Liberalism Liberalism is a Political philosophy, political and moral philosophy based on the Individual rights, rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality and equality before the law."political rationalism, hostilit ...

and radicalism have played a role in the political history of

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

since the country's unification, started in 1861 and largely completed in 1871, and currently influence several leading political parties. During the first decades of Italy as a united country, the main parliamentary parties included liberals, but it was not until 1877 that the left-wing Radical Party was established as the first organized liberal party. The more centrist Liberal Union followed in 1913. Most liberal and radical parties were banned in 1926 under

Benito Mussolini Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (; 29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in ...

Fascist Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultra-nationalist political ideology and movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the ...

government. After

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

and the establishment of the

Italian Republic Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

there have been frequent changes in the configuration of political parties and, for the most part, the representation of liberal and radical views has been split among a number of parties that may also espouse other views. These parties have often been part of governing

coalition A coalition is a group formed when two or more people or groups temporarily work together to achieve a common goal. The term is most frequently used to denote a formation of power in political or economical spaces. Formation According to ''A Gui ...

s. During the so-called " First Republic" three minor liberal parties were active: the

Italian Liberal Party The Italian Liberal Party ( it, Partito Liberale Italiano, PLI) was a liberal and conservative political party in Italy. The PLI, which is the heir of the liberal currents of both the Historical Right and the Historical Left, was a minor part ...

(centre-right), the

Italian Republican Party The Italian Republican Party ( it, Partito Repubblicano Italiano, PRI) is a liberal and social-liberal political party in Italy. Founded in 1895, the PRI is the oldest political party still active in Italy. The PRI has old roots and a long histo ...

(centre-left) and the modern-day Radical Party (left-wing). More recently, liberals have been split primarily among the centre-right

The People of Freedom The People of Freedom ( it, Il Popolo della Libertà, PdL) was a centre-right political party in Italy. The PdL, launched by Silvio Berlusconi on 18 November 2007, was initially a federation of political parties, notably including Forza Italia a ...

Forza Italia Forza ItaliaThe name is not usually translated into English: ''forza'' is the second-person singular imperative of ''forzare'', in this case translating to "to compel" or "to press", and so means something like "Forward, Italy", "Come on, Ital ...

and the centre-left Democratic Party.

Overview

In the 19th century both early Italian political groupings, the

Historical Right The Right group ( it, Destra), later called Historical Right ( it, Destra storica) by historians to distinguish it from the right-wing groups of the 20th century, was an Italian conservative parliamentary group during the second half of the 19th ...

and the Historical Left, were composed of

monarchist Monarchism is the advocacy of the system of monarchy or monarchical rule. A monarchist is an individual who supports this form of government independently of any specific monarch, whereas one who supports a particular monarch is a royalis ...

liberals and functioned mainly as loose

parliamentary group A parliamentary group, parliamentary party, or parliamentary caucus is a group consisting of some members of the same political party or electoral fusion of parties in a legislative assembly such as a parliament or a city council. Parliame ...

s, while radicals organised themselves as the Radical Party, and republicans, who were influenced also by

socialism Socialism is a left-wing economic philosophy and movement encompassing a range of economic systems characterized by the dominance of social ownership of the means of production as opposed to private ownership. As a term, it describes th ...

, as the

. These two parties had in fact been part of The Extreme, which included also the

Italian Socialist Party The Italian Socialist Party (, PSI) was a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy, whose history stretched for longer than a century, making it one of the longest-living parties of the country. Founded in Genoa in 189 ...

and its predecessors. In 1913 the liberals around

Giovanni Giolitti Giovanni Giolitti (; 27 October 1842 – 17 July 1928) was an Italian statesman. He was the Prime Minister of Italy five times between 1892 and 1921. After Benito Mussolini, he is the second-longest serving Prime Minister in Italian history. A p ...

joined forces in the Liberal Union and in 1922 the

is formed. In that period, other liberal parties emerged: the

Constitutional Democratic Party The Constitutional Democratic Party (russian: Конституцио́нно-демократи́ческая па́ртия, translit=Konstitutsionno-demokraticheskaya partiya, K-D), also called Constitutional Democrats and formally the Party of P ...

, the Democratic Liberal Party (merger of the Radicals with other liberal groups), and the Italian Social Democratic Party. When

National Fascist Party The National Fascist Party ( it, Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF) was a political party in Italy, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of Italian Fascism and as a reorganization of the previous Italian Fasces of Combat. The ...

came to power in 1922, some Liberals and Radicals flirted with Fascism, but, ultimately, a

regime was established and all the parties, notably including the Italian Liberal Party and the Italian Republican Party, were banned. After the end of

, both Liberals and Republicans reorganised themselves, followed by more liberal parties in the upcoming decades (notably including the new Radical Party), and, despite their modest results in elections, they were often part of the Italian government, in alliance with

Christian Democracy Christian democracy (sometimes named Centrist democracy) is a political ideology that emerged in 19th-century Europe under the influence of Catholic social teaching and neo-Calvinism. It was conceived as a combination of modern democratic ...

. In the 1940s, during the

resistance movement A resistance movement is an organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to withstand the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability. It may seek to achieve its objectives ...

and the writing of the republican Constitution, an important role was played by the Action Party, a social-liberal, republican and liberal-socialist outfit, successor of the Justice and Freedom movement. In this phase the Liberals adhered to

conservative liberalism Conservative liberalism or right-liberalism is a variant of liberalism, combining liberal values and policies with conservative stances, or simply representing the right-wing of the liberal movement. M. Gallagher, M. Laver and P. Mair, ''Repre ...

and Republicans to

social liberalism Social liberalism (german: Sozialliberalismus, es, socioliberalismo, nl, Sociaalliberalisme), also known as new liberalism in the United Kingdom, modern liberalism, or simply liberalism in the contemporary United States, left-liberalism ...

. Since 1992–1994, following the ''Tangentopoli'' scandals, the subsequent ''

Mani pulite ''Mani pulite'' (; Italian for "clean hands") was a nationwide judicial investigation into political corruption in Italy held in the early 1990s, resulting in the demise of the so-called " First Republic" and the disappearance of many Italian ...

