulf) *********Bandari language, Bandari *********Minabi language, Minabi *********Bashkardi language, Bashkardi/Bashkardi language, Bashagerdi/Bashagerdi language, Bashaka **********''North Bashkardi'' **********''South Bashkardi'' *********Kumzari language, Kumzari (in the Straits of Hormuz) **********''Laraki dialect, Laraki'' ''(in Larak Island, Iran)'' **********''Shihuhi dialect, Shihuhi'' ''(in Kumzar village, Musandam Peninsula, Far Northern Oman)'' ******Sagartian language, Sagartian (was spoken in Sagartia) (extinct) ******Carmanian language, Carmanian (was spoken in Carmania (region), Carmania, roughly corresponding with the modern province of Kerman Province, Kerman) (extinct) ******Utian language, Utian (was spoken in Utia, roughly corresponding with today's southeastern Iran) (extinct)

Nuristani languages (Nuristani languages, Kamozian)Sir Thomas H. Holdich, in his classic book, (The Gates of India, p 102-03), writes that the Aspasians (Aspasioi) represent the modern Kafirs. But the modern Kafirs, especially the Siah-Posh Kafirs (Kamoz/Camoje, Kamtoz) etc are considered to be modern representatives of the ancient Kambojas.

Transitional Iranian-Indo-Aryan (older name: Nuristani languages, Kafiri) (according to some scholarsSee also: Ancient Kamboja, People & the Country, 1981, p 278, These Kamboj People, 1979, pp 119–20, K. S. Dardi etc. there is the possibility that the older name "Kapisi" that was synonymal of Kambojas, related to the ancient Kingdom of Kapisa, in modern-day Kapisa Province, changed to "Kafiri" and came to be confused and assimilated with "kafiri", meaning "infidel" in Arabic and used in Muslim religion) MAPNuristani

*Nuristani languages, Proto-Nuristani (extinct) (identical with Proto-Kamboja? – Kambojas or Komedes language?) **Southern (Kalasha) ***Askunu language, Askunu (''Askunu language, Âṣkuňu-veːri'') ****''Ashuruveri''/''Askunu Proper'' ''(Ashuruveri, Âṣkuňu-veːri)'' ''(Kolata, Titin, Bajaygul, Askugal, Majegal)'' *****''Bâźâigal'' *****''Kolatâ˜'' *****''Titin'' ****''Gramsukraviri'' ''(Gramsukraviri, Grâmsaňâ-viːri)'' ''(Gramsaragram, Acanu)'' ****''Suruviri'' ''(Suruviri language, Saňu-viːri)'' ''(Wamai, Wama)'' ***Waigali ''(Kalaṣa-alâ)'' ****Kalasha-ala language, Kalasha-ala/Waigali language, Waigali (''Kalasha-ala language, Kalaṣa-alâ'') *****''Waigali''/''Waigali language, Waigali Proper'' ''(Waigali language, Varǰan-alâ)'' ******''Vä-alâ'' ''(Vai-alâ)'' ******''Ameš-alâ'' ******''ǰâmameš-alâ'' *****''ẓö˜č-alâ'' ******''Čima-Nišei'' ''(Čimi-alâ – Nišei-alâ)'' *****''Nišei-alâ'' ****''Čimi-alâ'' ***Tregami-Zemiaki ****Tregami language, Tregami (''Tregami language, Tregâmi'') (in the Tregâm Valley of the lower Pech River, in the Watapur District of Kunar Province in Afghanistan) *****''Katar dialect, Katar'' *****''Gambir dialect, Gambir'' ****Zemiaki language, Zemiaki (''Zemyaki, J̌amlám-am bašá'') (in Zemyaki village) **Northern (Kamkata-Vasi) ***Kamkata-vari language, Kamkata-vari (Kamkata-vari language, Kati) (''Kamkata-vari language, Kâmvʹiri'', ''Kamkata-vari language, Kâtʹa-vari'', ''Kamkata-vari language, Mum-viri'', ''Kamkata-vari language, Kṣtʹa-vari'') ****''Kata-vari'' ''(Kata-vari dialect, Kât'a-vari)'' *****''Kata-vari dialect, Western Kata-vari'' ''(Kata-vari dialect, Kât'a-vari)'' ******''Kata-vari dialect, Kt'ivřâ·i vari'' *****''Kata-vari dialect, Eastern Kata-vari'' ''(Kata-vari dialect, Kât'a-vari)'' ****''Kamviri'' ''(Kamviri dialect, Kâmv'iri)'' ****''Mumviri'' ''(Mumviri dialect, Mumv'iri)'' *****''Shekhani'' ***Vasi-vari language, Vasi-vari/Wasi-wari (Prasuni) (''Vasi-vari, Vâsi-vari'') (in the Parun, Pârun Valley) ****''Uṣ'üt-var'e'' ****''Üš'üt-üć'ü-zum'u-vari'' ****''ṣup'u-var'i''

Indo-Aryan languages

*Proto-Indo-Aryan language, Proto-Indo-Aryan (extinct) **Old Indo-Aryan (extinct) ***Mitanni-Aryan (a far western Indo-Aryan language spoken in Mitanni, Northern Mesopotamia and Levant, along with Hurrian, that was a non Indo-European language) ***Old Indo-Aryan, Early Old Indo-Aryan – Vedic Sanskrit/Rigvedic Sanskrit ****Old Indo-Aryan, Late Old Indo-Aryan –

(संस्कृतम् – ''Saṃskṛtam'') (Classical Sanskrit) (Classical language in India, Classical and High culture language of South Asia, mainly of Hinduism, Hindu philosophy and also of Buddhism and Jainism) (includes Epic Sanskrit) (revived language with 26 490 first language (L1) or mother tongue speakers and increasing) (living language and not extinct) *****Middle Indo-Aryan (Prakrits) (extinct) ******Dardic languages, Dardic (a more geographical rather than linguistic genealogical group) *******Gandhari language, Gandhari Prakrit (extinct) ******** Niya Prakrit / Kroraina Prakrit / Niya Gāndhārī (administrative language of the

or Loulan kingdom, on the southern route of the Silk Road, in the southern rim of the Tarim Basin, in today's southern and southeastern Xinjiang) (it used the Kharosthi, Kharoshthī script) (it has a possible Tocharian language, Tocharian C, as substrate) (extinct) ********Chitral languages (

) *********Kalasha-mun language, Kalasha-mun (''Kalashamondr'') (has no close connection to Waigali or Kalasha-ala, that although related, belongs to another branch – Nuristani languages, Nuristani) *********Khowar language, Khowar (Chitrali language, Chitrali) (Khowar language, کهووار – ''Khowar language, Khō-wār'') **********''Standard Khowar'' **********''Swati Khowar'' ''(Swat Kohistan)'' **********''Lotkuhiwar'' ''(Lotkuh Valley/ Gramchashma Valley)'' **********''Gherzikwar'' ''(Ghizer Valley)'' **********''Gilgiti Khowar'' ''(Gilgit-Baltistan)'' ''(spoken by a few families in Gilgit, Gilgit city)'' ********Kashmiri language, Kashmiri/Kashmiri language, Koshur (Kashmiri language, कॉशुर – Kashmiri language, كٲشُر – ''Kashmiri language, Kashmiri'') *********''Kashtawari/Kishtwari'' ''(Kashmiri standard)'' *********''Poguli'' *********''Rambani dialect, Rambani'' ********Kohistani languages (

) *********Bateri language, Bateri (Bateri language, बटेरी – ''Bateri language, Bateri'') *********Chilisso language, Chilisso *********Gowro language, Gowro/Gowro language, Gabaro *********Indus Kohistani (Maiya language, Maiya, Indus Kohistani, Shutun, Abasin Kohistani) **********''Indus Kohistani dialect'' ''(Jijal, Mani, Pattan, Seo)'' **********''Duber-Kandia'' ''(Khili, Manzari)'' *********''Kanyawali'' *********Kalami language, Kalami/Gawri language, Gawri (Garwi, Bashkarik) (Kalami language, کالامي – ''Kalami language, Kalami''/Gawri language, ګاوری – ''Gawri language, Gawri'') *********Tirahi language, Tirahi/Tirahi language, Dardù (nearly extinct) *********Torwali language, Torwali (Torwali language, توروالی – ''Torwali language, Torwali'') **********''Bahrain Torwali, Bahrain'' **********''Chail Torwali, Chail'' *********Wotapuri-Katarqalai language, Wotapuri-Katargalai (extinct) **********''Wotapuri'' **********''Katarqalai'' ********Pashayi languages, Pashayi/Pashayi languages, Pashai (a small group of four separate but closely related languages, not only a single language) (

) *********Southwest Pashayi **********''Ishpi'' **********''Isken'' **********''Tagau dialects'' *********Southeast Pashayi **********''Damench'' **********''Laghmani'' **********''Sum dialect, Sum'' **********''Upper and Lower Darai Nur'' **********''Wegali dialects'' *********Northwest Pashayi **********''Alasai'' **********''Bolaghain'' **********''Gulbahar'' **********''Kohnadeh'' **********''Laurowan'' **********''Najil'' **********''Nangarach'' **********''Pachagan'' **********''Pandau'' **********''Parazhghan'' **********''Pashagar'' **********''Sanjan dialect, Sanjan'' **********''Shamakot'' **********''Shutul'' **********''Uzbin'' **********''Wadau dialects'' *********Northeast Pashayi **********''Aret dialect, Aret'' **********''Chalas dialect, Chalas'' ''(Chilas)'' **********''Kandak dialect, Kandak'' **********''Korangal Valley, Korangal'' **********''Kurdar dialects'' ********Kunar languages (

) *********Dameli language, Dameli *********Gawar-Bati language, Gawar-Bati/Gawar-Bati language, Narsati/Gawar-Bati language, Aranduyiwar *********Nangalami/Grangali language, Grangali (Nangalami-Grangali) **********''Grangali dialect, Grangali'' **********''Nangalami dialect, Nangalami'' ''(Ningalami)'' (extinct) *********Shumashti language, Shumashti ********Shina languages (

