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Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an
**Infraorder
The taxonomy of this group according to the
Pulmonate snails & slugs in captivity
{{Authority control Obsolete gastropod taxa Carboniferous first appearances Taxa named by Georges Cuvier
order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
* Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...
, and before that a subclass) of snails
A snail is, in loose terms, a shelled gastropod. The name is most often applied to land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. However, the common name ''snail'' is also used for most of the members of the molluscan class Gastrop ...
and slug
Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word ''slug'' is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a smal ...
s characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill
A gill () is a respiratory organ that many aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are ...
, or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families.
The taxon
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...
Pulmonata as traditionally defined was found to be polyphyletic in a molecular study per Jörger ''et al.'', dating from 2010.
Pulmonata are known from the Carboniferous
The Carboniferous ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period million years ago ( Mya), to the beginning of the Permian Period, million years ago. The name ''Carbonifero ...
period to the present.
Pulmonates have a single atrium and kidney, and a concentrated symmetrical nervous system. The mantle cavity is on the right side of the body, and lacks gills, instead being converted into a vascularised lung. Most species have a shell, but no operculum, although the group does also include several shell-less slugs. Pulmonates are hermaphroditic, and some groups possess love darts.
Linnean taxonomy
The taxonomy of this group according to thetaxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda, as revised by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997, is an older taxonomy of the class Gastropoda, the class of molluscs consisting of all snails and slugs. The full name of the work in which this taxonomy wa ...
was as follows:
Order Pulmonata Cuvier
Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric, Baron Cuvier (; 23 August 1769 – 13 May 1832), known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "founding father of paleontology". Cuvier was a major figure in nat ...
in Blainville, 1814 - pulmonates
*Suborder Systellommatophora
The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
They are marine and terrestrial pulmonate gastropods within the Heterobranchi ...
Pilsbry, 1948
***Superfamily Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
***Superfamily Otinoidea
Otinoidea is a superfamily of very small, air-breathing sea snails and sea slugs, marine pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known ...
H. & A. Adams, 1855
***Superfamily Rathouisioidea
Veronicelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the clade Systellommatophora.
Taxonomy
The following two families were recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):
* ...
Sarasin, 1889
*Suborder Basommatophora
Basommatophora was a term that was previously used as a taxonomic informal group, a group of snails within the informal group Pulmonata, the air-breathing slugs and snails. According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), w ...
Keferstein in Bronn, 1864 - freshwater pulmonates, pond snails
***Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
***Superfamily Amphiboloidea
Amphiboloidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.
Distribution
Amphibolids are found in Indo-Pacific intertidal mangrove, saltmarsh and estuarine mudflat habitats.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
According ...
J.E. Gray
John Edward Gray, FRS (12 February 1800 – 7 March 1875) was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of zoologist George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray (1766–1828). The same is used for ...
, 1840
***Superfamily Chilinoidea
Chilinoidea is a family (biology), superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Hygrophila (Gastropoda), Hygrophila.
References
Panpulmonata
{{Pulmonata-stub ...
H. & A. Adams, 1855
***Superfamily Glacidorboidea
The Glacidorbidae is a taxonomic family of freshwater snails.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
Glacidorbidae is the only family in the superfamily Glacidorboidea. Glacidorboidea has been classified within the informal group Lower Heterobranchia in the ...
Ponder, 1986
***Superfamily Lymnaeoidea
Lymnaeoidea, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic superfamily of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the superorder Hygrophila.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Lymna ...
Rafinesque, 1815
***Superfamily Planorboidea
Planorboidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks.
All of the gastropods in this superfamily are sinistral in shell coiling.
The monophyly of Planorboidea was confirmed by Albrecht et al. (2 ...
Rafinesque, 1815
***Superfamily Siphonarioidea
Siphonarioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Panpulmonata.
Distribution
The Siphonarioidea are broadly distributed across the globe, however they are known to be ...
J.E. Gray
John Edward Gray, FRS (12 February 1800 – 7 March 1875) was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of zoologist George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray (1766–1828). The same is used for ...
, 1840
*Suborder Eupulmonata
Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing snails. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are marine and some are saltmarsh snails that can tolerate salty conditions.
Linnean taxonomy
*Suborder Eupulmonat ...
Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
**Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 = formerly Archaeopulmonata
***Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
**Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
***Superfamily Trimusculoidea
''Trimusculus'' is a genus of medium-sized air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Trimusculidae.