'' inquiries and the resulting shake-up of the Italian party system, the liberal movement has been strongly divided. As a result, a broad group of parties, not all included here, started to use the "liberal" label. Italian liberals are basically divided between the centre-right

(successor of the former

, itself primarily a merger of liberal and Christian-democratic forces, and

, which integrated the more conservative National Alliance) and the centre-left Democratic Party (a merger of social democrats, progressive Christian democrats and social liberals, the latter two mainly organised in

Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy ( it, Democrazia è Libertà – La Margherita, DL), commonly known simply as The Daisy (''La Margherita''), was a centrist political party in Italy. The party was formed from the merger of three parties within ...

in the early 2000s). Minor liberal parties include, among others,

Civic Choice Civic Choice ( it, Scelta Civica; SC) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy founded by Mario Monti. The party was formed in the run-up of the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Monti and continue his pol ...

, the

Italian Radicals The Italian Radicals ( it, Radicali Italiani, RI) is a liberal and libertarian political party in Italy. Founded on 14 July 2001 with Daniele Capezzone as their first secretary, the party describes itself as "''liberale'', ''liberista'' nd''li ...

(

ALDE Party Alde may refer to: * Alde Mudflats, a reserve in Suffolk, England * River Alde, a river in Suffolk, England * Alde Valley School, a school in Leiston, Suffolk, England * Alliance of Liberals and Democrats in Europe group, a political party in the ...

and

Liberal International Liberal International (LI) is a worldwide organization of liberal political parties - a political international. It was founded in Oxford in 1947 and has become the pre-eminent network for liberal parties, aiming to strengthen liberalism aroun ...

member), the aforementioned Italian Republican Party (which stretched a long way from the far-left to the centre-right of the

political spectrum A political spectrum is a system to characterize and classify different political positions in relation to one another. These positions sit upon one or more geometric axes that represent independent political dimensions. The expressions politi ...

), and Act to Stop the Decline (a party which is the standard-bearer of a more classical- and

libertarian Libertarianism (from french: libertaire, "libertarian"; from la, libertas, "freedom") is a political philosophy that upholds liberty as a core value. Libertarians seek to maximize autonomy and political freedom, and minimize the state's en ...

-oriented form of liberalism). Also the centrist-populist Italy of Values was a member of the ALDE Party, but it is hardly a liberal party. From 1994 on, most Liberals and several Republicans joined Forza Italia and the other parties of the

House of Freedoms The House of Freedoms ( it, Casa delle Libertà, CdL) was a major centre-right political and electoral alliance in Italy, led by Silvio Berlusconi. History The CdL was the successor of the Pole of Freedoms/Pole of Good Government and the Pole f ...

coalition. This is the reason why the term "liberal" is more often used when speaking of the centre-right than the centre-left. A new

was launched in 1997, but, as the Italian Republican Party, it survives as a very minor party. The former two, Civic Choice, Act to Stop the Decline and minor groups joined forces in

European Choice European Choice ( it, Scelta Europea, SE) was a pro-European and primarily liberal electoral alliance of political parties in Italy formed to contest the 2014 European election on a platform influenced heavily by the Belgian MEP Guy Verhofstadt ...

, with disappointing results, in 2014.

Timeline of parties

The Italian Liberal Party

*1848:

Camillo Benso di Cavour Camillo Paolo Filippo Giulio Benso, Count of Cavour, Isolabella and Leri (, 10 August 1810 – 6 June 1861), generally known as Cavour ( , ), was an Italian politician, Businessperson, businessman, economist and nobility, noble, and a leading f ...

forms the

Moderate Party The Moderate Party ( sv, Moderata samlingspartiet , ; M), commonly referred to as the Moderates ( ), is a liberal-conservative political party in Sweden. The party generally supports tax cuts, the free market, civil liberties and economic ...

, a conservative-liberal parliamentary group, within the Parliament of the

Kingdom of Sardinia The Kingdom of Sardinia,The name of the state was originally Latin: , or when the kingdom was still considered to include Corsica. In Italian it is , in French , in Sardinian , and in Piedmontese . also referred to as the Kingdom of Savoy-S ...

. *1849: The Left, a left-liberal parliamentary group, is formed in the Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia. *1861: The

, a parliamentary group sometimes referred to as Liberal Constitutional Party or Liberals, is formed as the successor of the Moderate Party. The Left starts to be known as Historical Left, while its members are frequently referred to as Democrats. *1913:

's "Liberal Left", heir of the Historical Left, is organised as Liberal Union, while its left wing forms the

(PDC) and Democratic Party (PD). *1919: The PDC, the PD and other liberals, in opposition to Giolitti, form an electoral list named Italian Social Democratic Party (PDSI) for the 1919 general election. *1921: Giolitti's Liberals incorporate the National Fasci of Combat in its National Blocs for the 1921 general election. *1922: Giolitti's Liberals, conservative liberals and remnants of the Historical Right (by then called Liberal Conservatives) form the

(PLI). *1924: Giolitti's Liberals are integrated in the

-dominated

National List The National List ( he, רשימה ממלכתית, ''Reshima Mamlakhtit''), sometimes translated as the State List, was a political party in Israel. Despite being founded by David Ben-Gurion, one of the fathers of the Israeli left, the party is ...

in the 1924 general election, while anti-fascist liberals form the National Union (UN). *1926: Both the PLI and the UN are banned by the

government. *1943: Former members of the old PLI re-organise the Italian Liberal Party (PLI). *1946: The PLI is part of an electoral list named National Democratic Union (UDN) in the 1946 general election. A faction opposed to this form the Progressive Liberal Movement (MLP) which merge into PRI soon after. *1948: The PLI join forces with the

Common Man's Front The Common Man's Front ( it, Fronte dell'Uomo Qualunque, UQ), also translated as Front of the Ordinary Man, was a short-lived right-wing populist, monarchist and anti-communist political party in Italy. It was formed shortly after the end of the ...

in the National Bloc (BN) in the 1948 general election. *1953: A group of PLI splinters form the

National Democratic Alliance National Democratic Alliance (NDA) () is a centre-right to right-wing and conservative Indian big tent political alliance led by the right-wing Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). It was founded in 1998 and currently controls the government of In ...

(ADN). *1955: The PLI's left-wing forms the Radical Party (see

below Below may refer to: *Earth * Ground (disambiguation) *Soil *Floor * Bottom (disambiguation) *Less than *Temperatures below freezing *Hell or underworld People with the surname *Ernst von Below (1863–1955), German World War I general *Fred Below ...

