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A twin-boom aircraft is characterised by two

longitudinal Longitudinal is a geometric term of location which may refer to: * Longitude ** Line of longitude, also called a meridian * Longitudinal engine, an internal combustion engine in which the crankshaft is oriented along the long axis of the vehicl ...

booms (extended

nacelle A nacelle ( ) is a "streamlined body, sized according to what it contains", such as an engine, fuel, or equipment on an aircraft. When attached by a pylon entirely outside the airframe, it is sometimes called a pod, in which case it is attached ...

-like bodies). The booms may contain ancillary items such as

fuel tank A fuel tank (also called a petrol tank or gas tank) is a safe container for flammable fluids. Though any storage tank for fuel may be so called, the term is typically applied to part of an engine system in which the fuel is stored and propel ...

s and/or provide a supporting structure for other items. Typically, twin tailbooms support the tail surfaces, although on some types such as the Rutan Model 72 Grizzly the booms run forward of the wing. The twin-boom configuration is distinct from twin-fuselage designs in that it retains a central fuselage.

Design

The twin-boom configuration is distinct from the twin fuselage type in having a separate, short fuselage housing the pilot and payload. It has been adopted to resolve various design problems with the conventional

empennage The empennage ( or ), also known as the tail or tail assembly, is a structure at the rear of an aircraft that provides stability during flight, in a way similar to the feathers on an arrow.Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third ed ...

for aircraft in different roles.

Engine mounting

For a single engine with a propeller in the

pusher configuration In an aircraft with a pusher configuration (as opposed to a tractor configuration), the propeller(s) are mounted behind their respective engine(s). Since a pusher propeller is mounted behind the engine, the drive shaft is in compression in nor ...

or a

jet engine A jet engine is a type of reaction engine discharging a fast-moving jet of heated gas (usually air) that generates thrust by jet propulsion. While this broad definition can include rocket, Pump-jet, water jet, and hybrid propulsion, the term ...

, a conventional tail requires the propeller or exhaust to be moved far aft, requiring either a very long

driveshaft A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, tailshaft (Australian English), propeller shaft (prop shaft), or Cardan shaft (after Girolamo Cardano) is a component for transmitting mechanical power and torque and rotation, usually used to connec ...

or jet pipe and thus reducing propulsive efficiency. The twin-boom configuration allows a much shorter and more efficient installation. The Saab 21 was originally built as a pusher type and was later adapted to jet power as the 21R. In these designs, the tailplane (horizontal stabilizer) is typically high-mounted on twin tail fins to keep it clear of the engine wake. The

Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne SpaceShipOne is an experimental air-launched rocket-powered aircraft with sub-orbital spaceflight capability at speeds of up to 3,000 ft/s (900 m/s, 3240 km/h), using a hybrid rocket motor. The design features a unique "feathering" at ...

and

SpaceShipTwo The Scaled Composites Model 339 SpaceShipTwo (SS2) is an air-launched suborbital spaceplane type designed for space tourism. It is manufactured by The Spaceship Company, a California-based company owned by Virgin Galactic. SpaceShipTwo is car ...

sub-orbital spaceplanes adopted twin booms with

outboard tail An outboard tail is a type of aircraft tail or empennage which is split in two, with each half mounted on a short boom just behind and outboard of each wing tip. It comprises outboard horizontal stabilizers (OHS) and may or may not include addition ...

s or outboard horizontal stabilizers (OHS) to keep the airframe clear of the more widely-spreading rocket engine exhaust. Twin booms have also been adopted for twin-engined designs where the engine system includes bulky additional items such as turbochargers and heat exchangers, taking up a large volume of space. Examples include the

Lockheed P-38 Lightning The Lockheed P-38 Lightning is an American single-seat, twin piston-engined fighter aircraft that was used during World War II. Developed for the United States Army Air Corps by the Lockheed Corporation, the P-38 incorporated a distinctive twi ...

Field of view

For a rear observation or gunnery position to have an unobstructed field of view, placing it at the rear of a conventional tail moves it so far aft that problems arise with the centre of mass and balancing the aircraft. Getting rid of the conventional empennage allows the rear position to be located more forward, resolving the balance problem. An example is provided by the

Focke-Wulf Fw 189 The Focke-Wulf Fw 189 ''Uhu'' ("Eagle Owl") is a Nazi Germany, German twin-engine, twin-boom, three-seat tactical Aerial reconnaissance, reconnaissance and Liaison aircraft, army cooperation aircraft. It first flew in 1938 (Fw 189 V1), entered s ...

. However the twin booms and bridging tailplane still obstruct the field of view to some extent and guns in this position are especially restricted in firing to the side.