''Trimusculus'' is the only genus in the family Trimusculidae. Trimusculidae, the button sna ...
Zilch, 1959
**Infraorder Stylommatophora
Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification ...
A. Schmidt, 1856 - land snails
***Subinfraorder Orthurethra
Orthurethra is a clade of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.
In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subcla ...
***Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
***Superfamily Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900
***Superfamily Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900
***Superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
***Subinfraorder Sigmurethra
Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs.
The two strong synapomorphies of Sigmurethra are a ...
***Superfamily Acavoidea
The Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986.
Taxonomy
...
Pilsbry, 1895
***Superfamily Achatinoidea
The Achatinoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
2005 taxonomy
According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 there are four fami ...
Swainson, 1840
***Superfamily Aillyoidea
Aillyidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
Aillyidae is the only family in the superfamily Aillyoidea.
This family and the genus is named in honor of Swedish m ...
Baker, 1960
***Superfamily Arionoidea
Arionoidea is a taxonomic group, superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, shell-less terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.
Families
Families within the superfamily Arionoidea include:
* Arionidae
* Anadenidae
* Ariolimacidae
* Bin ...
J.E. Gray
John Edward Gray, FRS (12 February 1800 – 7 March 1875) was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of zoologist George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray (1766–1828). The same is used for ...
in Turnton, 1840
***Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
***Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
***Superfamily Clausilioidea
The Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
This classification was based on different studies dealing with the Clausiliidae, published by H. Nords ...
Mörch, 1864
***Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
***Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
Gastrodontoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.
Taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), families in this superfamily ...
Tryon, 1866
***Superfamily Helicoidea
Helicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
There are 19 families within the superfamily Helicoidea according to the ta ...
Rafinesque, 1815
***Superfamily Helixarionoidea
Helicarionoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Limacoidei.
Families
There are three families within the superfamily Helicarionoidea:
* Helicarionidae
* Ar ...
Bourguignat, 1877
***Superfamily Limacoidea
Limacoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of medium-sized to large, air-breathing land slugs and snails. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet ...
Rafinesque, 1815
***Superfamily Oleacinoidea
The Oleacinoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina of the order Stylommatophora. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Oleacinoidea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855. Acces ...
H. & A. Adams, 1855
***Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860
***Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
***Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
***Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864
***Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
***Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
***Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931
***Superfamily Streptaxoidea
Streptaxoidea is a Taxonomic rank, superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the suborder Achatinina of the order Stylommatophora.
Taxonomy
2005 taxonomy
There have been reco ...
J.E. Gray
John Edward Gray, FRS (12 February 1800 – 7 March 1875) was a British zoologist. He was the elder brother of zoologist George Robert Gray and son of the pharmacologist and botanist Samuel Frederick Gray (1766–1828). The same is used for ...
, 1806
***Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926
***Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882
***Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
***? Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
Athoracophoridae, common name the leaf-veined slugs, are a family (biology), family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora, the stalk-eyed snails and slugs. Ma ...
P. Fischer, 1883 = Tracheopulmonata
***? Superfamily Succineoidea
Succineoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succineoidea Beck, 1837. Accessed through: World Register of Marine ...
Beck, 1837 = Heterurethra
2005 taxonomy
The taxonomy of this group according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised in 2005 by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is a system for the scientific classification of gastropod mollusks. (Gastropods are a taxonomic class of animals which consists of snails and ...
was as follows:
Informal Group Pulmonata
Contains the informal group Basommatophora and the clade EupulmonataInformal Group Basommatophora
Contains the clade Hygrophila *SuperfamilyAmphiboloidea
Amphiboloidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.
Distribution
Amphibolids are found in Indo-Pacific intertidal mangrove, saltmarsh and estuarine mudflat habitats.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
According ...
**Family Amphibolidae
Amphibolidae is a family of air-breathing snails with opercula, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs.
This family of pulmonate gastropods, for breathe air, but also have opercula and at least some species go through a free-swimming velig ...
*Superfamily Siphonarioidea
Siphonarioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Panpulmonata.
Distribution
The Siphonarioidea are broadly distributed across the globe, however they are known to be ...
**Family Siphonariidae
Siphonariidae, also known as false limpets, are a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing sea snails, marine and brackish water pulmonate gastropod molluscs.