). *1993: A fraction of the PLI's right-wing forms the Union of the Centre (UdC), while splinters form the Liberal Democratic Union (ULD) and the Liberal Left. *1994: The PLI is disbanded. Other than aforementioned spin-offs, the

Federation of Liberals The Federation of Liberals ( it, Federazione dei Liberali, FdL) was a minor liberal political party in Italy. The party was founded on 6 February 1994 as the legal successor of the Italian Liberal Party (PLI): Alfredo Biondi, incumbent preside ...

(FdL) and the Italian Liberal Right (DLI), which is integrated into National Alliance (see

), are formed. Several Liberals join either Forza Italia (see

) or the Segni Pact (see

). *1995: The ULD is merged into the FdL. *1996: The FdL joins the Democratic Union (see

). *1997: Some of Forza Italia's Liberals form the

Liberal Party The Liberal Party is any of many political parties around the world. The meaning of ''liberal'' varies around the world, ranging from liberal conservatism on the right to social liberalism on the left. __TOC__ Active liberal parties This is a li ...

(PL). *1998: The UdC is merged into Forza Italia. *2004: Splinters from the FdL form the Association for Liberal Democracy, which would join

(see

), whilst the PL, along with members of the DLI (briefly known as Liberals for Italy) and former members of the UdC, re-establishes the

(PLI). *2007: The Liberal Left joins the Democratic Party (see

). *2011: The DLI joins The People of Freedom (see

). *2014: Splinters from the PLI and other former Liberals form The Liberals, a short-lived experience. *2018: The PLI forms an alliance with the

Lega Nord Lega Nord (; acronym: LN), whose complete name is (), is a right-wing, federalist, populist and conservative political party in Italy. In the run-up of the 2018 general election, the party was rebranded as (), without changing its offici ...

, within the

centre-right coalition The centre-right coalition ( it, coalizione di centro-destra) is an alliance of political parties in Italy, active—under several forms and names—since 1994, when Silvio Berlusconi entered politics and formed his Forza Italia party. Despite ...

. *2019: The PLI leaves the alliance with the Lega Nord and the DLI splits from PLI. *2020: The Liberals join forces with

Action Action may refer to: * Action (narrative), a literary mode * Action fiction, a type of genre fiction * Action game, a genre of video game Film * Action film, a genre of film * ''Action'' (1921 film), a film by John Ford * ''Action'' (1980 fil ...

and

More Europe More Europe ( it, Più Europa or ''+Europa''; +E or +Eu) is a liberal and pro-Europeanist political party in Italy, part of the centre-left coalition and member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party. Its leaders are Emma ...

The historical Radical Party

*1877: Progressive liberals form the Radical Party (PR) within The Extreme parliamentary group. *1904: The PR is officially founded, under the leadership of

Ettore Sacchi Ettore Sacchi (31 May 1851 – 6 April 1924) was an Italian lawyer and politician. He was one of the founders and main leaders of the Italian Radical Party. Biography Ettore Sacchi was born in Cremona in the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia on 31 Ma ...

. *1921: The PR merges with several minor liberal parties to form the Democratic Liberal Party (PLD). *1922: Some Radicals join forces with former PDC liberals within the PDSI. *1926: The PR/PLD is banned, but many members remain politically active through the

. *1943: Former PDSI members, along with former members of the

Italian Reformist Socialist Party The Italian Reformist Socialist Party ( it, Partito Socialista Riformista Italiano, PSRI) was a social-democratic political party in Italy. History It was formed in 1912 by those leading reformist socialists who had been expelled from the Ital ...

(PSRI), form the Labour Democratic Party (PDL). *1946: Former Radicals and the PDL join the UDN for the 1946 general election. *1948: The PDL merges into the

Italian Democratic Socialist Party The Italian Democratic Socialist Party (, PSDI), also known as Italian Social Democratic Party, was a minor social-democratic political party in Italy. The longest serving partner in government for Christian Democracy, the PSDI had been an imp ...

(PSDI).

The Italian Republican Party

*1895: The

(PRI) is formed by followers of

Giuseppe Mazzini Giuseppe Mazzini (, , ; 22 June 1805 – 10 March 1872) was an Italian politician, journalist, and activist for the unification of Italy (Risorgimento) and spearhead of the Italian revolutionary movement. His efforts helped bring about the in ...

. *1926: The PRI is banned, but continues its activities in exile. *1942: Republicans take part to the foundation of the Action Party (PdA). *1943: The PRI is re-organised in Italy. *1946: The PdA's liberal wing forms the Republican Democratic Concentration (CDR), which is merged into the PRI, another wing forms the Italian Republican Alliance (ARI) which vanishes soon after. *1947: The PdA is dissolved and officially joins the

(PSI). *1952: PRI splinters form Popular Unity (UP). *1964: PRI splinters form the Democratic Union for the New Republic (UDNR). *1994: The PRI aligns with the Segni Pact (see

), while a splinter group forms the Republican Left (SR). *1996: The PRI joins the Democratic Union (see

), but soon distances from it *1998: The SR is merged into the Democrats of the Left (see

). *2001: The PRI makes an alliance with Forza Italia (see

), provoking the split of the

European Republicans Movement The European Republicans Movement ( it, Movimento Repubblicani Europei, MRE) is a minor social-liberal political party in Italy. From 2007 to 2010 the party was a founding member and associate of the Democratic Party, the leading centre-left pa ...

(MRE). *2004: A group of splinters form the Democratic Republicans (RD). *2011: The MRE and the RD re-join the PRI. *2018: The PRI forms a pact with the

Liberal Popular Alliance The Liberal Popular Alliance, whose full name was Liberal Popular Alliance – Autonomies ( it, Alleanza Liberalpopolare – Autonomie, ALA), was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy. ALA members were known as ''Verdiniani'', from the ...

. *2020: The PRI joins forces with

and

. *2020: The MRE is re-established as an independent party. *2022: The PRI briefly joins

Civic Commitment Civic Commitment ( it, Impegno Civico, IC) was an Italian centrist electoral alliance running in the 2022 general election, composed of Luigi Di Maio's Together for the Future (IpF) and Bruno Tabacci's Democratic Centre (CD). History In June 202 ...

and later joins Italia Viva, in alliance with

; the MRE joins the PD-led Democratic and Progressive Italy list.