) *********Palula language, Palula/Phalura language, Phalura/Phalura, Ashreti (Palula language, پالولہ – ''Palula language, Palula'') *********Sawi language (Dardic), Sawi/Sawi language (Dardic), Savi/Sawi language (Dardic), Sauji *********Kalkoti language, Kalkoti/Kalkoti language, Goedijaa *********Ushoji language, Ushoji/Ushojo *********Kundal Shahi language, Kundal Shahi (Kundal Shahi language, کنڈل شاہی – ''Kundal Shahi language, Kundal Shahi'') *********Shina language, Shina (Shina language, ݜݨیاٗ – ''Shina language, Šiṇyaá'') **********''Gilgiti'' ''(the prestige dialect)'' **********''Astori'' **********''Chilasi Kohistani'' **********''Drasi'' **********''Gurezi'' *********Kohistani Shina language, Kohistani Shina (Shina language, ݜݨیاٗ – ''Shina language, Šiṇyaá'') (a divergent variety of Shina, divergent enough to be considered a separate language although closely related to it) **********''Palasi'' ''(Palas)'' **********''Jalkoti'' ''(Jalkot)'' **********''Kolai'' ''(Koli)'' *********Brokskat language, Brokskat/Brokskat, Dah-Hanu (Shina languages, Shina of Baltistan, Dras and Ladakh) *********Domaaki language, Domaaki/Domaki, Dumaki (in Nager and Hunza Valley, Hunza, among the Burushaski, Wakhi language, Wakhi and Shina language, Shina speakers) (historically it was a language of the North Indian plains, affiliated to the Central Group of New Indo-Aryan languages whose speakers migrated towards north) (Central Indo-Aryan substrate that is a distant relative of the languages spoken by the Dom people, Doma/Romani people, Roma) **********''Nager-Domaaki'' **********''Hunza-Domaaki'' ******North-Western Indo-Aryan languages, North-Western Indo-Aryan (

) *******Punjabi languages (spoken in the Punjab – Punjab, Panj-āb / Punjab, Panchnada, Punjab, Pañca-áp – "Punjab, Five Waters" i.e. Punjab, Five Rivers, Punjab, Land of Five Rivers) ********Lahnda / Lahnda, Western Punjabi *********Hindko (Panjistani) (Hindko, ہندکو – ''Hindko'') **********Northern Hindko ***********Hazara Hindko/Kaghani language, Kaghani (not to be confused with the Hazara language and people that have a different origin) **********Southern Hindko ***********''Peshawari'' ***********''Central Hindko'' ************''Chhachi dialect, Chhachi''/''Chacchi''/''Chhachi dialect, Chachi'' ************''Kohati'' ************''Awankari dialect, Awankari'' ************''Ghebi'' *********Saraiki language, Saraiki (Saraiki language, سرائیکی – ''Saraiki language, Sarā'īkī'') **********''Derawali'' ''(spoken in Derajat region, in central Pakistan, Dera Ismail Khan District)'' **********''Thali dialect, Thali'' (Northern Saraiki) ''(spoken in the district of Dera Ismail Khan and the northern parts of the Thal region, including Mianwali District)'' **********''Central Saraiki'' ''(including Multani dialect, Multani: spoken in the districts of Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaffargarh, Leiah, Multan and Bahawalpur)'' ***********''Multani dialect, Multani'' ***********''Riasti dialect, Riasti''/''Riasti dialect, Bhawalpuri''/''Riasti dialect, Choolistani'' **********''Southern Saraiki'' (prevalent in the districts of Rajanpur and Rahimyar Khan) **********''Sindhi Saraiki'' ''(dispersed throughout the province of Sindh)'' ********Punjabi language, Punjabi (Punjabi language, Punjabi Proper) (Punjabi language, پنجابی – Punjabi language, ਪੰਜਾਬੀ – ''Punjabi language, Pañjābī'') *********''Standard Punjabi'' *********Transitional Saraiki-Punjabi or part of Western Punjabi **********Punjabi dialects, Western Punjabi/Saraiki language, Eastern Saraiki (transitional to Punjabi language, Punjabi and spoken in the Bar region along the boundary with the eastern Majhi dialect, this group includes the dialects of Jhangi and Shahpuri) ***********''Dhani dialect, Dhani'' ***********''Shahpuri'' ***********''Jhangochi''/''Jhangvi dialect, Changvi''/''Jhangvi''/''Rachnavi'' ***********''Jhangvi dialect, Jangli'' ***********''Chenavari'' ***********Transitional Western-Eastern Punjabi (but has more similarities with Western Punjabi) ************''Majhi dialect, Majhi'' ''(basis of Standard Punjabi but not identical)'' **********Eastern Punjabi language, Eastern Punjabi ***********''Doabi'' ***********''Puadhi dialect, Puadhi''/''Puadhi dialect, Pawadhi''/Poadhi ***********''Malwai dialect, Malwai''/''Malwai dialect, Malwi'' ***********''Bathi Punjabi, Bathi'' ***********''Bhatiani'' ********Lubanki dialect, Lubanki/Labanki (extinct) (it was spoken by the Labana tribe) ********Pahari-Pothwari/Pothohari/Modern Panjistani *********''Pothwari''/''Pothohari'' (''Pothwari, پوٹھواری'' – ''Pothwari''/''Pothohari, پوٹھوہاری'' – ''Pothohari'') ''(spoken in Pothohar Plateau, parts of the districts of Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Chakwal and Gujrat, Pakistan, Gujrat, Mirpur District)'' **********''Mirpuri language, Mirpuri'' ''(in Mirpur District)'' *********''Pahari language, Pahari''/''Dhundi-Kairali'' **********''Pahari Proper'' (''Pahari-Pothwari, پہاڑی'' – ''Pahari-Pothwari, Pahari'') **********''Chibhālī dialect, Chibhālī'' **********''Poonchi dialect, Poonchi''/''Punchhi'' (''Poonchi dialect, پونچھی'' – ''Poonchi dialect, Poonchi'') **********''Baghi dialect, Baghi'' **********''Muzaffarabadi'' **********''Parmi dialect, Parmi'' ********Jakati language, Jakati/Jakati language, Jataki (extinct) (it was spoken by several small, supposedly Romani people, Roma ethnic groups, Jat people, Jāt, in Afghanistan) *******Transitional Punjabi-Sindhi ********Khetrani language, Khetrani/Jafri (''Khetrani language, Khetrānī'') (it is spoken by the majority of the Khetrans, an Indo-Aryan peoples, Indo-Aryan origin people assimilated by the Baloch people, Baloch and considered a Baloch tribe) (earlier suggestion that Khetrani might be a remnant of a Dardic languages, Dardic language) *******Sindhi languages ********Sindhi language, Sindhi (Sindhi language, Sindhi Proper) (Sindhi language, سنڌي – Sindhi language, सिन्धी – Sindhi language, ਸਿੰਧੀ – ''Sindhi language, Sindhī'') *********''Siroli''/''Northern Sindhi''/''"Siraiki"'' *********''Vicholi'' *********''Lari Punjabi, Lari'' *********''Thareli'' *********''Macharia dialect, Macharia'' *********''Dukslinu'' *********''Kathiawari Katchi'' *********''Muslim Sindhi'' ********Lasi language, Lasi (part of Sindhi language, Sindhi proper or a separate language although closely related) ********Jadgali language, Jadgali (''Jadgali language, Nummaṛī''/''Jadgali language, Nummaṛikī'') (close to Sindhi language, Sindhi) (an Indo-Aryan peoples, Indo-Aryan origin people assimilated by the Baloch people, Baloch and considered a Baloch tribe or an Iranian peoples, Iranian people speaking an Indo-Aryan language) (spoken on the Iranian plateau) ********Sindhi Bhil language, Sindhi Bhil (part of Sindhi language, Sindhi proper or a separate language although closely related) ********Memoni language, Memoni/Kathiawari dialect, Kathiawadi (spoken by the Memon people) ********Kachchi language, Kachchi/Kutchi language, Kutchi (Kutchi language, કચ્છી – Kutchi language, ڪڇي – Kutchi language, کچھی – ''Kutchi language, Kachhi'') (in the Kutch District, Northwest Gujarat, West India) *********''Mithi boli'' *********''Khadi boli (Kutch)'' *********''Jamnagari boli'' *********''Maliya boli'' *********''Ahir boli'' *********''Chirai boli'' *********''Jain boli'' ********Luwati language, Luwati/Luwati language, Lawati/(''Khojki language, Khojki'') (in coastal Oman, eastern Arabian Peninsula) ******Northern Indo-Aryan languages, Northern Indo-Aryan (