__TOC__
Shell description
Empty siphonariid limpet shells can b ...
** † Family Acroreiidae
† Acroreiidae is an extinct family of air-breathing snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Siphonariidae. The living siphonariids are all marine pulmonates, false sea limpets that breathe air.
Taxonomy
The family Acroreiidae ...
= Clade Hygrophila
= *SuperfamilyChilinoidea
Chilinoidea is a family (biology), superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Hygrophila (Gastropoda), Hygrophila.
References
Panpulmonata
{{Pulmonata-stub ...
**Family Chilinidae
''Chilina'' is a genus of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Chilinoidea.
''Chilina'' is the only genus in the family Chilinidae.
Distribution
Chilinidae occupies the temperate and c ...
**Family Latiidae
''Latia'' is a genus of very small, air-breathing freshwater snails or limpets, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Chilinoidea.
''Latia'' is the only genus in the family Latiidae.
Species in this genus are the only ...
*Superfamily Acroloxoidea
**Family Acroloxidae
Acroloxidae, commonly known as river limpets, are a taxonomic family of very small, freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod limpet-like mollusks with a simple flattened conical shell in the clade Hygrophila.
Acroloxidae is the only fam ...
*Superfamily Lymnaeoidea
Lymnaeoidea, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic superfamily of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the superorder Hygrophila.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Lymna ...
**Family Lymnaeidae
Lymnaeidae, common name the pond snails, is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the clade Hygrophila.
Lymnaeidae is the only family within the superfamily ...
*Superfamily Planorboidea
Planorboidea is a superfamily of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks.
All of the gastropods in this superfamily are sinistral in shell coiling.
The monophyly of Planorboidea was confirmed by Albrecht et al. (2 ...
**Family Planorbidae
**Family Physidae
Physidae, common name the bladder snails, is a monophyletic taxonomic family of small air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Lymnaeoidea .MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Physidae Fitzin ...
Clade Eupulmonata
Contains the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora *SuperfamilyTrimusculoidea
''Trimusculus'' is a genus of medium-sized air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Trimusculidae.
''Trimusculus'' is the only genus in the family Trimusculidae. Trimusculidae, the button sna ...
**Family Trimusculidae
''Trimusculus'' is a genus of medium-sized air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Trimusculidae.
''Trimusculus'' is the only genus in the family Trimusculidae. Trimusculidae, the button s ...
*Superfamily Otinoidea
Otinoidea is a superfamily of very small, air-breathing sea snails and sea slugs, marine pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known ...
**Family Otinidae
**Family Smeagolidae
''Smeagol'' is a genus of small air-breathing sea slugs of the upper intertidal zone.Marshall, B.; Rosenberg, G. (2016). Smeagol Climo, 1980. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecie ...
*Superfamily Ellobioidea
Ellobiidae, common name the hollow-shelled snails, is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata.Bouchet, P. (2012). Ellobiidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Sp ...
**Family Ellobiidae
= Clade
Systellommatophora
The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
They are marine and terrestrial pulmonate gastropods within the Heterobranchi ...
( = Gymnomorpha
The Systellommatophora (synonym Gymnomorpha) is a clade of primitive, air-breathing slugs, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
They are marine and terrestrial pulmonate gastropods within the Heterobranchia. Th ...
) =
*Superfamily Onchidioidea
**Family Onchidiidae
Onchidiidae are a family of small, air-breathing sea (and land) slugs. They are shell-less marine (except for 2 species)preview pulmonate gastropod molluscs. Onchidiidae is the only family within the superfamily Onchidioidea.
These animals are ...
*Superfamily Veronicelloidea
Veronicelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the clade Systellommatophora.
Taxonomy
The following two families were recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (20 ...
**Family Veronicellidae
The Veronicellidae, also known by their common name the leatherleaf slugs, are a family of pulmonate terrestrial slugs.
The herbivorous molluscs occur mainly in the tropical and subtropical areas of America, Asia and Africa.
They act as intermed ...
**Family Rathouisiidae
Rathouisiidae is a family of carnivorous air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Veronicelloidea, the leatherleaf slugs and their allies.
This family has no subfamilies according to the ''Taxonomy of ...
= Clade
Stylommatophora
Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong. 2017. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification ...