From the Radical Party to the Italian Radicals

*1955: The PLI's left-wing faction, led by

Marco Pannella Marco Pannella (born Giacinto Pannella; 2 May 1930 – 19 May 2016) was an Italian politician, journalist and activist. He was well known in his country for his nonviolence and civil rights' campaigns, like the right to divorce, the right to ab ...

, forms the Radical Party (PR). *1982: The Radical Federative Movement (MFR) splits from the PR and would later merge into the PSI. *1988: The PR is transformed into

Transnational Radical Party The Transnational Radical Party (TRP), whose official name is Nonviolent Radical Party, Transnational and Transparty (NRPTT), is a political association of citizens, members of parliament and members of government of various national and political ...

(PRT). *1992: The PRT is organised at the Italian-level as

Pannella List The Pannella List ( it, Lista Pannella, LP) is a liberal and libertarian association, which was also the electoral list of the Italian Radicals between 1992 and 1999, when it was replaced by the Bonino List. Its standard-bearer was Marco Pannell ...

. *1994: Pannella List's members are elected with Forza Italia in the 1994 general election. *1999: The PRT is organised at the Italian-level as

Bonino List The Bonino List ( it, Lista Bonino) was a liberal and libertarian electoral list active in Italy from 1999 to 2004. Named after Emma Bonino, a leading Radical who had been European Commissioner in 1995–1999 (appointed by Silvio Berlusconi), af ...

. *2001: The PRT is organised at the Italian-level as

, a full-fledged party. *2005: The party joins forces with the

Italian Democratic Socialists The Italian Democratic Socialists ( it, Socialisti Democratici Italiani, SDI) were a social-democratic political party in Italy. The party was the direct continuation of the Italian Socialists, the legal successor of the historical Italian Social ...

in the

Rose in the Fist The Rose in the Fist ( it, Rosa nel Pugno, RnP) was a political alliance of parties in Italy. The RnP was composed of the Italian Democratic Socialists (SDI; a social-democratic party led by Enrico Boselli and Roberto Villetti), the Italian R ...

, an electoral coalition. The right-wing libertarian faction leaves to form the

Liberal Reformers Liberal Reformers ( it, Riformatori Liberali, RL) was a minor liberal, libertarian and liberist political party in Italy led by Benedetto Della Vedova, a former President of the Italian Radicals. History RL was founded in 2005 by a split from ...

(RL), which would become an associate party of Forza Italia (see

) and finally merge into The People of Freedom (see

). *2007: A splinter group forms

Decide! Decide! (''Decidere!'') was an Italian libertarian political association established and led by Daniele Capezzone. The group was sometimes also referred to as ''Decidere.net'', in reference to its official website. It was one of the founding memb ...

, which would later merge into The People of Freedom (see

). *2008: The party contests the 2008 general election in a joint list with the Democratic Party (see

). *2009: The party contests the

2009 European Parliament election The 2009 European Parliament election was held in the 27 member states of the European Union (EU) between 4 and 7 June 2009. A total of 736 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) were elected to represent some 500 million Europeans, making th ...

Bonino-Pannella List Bonino-Pannella List (''Lista Bonino-Pannella'') was a liberal and libertarian electoral list formed by the Italian Radicals. Named after Marco Pannella and Emma Bonino, the list was the continuation of Pannella List (1992–1999) and Bonino Lis ...

. *2013: The party contests the 2013 general election with a list named Amnesty, Justice and Freedom. *2017: The PRT and the RI part ways. *2017:

Forza Europa Forza Europa was a centre-right political group with seats in the European Parliament between 1994 and 1995. History 27 MEPs from the Italian centre-right party Forza Italia, along with MEPs of the Christian Democratic Centre and the Union of ...

(FE), led by

Benedetto Della Vedova Benedetto Della Vedova (Sondrio, 3 April 1962) is an Italian politician. A keen pro-Europeanist, Della Vedova is currently president of Forza Europa (FE) and secretary of More Europe (+EU), the latter comprising FE and the Italian Radicals. He ...

is formed. *2018: The RI,

and the Democratic Centre join forces in

. *2019: +Eu is transformed into a party, with the Italian Radicals, FE and the CD as its founding associate parties. *2020: +Eu, abandoned by the CD, joins forces with

, ALI and the

. *2022: +Eu breaks its alliance with Action; some Radicals, led by

Marco Cappato Marco Cappato (; born 25 May 1971) is an Italian activist and politician. Cappato was an Italian Member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2009. He represented the Bonino List within the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe parli ...

, form the Referendum and Democracy list; the RI joins the PD-led Democratic and Progressive Italy list.

Forza Italia, The People of Freedom and back to Forza Italia

*1993:

(FI) is founded by media-tycoon

Silvio Berlusconi Silvio Berlusconi ( ; ; born 29 September 1936) is an Italian media tycoon and politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments from 1994 to 1995, 2001 to 2006 and 2008 to 2011. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies f ...

. Most Liberals, several

Christian Democrats __NOTOC__ Christian democratic parties are political parties that seek to apply Christian principles to public policy. The underlying Christian democracy movement emerged in 19th-century Europe, largely under the influence of Catholic social tea ...

and a few Republicans join the party. Though some of its members retain their membership of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party, FI would join the

European People's Party The European People's Party (EPP) is a European political party with Christian-democratic, conservative, and liberal-conservative member parties. A transnational organisation, it is composed of other political parties. Founded by primarily ...

in 1999. *1994: The Liberal Democratic Pole (PLD) merges into FI. *1998: The UdC merges into FI. *2003: Liberals within FI form Popular Liberalism, a liberal faction. *2007: Silvio Berlusconi announces the creation of

(PdL), a party merging FI with the more conservative National Alliance (AN) and other parties of the

, notably including the Liberal Reformers, Decide! and the Liberal Democrats (see

). *2009: FI is officially merged into the PdL. *2010: Former members of AN and some liberals too leave FI to form Future and Freedom (FLI). *2013: Silvio Berlusconi announces the revival of FI. Subsequently, the PdL is folded into the new

(FI). A minority of FI's liberals take part to the creation of the New Centre-Right, an alternative, predominantly Christian-democratic party. *2015: Some of FI's liberals take part to two successive splits, Conservatives and Reformists (CR) and

(ALA). *2017: The CR launches a new centre-right party named

Direction Italy Direction Italy ( it, Direzione Italia, DI) was a liberal-conservative political party in Italy. The party was led by Raffaele Fitto, an MEP in the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group. History The party was formed in January 2017 ...