) *******Western Pahari (Dogri-Kangri) (Himachali language, Himachali) ********Dogri-Kangri *********Dogri language, Dogri (Dogri language, डोगरी – Dogri language, ڈوگرى – ''Dogri language, ḍogrī'') (spoken in Jammu) *********Kangri dialect, Kangri (Kangri language, कांगड़ी – ''Kangri language, Kangri'') ********Mandeali language, Mandeali/Chambeali *********''Standard Mandeali'' *********''Sarkaghat dialect, Sarkaghat'' *********''Mandeali Pahari'' ********Kullu language, Kullu/Kullu, Kulvi (''Kullu language, Kullū''/''Kulu language, Kuluī'') ********Jaunsari language, Jaunsari (Jaunsari language, जौनसारी – ''Jaunsari language, Jaunsari'') ********Pahari Kinnauri language, Pahari Kinnauri (Harijan Kinnauri/Pahari Kinnauri language, Kinnauri Himachali) ********Sirmauri language, Sirmauri (Sirmauri language, Sirmauri Himachali) *********''Dharthi'' ''(Giriwari)'' *********''Giripari'' ********Hinduri language, Hinduri/''Hinduri language, Handuri'' ********Mahasu Pahari language, Mahasu Pahari/(''Mahasu Pahari language, Mahasui''/''Mahasu Pahari language, Mahasuvi'') *********''Lower Mahasu Pahari'' **********''Baghati language, Baghati'' **********''Baghliani'' **********''Kiunthali'' *********''Upper Mahasu Pahari'' **********''Rampuri''/''Kochi'' **********''Rohruri''/''Soracholi''/''Sodochi'' **********''Shimla Siraji'' *******Central Pahari ********Garhwali language, Garhwali (Garhwali language, गढ़वळि भाख – ''Garhwali language, Garhwali'') *********''Srinagariya'' ''(classical Garhwali spoken in erstwhile royal capital, Srinagar, accepted as Standard Garhwali by most scholars)'' *********Chandpuriya ''(spoken in Chandpur region, area in Chamoli district)'' *********''Tihriyali''/''Gangapariya'' ''(spoken in Tehri Garhwal)'' *********Badhani ''(spoken in Chamoli Garhwal)'' *********''Dessaulya'' *********''Lohabbya'' *********''Majh-Kumaiya'' ''(spoken at the border of Garhwal and Kumaon)'' *********''Nagpuriya dialect (Garhwal), Nagpuriya'' ''(spoken in Rudraprayag district)'' *********Rathi language, Rathi ''(spoken in Rath area of Pauri Garhwal)'' *********''Salani dialect, Salani'' ''(spoken in Talla Salan, Malla Salan and Ganga Salan parganas of Pauri)'' *********''Ranwalti'' ''(spoken in Ranwain, the Yamuna, Yamuna valley of Uttarkashi)'' *********Bangani ''(spoken in Bangaan area of Uttarkashi)'' *********''Jaunpuri dialect (Garhwal), Jaunpuri'' ''(spoken in Uttarkashi and Tehri districts)'' *********''Gangadi'' ''(spoken in Uttarkashi)'' *********''Chaundkoti'' ''(spoken in Pauri)'' ********Parvati dialect, Parvati (reportedly not mutually intelligible with other dialects) (could be a separate language from Garhwali, although closely related) ********Kumaoni language, Kumaoni (Kumaoni language, कुमाँऊनी – ''Kumaoni language, Kumaoni'') *********''Western Kumaoni'' *********''Central Kumaoni'' (''Central Kumaoni, Kali'') *********''North-Eastern Kumaoni'' *********''South-Eastern Kumaoni'' ********Doteli/Dotyali (Doteli language, डोटेली – Dotyali language, Dotyali) *********''Doteli Proper'' *********''Baitadeli'' *********''Darchuli'' *********''Bajhangi''/''Bajhangi Nepali'' *******Eastern Pahari ********Jumli language, Jumli (closely related to Nepali language, Nepali) *********''Chaudhabis'' *********''Sinja'' (''Sinja dialect, Khas Bhasa'') ''(in Jumla District, Jumla, Western Nepal)'' *********''Asi (Nepali language), Asi'' *********''Paanchsai'' ********Palpa language (Indo-Aryan), Palpa (closely related to Nepali language, Nepali) (extinct) ********Nepali language, Nepali/Nepali language, Khas Kura/Nepali language, Parbatiya/Nepali language, Gorkhali (नेपाली/Nepali language, खस कुरा – ''Nepali language, Nepali'' / ''Nepali language, Khas Kurā'') (origin in Gorkha Kingdom, today's western Nepal) (spoken by the Khas people, Khas / Khas Arya people of Nepal) *********''Achhami''/''Acchami'' *********''Baitadeli'' *********''Bajhangi'' *********''Bajurali'' *********''Bheri dialect, Bheri'' *********''Dadeldhuri'' *********''Dailekhi'' *********''Darchulali'' *********''Darchuli'' *********''Gandakeli'' *********''Humli dialect, Humli'' *********''Purbeli'' *********''Soradi'' *********''Jhapali'' *********''Syangjali'' ******Western Indo-Aryan languages, Western Indo-Aryan (

) *******Old Gujarati, Gurjar apabhraṃśa (or Old Western Rajasthani/Old Gujarati: common ancestor of Gujarati language, Gujarati and Rajasthani language, Rajasthani) ********Rajasthani language, Rajasthani (Rajasthani language, राजस्थानी/''Rajasthani language, Rājasthānī'') *********Marwari **********Marwari language, Marwari/Marwari language, Marwari Proper (Marwari language, मारवाड़ी – ''Marwari language, Mārwāṛī'') (Marwari language, Marwadi/Marwari language, Marvadi) (spoken mainly in west Rajasthan state) **********Dhatki/Thari language, Thari (Dhatki language, धाटकी – Dhatki language, ڍاٽڪي – ''Dhatki language, Dhatki'') (spoken mainly in western parts of Jaisalmer and Barmer district, Barmer districts of Rajasthan, India and also in Sindh, Pakistan) ***********''Central Dhatki'' ***********''Eastern Dhatki'' ***********''Southern Dhatki'' ***********''Barage'' ***********''Malhi'' **********Mewati (Mewati language, मेवाती – ''Mewati language, Mewati'') (spoken mainly in Mewat Region) ***********''Nuh Mewati, Nuh'' Godwari language ***********''Alwari dialect, Alwari'' **********Dhundari/Jaipuri (Dhundari language, ढूंढाड़ी – ''Dhundari language, Dhundari'') (spoken in the Dhundhar region of northeastern Rajasthan state, India) **********Mewari (spoken in Rajsamand, Bhilwara, Udaipur, and Chittorgarh districts of Rajasthan state of India) **********Shekhawati (spoken in the districts of Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Churu, Rajasthan, Churu and a part of Nagaur and Jaipur, North Rajasthan) **********Goaria language, Goaria **********Godwari language, Godwari (Godwari language, गोद्वाली – Godwari language, Godwari) ***********''Balvi'' ***********''Khuni'' ***********''Madahaddi'' ***********''Sirohi'' **********Jogi language, Jogi (spoken by the Jogi (caste), Jogis in India and Pakistan) **********''Loarki language, Loarki''/''Gade Lohar'' *********Unclassified **********Bagri language, Bagri/Bagri language, Bagari (Bagri language, बागड़ी – Bagri language, Bagri) (spoken mainly in Bagar tract, Rajasthan, India) **********Gujari language, Gujari/Gujari language, Gurjari/Gojri (Gujari language, ગુજરી – Gujari language, गुजरी – Gujari language, گُوجَری – ''Gujari language, Gujari'') (spoken by the Gurjars or Gujjars) **********Gurgula language, Gurgula **********Harauti (Harauti language, Haroti/Hadoti) (spoken in the Hadoti region of southeastern Rajasthan) **********Lambadi language, Lambadi/Lambadi language, Lamani/Lambadi language, Gor-Bol/Lambadi language, Banjari (spoken by the Banjara) ***********''Banjari of Maharashtra'' ***********''Banjari of Karnataka'' ***********''Banjari of Tamil Nadu'' ***********''Banjari of Telangana'' **********Malvi language, Malvi/Malvi language, Malwi/Malvi language, Malavi (spoken in the Malwa region of India) ***********''Ujjaini'' ''(Ujjain district, Ujjain, Indore district, Indore, Dewas district, Dewas, Shajapur district, Shajapur, Sehore district, Sehore districts)'' ***********''Rajawadi'' ''(Ratlam district, Ratlam, Mandsaur district, Mandsaur, Neemuch district, Neemuch districts)'' ***********''Umathwadi'' ''(Rajgarh district)'' ***********''Sondhwadi'' ''(Jhalawar district)'' ***********''Rangri dialect, Rangri'' **********Nimadi language, Nimadi/Nimadi language, Nimari (closely related to Malvi language, Malvi) ********Gujarati languages, Gujarati *********Old Gujarati (extinct) **********Middle Gujarati (extinct) ***********Gujarati language, Gujarati (Gujarati language, Gujarati Proper) (ગુજરાતી – ''Gujarati language, Gujarātī'') ************''Standard Gujarati'' ************''Gamadia'' ************''Kathiawari dialect, Kathiawari'' ************''Kharwa dialect, Kharwa'' ************''Kakari dialect, Kakari'' ************''Tarimuki dialect, Tarimuki'' ''(Ghisadi dialect, Ghisadi)'' ************''Parsi Gujarati'' (''Parsi Gujarati, Zoroastrian Gujarati'') ************''Lisan ud-Dawat'' ''(Muslim Gujarati, spoken by the Sunni Bohra, Bohra)'' *********Jandavra language, Jandavra/Jandavra, Jhandoria *********Vaghri language, Vaghri/Vaghri language, Waghri/Vaghri language, Baghri *********Aer language, Aer (closer to Koli) **********''Jikrio Goth Aer'' **********''Jamesabad Aer'' *********Koli **********Parkari Koli language, Parkari Koli **********Kachi Koli language, Kachi Koli **********Wadiyara Koli language, Wardiyara Koli/Wadiyara Koli, Tharadari *********Sauraseni Prakrit (Sauraseni Prākrit, Śaurasenī Prākṛt) (extinct) **********Saurashtra language, Saurashtra (spoken by the Saurashtra Brahmins or Saurashtra people, Saurashtrians of South India in the states of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh,) ***********''Northern Saurashtra'' ***********''Southern Saurashtra'' *********Vasavi language, Vasavi/Vasavi Bhil (a Gujarati languages, Gujarati language spoken by the Bhil people) **********''Ambodiya'' **********''Dhogri'' ''(Dungri dialect, Dungri)'' **********''Khataliya'' **********''Kot dialect, Kot'' ''(Kotne)'' **********''Dehvaliya'' ''(Kolch)'' *******Bhil languages, Bhil ********Gamit language, Gamit ********Northern Bhil languages, Northern Bhil *********Bauria-Vaghri-Wagdi **********Bauria language, Bauria **********Vaghri language, Vaghri/Vaghri language, Bavri **********Wagdi language, Wagdi ***********''Aspur Wagdi, Aspur'' ***********''Kherwara Wagadi, Kherwara'' ***********''Sagwara Wagadi'' ***********''Adivasi Wagdi'' *********Bhilori language, Bhilori **********''Dungra Bhil language, Dungra'' **********''Noiri Bhil language, Noiri'' *********Magari language, Magari (''Magari language, Magra ki Boli'') ********Central Bhil languages, Central Bhil *********Bhili language, Bhili proper (Bhili language, Bhagoria, Bhili language, Bhilboli) (Bhili language, भीली – ''Bhili language, Bhili'') **********''Rajput Garasia'' *********Bhilali (Rathawi language, Rathawi) **********''Bhilali language, Bhilali proper'' **********''Rathawi'' ''(Rathawi, Rathwi)'' **********''Bhilali language, Parya Bhilali'' *********Chodri language, Chodri/Chodri language, Chowdhary *********Dhodia-Kukna language, Dhodia-Kukna (spoken by the Dhodia and the Kokna) *********Dubli (spoken by the Dubla) ********Bareli language, Bareli *********Palya Bareli language, Palya Bareli *********Pauri Bareli language, Pauri Bareli *********Rathwi Bareli language, Rathwi Bareli *********Pardhi language, Pardhi/Pardhi language, Bahelia (spoken by the Phase Pardhi) **********''Neelishikari'' **********''Pittala Bhasha'' **********''Takari'' **********''Haran Shikari'' ********Kalto language, Kalto ("Nahali language (Indo-European), Nahali") (not to be confused with Nihali, a language isolate) *******Khandeshi language, Khandeshi (Khandeshi language, खान्देशी/Ahirani Language, अहिराणी – ''Khandeshi language, Khandeshi''/''Ahirani Language, Ahirani'') ********''Khandeshi language, Khandeshi'' ''(Khandeshi language, Khandeshi Proper)'' ********''Ahirani Language, Ahirani'' ''(spoken by the Ahir)'' *********''Chandwadi'' ''(spoken around Chandwad hills)'' *********''Nandubari'' ''(spoken around Nandurbar)'' *********''Jamnerior Tawadi'' ''(spoken around Jamner tehsil)'' *********''Taptangi'' ''(spoken by the side of Tapi, Tapti river)'' *********''Dongarangi'' ''(spoken by the side of forest Ajantha, Maharashtra, Ajanta hills)'' ********''Dhanki language, Dhanki''/''Dhanki language, Dangri'' *******Domari language, Domari-Romani language, Romani ********Proto Domari-Romani (extinct) *********Domari **********Domari language, Domari ("Domari language, India and Middle Eastern Gypsy") (Domari language, دٛومَرِي – Domari language, דּוֺמָרִי – Domari language, Dōmʋārī/Domari language, Dōmʋārī ǧib/Domari language, Dômarî ĵib) (in scattered communities in India,