Transport access

Loading and unloading large freight or cargo items such as vehicles and containers requires large access doors. In conventional designs these doors must be located at the nose or side of the fuselage, necessitating heavy reinforcement of the main structure. Side doors limit the length of an item to the width of the door and access may also be obstructed by engines or undercarriage. The twin-boom configuration allows a large door to be placed at the rear of the fuselage, free from obstruction by the tail assembly, as on the

Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy The Armstrong Whitworth Argosy was a British post-war Military transport aircraft, transport/cargo aircraft; it was the final aircraft to be designed and produced by aviation company Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft. Although given different inter ...

. However access to the rear door remains limited, especially for trucks backing up to it, and a high-mounted conventional rear fuselage is often preferred.

Efficiency

Twin booms typically offer greater drag than a conventional arrangement. They are also typically shallower than the fuselage and thus inherently less stiff, requiring additional reinforcement to maintain a rigid tail position in pitch. On the other hand, tip effects on the tailplane are avoided and it is supported at both ends, allowing it to be made smaller and lighter. Moreover, span loading along the wing can reduce the structural forces between the booms and thus overall weight. Some modern high-efficiency designs have twin booms which distribute the load along the wing span and/or stiffen the overall structure. Capable of flying non-stop round the world, the

Rutan Voyager The Rutan Model 76 Voyager was the first aircraft to fly around the world without stopping or refueling. It was piloted by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager. The flight took off from Edwards Air Force Base's 15,000 foot (4,600 m) runway in the Mojav ...

was a canard design with tractor propeller, in which the twin booms extended forwards to brace the foreplane as well as aft to support twin fins. The later

Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer The Scaled Composites Model 311 Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer ( registered N277SF) is an aircraft designed by Burt Rutan in which Steve Fossett first flew a solo nonstop airplane flight around the world in slightly more than 67 hours (2 days 19 h ...

was jet propelled but with a similar range, still with large twin booms to accommodate the jet fuel in a lightweight span-loaded structure, but with a small conventional tail on each boom.

History

Twin boom designs can trace their history back to the lattices of booms used on many early boxkite aircraft. With the recognition of the tremendous drag these imposed, more compact structures covered in fabric were developed during the

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

. Prime examples include the Caproni series of trimotor bombers. Around the same time, the first wooden

monocoque Monocoque ( ), also called structural skin, is a structural system in which loads are supported by an object's external skin, in a manner similar to an egg shell. The word ''monocoque'' is a French term for "single shell". First used for boats, ...

fuselages appeared, and it wasn't long before this technique was applied to provide twin booms. Possibly the first of these was the pre-war

Nieuport pusher Nieuport, later Nieuport-Delage, was a French aeroplane company that primarily built racing aircraft before World War I and fighter aircraft during World War I and between the wars. History Beginnings Originally formed as Nieuport-Duplex in ...

, which used paper impregnated with

Bakelite Polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, better known as Bakelite ( ), is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from a condensation reaction of phenol with formaldehyde. The first plastic made from synthetic components, it was developed ...

however the most successful were the

AGO C.I The AGO C.I was a First World War German pusher reconnaissance biplane that used a pod-and-boom configuration. Development The crew and pusher engine shared a central nacelle, and the twin booms carried the tail and the four-wheeled landing ge ...

and C.II which used a more conventional wooden shell, built up from strips of wood glued over a form. With the development of

aluminium Aluminium (aluminum in American and Canadian English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals, at approximately one third that of steel. I ...

stressed skin monocoques later in World War I, the same technique was extended to twin boom designs, beginning in the 1920s. Most of the early designs used twin booms to clear a rear mounted propeller, however even in World War I, several larger aircraft used them to provide a gunner with the ability to cover the underside of the tail without having to have the weight at the very extreme end of the aircraft where it posed balance and control problems. Only in World War II, with the increasing prevalence of transporting bulky items and vehicles by air was the utility of a rear door, in line with the cabin to ease loading realized, and with it, the utility of moving the rear fuselage structure to the sides to avoid excessive height in the rear fuselage as on the

Gotha Go 242 The Gotha Go 242 was a transport glider used by the ''Luftwaffe The ''Luftwaffe'' () was the aerial-warfare branch of the German ''Wehrmacht'' before and during World War II. Germany's military air arms during World War I, the ''Luf ...

glider. With the beginning of the jet age, the need for clearance for the propeller was replaced with the need to provide a clear path for hot exhaust gases. Jet engine efficiency was hampered by long intake and exhaust trunks, as were used on many early designs, and one solution was to use twin booms to shorten the exhaust trunking to the minimum, such as de Havilland used on their successful