(DI). SC, F!, the PLI, liberal splinters from Popular Alternative and DI form Us with Italy (NcI) for the 2018 general election allied with the

. *2017:

Energies for Italy Energies for Italy ( it, Energie per l'Italia, EpI) was a political party in Italy, launched in November 2016 and officially established on 1 April 2017. Its leader is Stefano Parisi, a former director-general of Confindustria and CEO of Fastweb ...

(EpI), led by

Stefano Parisi Stefano Parisi (Rome, 12 November 1956) is an Italian businessman and politician, General Secretary of Confindustria for 4 years and founder of Energies for Italy, a political party member of the centre-right coalition. Biography Origins and pe ...

and including former members of FI and Giannino, is formed. *2019: Splinters from FI launch a new centre-right liberal party,

Cambiamo! Cambiamo! (, also stylized as C!) is a centre-right political party in Italy, led by Giovanni Toti. History Background and beginnings In June 2019, after the European Parliament election, Silvio Berlusconi appointed Giovanni Toti, president ...

(C!). NcI becomes a party. *2020: EpI is dissolved. *2020: Cambiamo! forms with

Identity and Action Identity and Action ( it, Identità e Azione, IDeA) is a conservative political party in Italy, whose membership stretches from Christian democracy to liberal conservatism. The party's leader is Gaetano Quagliariello, a former minister for Insti ...

Coraggio Italia Coraggio Italia (, also translatable as 'Cheer up Italy', CI) is a liberal-conservative political party in Italy, led by Luigi Brugnaro. History In February 2021, amid the formation of Mario Draghi's national unity government, Cambiamo! (C!), ...

(CI). *2022: C! and IDeA leave CI and form Italy in the Centre (IaC), CI dissidents form Vinciamo Italia joining IaC.

From Democratic Alliance to the Democratic Party

*1992: Democratic Alliance (AD) is launched as a proposed coalition of centre-left political parties. *1993: AD is officially founded, by former PRI, PSI, PCI and DC members. Soon after,

Mario Segni Mariotto Segni (born 16 May 1939) is an Italian politician and professor of civil law. He founded several parties, which focused on fighting for electoral reform through referendums. He is the son of the politician Antonio Segni, one time Presid ...

leaves to form the

Segni Pact The Segni Pact ( it, Patto Segni), officially called Pact of National Rebirth (''Patto di Rinascita Nazionale''), was a Christian-democratic, centrist and liberal political party in Italy. The party was founded and named after Mario Segni, a form ...

. *1994: AD takes part to the

Alliance of Progressives The Alliance of Progressives ( it, Alleanza dei Progressisti) was a left-wing political alliance of parties in Italy formed in 1994, with relevant predecessors at local level in 1993. The leader of the alliance was Achille Occhetto. The allianc ...

, while the Segni Pact to the

Pact for Italy The Pact for Italy ( it, Patto per l'Italia) was a centrist political and electoral alliance in Italy launched by Mario Segni and Mino Martinazzoli in 1994. History The alliance was composed of the Italian People's Party (PPI), the main successo ...

. *1996: The social-liberal Democratic Union (UD) and the centrist-liberal

Italian Renewal Italian Renewal ( it, Rinnovamento Italiano, RI) was a centrist and liberal political party in Italy. The party was a member of The Olive Tree and centre-left coalition, while also affiliated to the European People's Party from 1998 to 2004. ...

(RI) are formed. AD joins the former, the Segni Pact the latter. *1999: The Democrats, a centrist and social-liberal party, is formed by the union of the UD with

Romano Prodi Romano Antonio Prodi (; born 9 August 1939) is an Italian politician, economist, academic, senior civil servant, and business executive who served as the tenth president of the European Commission from 1999 to 2004. He served twice as Pr ...

's supporters (some of which splinters from the Christian-democratic Italian People's Party, PPI). For its part, the Segni Pact forms an alliance with AN. *2002: The Democrats, the PPI and RI merge into

(DL) *2003: The Segni Pact is re-organised as

Pact of Liberal Democrats The Pact of Liberal Democrats (''Patto dei Liberaldemocratici''), also called Segni-Scognamiglio Pact (''Patto Segni-Scognamiglio''), was a liberal and Christian-democratic Italian political party. It was conceived in 2003 by Mario Segni, Car ...

(PLD). *2007: DL is merged with the social-democratic

Democrats of the Left The Democrats of the Left ( it, Democratici di Sinistra, DS) was a social-democratic political party in Italy. The DS, successor of the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) and the Italian Communist Party, was formed in 1998 upon the merger of th ...

(DS) to form the Democratic Party (PD). *2007: A group of DL splinters form the Liberal Democrats (LD). *2008: Liberals within the PD form

Liberal PD Liberal PD ( it, Liberal PD) is a social-liberal faction within the Democratic Party (PD), a political party in Italy. The aim of the group is to promote liberal ideas within the party and elect liberal candidates. The faction, through the Italian ...

, a liberal faction. *2009: A group of PD splinters form

Alliance for Italy Alliance for Italy ( it, Alleanza per l'Italia; ApI) was a centrist political party in Italy. The party, which was described in its manifesto as "democratic, liberal, popular" as opposed both to "right-wing populism" and the "social-democratic l ...

(ApI). *2012: Leading members of ApI form the Democratic Centre (CD). *2019: Liberal splinters from the PD form

(Az) and Italy Alive (IV). *2020: Action joins forces with

and the

. *2022: Action and IV join forces. MRE, Italian Radicals and Volt join PD's Democratic and Progressive Italy alliance.

Minor liberal, social-liberal and libertarian parties

*2012: A group of intellectuals, led by Oscar Giannino, form the libertarian-oriented Act to Stop the Decline (FiD), originally "Stop the Decline". *2013:

(SC) is launched as an electoral list in support of

Mario Monti Mario Monti, (born 19 March 1943) is an Italian economist and academic who served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 2011 to 2013, leading a technocratic government in the wake of the Italian debt crisis. Monti served as a European Commi ...

, the incumbent non-partisan Prime Minister, to contest the 2013 general election. The list includes members from

Future Italy Future Italy (''Italia Futura'', IF) was an Italian liberal-centrist think tank, formed in 2009 by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo, chairman of Alitalia (since 2014) and former chairman of Ferrari (1991–2014), FIAT (2004–2010) and Confindustria (2 ...