=
Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra
= Subclade Elasmognatha
= *SuperfamilySuccineoidea
Succineoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the suborder Helicina. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succineoidea Beck, 1837. Accessed through: World Register of Marine ...
**Family Succineidae
Succineidae are a family of small to medium-sized, air-breathing land snails (and slugs), terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Succineoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Succineidae Beck, 1837. Accessed thr ...
*Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
Athoracophoridae, common name the leaf-veined slugs, are a family (biology), family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora, the stalk-eyed snails and slugs. Ma ...
**Family Athoracophoridae
= Subclade
Orthurethra
Orthurethra is a clade of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.
In the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005, Orthurethra is treated as an informal group and subcla ...
=
*Superfamily Partuloidea
**Family Partulidae
Partulidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Partulidae Pilsbry, 1900. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http:// ...
**Family Draparnaudiidae
''Draparnaudia'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Partuloidea.
''Draparnaudia'' is the only genus in the family Draparnaudiidae.
Both the family name an ...
*Superfamily Achatinelloidea
**Family Achatinellidae
*Superfamily Cochlicopoidea
**Family Cochlicopidae
Cochlicopidae is a taxonomic family of small, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cochlicopoidea.
Anatomy
In this family, the number of haploid chromosome
A chromosome is a long DN ...
**Family Amastridae
Amastridae is a taxonomic family of small, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Amastridae Pilsbry, 1910. Accessed through: World Register ...
*Superfamily Pupilloidea
**Family Pupillidae
**Family Argnidae
Argnidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.
Distribution
Distribution of Argnidae include Europe: southern and eastern Alps and Carpathian Mountains.
**Family Chondrinidae
Chondrinidae is a family of mostly minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order Pulmonata.
Anatomy
In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 30 (according to the values i ...
** † Family Cylindrellinidae
†Cylindrellinidae is an extinct family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Cylindrellinidae Zilch, 1959 †. Accessed through: Wo ...
**Family Lauriidae
Lauriidae is a family of land snails. It is classified within the informal group Orthurethra, itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005) ...
**Family Orculidae
Orculidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails; terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.
MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Orculidae Pilsbry, 1918. Accessed through: World Register of Mar ...
**Family Pleurodiscidae
Pleurodiscus is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.
''Pleurodiscus'' is the only genus in the family Pleurodiscidae.
Species
Species within the genus ''Pleurodiscus'' ...
**Family Pyramidulidae
Pyramidulidae is a family (biology), family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Pyramidulidae Kennard & B. B. W ...
**Family Spelaeodiscidae
**Family Strobilopsidae
**Family Valloniidae
Valloniidae is a taxonomic family of small and minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Valloniidae Morse, 1864. Accessed through: World R ...
**Family Vertiginidae
*Superfamily Enoidea
Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the infraorder '' Pupilloidei'' .
Taxonomy
This superfamily contains the following families:
* Achatinellidae Gulick, 1873
* Agard ...
**Family Enidae
Enidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Enidae B. B. Woodward, 1903 (1880). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies ...
**Family Cerastidae
Cerastidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order Stylommatophora.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Cerastidae Wenz, 1923. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http ...
= Informal Group
Sigmurethra
Sigmurethra is a taxonomic category of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs. This is an informal group which includes most land snails and slugs.
The two strong synapomorphies of Sigmurethra are a ...
=
*Superfamily Clausilioidea
The Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
This classification was based on different studies dealing with the Clausiliidae, published by H. Nords ...
**Family Clausiliidae
** † Family Anadromidae
Anadromidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the clade Eupulmonata (according to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Taxonomy
The family Anadromidae is classified within the informal group Sigmurethra, itself belonging ...
** † Family Filholiidae
†Filholiidae is an extinct family of fossil air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Clausilioidea
The Clausilioidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod ...
** † Family Palaeostoidae
Palaeostoidae is an extinct family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks ...
*Superfamily Orthalicoidea
**Family Orthalicidae
Orthalicidae (orthalicid land snails) are a family of tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks are classified in the subfamily Orthalicoidea of the order Stylommatophora. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase ...
**Family Cerionidae
Cerionidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Urocoptoidea.
Pre-2008 taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), the family Cerionidae is ...
**Family Coelociontidae
** † Family Grangerellidae
Grangerellidae is an extinct family of gastropods in the superfamily Orthalicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.
Genera
Genera within the family Grangerellidae include: ...