Vampire A vampire is a mythical creature that subsists by feeding on the Vitalism, vital essence (generally in the form of blood) of the living. In European folklore, vampires are undead, undead creatures that often visited loved ones and caused mi ...

and

Venom Venom or zootoxin is a type of toxin produced by an animal that is actively delivered through a wound by means of a bite, sting, or similar action. The toxin is delivered through a specially evolved ''venom apparatus'', such as fangs or a sti ...

jet fighters. A small number of designs used twin booms for other reasons, most notable being the

, whose booms contained the overly lengthy engine turbo-superchargers, which would have made for an unusually long nacelle. The final use for a twin boom to be developed was in tying together very high aspect ratio wings and canards as on the

, to reduce flexing, and the weight needed to otherwise constrain it. Also, by having the mass from most of the fuel mid-span, it reduces the forces on the wings considerably, much in the same manner mounting the engines mid-span on most jet transports does. Despite these anticipated benefits, twin booms remain unusual. For most cases, the booms are less efficient structurally in providing pitch stiffness, and produce more drag. In the case of those using twin booms to improve the field of fire downwards, it severely reduces it laterally, and often directly astern. For transports, the booms may facilitate access to the fuselage, but trucks then have to be extremely careful to not hit parts of the aircraft that they are then getting closer to. As a result, the C-119 remained an anomaly, and most successful post-war transports, such as the

C-130 Hercules The Lockheed C-130 Hercules is an American four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft designed and built by Lockheed Corporation, Lockheed (now Lockheed Martin). Capable of using unprepared runways for takeoffs and landings, the C-130 ...

, reverted to a single rear fuselage.

List of twin-boom aircraft

, - ,

AAI RQ-7 Shadow The AAI RQ-7 Shadow is an American unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) used by the United States Army, Australian Army, Swedish Army, Turkish Air Force and Italian Army for reconnaissance, surveillance, target acquisition and battle damage assessment ...

, , US, , UAV, , UAV, , 1991, , , , , , , - ,

Abrams P-1 Explorer The Abrams P-1 Explorer was an American purpose-designed aerial photography and survey aircraft that first flew in November 1937. Design and development The Explorer was designed by aerial survey pioneer Talbert Abrams, to meet his needs for a ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Survey, , 1937, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

AD Seaplane Type 1000 The AD Seaplane Type 1000 also known as the Admiralty Type 1000 and the AD.1 (from Air Department) was a British seaplane of the First World War designed to attack German warships. When it first flew, it was the largest British aircraft yet to ...

, , UK, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1916, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Adam A500 The Adam A500 is an American six-seat civil utility aircraft that was produced by Adam Aircraft Industries. The aircraft is of pod-and-boom, push-pull configuration with its two Continental TSIO-550-E piston engines mounted to provide ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 2002, , Prototype, , , , , - , Adam A700, , US, , Jet, , Transport, , 2003 , , Prototype, , , , , - ,

ADI Condor The ADI Condor was a motor glider of unusual configuration built in the United States in 1981. While most motor gliders follow traditional sailplane layout, the Condor was of twin-boom configuration, with twin, inwardly canted tail fins joined at ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Motor glider, , 1981 , , Prototype, , , , , - , AeroRIK Dingo, , Russia, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1997, , Prototype, , -5, , , - ,

, , Germany, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1915 , , Production, , , , , - , AGO C.II, , Germany, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1915 , , Production, , , , , - ,

AHRLAC Holdings Ahrlac The AHRLAC (Advanced High Performance Reconnaissance Light Aircraft) is a South African light reconnaissance and counter-insurgency aircraft developed by AHRLAC Holdings, a joint venture between the Paramount Group and Aerosud. It is designed ...

, , South Africa, , Propeller, , Attack, , 2014, , Prototype, , , , , - , Air Utility AU-18, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1945, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Airmaster Avalon 680 is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yokusaru Shibata. It was serialized in Hakusensha's ''seinen'' manga magazine ''Young Animal'' from 1996 to 2006, with its chapters collected in twenty-eight ''tankōbon'' volumes. The s ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1983, , Prototype, , , , , , - ,

Airsport Song The Airsport Song is a Czech ultralight aircraft, designed by Marek Ivanov and produced by Airsport of Zbraslavice. Design and development The aircraft was designed to comply with the LTF-L 120 kg, US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles and Engli ...