, the Middle East and

) ***********''Dombari Domari, Dombari'' ''(in Northern India and Pakistan)'' ***********''Dehari Domari, Dehari'' ''(in Haryana)'' ***********''Orhi Domari, Orhi'' ''(in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand)'' ***********''Kanjari Domari, Kanjari'' ''(in Northern India)'' ************''Patharkati Domari, Patharkati'' ''(in Northern India and Nepal)'' ***********''Mirasi Domari, Mirasi'' ''(in Northern India, Punjab)'' ***********''Bedi Domari, Bedi'' ''(in Bangladesh)'' ***********''Narikurava Domari, Narikurava'' ''(in Tamil Nadu)'' ***********''Lori Domari, Lori'' ''(in Balochistan)'' ***********''Mugati Domari, Mugati'' ''(Lyuli)'' ''(in Central Asian countries)'' ***********''Churi-Wali Domari, Churi-Wali'' ''(in Afghanistan)'' ***********''Kurbati Domari, Kurbati''/''Ghorbati Domari, Ghorbati'' ''(in Afghanistan and Iran)'' ***********''Garachi language, Karachi''/''Garachi language, Garachi'' ''(in Northern Iran and Azerbaijan, Caucasus)'' ***********''Marashi Domari, Marashi'' ''(in Marash, southeastern Turkey)'' ***********''Barake Domari, Barake'' ''(in Syria)'' ***********''Nawari Domari, Nawari'' ''(in Mesopotamia, Levant, North Africa)'' ***********''Palestinian Domari'' ''(in the old quarters of Jerusalem)'' ***********''Helebi Domari, Helebi'' ''(in North Africa: Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco)'' ***********''Halab Domari, Halab''/''Ghajar Domari, Ghajar'' ''(in Sudan)'' ***********Old Persian Domari (former speakers shifted to a mixed Persian Romani language) (extinct) **********Seb Seliyer language, Seb Seliyer *********Transitional Domari-Romani **********Old Lomari/Old Lomavren ("Armenian Gypsy") (former speakers shifted to a mixed Romani-Domari-Armenian language, Lomavren) (extinct) *********Romani **********Romani language, Romani ("Romani language, Anatolian and European Gypsy") (''Romani language, Romani čhib'') (see also Para-Romani languages) (in scattered communities in Anatolia/Asia Minor, Europe, North and South America) ***********Old Persian Romani (former speakers shifted to a mixed Persian Romani language) (extinct) ***********Balkan Romani (Anatolia-Balkan Romani) (Balkan Roman, Balkan Gypsy) ************''Southern Balkan'' ''(includes Anatolia)''/''Balkan I'' ''(some speakers shifted to a mixed Romano-Greek language)'' *************Rumelian-Zargari **************''Rumelian Romani, Rumelian'' **************''Zargari Romani, Zargari'' (spoken in Zargar region, Abyek district of the Qazvin Province in Iran by the Zargari tribe) *************''Sepečides Romani'' ''(Greek Balkan Romani)'' *************''Arli'' / ''Arlija'' *************''Prizren Romani, Prizren'' *************''Ursari Romani'' ''(Erli, Usari)'' *************''Sofia Erli Romani, Sofia Erli'' *************''Crimean Romani'' ''(Kyrymitika)'' ************''Northern Balkan'' ''(Zis)''/''Balkan II'' ''(some speakers shifted to a mixed Romano-Serbian language)'' *************''Dzambazi'' *************''Bugurdži Romani, Bugurdži'' *************''Drindari Romani, Drindari''/''Razgrad Drindari Romani, Razgrad Drindari'' ''(East Bulgarian Romani)'' *************''Kalajdži Romani''/''Pazardžik Kalajdži Romani, Pazardžik Kalajdži'' *************''Tinners Romani'' *************''Ironworker Romani'' *************''Paspatian Romani, Paspatian'' ***********Vlax Romani (''Vlax Romani language, řomani čhib'') ************''Northern Vlax''/''Vlax I'' *************''Kalderash Romani language, Kalderash Romani'' ''(Coppersmith, Kelderashícko)'' *************''Lovari'' ''(Lovarícko)'' **************''Machvano'' ''(Machvanmcko)'' *************''Churari'' ''(Churarícko, Sievemakers)'' *************''Eastern Vlax Romani'' ''(Bisa)'' *************''Sedentary Romania Romani'' *************''Ukraine-Moldavia Romani'' ************''Southern Vlax''/''Vlax II'' *************''Serbo-Bosnian Romani'' *************''North Albanian Romani'' *************''South Albanian Romani'' *************''Sedentary Bulgaria Romani'' *************''Zagundzi'' *************''Grekurja'' ''(Greco)'' *************''Ghagar Romani, Ghagar'' ***********Northern Romani dialects, Northern Romani ************Carpathian Romani (Carpathian Romani, Central Romani) *************''Southern Central'' **************''Romungro Romani, Romungro''/''Romungro Romani'' **************''Roman Romani, Roman''/''Roman Romani'' **************''Vend Romani, Vend''/''Vend Romani'' *************''Gurvari Romani, Gurvari''/''Gurvari Romani'' *************''Northern Central'' **************''East Slovak Romani'' **************''West Slovak Romani'' **************''Old Bohemian Romani'' ''(former speakers shifted to a mixed Romani-Czech dialect, Bohemian Romani)'' ''(both extinct)'' **************''South Polish Romani'' ************Northwestern *************Sinte Romani (''Sinte Romani, Sintenghero''/''Sinte Romani, Tschib(en)''/''Sinte Romani, Sintitikes''/''Sinte Romani, Manuš''/''Sinte Romani, Romanes'') **************''Serbian Romani dialect'' **************''Slovenian-Croatian Romani'' **************''Venetian Sinti'' **************''Piedmont Sintí'' **************''Abbruzzesi Romani'' **************''Eftawagaria'' **************''Estracharia'' **************''Kranaria'' **************''Krantiki'' **************''Lallere'' **************''Praistiki'' **************''Gadschkene'' **************''Manouche Romani, Manouche'' ''(Manuche, Manush, Manuš)'' *************Welsh-Romani language, Welsh-Romani (''Welsh-Romani language, Kååle'') (''Welsh-Romani language, Romnimus'') (probably extinct as a first language) *************Old Scottish Romani (former speakers shifted to Scottish Cant language) (extinct) *************Old Anglic Romani (former speakers shifted to a mixed Anglo-Romani language) (extinct) **************Old Scandinavian Romani (former speakers shifted to a mixed Scandoromani language) (extinct) ***************Finnish Kalo language, Finnish Kalo (''Finnish Kalo language, Kaalengo tšimb'') *************Old Caló (former speakers shifted to a mixed Romani-Occitan-Ibero Romance language, Modern Caló language, Caló, and to a mixed Romani-Basque language, Erromintxela) (extinct) ************Northeastern *************Baltic Romani **************''Polish Romani'' (''Polska Romani'') **************''White Russian Romani'' ( **************''Latvian Romani'' ''(Lettish Romani)'' (''Lotfika'') **************''Estonian Romani'' (''Čuxny Romani'') **************''North Russian Romani'' (''Xaladitka'') ******Central Indo-Aryan languages, Central Indo-Aryan (Central Indo-Aryan languages, Madhya/Central Indo-Aryan languages, Hindi) (