(IF), a liberal think tank, and is part of the

With Monti for Italy With Monti for Italy ( it, Con Monti per l'Italia) was an electoral coalition of political parties in Italy, formed for the 2013 general election to support the outgoing Prime Minister Mario Monti and his reform plans. Its platform was based ...

coalition. After the election, SC becomes a full-fledged party, while FiD finds a new leader in

Michele Boldrin Michele Boldrin (; 20 August 1956) is an Italian-born economist, academic and former politician expert in economic growth, business cycles, technological progress and intellectual property. He is the Joseph Gibson Hoyt Distinguished Professor in ...

. Splinters from FiD, led by Giannino, form the

Liberal Democratic Alliance for Italy The Liberal Democratic Alliance for Italy (''Alleanza Liberaldemocratica per l'Italia'', ALI) is a liberal political party in Italy. ALI was launched in November 2013 by some leading members of Act to Stop the Decline (FFD), who disagreed with ...

(ALI). *2014: SC, FiD, ALI, CD, the PRI, the new PLI, The Liberals and other minor parties contest the

2014 European Parliament election The 2014 European Parliament election was held in the European Union, from 22 to 25 May 2014. It was the 8th parliamentary election since the first direct elections in 1979, and the first in which the European political parties fielded candid ...

within a list named

, in support of the

candidate for

President of the European Commission The president of the European Commission is the head of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union (EU). The President of the Commission leads a Cabinet of Commissioners, referred to as the College, collectively account ...

Guy Verhofstadt Guy Maurice Marie Louise Verhofstadt (; ; born 11 April 1953) is a Belgian politician who was the leader of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe from 2009 to 2019, and has been a member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Belgium ...

. *2015: Unique Italy (IU), including former members of IF, SC and the PdL, is formed. A splinter group from

forms

Act! Act! (previously known as Sage ACT! 2010–2013) is a customer relationship management (CRM) software and marketing automation software platform designed for, and used by, small and mid-sized businesses. It has a user base of over 800 thousand re ...

(F!). Several SC's liberals join the PD. *2016: IU is dissolved. SC, which has suffered the split of the

Civics and Innovators Civics and Innovators ( it, Civici e Innovatori, CI) was a centrist and liberal sub-group within the Mixed Group (previously a parliamentary group) in the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Parliament. Its leader was Giovanni Monchiero. The C ...

(CI), forms a federative pact with the ALA. *2018: Volt Italia (Volt) was formed.

Liberal leaders

*Before 1861:

Alessandro Manzoni Alessandro Francesco Tommaso Antonio Manzoni (, , ; 7 March 1785 – 22 May 1873) was an Italian poet, novelist and philosopher. He is famous for the novel '' The Betrothed'' (orig. it, I promessi sposi) (1827), generally ranked among the maste ...

Carlo Cattaneo Carlo Cattaneo (; 15 June 1801 – 6 February 1869) was an Italian philosopher, writer, and activist, famous for his role in the Five Days of Milan in March 1848, when he led the city council during the rebellion. Early life Cattaneo was born ...

*Historical Right / Liberal Conservatives: Massimo d'Azeglio,

Bettino Ricasoli Bettino Ricasoli, 1st Count of Brolio, 2nd Baron Ricasoli (; 9 March 180923 October 1880) was an Italian statesman. He was a central figure in the politics of Italy during and after the unification of Italy. He led the Moderate Party. Biography ...

Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora (; 18 November 18045 January 1878) was an Italian general and statesman. His older brothers include soldier and naturalist Alberto della Marmora and Alessandro Ferrero La Marmora, founder of the branch of the Italian ...

, Luigi Federico Menabrea, Giovanni Lanza,

Marco Minghetti Marco Minghetti (18 November 1818 – 10 December 1886) was an Italian economist and statesman. Biography Minghetti was born at Bologna, then part of the Papal States. He signed the petition to the Papal conclave, 1846, urging the elect ...

, Antonio Starabba di Rudinì,

Luigi Pelloux Luigi Gerolamo Pelloux ( La Roche-sur-Foron, 1 March 1839 – Bordighera, 26 October 1924) was an Italian general and politician, born of parents who retained their Italian nationality when Savoy was annexed to France. He was the Prime Minister o ...

Sidney Sonnino Sidney Costantino, Baron Sonnino (11 March 1847 – 24 November 1922) was an Italian statesman, 19th prime minister of Italy and twice served briefly as one, in 1906 and again from 1909 to 1910. In 1901, he founded a new major newspaper, '' Il Gio ...

Luigi Luzzatti Luigi Luzzatti (11 March 1841 – 29 March 1927) was an Italian financier, political economist, social philosopher, and jurist. He served as the 20th prime minister of Italy between 1910 and 1911. Luzzatti came from a wealthy and cultured Jewis ...

*Historical Left / Democrats:

Urbano Rattazzi Urbano Pio Francesco Rattazzi (; 29 June 1808 5 June 1873) was an Italian statesman. Personal life He was born in Alessandria (Piedmont). He studied law at Turin, and in 1838 began his practice, which met with marked success at the capital and ...

Benedetto Cairoli Benedetto Cairoli (28 January 1825 – 8 August 1889) was an Italian politician. Biography Cairoli was born at Pavia, Lombardy. From 1848 until the completion of Italian unity in 1870, his whole activity was devoted to the ''Risorgimento'', a ...

Agostino Depretis Agostino Depretis (31 January 181329 July 1887) was an Italian statesman and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Italy for several stretches between 1876 and 1887, and was leader of the Historical Left parliamentary group for more than a de ...

Francesco Crispi Francesco Crispi (4 October 1818 – 11 August 1901) was an italy, Italian patriot and statesman. He was among the main protagonists of the Risorgimento, a close friend and supporter of Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, and one of the arc ...

Giuseppe Saracco Giuseppe Saracco (6 October 1821 – 19 January 1907) was an Italian politician, financier, and Knight of the Annunziata. Background and earlier career Saracco was born at Bistagno, the province of Alessandria. After qualifying as an adv ...

Alessandro Fortis Alessandro Fortis (16 September 1842 – 4 December 1909) was an Italian politician who served as the 18th prime minister of Italy from 1905 to 1906. Early career Fortis was born in Forlì, in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, and became a lawyer. A repu ...