, , Czech Republic , , Propeller, , Ultralight, , 2009 , , Production, , unk., , , - , AISA GN, , Spain, , Autogyro, , Utility, , 1982, , Prototype, , , , , - , Akaflieg Stuttgart fs28 Avispa, , Germany, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1972, , Prototype, , , , , - , Alaparma Baldo, , Italy, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1949, , Production, , ca., , , - , Alenia Aermacchi Sky-Y, , Italy, , UAV, , UAV, , 2007, , , , , , , - , American Gyro AG-4 Crusader, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1935, , Prototype, , , , , - , Antonov LEM-2/OKA-33, , USSR, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1937, , Prototype, , , , , - , Anderson Greenwood AG-14, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1947, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

ANTEX-M ANTEX-M ( pt, Aeronave Não Tripulada Experimental – Militar, Military Experimental Unmanned Aircraft) is a family of small- and medium-sized experimental unmanned aerial vehicles developed by the Portuguese Air Force in partnership with several ...

, , Portugal, , UAV, , UAV, , 2002, , , , , , , - ,

Antonov A-40 The Antonov A-40 ''Krylya Tanka'' (russian: крылья танка, meaning "tank wings") was a Soviet attempt to allow a tank to glide onto a battlefield after being towed aloft by an airplane, to support airborne forces or partisans.Winc ...

, , USSR, , Glider, , Transport, , 1942, , Prototype, , , , , - , Arado E.340, , Germany, , Propeller, , Bomber, , n/a, , Project, , , , , - , Armstechno NITI, , Bulgaria, , UAV, , UAV, , 2006, , , , , , , - ,

, , UK, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1959, , Production, , , , , - ,

Arpin A-1 __NOTOC__ The Arpin A-1 was a two-seat low-wing monoplane which was powered by a single radial engine in pusher configuration, mounted behind the cabin between twin booms that carried the tail. An unconventional fixed tricycle undercarriage wa ...

, , UK, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1938, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

AVE Mizar The AVE Mizar (named after the star Mizar (star), Mizar) was a roadable aircraft built between 1971 in aviation, 1971 and 1973 in aviation, 1973 by Advanced Vehicle Engineers (AVE) of Van Nuys, Los Angeles, Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California. The ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Flying car, , 1973, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

BAE Systems Phoenix The BAE Systems Phoenix (originally GEC-Marconi Phoenix) was an all-weather, day or night, real-time surveillance Unmanned Air Vehicle. It had a twin-boom UAV with a surveillance pod, from which the imagery was data linked to a ground contr ...

, , UK, , UAV, , UAV, , 1986, , , , , , , - ,

BAE Systems SkyEye The BAE Systems SkyEye is a reconnaissance UAV developed in the United States in the early 1970s by Developmental Sciences Inc, later called Developmental Sciences Corporation, a division of Lear Astronics Corporation and ultimately part of BA ...

, , UK, , UAV, , UAV, , 1973, , , , , , , - , BAT Crow, , UK, , Propeller, , Ultralight, , 1920, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Baykar Bayraktar TB2 The Bayraktar TB2 is a medium-altitude long-endurance (MALE) unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) capable of remotely controlled or autonomous flight operations. It is manufactured by the Turkish company Baykar Makina Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş ...

, , Turkey, , UAV, , UAV, , 2014, , , , , , , - ,

Baykar Bayraktar TB3 The Baykar Bayraktar TB3 is a Turkish medium-altitude long-endurance (MALE) unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) capable of short-range landing and take-off, produced by Baykar. It is currently being developed due to the lack of aircraft to be d ...

, , Turkey, , UAV, , UAV, , 2022, , Project, , , , , - , Bell XP-52, , US, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1940, , Project, , , , , - ,

Belyayev EOI The EOI (experimental single-seat fighter) was a fighter aircraft designed and built in the USSR from August 1939. Development Viktor Nikolayevich Belyayev had an illustrious early career with TsAGI, AVIAVnito, Aeroflot, OMOS, AGOS, KOSOS and the ...

, , USSR, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1939, , Project, , , , , - ,

Bendix 51 Bendix may refer to: People First name * Bendix Hallenstein (1835–1905), New Zealand businessman Middle name * Kim Bendix Petersen (born 1956), Danish singer known by the stage name King Diamond Last name * John E. Bendix (1835–1905), Am ...

& 51A, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1945, , Prototype, , , , , - , Bestetti BN.1, , Italy, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1940, , Prototype, , , , , - , Blériot 125, , France, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1931, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Blohm & Voss BV 138 The Blohm & Voss BV 138 ''Seedrache'' (Sea Dragon), but nicknamed ''Der Fliegende Holzschuh'' ("flying clog",Nowarra 1997, original German title of the Schiffer book. from the side-view shape of its fuselage, as well as a play on the title of t ...

, , Germany, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1937, , Production, , , , , - ,

Boeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjack The Boeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjack, company name Integrator, is an American unmanned air vehicle designed and built by Boeing Insitu to meet a United States Navy requirement for a small tactical unmanned air system (STUAS). It is a twin-boom, ...