) *******Sauraseni Prakrit (extinct) (spoken mainly in the Madhyadesa region) ********Western Hindi (Western Hindi, Western Madhyadesi) *********North Western Madhyadesi **********Hindustani language, Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी – ہندوستانی) ***********''Dehlavi'', ''Delhi dialect'', ''Kauravi'' (कौरवी), ''Vernacular Hindustani'', ''Khari'', ''Khadi'', ''Khadi Boli'', ''Khari Boli'' (खड़ी बोली – کھڑی بولی), Rekhta, Urdu, Hindi, Hindvi, Deccani dialect, Deccani (Dakhini) ''(natively spoken in Delhi State, Delhi, Western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Haryana State, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh states, introduced into the Deccan, scattered and spoken in all India, especially in the Northern Indian states, Hindi Belt)'' ''(basis of Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu)'' ************''Hindi/Manak or Shuddh Hindi'' ''(Sanskritised standard register of the Hindustani language)'' (''हिन्दी'' – ''Hindī'') *************''Standard Hindi, Modern Standard Hindi'' (''High Hindi''/''Nagari Hindi'') ''(prestige dialect of Hindi and of lingua franca of Northern India)'' *************''Delhavi'' ''(Delhi Hindi)'' ''(spoken in Delhi and outskirts)'' *************''Doab Hindi'' ''(spoken in the Ganges-Yamuna Doab)'' **************''Upper Doab Hindi, Upper Doab'' ''(spoken in Upper Doab)'' **************''Middle Doab Hindi, Middle Doab'' ''(spoken in Middle Doab)'' ''(overlaps with Braj Bhasha)'' *************''Kuttahir Hindi, Kuttahir''/''Rohilkhand Hindi, Rohilkhand'' ''(spoken in Rohilkhand, Kuttahir/Rohilkhand)'' ''(overlaps with Braj Bhasha and Kannauji)'' *************''Bombay Hindi, Mumbai Hindi'' ''(Bombay Hindi, Mumbaiya Hindi)'' ''(Bombay Hindi)'' ''("Bombay Baat")'' ************''Urdu''/''Lashkari language, Lashkari'' ''(Persianised standard register of the Hindustani language)'' (''Urdu language, اُردُو'' – ''Urdū'') *************''Standard Urdu, Modern Standard Urdu'' ''(prestige dialect of the language spoken in Northern South Asia, especially in cities; contains more Persian and Arabic vocabulary than Dakhni but less than Rekhta; lingua franca of Pakistan)'' **************''Lahore Urdu, Punjabi Urdu (Lingua franca spoken in the Punjab, Pakistan, Pakistani Punjab, including Lahore and Islamabad)'' **************''Karachi Urdu, Sindhi Urdu (Link language of urban Sindh, including Karachi and Hyderabad, Sindh, Hyderabad; spoken natively by Mahajir (Pakistan), Muhajirs)'' **************''Awadhi Urdu (Spoken in Lucknow and other parts of Awadh, Central Uttar Pradesh)'' **************''Delhivi Urdu, Delhavi Urdu (Historically spoken in and around Delhi; still spoken today in parts of Old Delhi)'' **************''Bihari Urdu (Spoken in Patna and other parts of Bihar and Jharkhand)'' **************''Bhopali Urdu (Spoken in and around Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh)'' *************''Dakhini''/''Dakkhani''/''Deccan language, Deccani'' (''Dakhani language, دکنی'' – ''Dakkhini language, Dakkhani'') ''(fewer Persian and Arabic loans than other Urdu dialects)'' ''(an Urdu dialect or a derived language from it)'' ''(spoken by the Dakhini Muslims in Central and Southern India)'' **************''Hyderabadi Urdu, Hyderabadi Urdu/Northern Dakhni (spoken in regions formerly part of Hyderabad State (1948–1956), Hyderabad State, including Telangana, Marathwada in Maharashtra and Kalyana-Karnataka in Karnataka, Karanataka)'' **************Deccani language, ''Southern Dakhni'' ''(spoken in parts of central and southern Andhra Pradesh and some communities in northern Tamil Nadu)'' *************''Dhakaiya Urdu'' ''(endangered minority language historically spoken in Dhaka, Bangladesh)'' *************''Rekhta'' ''(is a form of Urdu used in poetry)'' ***********Sansi-Kabutra ************Sansi language, Sansi/Sansiboli/Sansi language, Bhilki ************Kabutra language, Kabutra *********South Western Madhyadesi **********Braj-Kannauji ***********Braj language, Braj (Braj Bhasha) (Brij Bhasha) (Braj Bhasha language, ब्रज भाषा – ''Braj Bhasha language, Braj Bhasha'') (spoken in Braj, Vraja Bhoomi region) ***********Kannauji language, Kannauji (Kannauji language, कन्नौजी – ''Kannauji language, Kannauji'') (spoken in the Kannauj region) ************''Tirhari'' ************''Transitional Kannauji'' **********Bundeli language, Bundeli/Bundelkhandi (Bundeli language, बुन्देली/Bundeli language, बुंदेली – ''Bundeli language, Bundeli'') (spoken in Bundelkhand) ***********''Standard Bundeli'' ***********''Northwest Bundeli'' ''(similar to Braj Bhasha)'' ***********''Northeast Bundeli'' ''(closely related to Bagheli)'' ***********''South Bundeli'' *********Unclassified **********Bhaya language, Bhaya (nearly extinct) **********Ghera language, Ghera/Ghera language, Bara **********Gowli language, Gowli (spoken by the Gowari) **********Haryanvi language, Haryanvi (Haryanvi language, हरियाणवी – ''Haryanvi language, Hariyāṇvī''/Haryanvi language, हरयाणवी – ''Haryanvi language, Harayāṇvī'') (mainly spoken in Haryana State) ***********''Bagdi'' ***********''Bangaru Proper'' ***********''Deswali''/''Deshwali'' ***********''Khadar'' ***********''Mewati (Haryanvi)'' ********Parya language, Parya (Parya language, Парья – ''Parya language, Par'ya'') (nearly extinct) (an Indo-Aryan language spoken out of the Indian Subcontinent, in the border regions between Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) ******Transitional Central-Eastern Indo-Aryan (

) *******East Central Indo-Aryan languages (Eastern Hindi language, Eastern Hindi) ********Ardhamagadhi Prakrit (Ardhamagadhi Prakrit, Ardhamāgadhī) (extinct) *********Awadhi language, Awadhi (Awadhi language, Baiswāri/Awadhi language, Pūrbī/Awadhi language, Kōsalī) (अवधी – Awadhi language, Awadhi) (primarily spoken in the Awadh region of present-day Central Uttar Pradesh, Northern India) **********''Pardesi Awadhi, Pardesi'' **********''Mirzapuri Awadhi, Mirzapuri'' **********''Gangapari Awadhi, Gangapari'' **********''Uttari Awadhi, Uttari'' **********Fiji Hindi (Fijian Hindustani) (Fiji Hindi, फ़िजी बात – ''Fiji Baat'') *********Bagheli language, Bagheli (Baghelkhandi) (Bagheli language, बघेली – ''Bagheli language, Bagheli''/Bagheli language, बाघेली – ''Baghelkhandi'') **********''Godwani Bagheli, Godwani'' **********''Kumhari Bagheli, Kumhari'' **********''Rewa Bagheli, Rewa'' *********Surgujia language, Surgujia/Surgujia dialect, Sargujia/Surgujia dialect, Surgujia Chhattisgarhi (Surgujia dialect, Northern Chhattisgarhi)/Bhandar *********Chhattisgarhi language, Chhattisgarhi (Chhattisgarhi language, Kosali, Chhattisgarhi language, Dakshin Kosali) (Chhattisgarhi language, छत्तीसगढ़ी/Chhattisgarhi language, छत्तिसगढ़ी – ''Chhattisgarhi language, Chhattisgarhi'') **********''Chhattisgarhi Proper'' ***********''Kedri (Central) Chhattisgarhi'' ***********''Budati''/''Khaltahi (Western) Chhattisgarhi'' ***********''Utti (Eastern) Chhattisgarhi'' ***********''Rakshahun (Southern) Chhattisgarhi'' **********''Baighani Chhattisgarhi, Baighani'' **********''Bhulia Chhattisgarhi, Bhulia'' **********''Binjhwari Chhattisgarhi, Binjhwari'' **********''Kalanga Chhattisgarhi, Kalanga'' **********''Kavardi Chhattisgarhi, Kavardi'' **********''Khairagarhi Chhattisgarhi, Khairagarhi'' **********''Sadri Korwa Chhattisgarhi, Sadri Korwa'' ******Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Eastern Indo-Aryan (