*Historical Radical Party:

Agostino Bertani Agostino Bertani (19 October 1812 – 10 April 1886) was an Italian revolutionary and physician during Italian unification. Revolutionary Bertani was born in Milan on 19 October 1812. His father was an administrator for the Napoleonic governme ...

Felice Cavallotti Felice Cavallotti (6 November 1842 – 6 March 1898) was an Italian politician, poet and dramatic author. Biography Early career Born in Milan, Cavallotti fought with the Garibaldian Corps in their 1860 and 1866 campaigns during the Italia ...

, Ernesto Nathan,

Francesco Saverio Nitti Francesco Saverio Vincenzo de Paolo Nitti (19 July 1868 – 20 February 1953) was an Italian economist and political figure. A Radical, he served as Prime Minister of Italy between 1919 and 1920. According to the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' ("T ...

Giovanni Amendola Giovanni Amendola (15 April 1882 – 7 April 1926) was an Italian journalist, professor and politician, noted as an opponent of Italian Fascism. Biography Early life and education Amendola was born in Naples on 15 April 1882. He moved to Rome, ...

*Liberals / Italian Liberal Party:

Giuseppe Zanardelli Giuseppe Zanardelli (29 October 1826 26 December 1903) was an Italian jurist and political figure. He served as the Prime Minister of Italy from 15 February 1901 to 3 November 1903. An eloquent orator, he was also a Grand Master freemason. Zan ...

, Giovanni Giolitti,

Antonio Salandra Antonio Salandra (13 August 1853 – 9 December 1931) was a conservative Italian politician who served as the 21st prime minister of Italy between 1914 and 1916. He ensured the entry of Italy in World War I on the side of the Triple Entente (the ...

Paolo Boselli Paolo Boselli (8 June 1838 – 10 March 1932) was an Italian politician who served as the 34th prime minister of Italy during World War I. Biography Boselli was born in Savona, Liguria. Boselli was the first professor of science at the Univ ...

, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando,

Luigi Facta Luigi Facta (16 November 1861 – 5 November 1930) was an Italian politician, lawyer and journalist and the last Prime Minister of Italy before the leadership of Benito Mussolini. Background and earlier career Facta was born in Pinerolo, Piedm ...

Benedetto Croce Benedetto Croce (; 25 February 1866 – 20 November 1952) was an Italian idealist philosopher, historian, and politician, who wrote on numerous topics, including philosophy, history, historiography and aesthetics. In most regards, Croce was a li ...

, Alberto Giovannini, Luigi Einaudi,

Bruno Villabruna Bruno Villabruna (12 August 1884 – 16 October 1971) was an Italian lawyer and liberal politician. Born in Santa Giustina, near Belluno in the Veneto, he was first elected to parliament in 1921. After the rise to power of the fascists, he joine ...

, Manlio Brosio, Leone Cattani, Gaetano Martino,

Bruno Leoni Bruno Leoni (26 April 1913 – 21 November 1967) was an Italian classical-liberal political philosopher and lawyer. Whilst the war kept Leoni away from teaching, in 1945 he became Full professor of Philosophy of Law. Leoni was also appointed Dean ...

Giovanni Malagodi Giovanni Francesco Malagodi (12 October 1904 – 17 April 1991) was an Italian liberal politician, secretary of the Italian Liberal Party (''Partito Liberale Italiano''; PLI), and president of the Italian Senate. He was the third and sixth Pre ...

Aldo Bozzi Aldo may refer to: * Aldo (given name), male given name ** Aldo (footballer, born 1977) ** Aldo (footballer, born 1988) * Aldo Group, a worldwide chain of shoe stores * Aldosterone Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid steroid hormone ...

, Agostino Bignardi,

Valerio Zanone Valerio Zanone (22 January 1936 – 7 January 2016) was an Italian politician, who was formerly secretary and president of the Italian Liberal Party (''Partito Liberale Italiano''; PLI). He was also a senator for the Democratic Party (''Partito De ...

Alfredo Biondi Alfredo Biondi (29 June 1928 – 24 June 2020) was an Italian politician and lawyer. In 1994 he served as Minister of Justice of the Italian Republic during the first cabinet chaired by Silvio Berlusconi. Biography Born in Pisa, Biondi was Secre ...

Renato Altissimo Renato Altissimo (4 October 1940 – 17 April 2015) was an Italian politician and minister. Biography He was born in Portogruaro, near Venice. Altissimo was a member of the Italian Liberal Party (''Partito Liberale Italiano''; PLI), a small p ...

Raffaele Costa Raffaele Costa (born 8 September 1936 in Mondovì) is an Italian politician. He was the President of the Province of Cuneo, from June 2004 to June 2009. He was previously a member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies representing the Italian Libe ...

Egidio Sterpa Egidio Sterpa (22 September 1926 – 1 July 2010) was an Italian journalist and politician. Biography Journalistic career In 1948, Sterpa founded, along with Pino Rauti and Enzo Erra, ''La Sfida'' (''The Challenge''), the political-cultural m ...

Antonio Martino Antonio Martino (22 December 1942 – 5 March 2022) was an Italian politician, who was the minister of foreign affairs in 1994 and minister of defense from 2001 to 2006. He was a founding member of Forza Italia. Life and career Born in Messin ...

Beatrice Rangoni Machiavelli Beatrice Rangoni Machiavelli is an Italian politician, author, and activist. She was President of the Economic and Social Committee of the European Union from 1998 to 2000. Life She was born in Rome to a prominent family and studied physics and po ...

*Italian Republican Party:

Randolfo Pacciardi Randolfo Pacciardi (1 January 1899 – 14 April 1991) was an Italian politician. He was a long-time member of the secular, centre-left Italian Republican Party. An ardent anti-fascist, he lived in exile for many years and was an officer of the ...

, Oronzo Reale, Ugo La Malfa,

Oddo Biasini Oddo Biasini (13 May 1917 – 8 July 2009) was an Italian politician. He was a partisan during the Second World War and a prominent member of the Italian Republican Party. Biography Oddo Biasini graduated in letters at the University of Florence ...

Giovanni Spadolini Giovanni Spadolini (21 June 1925 – 4 August 1994) was an Italian politician and statesman, who served as the 44th prime minister of Italy. He had been a leading figure in the Republican Party and the first head of a government to not be a ...