, , US, , UAV, , UAV, , 2012, , , , , , , - , Bryan Autoplane, , US, , Propeller, , Flying car, , 1953, , Prototype, , , , , - , Bryant Dole Racer Angel of Los Angeles, , US, , Propeller, , Racer, , 1927, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Burnelli CBY-3 The Burnelli CBY-3 Loadmaster is an unconventional transport aircraft that was designed by American engineer Vincent Burnelli and built in Canada in 1944 by Canadian Car and Foundry. Design and development The CBY-3 " lifting fuselage" was an ev ...

, , Canada, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1944, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Burnelli GX-3 The Burnelli GX-3, also known as Uppercu-Burnelli UB-SS. was an American twin-engined, mid-wing experimental aircraft which first flew in 1929. Work commenced on this aircraft during development of the Burnelli CB-16. Soon after, Daniel Guggenh ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1929, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Burnelli UB-14 The Burnelli UB-14, also known as the Cunliffe-Owen Clyde Clipper, was a 1930s American prototype lifting-fuselage airliner designed and built by Vincent Burnelli. Design and development Following on from his earlier designs Vincent Burnelli d ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1934, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Burnelli UB-20 The Burnelli UB-20 was a prototype lifting body airliner designed by Vincent Burnelli and built in the early 1930s. Design and development The UB-20 was a high-wing monoplane with a fixed tail wheel landing gear. It is considered the first Americ ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1930, , Prototype, , , , , - , Buscaylet-de Monge 7-4, , France, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1923, , Prototype, , , , , - , Buscaylet-de Monge 7-5, , France, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1925, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Campbell Model F The Campbell Model F, a pusher configuration, two seat sport aircraft built in the 1930s, was unconventional in its day with its empennage on twin, slim booms, a cockpit under stepless, rounded, multi-panel glazing and a tricycle undercarriage. ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1935, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Canaero Toucan The Canaero Toucan is a Canadian high-wing, two seats in tandem, twin engine push-pull configuration, twin-boom ultralight kit aircraft that was produced from 1983 to the late 1980s by Canaero Dynamics Aircraft of Rexdale, Ontario.Taylor, John ...

, , Canada, , Propeller, , Ultralight, , 1983, , Production, , +, , , - , Caproni Ca.1, , Italy, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1914, , Production, , , , , - ,

Caproni Ca.2 __NOTOC__ The Caproni Ca.2 was an Italian heavy bomber of the World War I era. Development The Ca.2 was a minor development of the Caproni Ca.1 (1914), Caproni Ca.1 twin-boom bomber of 1914. It had become evident early in the Ca.1's service lif ...

, , Italy, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1915, , Production, , , , , - , Caproni Ca.3, , Italy, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1916, , Production, , -383, , , - , Caproni Ca.4, , Italy, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1917, , Production, , -53, , , - , Caproni Ca.5, , Italy, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1917, , Production, , , , , - , Caproni Ca.37, , Italy, , Propeller, , Attack, , 1916, , Prototype, , , , , - , Caproni Ca.61, , Italy, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1922, , Prototype, , -2, , , - ,

CarterCopter The CarterCopter is an experimental compound autogyro developed by Carter Aviation Technologies in the United States to demonstrate slowed rotor technology. On 17 June 2005, the CarterCopter became the first rotorcraft to achieve mu-1 (μ=1), an ...

, , US, , Autogyro, , Transport, , 1998, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Celier Xenon 2 The Celier Xenon 2 (also referred to by the manufacturer as the Xenon II) is a series of Poland, Polish autogyros that was designed by Frenchman Raphael Celier and produced by his company, Celier Aviation of Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland. The a ...

, , Poland, , Autogyro, , Utility, , 2005, , Production, , +, , , - ,

Cessna Skymaster The Cessna Skymaster is an American twin-engine civil utility aircraft built in a push-pull configuration. Its engines are mounted in the nose and rear of its pod-style fuselage. Twin booms extend aft of the wings to the vertical stabilizers ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1961, , Production, , , , , - ,