) *******Magadhi Prakrit (Magadhi Prakrit, Māgadhī)(extinct) (was spoken in the ancient kingdom of Magadha) *******Pali Language, Pali (Pali, पालि – ''Pāḷi'') (Paishachi, Paiśācī Prakrit?) (extinct) (Liturgical language, liturgical or sacred language of some religious texts of Hinduism and all texts of Theravāda Buddhism) ********Abahattha, Apabhramsa Avahatta/Abahatta (Abahattha, অবহট্‌ঠ – ''Abahattha, Abahaṭ‌ṭha'') (extinct) *********Bihari languages **********Old Bihari ***********Bhojpuri language, Bhojpuri (भोजपुरी – ''Bhojpuri language, Bhōjpurī'') (spoken in Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Western Bihar) ************''Northern Bhojpuri'' ''(Gorakhpuri, Sarawaria, Basti, Padrauna)'' ************''Western Bhojpuri'' ''(Purbi, Benarsi)'' ************''Southern Bhojpuri'' ''(Kharwari)'' ************''Nagpuria Bhojpuri'' ''(Sadari)'' ************''Tharu Bhojpuri'' ************''Madheshi Bhojpuri'' ************''Domra Bhojpuri'' ************''Musahari Bhojpuri'' ************''Mauritian Bhojpuri'' ************''South African Bhojpuri'' ''(Naitali)'' ************Caribbean Hindustani (spoken by the Indo-Caribbeans) *************''Trinidadian Hindustani'' ( ''Caribbean Hindustani, Trinidadian Bhojpuri''/''Caribbean Hindustani, Plantation Hindustani''/''Caribbean Hindustani, Gaon ke Bolee'' – ''Caribbean Hindustani, Village Speech'') *************''Caribbean Hindustani, Guyanese Hindustani'' ('' Caribbean Hindustani, Aili Gaili'') *************''Sarnami Hindustani''/''Sarnami Hindustani, Sarnami Hindoestani'' ''(Suriname Hindustani)'' ***********Magadhi language, Magadhi (Magahi language, મગહી – Magahi language, मगही – ''Magahi language, Magahī'') (spoken in Central Bihar State) ***********Khortha dialect, Khortha (Eastern Magadhi) (could be a Magadhi dialect) (spoken by the Sadan people, Sadan in Jharkhand, Jharkhand State) ***********Maithili language, Maithili (Maithili language, मैथिली – Maithili language, মৈথিলী – ''Maithili language, Maithilī'') (spoken in Mithila (region), Mithila, in the states of Bihar and Jharkhand) ************''Angika language, Angika'' ''(a dialect of Maithili language, Maithili or could be divergent enough to be considered a separate language)'' ************''Central Maithili''/''Madhubani Maithili, Madhubani'' ''(Sotipura)'' ''(basis of the standard form of Maithili)'' ************''Thēthi'' ************''Jolaha Maithili, Jolaha'' ************''Kisan Maithili, Kisan'' ************''Madhur Maithili, Madhur'' ************''Bajjika language, Bajjika'' ''(a dialect of Maithili language, Maithili or could be divergent enough to be considered a separate language)'' ***********Kudmali language, Kudmali/Kurmali language, Kurmali/Panchpargania language, Panchpargania/Kurmali language, Tamaria (Kurmali language, কুর্মালী – Kurmali language, কুড়মালি – ''Kurmali, Kur(a)mālī'') (Panchpargania Language, পঞ্চপরগনিয়া – ''Panchpargania Language, Panchpargania'') (spoken by the Kudumi Mahato) ************''Mayurbhanja Kurumali dialect, Mayurbhanja Kurumali'' ************''Manbhum Kurmali Thar dialect, Manbhum Kurmali Thar'' ***********Majhi language, Majhi (extinct) ***********Musasa language, Musasa (spoken predominantly by the Musahar) ***********Sadri language, Sadri/Sadri language, Sadani/Sadri language, Nagpuri (native language of the Sadan people, Sadan/Sadan people, Sadri) ***********Oraon Sadri language, Oraon Sadri (spoken by part of the Oraon people, Oraon or Kurukh people, Kurukh, a Dravidian people, non Indo-European substrate) *********Bengali-Assamese languages (বাংলা-অসমীয়া ভাষাসমূহ) **********Old Bengali-Assamese/Bengali language, Old Bengali-Kamarupi Prakrit (কামরূপী প্রাকৃত) ***********Old Bengali ************Bengali language, Bengali (বাংলা – ''Bengali language, Bangla'') *************''Modern Standard Bengali'' (''শুদ্ধ বাংলা – Shuddho Bangla'') *************''Varendri dialect, Varendri'' (''বরেন্দ্রী – Borendri'') *************''Rarhi dialect, Rarhi (রাঢ়ী)'' ''(West Bengal Standard Prestige dialect)'' ''(basis of Western Modern Standard Bengali but not identical)'' **************''Murshidabad district, Murshidabadi (মুর্শিদাবাদী)'' **************''Malda district, Maldohiyo (মালদহীয়)'' ''(Jongipuri – জঙ্গিপুরী)'' **************''Madhya Rādhi (মধ্য রাঢ়ী)'' ***************''Shadhu-bhasha, Shadhubasha'' ''(সাধুভাষা – Sadhubhasha)'' ''(Old Literary Bengali)'' ***************''Cholit Bhasha, Chôlitôbhasha'' ''(চলিতভাষা – Chôlitôbhasha/চলতিভাষা – Choltibhasha)'' ''(Nadia standard/Shantipuri শান্তিপুরী)'' ''(Vernacular based Literary Bengali)'' **************''Kolkata dialect'' ''(spoken in Kolkata and Kolkata District)'' *************''Manbhumi dialect, Manbhumi'' **************''Birbhumi'' **************''Kanthi dialect, Kanthi'' ''(Contai)'' *************''Sundarbani dialect, Sundarbani'' *************''Bangali (ethnic dialect), Bangali''/''Bangali (ethnic dialect), Vangi'' **************''Jessor''/''Jessoriya'' ''(spoken in Jessore District)'' **************''Pabnai'' ''(spoken in the Pabna District)'' **************''Dhakaiya dialect, Dhakaiya'' ''(spoken in Dhaka Division)'' **************''Eastern Standard Bengali'' ''(use in education throughout Bangladesh)'' **************''Dhakaiya Kutti, Dhakaiya Kutti (ঢাকাইয়া কুট্টি)'' or ''Puran Dhakaiya (পুরান ঢাকাইয়া)'' ''(spoken in Old Dhaka)'' **************''Dhakaiya dialect, Dhakaiya'' ''(spoken in Dhaka Division, basis of Eastern Modern Standard Bengali but not identical)'' ***************''Dobhashi'' ''(দোভাষী)'' ''(Historical form of Bengali)'' ***************''Christian Bengali'' ''(খ্রীষ্টীয় বাংলা)'' ''(Historical form of Bengali)'' **************''Mymensinghi'' ''(spoken in Mymensingh and Mymensingh Division)'' **************''Barisal dialect, Borishailla'' ''(spoken in Barisal Division)'' **************''Comillai''/''Cumillai'' ''(spoken in the Comilla District)'' **************''Noakhailla'' ''(spoken in the Noakhali District)'' ************Sylheti language, Sylheti (/সিলেটি) (spoken in the Sylhet region) ************Chittagonian language, Chittagonian/Chittagonian language, Chattal (Chatgaya/Chatgaya, Satgaya) (Chittagonian language, চাঁটগাঁইয়া – ''Chittagonian language, Sãṭgãiya'') (mainly spoken in Chittagong Division, Southeast Bangladesh) ************Rohingya language, Rohingya (Rohingya language, رُاَࣺينڠَ – ''Rohingya language, Ruáingga'') (spoken by the Rohingya people in Rakhine State, far northwest Myanmar, and also in Chittagong Division, far southeast Bangladesh) ************Kurmukar language, Kurmukar ************Bishnupriya Manipuri language, Bishnupriya Manipuri (ইমার ঠার – ''Bishnupriya Manipuri language, Imar Thar'') (originally confined to the surroundings of the Loktak Lake, Manipur State, Northeast India) *************''Rajar Gang'' ''("King's village")'' *************''Madai Gang'' ''("Queen's village")'' ************Chakma language, Chakma (''Chakma language, Changmha Bhach'') (spoken by the Chakma people, Chakma and Daingnet people) (has Sino-Tibetan languages, Sino-Tibetan substrate from the Sal languages, Sal branch) ************Tangchangya language, Tangchangya (spoken by the Tanchangya people, Pre-Indo-European substrate) ************Hajong language, Hajong (Hajong language, হৃজং ভাশা – ''Hajong language, Hajong Bhasa'') (Hajong language, New Hajong) (Old Hajong was a Tibeto-Burman language, New Hajong is an Indo-Aryan language with Tibeto-Burman roots and substrate) *************''Doskine *************''Korebari'' *************''Susung'ye *************''Barohajarye *************''Miespe'rye ************Kharia Thar language, Kharia Thar (spoken by a quarter of the Kharia people) (Kharia language, Kharia substrate) ************Lodhi language, Lodhi (?) (there could be an Indo-Aryan language with the same name as Lodhi language, Lodhi, a Munda languages, Munda Austroasiatic languages, Austroasiatic language) ***********Kamarupi Prakrit/Kamarupi Prakrit, Kamrupi Apabhramsa (spoken in Kamarupa Kingdom) (extinct) ************West Kamarupa (Kamata) (KRNB lects – Kamta, Rajbanshi and Northern Bangla lects) *************Surjapuri language, Surjapuri/Surjapuri language, Surajpuri (mainly spoken in the parts of Purnia division, east Bihar, east India) *************Dhekri *************Rangpuri language, Rangpuriya/Rangpuri language, Rangpuri/Rangpuri language, Rajbanshi/Rangpuri language, Rajbangsi/Kamtapuri language, Kamtapuri/Deshi Bhasha/Uzani **************''Rangpuri language, Kamtapuri'' (''Western Rajbanshi'') **************''Rajbanshi language, Rajbanshi'' (''Central Rajbanshi'') **************''Rangpuri language, Rangpuri'' (''Eastern Rajbanshi'') ************East Kamarupa (Asamiya) *************Old Assamese **************Assamese language, Assamese (''Assamese language, Asamiya''/Ôxômiya) ***************''Assamese language, Standard Assamese'' ***************''Bhakatiya'' ***************''Goalpariya dialect, Goalpariya'' ***************''Kamrupi dialect, Kamrupi''/''Kamrupi dialect, Kamarupi'' ***************''Central group Assamese, Central group'' ***************''Eastern group Assamese, Eastern group'' ''(Assamese language, Standard Assamese is based on the Eastern group)'' *********Odia languages (Oriya) **********Old Odia (spoken in Utkala Kingdom, located in the northern and eastern portion of the modern-day Indian state of Odisha) ***********Early Middle Odia ************Middle Odia *************Late Middle Odia **************Odia language, Odia proper (Modern Odia) (ଓଡ଼ିଆ – ''Odia language, Oṛiā''/''Odia language, Odia'') ***************''Spoken Standard Odia'' ***************''Literary standard of Odia'' ***************''Midnapori Odia'' ''(spoken in the undivided Midnapore and Bankura Districts of West Bengal)'' ***************''Singhbhumi Odia'' ''(spoken in East Singhbhum, West Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan district of Jharkhand)'' ***************''Baleswari Odia'' ''(spoken in Baleswar, Bhadrak and Mayurbhanj district of Odisha)'' ***************''Cuttaki Odia'' ''(spoken in Cuttack, Jajpur, Jagatsinghpur and Kendrapara district of Odisha)'' ***************''Puri Odia'' ''(spoken in Puri district of Odisha)'' ***************''Ganjami Odia'' ''(spoken in Ganjam and Gajapati districts of Odisha and Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh)'' ***************''Phulbani Odia'' ''(spoken in Phulbani, Phulbani Town, Khajuripada block of Kandhamal, and in nearby areas bordering Boudh district)'' ***************''Sundargadi Odia'' ''(variation of Odia Spoken in Sundargarh district of Odisha and in adjoining pockets of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh)'' ***************''Kalahandia Odia'' ''(variation of Odia spoken in undivided Kalahandi District and neighboring districts of Chhattisgarh)'' ***************''Kurmi Odia, Kurmi'' ''(spoken in Northern Odisha and South west Bengal)'' ***************''Sounti Odia, Sounti'' ''(spoken in Northern Odisha and South west Bengal)'' ''(spoken by the Sounti)'' ***************''Bathudi Odia, Bathudi'' ''(spoken in Northern Odisha and South west Bengal by the Bathudi)'' ***************''Kondhan Odia, Kondhan'' ''(a tribal dialect spoken in Western Odisha)'' ***************''Laria Odia, Laria'' ''(spoken in bordering areas of Chatishgarh and Western Odisha)'' ***************''Aghria Odia, Aghria''/Agharia Odia, Agharia ''(spoken mostly by the Agharia or Aghria caste in Western Odisha)'' ***************''Bhulia Odia, Bhulia'' ''(spoken in Western part of Odisha by Bhulia or Weaver community)'' **************Adivasi Oriya/Adivasi Oriya, Adivasi Odia **************Bodo Parja language, Bodo Parja/Bodo Parja language, Jharia (tribal dialect of Odia spoken mostly in Koraput district of Southern Odisha) **************Desiya Odia or Koraputia Odia (spoken in Koraput, Kalahandi, Rayagada, Nabarangapur and Malkangiri Districts of Odisha and in the hilly regions of Vishakhapatnam, Vizianagaram District of Andhra Pradesh) **************Sambalpuri language, Sambalpuri/Sambalpuri language, Western Odia (Sambalpuri language, Kosali) (spoken in western Odisha, East India, in Bargarh, Bolangir, Boudh, Debagarh, Nuapada, Sambalpur, Subarnapur districts of Odisha and in Raigarh, Mahasamund, Raipur districts of Chhattisgarh state) (it is not to be confused with "Kosali", a term sometimes also used for Awadhi language, Awadhi and related languages) **************Reli language, Reli/Relli language, Relli (spoken in Southern Odisha and bordering areas of Andhra Pradesh) **************Kupia language, Kupia (spoken by the Valmiki caste people in the Indian state of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, mostly in Hyderabad, Mahabubnagar, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, East Godavari and Visakhapatnam districts) ******Transitional Eastern-Southern Indo-Aryan (