**Family Megaspiridae
Megaspiridae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Orthalicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).Breure A. S. H. & Romero P. (2012). "Supp ...
**Family Placostylidae
Bothriembryontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Orthalicoidea.
Taxonomy
This family has been named Placostylidae and had no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of th ...
**Family Urocoptidae
Urocoptidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Urocoptoidea.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
The family Urocoptidae was classified in the superfamily Orthalicoidea (according to ...
*Superfamily Achatinoidea
The Achatinoidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
2005 taxonomy
According to taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005 there are four fami ...
**Family Achatinidae
**Family Ferussaciidae
Ferussaciidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Achatinoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Ferussaciidae Bourguignat, 1883. Accessed through: World Register of Marine ...
**Family Micractaeonidae
''Micractaeon koptawelilensis'' is a species of land snail, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Achatinoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
''Micractaeon koptawelilensis'' is the only s ...
**Family Subulinidae
Subulininae is a subfamily of small tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Achatinidae.
Distribution
Worldwide.
*Superfamily Aillyoidea
Aillyidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
Aillyidae is the only family in the superfamily Aillyoidea.
This family and the genus is named in honor of Swedish m ...
**Family Aillyidae
Aillyidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
Aillyidae is the only family in the superfamily Aillyoidea.
This family and the genus is named in honor of Swedish m ...
*Superfamily Testacelloidea
The Testacelloidea are a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as mollusc ...
**Family Testacellidae
**Family Oleacinidae
Oleacinidae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & ...
**Family Spiraxidae
Spiraxidae is a family of predatory air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropods in the superfamily Testacelloidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Distribution
The distribution of th ...
*Superfamily Papillodermatoidea
''Papilloderma altonagai'' is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the informal group Sigmurethra.
''Papilloderma altonagai'' is the only species in the genus ''Papilloderma'', which is the only genu ...
**Family Papillodermatidae
''Papilloderma altonagai'' is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the informal group Sigmurethra.
''Papilloderma altonagai'' is the only species in the genus ''Papilloderma'', ...
*Superfamily Streptaxoidea
Streptaxoidea is a Taxonomic rank, superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the suborder Achatinina of the order Stylommatophora.
Taxonomy
2005 taxonomy
There have been reco ...
**Family Streptaxidae
Streptaxidae is a family of carnivorous air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade
Stylommatophora. Six Streptaxidae subfamilies are accepted in the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi.
Stre ...
*Superfamily Rhytidoidea
**Family Rhytididae
**Family Chlamydephoridae
''Chlamydephorus'' is a genus of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Chlamydephoridae. It is the only genus within the family Chlamydephoridae.Herbert D. G. (1997). "The terrestrial slugs of KwaZulu- ...
**Family Haplotrematidae
**Family Scolodontidae
Scolodontidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or ...
*Superfamily Acavoidea
The Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra.
This taxonomy was based on the study by Nordsieck, published in 1986.
Taxonomy
...
**Family Acavidae
**Family Caryodidae
Caryodidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This family is endemic to eastern ...
**Family Dorcasiidae
Dorcasiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
The family Dorcasiidae has no subfamilies.
Di ...
**Family Macrocyclidae
Macrocyclidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea
The Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastrop ...
**Family Megomphicidae
Megomphicidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea
The Acavoidea are a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonat ...
**Family Strophocheilidae
Strophocheilidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Acavoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Fossil record
The genus '' E ...
*Superfamily Punctoidea
**Family Punctidae
Punctidae, common name the "dot snails" or "pinhead snails", is a family of minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the informal group Sigmurethra (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropo ...
** † Family Anastomopsidae
**Family Charopidae
**Family Cystopeltidae
Cystopeltidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea
Punctoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in t ...
**Family Discidae
Discidae is a taxonomic family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea.
Genera
The family Discidae has no subfamilies. Genera within the family Discidae include:
* ''Anguispira'' Morse, ...
**Family Endodontidae
**Family Helicodiscidae
Helicodiscidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Genera
Genera within the family i ...
**Family Oreohelicidae
Oreohelicidae is a family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Punctoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Anatomy
In this famil ...
**Family Thyrophorellidae
*Superfamily Sagdoidea
Sagdoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Helicoidei of the suborder Helicina. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Sagdoidea Pilsbry, 1895. Accessed through: World Re ...