Cessna XMC The Cessna XMC was a prototype technology demonstrator designed to show advanced aerodynamics and materials. The marketing name of XMC stood for "Experimental Magic Carpet" with the single test aircraft designated Cessna 1014 and later 1034 in ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1971, , Prototype, , , , , - , Commuter Craft Innovator, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 2015, , Prototype, , , , , - , Conroy Stolifter, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1968, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Continental KB-1 The Continental KB-1, also known as KB-1 Military Biplane or KB-1 Continental Pusher, is an early design developed by the engineer Vincent Burnelli. Development The KB-1 was Burnelli's second production aircraft after his Burnelli-Carisi Biplane ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1916, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Convair 106 Skycoach The Convair Model 106 Skycoach was an experimental four-seat light aircraft, designed and built by the Stinson Division of Convair at the end of World War II. Design and development The Model 106 was a four-seat cabin aircraft with a pusher en ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1946, , Prototype, , , , , - , Convair Model 48 Charger, , US, , Propeller, , Attack, , 1964, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Creative Flight Aerocat The Creative Flight Aerocat is a Canadian mid-wing, all composite, four passenger experimental aircraft that can be configured for amphibious float operations. Under development since 1998, the aircraft is intended to be supplied in kit form b ...

, , Canada, , Propeller, , Transport, , 2001, , Prototype, , , , , - , Cunliffe-Owen OA-1, , UK, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1939, , Prototype, , , , , - , Curtis Wright 21, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1947, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Curtiss Autoplane The Curtiss Autoplane, invented by Glenn Curtiss in 1917, is widely considered the first attempt to build a roadable aircraft. Although the vehicle was capable of lifting off the ground, it never achieved full flight. Development and design The ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Flying car, , 1917, , Project, , , , , - , Curtiss CT, , US, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1921, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

De Havilland Sea Vixen The de Havilland DH.110 Sea Vixen is a British twin-engine, twin boom-tailed, two-seat, carrier-based fleet air-defence fighter flown by the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm during the 1950s through to the early 1970s. The Sea Vixen was designed by ...

, , UK, , Jet, , Fighter, , 1951, , Production, , , , , - ,

De Havilland Vampire The de Havilland Vampire is a British jet fighter which was developed and manufactured by the de Havilland, de Havilland Aircraft Company. It was the second jet fighter to be operated by the Royal Air Force, RAF, after the Gloster Meteor, and ...

, , UK, , Jet, , Fighter, , 1943, , Production, , , , , - , De Havilland Venom & Sea Venom, , UK, , Jet, , Fighter, , 1952, , Production, , , , , - , De Schelde S.20, , Netherlands, , Propeller, , Trainer, , 1940, , Prototype, , , , , - , De Schelde S.21, , Netherlands, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1940, , Project, , , , , - , Difoga 421, , Netherlands, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1946, , Prototype, , , , , - , Dyle et Bacalan DB-70, , France, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1929, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Doblhoff WNF 342 __NOTOC__ The Doblhoff/WNF 342 was the first helicopter to take off and land using tip jets to drive the rotor. Development The WNF 342 was designed for a German Navy requirement for an observation platform for use from small ships and submarines ...

, , Germany, , Helicopter, , Reconnaissance, , 1943, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

DRDO Nishant The DRDO Nishant is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed by India's Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), a branch of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) for the Indian Armed Forces. The Nishant UAV is primarily task ...

, , India, , UAV, , UAV, , 1996, , , , , , , - ,

Edgley Optica The Edgley EA-7 Optica is a British light aircraft designed for low-speed observation work, and intended as a low-cost alternative to helicopters. The Optica has a loiter speed of 130 km/h (70 kn; 81 mph) and a stall speed of 108 ...

, , UK, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1979, , Production, , , , , - , Eldred Flyer's Dream, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1946, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Emsco B-8 Flying Wing The Emsco B-8 was a two-seat, single-engine, low-wing, twin boom experimental aircraft designed by Charles F. Rocheville in 1930 while he was vice president of Emsco Aircraft Corporation, Long Beach, California. Development Rocheville sough ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Record, , 1930, , Prototype, , , , , - , Fairchild C-82 Packet, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1944, , Production, , , , , - ,

Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar The Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar (Navy and Marine Corps designation R4Q) was an American military transport aircraft developed from the World War II-era Fairchild C-82 Packet, designed to carry cargo, personnel, litter patients, and mechani ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1947, , Production, , , , , - ,

Fairchild XC-120 Packplane The Fairchild XC-120 Packplane was an American experimental modular aircraft first flown in 1950. It was developed from the company's C-119 Flying Boxcar, and was unique in the unconventional use of removable cargo pods that were attached below t ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1950, , Prototype, , , , , - , Fieseler Fi 168, , Germany, , Propeller, , Attack, , 1938, , Project, , , , , - ,

, , Germany, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1938, , Production, , , , , - ,

Focke-Wulf Flitzer The Focke-Wulf ''Flitzer'' ("streaker" or "dasher", sometimes incorrectly translated as "madcap") was a jet fighter under development in Germany at the end of World War II. Development The design, also called Entwurf VI, had a central fuselage a ...