) *******Halbic languages, Halbic ********Halbi language, Halbi (Bastari, Halba, Halvas) (Halbi language, ହଲବୀ – Halbi language, हलबी – Halbi language, Halbi) (spoken in undivided Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, transitional between Odia language, Odia and Marathi language, Marathi) *********''Mehari Halbi, Mehari'' ********Bhunjia language, Bhunjia ********Bhatri (spoken in South-western Odisha and eastern-south Chhattisgarh) ********Kamar language, Kamar ********Mirgan language, Mirgan/Mirgan language, Panika ********Nahari language, Nahari (not to be confused with Kalto language, Nahali language) ******Southern Indo-Aryan languages, Southern Indo-Aryan (

) *******Maharashtri Prakrit (Maharashtri Prakrit, महाराष्ट्री प्राकृत – ''Maharashtri Prakrit, Mahārāṣṭri Prākṛt'') (extinct) ********Marathi–Konkani languages *********Marathi language, Marathi (मराठी – ''Marāṭhī'') **********''Marathi language, Standard Marathi'' **********''Zadi Boli''/''Zhadiboli'' ''(spoken in eastern Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, Eastern Maharashtra)'' **********''Varhadi dialect, Varhadi''/''Varhadi-Nagpuri'' ''(spoken in western Vidarbha region of Maharashtra, Eastern Maharashtra)'' ***********''Nagpuri Marathi, Nagpuri'' **********''Desi Marathi, Desi'' ''(spoken in Western Maharashtra)'' ***********''East Indian language, Mumbai Marathi''/''East Indian language'' **********''Southern Indian Marathi'' ''(spoken by many descendants of Maharashtrians who migrated to Southern India)'' ***********''Thanjavur Marathi dialect, Thanjavur Marathi'' ***********''Namadeva Shimpi Marathi'' ***********''Arey Marathi'' ***********''Bhavsar Marathi'' **********''Judeo-Marathi'' ''(spoken by the Bene Israel – Bene Israel, Marathi Jews)'' *********Konkani languages, Konkani (spoken along Konkan Coast and Northern Malabar Coast) **********Kadodi language, Kadodi (Samvedi language, Samvedi, Samvedi language, Samavedi) (spoken by the Samvedi Brahmin and Kupari community in Vasai, Maharashtra, India) **********Katkari language, Katkari/Katkari language, Kathodi (spoken by the Katkari people) **********Varli language, Varli/Varli language, Warli (Varli language, वारली – Varli language, Varli/Varli language, Warli) (spoken by the Varli people, Warli/Varli people) **********Phudagi language, Phudagi/Phudagi language, Vadvali (Phudagi language, फुडगी – Phudagi language, Phudagi/Vadvali language, वाडवळी – Vadvali language, Vadvali) **********Maharashtrian Konkani/Maharashtrian Konkani, Maharashtrian Kokani (Maharashtrian Konkani, महाराष्ट्रीय कोंकणी – ''Maharashtrian Konkani, Maharashtri Konkani''/Maharashtrian Konkani, महाराष्ट्रीय कोकणी – ''Maharashtrian Konkani, Maharashtri Kokani'') ***********''Parabhi Konkani, Parabhi'' ***********''Koli Konkani, Koli'' ''(spoken by the Koli people, Koli or fishermen community found in Mumbai, Thane, Palghar and Raigad district of Maharashtra)'' ***********''Kiristanv Konkani, Kiristanv'' ***********''Kunbi Konkani, Kunbi'' ***********''Agri dialect, Agri''/''Agri dialect, Agari'' ''(spoken by the Agri people)'' ***********''Dhangari Konkani, Dhangari'' ***********''Thakri dialect, Thakri''/Thakri dialect, Thakuri ''(spoken by the Adivasi and katkari community found in Raigad district of Maharashtra)'' ''(non-Marathi substratum)'' ***********''Karadhi Konkani, Karadhi'' ***********''Sangameshwari'' ***********''Bankoti Konkani, Bankoti'' ***********''Maoli Konkani, Maoli'' **********Konkani language, Konkani (Goan Konkani) (कोंकणी – ''Goan Konkani, Kōṅkaṇī'') ***********''Goan Konkani, Goan Konkani Proper'' ***********''Mangalorean Konkani'' ***********''Chitpavani Konkani'' ***********''Malvani Konkani'' ***********''Karwari Konkani'' **********Kukna language, Kukna (Canarese Konkani) (Kukna language, कॅनराचॆं कोंकणी – ''Canarese Konkani, Canarachem Konkani'') ***********''Saraswat dialects'' (''आमचीगॆलॆं'' – ''āmcigelẽ'') ***********''Travancore Konkani'' ''(Kerala Konkani)'' ''(including parts of Kochi/Cochin)'' (''कॊच्चिमांय'' – ''Koccimā̃y'') ********Sinhalese-Maldivian languages (Insular Indo-Aryan) *********Elu, Sinhalese Prakrit (Elu/Elu, Helu/Elu, Hela) (''Elu, Eḷu''/''Elu, Sīhala'') (extinct) **********Proto-Sinhala (3rd–7th century CE) ***********Medieval Sinhala (7th–12th century CE) ************Sinhala language, Sinhala (Sinhala language, Modern Sinhala) (Sinhala language, සිංහල – Sinhala language, Siṁhala) *************''Uva Sinhalese, Uva'' ''(Monaragala, Badulla)'' *************''Southern Sinhalese, Southern'' ''(Galle)'' *************''Uppland Country Sinhalese, Uppland Country'' ''(Kandy)'' *************''Sabaragamu Sinhalese, Sabaragamu'' ''(Kegalle)'' **********Maldivian language, Maldivian (Dhivehi Language, Dhivehi) (Dhivehi Language, ދިވެހި – Dhivehi Language, Dhivehi/Maldivian language, ދިވެހިބަސް – Maldivian language, Dhivehi-bas) (spoken in the Maldives and also in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep, southwest India and in Minicoy Island, southwest India) ***********''Maliku Bas'' ''(Mahl dialect, Mahl)'' ''(spoken in Minicoy)'' ***********''Haddhunmathee Bas'' ''(spoken in Haddhunmathi/Laamu Atoll, Laamu)'' ***********''Malé Bas'' ''(basis of Standard Maldivian)'' ***********''Mulaku Bas'' ''(spoken in Fuvahmulah)'' ***********''Madifushi Bas'' ''(spoken in Kolhumadulu)'' ***********''Huvadhu Bas'' ''(spoken in Huvadhu)'' ***********''Addu Bas'' ''(spoken in Addu Atoll, Addu)'' ******Unclassified *******Andh language, Andh/Andh language, Andhi (spoken by the Andh) *******Chinali-Lahul Lohar (spoken in Lahaul and Spiti district, in northern Himachal Pradesh, northern India) ********Chinali language, Chinali ********Lahul Lohar language, Lahul Lohar *******Kanjari language, Kanjari (it may be one of the Punjabi languages) *******Kholosi language, Kholosi (spoken in two villages in southern Iran) *******Kumhali language, Kumhali/Kumhali language, Kumbale (moribund Indic language of Nepal) *******Kuswaric (spoken in Nepal) ********Danwar language, Danwar/Danwar language, Danuwar ********Bote-Darai language, Bote-Darai *********''Bote dialect, Bote'' *********''Darai dialect, Darai'' ********Dewas Rai language, Dewas Rai (it is not related to the Rai languages of the Tibeto-Burman family) *******Od language, Od (''Oadki language, Oadki'') (it has similarities to Marathi language, Marathi, with features also shared with Gujarati language, Gujarati) (spoken by the Orh in Gujarat, Haryana, Rajasthan, New Delhi, Sindh, and the south of Punjab) *******Tharu languages, Tharu (Tharu languages, थारु – ''Tharu languages, Tharu'') (not only one language) (pre-Indo-European, pre-Dravidian and pre-Sino-Tibetan substrate of an unknown language or languages of a possible indigenous language family) (mainly in the Terai) ********Dangaura-Rana-Buksa *********Dangaura Tharu *********Rana Tharu language, Rana Tharu *********Buksa Tharu/Bhoksa Tharu (spoken by the Bhoksa people) ********Sonha language, Sonha ********Kathoria Tharu ********Kochila Tharu ********Chitwania Tharu *******Savji#Language, Savji language (Saoji/Souji/Sauji) (''Savji, Savji bhasha''/''Savji, Khatri bhasha'') *******Vaagri Booli language, Vaagri Booli/Vaagri Booli language, Hakkipikki

Unclassified Indo-European languages (all extinct)

Indo-European languages whose relationship to other languages in the family is unclear *Armeno-Phrygian? **Brygo-Phrygian ***Brygian language, Brygian (part of or closely related to Phrygian language and possibly also related to Greek language, Greek, Phrygian language, Phrygian speakers that stayed in Northern

, Southern Illyria and Southern Thrace) ***Phrygian language, Phrygian (may have been more closely related to Greek, also a possible ancestor of Armenian, East Phrygians or Mysians (Eastern Mushki) may have spoken a language that was Proto-Armenian, ancestor of Armenian) **Moesian-Mysian language, Mysian? ***Moesian (possibly related to Mysian language, Mysian and to Dacian language, Dacian, related to Phrygian language, Brygian, spoken by the Bryges, and Phrygian language, Phrygian) ***Mysian language, Mysian? – possibly related to Moesian, an Anatolian/Asia Minor branch of Moesian, and to Dacian language, Dacian, related to Phrygian language, Phrygian with an Anatolian substrate closer to Lydian) (also may have been an Anatolian Indo-European language). Mysians may have been the same as the Mushki (western and eastern branches) and their language also, if that was the case, then their language may have been related to or an ancestor of Proto-Armenian (Eastern Mushki may have been identical with Proto-Armenian). ***Mushkian ****Western Mushkian (identical with Mysian language, Mysian?) ****Eastern Mushkian (identical with Proto-Armenian?) **Mygdonian? (language of the Mygdonians) **Paeonian language, Paionian (possibly related to Phrygian, Thracian, Illyrian, or Anatolian) *Belgic language, Belgic/Ancient Belgian language, Ancient Belgian (part of Celtic, related to Celtic, Italic, or part of the Nordwestblock) (possibly part of an older Pre-Celtic Indo-European branch) *Cimmerians, Cimmerian (possibly related to Iranian or Thracian) *Dardanian (Illyrian, Dacian, mixed Thracian-Illyrian or a transitional Thracian-Illyrian language) *East Central Asia Indo-European (is a Geographical grouping, not necessarily genealogical) (they may have been Iranian languages, Iranian or

Tocharian languages The Tocharian (sometimes ''Tokharian'') languages ( or ), also known as ''Arśi-Kuči'', Agnean-Kuchean or Kuchean-Agnean, are an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family spoken by inhabitants of the Tarim Basin, the Tocharians. Th ...