Giorgio La Malfa Giorgio La Malfa (born 13 October 1939 in Milan) is an Italian politician. Biography La Malfa was born in Milan, the son of Ugo La Malfa, a long-time Italian political leader and minister. La Malfa served as secretary of the Italian Republican ...

Giorgio Bogi Giorgio (Bíró) Bogi (born 24 June 1929 in La Spezia), is an Italian surgeon and politician. Biography He graduated in medicine and surgery, and worked as a doctor until the 1970s. He was latterly the head physician of a hospital in La Spezia. ...

Luciana Sbarbati Luciana Sbarbati (born 10 May 1946 in Rome) is an Italian politician. She is a substitute for the Committee on Budgets and a member of the Delegation to the EU-Romania Joint Parliamentary Committee. Biography Graduated in philosophy and psych ...

*Radical Party / Italian Radicals: Mario Pannunzio, Leopoldo Piccardi, Bruno Villabruna,

Gianfranco Spadaccia Gianfranco Spadaccia (28 February 1935 – 24 September 2022) was an Italian journalist and politician. A member of the Radical Party and the Transnational Radical Party, he served in the Chamber of Deputies The chamber of deputies is the lowe ...

, Angiolo Bandinelli,

Adelaide Aglietta Maria Adelaide Aglietta (4 June 1940 – 20 May 2000) was an Italian politician, deputy for the Radical Party between 1979 and 1985 (when she resigned) and 1987 to 1989. She was also a Member of the European Parliament from 1989 to 1999. Between ...

, Adele Faccio, Sergio Stanzani,

Emma Bonino Emma Bonino (born 9 March 1948) is an Italian politician. A senator for Rome, she served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2013 to 2014. Previously, she was a Member of the European Parliament and a member of the Chamber of Deputies. She serve ...

Francesco Rutelli Francesco Rutelli (born 14 June 1954) is an Italian journalist and former politician, who is the president of ''Anica'', National Association of Film and Audiovisual Industry, since October 2016. He also chairs the "Centro per un Futuro Sostenib ...

Daniele Capezzone Daniele Capezzone (born 8 September 1972) is an Italian journalist and former politician. From 14 July 2001 to 4 November 2006, he was secretary of the Italian Radicals, a liberal, pro-market economy, libertarian movement associated with the ...

*Forza Italia / The People of Freedom / Forza Italia:

, Alfredo Biondi, Raffaele Costa, Egidio Sterpa, Antonio Martino,

Giulio Tremonti Giulio Tremonti () (born 18 August 1947) is an Italian politician. He served in the government of Italy as Minister of Economy and Finance under Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi from 1994 to 1995, from 2001 to 2004, from 2005 to 2006, and from 20 ...

Marcello Pera Marcello Pera (; born 28 January 1943
.) is an Italian

, Franco Frattini,

Renato Brunetta Renato Brunetta (born 15 May 1950) is an Italian economist and politician. He was the Minister of Public Administration and Innovation from 8 May 2008 to 16 November 2011 in the Berlusconi government, and he is, once again, the minister for ...

Sandro Bondi Sandro Bondi (born 14 May 1959) is an Italian politician. He served as minister of culture from 2008 to 2011, in the Berlusconi IV Cabinet. Biography Bondi was born in Fivizzano, province of Massa-Carrara, Italy. He first attended school at Lau ...

, Giancarlo Galan,

Stefania Prestigiacomo Stefania Prestigiacomo (born 16 December 1966) is an Italian politician, member of the centre-right political party Forza Italia and Member of the Chamber of Deputies of Italy from 1994 to 2022. Biography Stefania Prestigiacomo belongs to a fam ...

Paolo Romani Paolo Romani (born 18 September 1947) is an Italian politician, publisher, journalist and former minister of economic development. Early life Romani was born in Milan on 18 September 1947. He has a high school diploma. Career Romani worked as ...

, Benedetto Della Vedova, Daniele Capezzone *Democratic Alliance / Democratic Union / Democracy is Freedom / Democratic Party:

Willer Bordon Willer Bordon (16 January 1949 – 14 July 2015) was an Italian academic, businessman and politician who served in different cabinet posts at the end of the 1990s and 2000s. Early life Bordon was born in Muggia, Province of Trieste, on 16 Janu ...

Ferdinando Adornato Ferdinando Adornato (born 11 May 1954) is an Italian politician and journalist. Biography On 8 June 1994, he founded and led the group ''Area'', "an area of programmatic comparison ... inspired liberal, Christian and environmentalist ... elemen ...

Antonio Maccanico Antonio Maccanico (4 August 1924 – 23 April 2013) was an Italian constitutional specialist and social liberal politician, who served in various capacities in the parliament and federal administrations of Italy. Early life and education Maccani ...

, Valerio Zanone, Giorgio Bogi, Francesco Rutelli, Enzo Bianco,

Paolo Gentiloni Paolo Gentiloni Silveri (; born 22 November 1954) is an Italian politician who has served as European Commissioner for Economy in the von der Leyen Commission since 1 December 2019. He previously served as prime minister of Italy from Decembe ...

Gianni Vernetti Gianni Vernetti (born 27 November 1960) is a writer and Italian politician. Early life Gianni Vernetti was born in Torino, Italy. In 1985 he graduated in Architecture at the Polytechnic University of Turin. In 1987 he was awarded a PhD in Urban ...

, Linda Lanzillotta, Matteo Renzi, Sandro Gozi, Andrea Marcucci, Luciana Sbarbati, Beatrice Rangoni Machiavelli,

Pietro Ichino Pietro Ichino (born 22 March 1949) is an Italian politician and professor of labor law at the University of Milan (Università degli Studi di Milano). From 1979 to 1983, he was an independent left-wing MP belonging to the ranks of the Italian Com ...

, Stefania Giannini,

Carlo Calenda Carlo Calenda (born 9 April 1973) is an Italian business executive and politician. On 10 May 2016, he was appointed Minister of Economic Development in the government of Matteo Renzi and continued in that role in the government of Renzi's success ...

, Andrea Romano *Civic Choice: Pietro Ichino, Linda Lanzillotta, Stefania Giannini, Carlo Calenda, Andrea Romano, Bendetto Della Vedova, Enrico Zanetti *More Europe: Emma Bonino, Benedetto Della Vedova, Gianfranco Spadaccia, Marco Cappato

References

{{Liberalism in Europe Politics of Italy

Radical parties in Italy *