**Family Sagdidae
Sagdidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks with highest diversity in the Greater Antilles. It has been classified in its own superfamily Sagdoidea and as a member of the superfamily Helicoidea. So ...
=
limacoid clade
The Limacoidei is a taxonomic infraorder of air-breathing land snails, semislugs and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the suborder Helicina
Distribution
The original ancestral area of limacoid families is thought to be the ...
=
*Superfamily Staffordioidea
**Family Staffordiidae
Staffordiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Staffordiidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: World Register of Mar ...
*Superfamily Dyakioidea
**Family Dyakiidae
Dyakiidae is a family of air-breathing land snails terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Some of the species in this family are sin ...
*Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
Gastrodontoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the limacoid clade.
Taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005), families in this superfamily ...
**Family Gastrodontidae
Gastrodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase ...
**Family Chronidae
Chronidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea within the superorder Eupulmonata. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Chronidae Thiele, 1931. Accessed through: ...
**Family Euconulidae
Euconulidae is a taxonomic family of minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Trochomorphoidea.
This land snail family is closely allied to the Zonitidae, the glass snails.
...
**Family Oxychilidae
Oxychilidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea.
Distribution
The distribution of Oxychilidae includes the Nearctic, western-Palearctic, eastern-Palear ...
**Family Pristilomatidae
Pristilomatidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea.
According to the 2005 taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi these snails belong to the "limacoid ...
**Family Trochomorphidae
Trochomorphidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Since 2017, its classification has bee ...
**Fossil taxa probably belonging to the Gastrodontoidea
***Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae
***Subfamily † Grandipatulinae
***Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae
*Superfamily Parmacelloidea
Parmacelloidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora and the informal group Pulmonata. These are limacoid or keelback slugs.
Families
Families within the superfamily ...
**Family Parmacellidae
Parmacellidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the superfamily Parmacelloidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This family has no subfamilies (ac ...
**Family Milacidae
Milacidae is a family of air-breathing, keeled, land slugs. These are shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parmacelloidea.
This family has no subfamilies (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, ...
**Family Trigonochlamydidae
Trigonochlamydidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial gastropod molluscs in the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Distribution
The native distribution of Trigonochla ...
*Superfamily Zonitoidea
**Family Zonitidae
Zonitidae, common name the true glass snails, are a family of mostly rather small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Zonitoidea.
Zonitidae is the only family in the superfamily Zonitoidea. Th ...
*Superfamily Helicarionoidea
Helicarionoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Limacoidei.
Families
There are three families within the superfamily Helicarionoidea:
* Helicarionidae ...
**Family Helicarionidae
Helicarionidae is a family of air-breathing land snails or semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea.
Distribution
The distribution of Helicarionidae includes the eastern Palearctic, Malagasy, Ind ...
**Family Ariophantidae
**Family Urocyclidae
Urocyclidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, semi-slugs and land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicarionoidea, (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Some spec ...
*Superfamily Limacoidea
Limacoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of medium-sized to large, air-breathing land slugs and snails. They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Stylommatophora (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet ...
**Family Limacidae
Limacidae, also known by their common name the keelback slugs, are a taxonomic family of medium-sized to very large, air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Limacoidea.
Distribution
The distr ...
**Family Agriolimacidae
''Agriolimacidae'' is a family of small and medium-sized land slugs, or shell-less snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc, mollusks.
Distribution
Distribution of Limacidae is Holarctic, this include: Nearctic, wes ...
**Family Boettgerillidae
''Boettgerilla'' is a genus of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Boettgerillidae.
The generic name ''Boettgerilla'' is named after the German malacologist Oskar Boettger.
Taxonomy
''Boettger ...
**Family Vitrinidae
Vitrinidae is a family of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Limacoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBa ...
= other Sigmurethra
= Two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade. *SuperfamilyArionoidea
Arionoidea is a taxonomic group, superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, shell-less terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.
Families
Families within the superfamily Arionoidea include:
* Arionidae
* Anadenidae
* Ariolimacidae
* Bin ...
**Family Arionidae
Arionidae, common name the "roundback slugs" or "round back slugs" are a taxonomic family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea.
Distribution
The distribution of this family of slug ...
**Family Anadenidae
Anadenidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). A ...
**Family Ariolimacidae
Ariolimacidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Subfamilies and genera
The family Ariolimac ...