) **Asii, Asinean / Asii, Ossinean-Wusunean (may have been two different variant names for the same language and people) ***Asii, Assinean / Ossinean (Ancient language of the steppe, spoken by the Asii) (Assinean or Ossinean and Wusunean may have been two different variant names for the same language and people) ***Wusunean (it was spoken by the Wusun, *ʔɑ-suən in Eastern Han Chinese, an ancient Indo-European speaking people, in the Qilian Mountains and Dunhuang, Gansu, near the Yuezhi or in Dunhong, in the Tian Shan) (may have been the same people that was called by the names Issedones and Asii, *ʔɑ-suən in Eastern Han Chinese, and they possibly were an Iranian peoples, Iranian people or a Tocharians, Tocharian people) **Gushiean-Yuezhiean (may have been two different variant names for the same language and people which for some time dwelt in several regions of modern eastern Xinjiang and western Gansu) ***Jushi Kingdom, Gushiean (Language of an obscure ancient people on the Turpan Basin, known as the Jushi Kingdom, Gushi or Jushi Kingdom, Jushi of the Jushi Kingdom, Gushi or Jushi Kingdom. It eventually diverged into two dialects, as noted by diplomats from the Han empire) (it may have been an

, which overlapped with or replaced the " Tocharian A" language, or a Tocharian language) ****Nearer Gushiean / Anterior Gushiean, in the Turpan Basin southern area ****Further Gushiean / Posterior Gushiean, in the Turpan Basin northern area ***Yuezhiean (it was spoken by the Yuezhi, an ancient Indo-European speaking people, in the western areas of the modern Chinese province of Gansu, during the 1st millennium BC, or in Dunhong, in the Tian Shan, later they migrated westward and southward into south

, in contact and conflict with the Sogdians and Bactrians, and they possibly were the people called by the name "Tocharians", which was possibly a Tocharian or an Iranian languages, Iranian speaking people) ****Greater-Yuezhiean (Greater-Yuezhiean, Dà Yuèzhī – 大月氏) (dialect ancestral to the hypothetical Kushanite language spoken in Kushana). Possibly this language was spoken by an Iranian peoples, Iranian or Tocharians, Tocharian people (possibly they were the ancestors of the Kushans) *****Kushanite (language of the Kushans (Chinese language, Chinese: 貴霜; pinyin: Guìshuāng), the people which formed the Kushan Empire) ****Lesser-Yuezhiean (Lesser-Yuezhiean, Xiǎo Yuèzhī – 小月氏) *Ligurian language (ancient) (possibly related to Italic or Celtic) *Lusitanian language, Lusitanian (part of Celtic, related to Celtic, Ligurian, Italic, Nordwestblock, or his own branch) (possibly part of an older Pre-Celtic Indo-European branch) *Paleo-Balkan languages (is a Geographical grouping, not genealogical) **Daco-Thracian ***Dacian language, Geto-Dacian ****Dacian language, Dacian (possibly related to Thracian) ****Getaean Language (Transitional Thracian Dacian language spoken by the Getae) ***Moesian Language (Dialect of Dacian possibly spoken by the Moesi or a language related to Mysian language, Mysian)? ***Thracian language, Thracian (possibly related to Dacian) **Illyrian-Messapian ***Illyrian languages (one is a possible ancestor of Albanian language, Albanian) ***Messapian language, Messapian (possibly related to Illyrian languages, spoken in today's Apulia, Italy, but possibly originated in

, Western Balkans) *Venetic-Liburnian (either Italic or closely related to Italic) **Venetic language, Venetic (either Italic or closely related to Italic) **Liburnian language, Liburnian (possibly related to Venetic)

Possible Indo-European languages (all extinct)

Unclassified languages that may have been Indo-European or members of other language families (?) *Cypro-Minoan syllabary, Cypro-Minoan *Elymian language, Elymian *Eteocypriot *Hunnic-Xiongnu language or languages (possibly the same or part of the same) **Hunnic language, Hunnic (possibly part, related or descend from the older language of the Xiongnu) – there is a hypothesis that endorses the possibly that Hunnic belonged to the Scythian branch of Iranic language group (other hypotheses uphold Hunnic was a Turkic languages, Turkic or Yeniseian languages, Yenisean language) (Huns were a tribal confederation of different peoples and tribes, not necessarily of the same origin, because of that, even if not the most, there may have been an Indo-European linguistic element) **Xiongnu#Ethnolinguistic origins, Xiongnu (Huns may have been related, part of them or descend from them) – spoken by the Xiongnu tribes in Central Mongolia and northeast China (other hypotheses uphold Xiongnu language was a Turkic or Yenisean language) (Xiongnu were a tribal confederation of different peoples and tribes, not necessarily of the same origin, because of that, even if not the most, there may have been an Indo-European linguistic element) *Minoan **Eteocretan * Paleo-Corsican – unattested, only inferred from Toponymy, toponymic evidence. *Paleo-Sardinian language, Paleo-Sardinian – unattested, only inferred from toponymic evidence and a presumed substratum in Sardinian. *Philistine language, Philistine – spoken by Philistines in coastal Canaan, mainly in the southwest coast, it may have been an Anatolian, Hellenic languages, Hellenic or Illyrian language. *Tartessian language, Tartessian – part of Celtic, Pre-Celtic Indo-European, Anatolian, a divergent branch of Indo-European or an Indo-European related language family? *Trojan language, Trojan – spoken in Troy (''Troy, Wilusa'' as the city was known by the Hittites) and the Troad (''Troad, Taruiša'' as the region was known by the Hittites), may have been Luwian (an Anatolian language) or Greek language, Greek (a Hellenic languages, Hellenic language), all the former languages were members of branches part of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family; or an Etruscan language (Non-Indo-European language, possibly part of the Tyrsenian languages, Tyrsenian language family).

Hypothetical Indo-European languages (all extinct)

*Eastern Corded Ware culture language or languages **Middle Dnieper culture, Middle Dnieper Culture language or languages (possibly a common ancestor and a link between the

and Indo-Iranian languages) (has been viewed as a contact zone between Yamnaya History of the western steppe, steppe tribes and occupants of the forest steppe zone) ***Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture language or languages. "The Fatyanovo Culture people were the first farmers in the area and the arrival of the culture has been associated with migration... This is supported by our results as the Stone Age HG and the Bronze Age Fatyanovo individuals are genetically clearly distinguishable... [T]he Fatyanovo Culture individuals (similarly to other CWC people) have mostly Steppe ancestry, but also some EF ancestry which was not present in the area before and thus excludes the northward migration of Yamnaya Culture people with only Steppe ancestry as the source of Fatyanovo Culture population. The strongest connections for Fatyanovo Culture in archaeological material can be seen with the Middle Dnieper Culture... These findings suggest present-day Ukraine as the possible origin of the migration leading to the formation of the Fatyanovo Culture and of the Corded Ware cultures in general... [I]t has been suggested that the Fatyanovo Culture people admixed with the local Volosovo Culture HG after their arrival in European Russia. Our results do not support this as they do not reveal more HG ancestry in the Fatyanovo people compared to other CWC groups or any visible change in ancestry proportions during the period covered by our samples." (has been associated with a pre-

(or pre-

– Germanic) stage in the history of the

) ****Poltavka culture language or languages (ancestral to Sintashta culture, Sintashta Culture, possibly a Pre-Proto-Indo-Iranian language, Proto-Indo-Iranian language) *****Potapovka culture language or languages (possibly Pre-Proto-Indo-Iranian) ******Srubnaya culture language or languages (generally associated with archaic Iranian languages, Iranian speakers) ******Abashevo culture language or languages (directly ancestral to Pre-Proto-Indo-Iranian language, Proto-Indo-Iranian or already Proto-Indo-Iranian language, Proto-Indo-Iranian) *******Sintashta culture, Sintashta Culture language (Proto-Indo-Iranian language, Proto-Indo-Iranian) (It is widely regarded as the origin of the Indo-Iranian languages) ********Andronovo culture language or languages - most researchers associate the Andronovo horizon with early Indo-Iranian languages.Beckwith 2009, p. 49: "Archaeologists are now generally agreed that the Andronovo culture of the Central Steppe region in the second millennium BC is to be equated with the Indo-Iranians." *Proto-Euphratean language, Euphratic – a hypothetical ancient Indo-European language spoken in the Euphrates river course that may have been the substrate language of later Semitic languages. *Ordos culture language – located in modern Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China.This culture may reflect the easternmost extension of an Indo-European ethnolinguistic group, possibly Iranian peoples, Iranian under the form of Sakans or Scythians, or Tocharians, Tocharian (One other possibility is that they were the Xiongnu people). *Qiang language (of the ancient Qiang (historical people), Qiang people) – spoken by the historical Qiang (historical people), Qiang people in parts of the northeastern and eastern Tibetan Plateau, modern China.

References

External links

Indo-European language tree
{{Countries and languages lists Indo-European languages, Lists of Indo-European languages, Lists of languages, Indo-European

Ancestral (Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo ...)

Dating the split-offs of the main branches

List of Indo-European protolanguages

Anatolian languages The Anatolian languages are an extinct branch of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Anatolia, part of present-day Turkey. The best known Anatolian language is Hittite, which is considered the earliest-attested Indo-European langua ... (all extinct)

Italic languages

Celtic languages

Armenian language

Hellenic languages

Albanian language

List of Germanic languages, Germanic languages

Balto-Slavic languages

Indo-Iranian languages

Iranian languages

Indo-Aryan languages

Unclassified Indo-European languages (all extinct)

Possible Indo-European languages (all extinct)

Hypothetical Indo-European languages (all extinct)

See also

References

External links

Ancestral (
Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo ...
)

Anatolian languages The Anatolian languages are an extinct branch of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Anatolia, part of present-day Turkey. The best known Anatolian language is Hittite, which is considered the earliest-attested Indo-European langua ...
(all extinct)