, , Germany, , Jet, , Fighter, , 1944, , Project, , , , , - ,

Focke-Wulf Project VIII __NOTOC__ The Focke-Wulf ''Peterle'' was a design study for a turboprop-powered fighter-bomber, undertaken in Germany during World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war tha ...

, , Germany, , Propeller, , Fighter, , n/a, , Project, , , , , - , Fokker D.XXIII, , Netherlands, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1939, , Prototype, , , , , - , Fokker F.25, , Netherlands, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1946, , Production, , , , , - ,

Fokker G.I The Fokker G.I was a Dutch twin-engined heavy fighter aircraft comparable in size and role to the German Messerschmitt Bf 110. Although in production prior to World War II, its combat introduction came at a time the Netherlands were overrun by t ...

, , Netherlands, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1937, , Production, , , , , - ,

Friedrichshafen FF.34 The Friedrichshafen FF.34 was a German biplane floatplane of the 1910s produced by Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen. Development and design The FF.34 was similar to the earlier FF.31 as it was a pusher configuration twin-boom floatplane. It had a ce ...

, , Germany, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1916, , Prototype, , , , , - , General Airborne XCG-16, , US, , Glider, , Transport, , 1943, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

General Aircraft Cagnet The General Aircraft GAL.33 Cagnet was a British light trainer aircraft designed by General Aircraft Ltd which flew from 1939 to 1941. Only one example was constructed. Design The Cagnet was a two-seat pusher propeller aircraft. The side-by- ...

, , UK, , Propeller, , Trainer, , 1939, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

General Aircraft GAL.47 The General Aircraft GAL.47 was a 1940s British single-engined twin-boom Air Observation Post aircraft, built by General Aircraft Limited at London Air Park, Hanworth. Design and development The GAL.47 was a private-venture design of an air o ...

, , UK, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1940, , Prototype, , , , , - , Ghods Mohajer, , Iran, , UAV, , UAV, , 1981, , , , , , , - ,

, , Germany, , Glider, , Transport, , 1941, , Production, , , , , - ,

Gotha Go 244 The Gotha Go 244 was a transport aircraft used by the ''Luftwaffe'' during World War II. Development The Go 244 was the powered version of the Gotha Go 242 military glider transport. Studies for powered versions of the Go 242 began early in the ...

, , Germany, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1942, , Production, , , , , - ,

Gotha WD.3 The Gotha WD.3 (for ''Wasser Doppeldecker'' - "Water Biplane") was a pusher configuration, pusher reconnaissance floatplane built in prototype form in Germany in 1915. Development Since 1913, Gothaer Waggonfabrik, Gotha had been manufacturing a ...

, , Germany, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1915, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Grahame-White Ganymede The Grahame-White Ganymede was a prototype British heavy night bomber intended to serve with the Royal Air Force in the First World War. A large, three-engined, twin-boom biplane, the sole prototype Ganymede did not fly until after the war ha ...

, , UK, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1918, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Groen Hawk 4 The Groen Hawk 4 was a single engine, pusher configuration, four seat autogyro built in the United States in the late 1990s. Three prototypes, two piston engined and one turboprop powered, were flown but the Hawk did not go into production. Des ...

, , US, , Autogyro, , Utility, , 1997, , Prototype, , , , , - , Grokhovsky G-37, , USSR, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1934, , Prototype, , , , , - , Grokhovsky G-38, , USSR, , Propeller, , Fighter-bomber, , 1934, , Project, , , , , - , Grokhovsky G-39 Cucaracha, , USSR, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1935, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Häfeli DH-1 The Häfeli DH-1 was a 1910s Swiss two-seat reconnaissance aircraft, built by the aircraft department of the Federal Construction Works (''Eidgenoessische Konstruktionswerkstaette'', K+W) at Thun, Switzerland. Development and design In 1915 K + ...

, , Switzerland, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1916, , Production, , , , , - ,

Hanriot H.110 The Hanriot H.110 was an unusual pusher configuration, twin boom, single seat fighter aircraft built in France in the early 1930s. It proved to be slower and less manoeuvrable than its contemporaries and failed to reach production, even as the Ha ...