**Family Binneyidae
Binneyidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea
Arionoidea is a taxonomic group, superfamily of air-breathing land slugs, shell-less terrestrial pulmonate gastr ...
**Family Oopeltidae
Oopeltidae is a family of air-breathing land slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Subfamilies and genera
The family Oopeltidae c ...
**Family Philomycidae
*Superfamily Helicoidea
Helicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
There are 19 families within the superfamily Helicoidea according to the ta ...
**Family Helicidae
**Family Bradybaenidae
**Family Camaenidae
**Family Cepolidae
The bandfishes, family Cepolidae, are 23 species of marine ray-finned fishes, They are native to the East Atlantic and Indo-Pacific wherethey dig burrows in sandy or muddy seabeds and eat zooplankton.
Taxonomy
The bandfishes belong to the famil ...
**Family Cochlicellidae
Cochlicellidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea
Helicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod moll ...
**Family Elonidae
**Family Epiphragmophoridae
Epiphragmophorinae is a subfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Xanthonychidae (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.
...
**Family Halolimnohelicidae
Halolimnohelicidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea
Helicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mol ...
**Family Helicodontidae
Helicodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea
Helicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks i ...
**Family Helminthoglyptidae
**Family Humboldtianidae
Humboldtianidae is an American family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Anatomy
The anatomy of this fam ...
**Family Hygromiidae
Hygromiidae is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. Helicellidae Ihering, 1909
Anatomy
Some snails in genera within this family create ...
**Family Monadeniidae
Monadeniinae is a taxonomic subfamily of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family XanthonychidaeMolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Monadenia Pilsbry, 1895. Accessed through: Worl ...
**Family Pleurodontidae
**Family Polygyridae
Polygyridae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Polygyridae Pilsbry, 1895. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species a ...
**Family Sphincterochilidae
Sphincterochilidae is a taxonomic family of medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
In the fossil re ...
**Family Thysanophoridae
Thysanophoridae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
These are common woodland snails of Nort ...
**Family Trissexodontidae
Trissexodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
This family has no subfamilies. The famil ...
**Family Xanthonychidae
Xanthonychidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Xanthonychidae Strebel & Pfeffer, 187 ...
2010 taxonomy
Jörger ''et al.'' (2010) analyzed major groups within the Heterobranchia using genetic data and found that Pulmonata as traditionally defined was polyphyletic, for instance some pulmonates were more closely related to Sacoglossa andAcochlidia
Acochlidiacea, common name acochlidians, are a taxonomic clade of very unusual sea snails and sea and freshwater slugs, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Acochlidia is a variant spelling.
Description
Thes ...
. They proposed the more inclusive taxon Panpulmonata to unite the clades Siphonarioidea
Siphonarioidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing sea snails or false limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Panpulmonata.
Distribution
The Siphonarioidea are broadly distributed across the globe, however they are known to be ...
, Sacoglossa, Glacidorboidea
The Glacidorbidae is a taxonomic family of freshwater snails.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
Glacidorbidae is the only family in the superfamily Glacidorboidea. Glacidorboidea has been classified within the informal group Lower Heterobranchia in the ...
, Pyramidelloidea
Pyramidelloidea is a superfamily of mostly very small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks and micromollusks within the clade Panpulmonata.
This is a voluminous taxon: above the species level close to 400 named taxa are referred to this gast ...
, Amphiboloidea
Amphiboloidea is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails.
Distribution
Amphibolids are found in Indo-Pacific intertidal mangrove, saltmarsh and estuarine mudflat habitats.
Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy
According ...
, Hygrophila, Acochlidia
Acochlidiacea, common name acochlidians, are a taxonomic clade of very unusual sea snails and sea and freshwater slugs, aquatic gastropod mollusks within the large clade Heterobranchia. Acochlidia is a variant spelling.
Description
Thes ...
and Eupulmonata
Eupulmonata is a taxonomic clade of air-breathing snails. The great majority of this group are land snails and slugs, but some are marine and some are saltmarsh snails that can tolerate salty conditions.
Linnean taxonomy
*Suborder Eupulmonat ...
.
References
Further reading
* *External links
Pulmonate snails & slugs in captivity
{{Authority control Obsolete gastropod taxa Carboniferous first appearances Taxa named by Georges Cuvier