& H.115, , France, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1933, , Prototype, , , , , - , Henderson H.S.F.1, , UK, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1929, , Prototype, , , , , - , Heston JC.6, , UK, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1947, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Hughes D-2 The Hughes D-2 was an American fighter and bomber project begun by Howard Hughes as a private venture. It never proceeded past the flight testing phase but was the predecessor of the Hughes XF-11. The sole D-2 was completed in 1942–1943. De ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Fighter-bomber, , 1942, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Hughes XF-11 The Hughes XF-11 (redesignated XR-11 in 1948) was a prototype military reconnaissance aircraft designed and flown by Howard Hughes and built by Hughes Aircraft for the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Although 100 F-11s were ordered in ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1946, , Prototype, , , , , - , HWL Pegaz, , Poland, , Propeller, , Motor glider, , 1949, , Prototype, , , , , - , Hydra Technologies Ehécatl, , Mexico, , UAV, , UAV, , 2006, , , , , , , - ,

IAI Arava The Israeli Aircraft Industries Arava ( he, עֲרָבָה, "Willow" or "Steppe" of "Desert", named after the Aravah of the Jordan Rift Valley) is a light STOL utility transport aircraft developed and produced by Israeli aerospace company Israe ...

, , Israel, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1969, , Production, , , , , - , IAI Heron, , Israel, , UAV, , UAV, , 1994, , , , , , , - , IAI Scout, , Israel, , UAV, , UAV, , 1981, , , , , , , - , IAI Searcher, , Israel, , UAV, , UAV, , 1992, , , , , , , - , Ikarus 452M, , Yugoslavia, , Jet, , Experimental, , 1953, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Ion Aircraft Ion The Ion Aircraft Ion is a two-seat, twin boom, pusher configuration light aircraft based on the DreamWings Valkyrie. It was still in development in 2010 but is intended either for homebuilding from kits or flyaway production, with version ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 2007, , Prototype, , , , , - , I.S.T. XL-15 Tagak, , Philippines, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1954, , Prototype, , , , , - , Johns Multiplane, , US, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1919, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Kalinin K-7 The Kalinin K-7 (russian: Калинин К-7) was a heavy experimental aircraft designed and tested in the Soviet Union in the early 1930s. It was of unusual configuration, with twin booms and large underwing pods housing fixed landing gear an ...

, , USSR, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1933, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Kaman HH-43 Huskie The Kaman HH-43 Huskie is a helicopter with intermeshing rotors used by the United States Air Force, the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps from the 1950s until the 1970s. It was primarily used for aircraft firefighting and ...

, , US, , Helicopter, , Utility, , 1947, , Production, , , , , - ,

Kamov Ka-26 The Kamov Ka-26 (NATO reporting name Hoodlum) is a Soviet light utility helicopter with co-axial rotors. Development The Ka-26 entered production in 1969 and 816 were built. A variant with a single turboshaft engine is the Ka-126. A twin turb ...

, , USSR, , Helicopter, , Utility, , 1965, , Production, , , , , - ,

Kamov Ka-126 The Kamov Ka-126 ( NATO reporting name Hoodlum) is a Soviet light utility helicopter with co-axial rotors. Evolved from Ka-26 with engine pods removed from stub wings, fitted with one TVO-100 turboshaft engine positioned on top of fuselage, mo ...

, , USSR, , Helicopter, , Utility, , 1988, , Production, , , , , - ,

Kamov Ka-226 The Kamov Ka-226 (NATO reporting name: Hoodlum) is a small, twin-engine Russian utility helicopter. The Ka-226 features an interchangeable mission pod, rather than a conventional cabin, allowing the use of various accommodation or equipment ...

, , Russia, , Helicopter, , Utility, , 1997, , Production, , , , , - , Kingsford Smith PL.7, , Australia, , Propeller, , Agricultural, , 1956, , Prototype, , , , , - , Kokusai Ki-105 Otori, , Japan, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1945, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Kokusai Ku-7 The Kokusai Ku-7 ''Manazuru'' (真鶴 " white-naped crane"; Allied code-name Buzzard) was a large experimental twin boom Japanese military glider. Design and development An enlarged version of the earlier Maeda Ku-1 glider, it was developed du ...

, , Japan, , Glider, , Transport, , 1942, , Prototype, , , , , - , Kortenbach & Rauh Kora 1, , Germany, , Propeller, , Motor glider, , 1973, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Larkin Skylark The Larkin Skylark is single-engine amphibious homebuilt aircraft. Only one aircraft was built and flown in 1973. Design The Skylark is a pusher-style design with a single Volkswagen air-cooled engine above and behind the fully enclosed cockpit. ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1973, , Prototype, , , , , - , Lawrence Special, , US, , Propeller, , Racer, , 1949, , Prototype, , , , , - , Levasseur PL.200/201, , France, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1935, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

, , US, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1939, , Production, , , , , - ,

Lockheed XP-49 The Lockheed XP-49 (company Model 522) was an advancement on the P-38 Lightning for a fighter in response to U.S. Army Air Corps proposal 39-775. Intended to use the new 24-cylinder Pratt & Whitney X-1800 engine, this proposal, which was for an ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1942, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning The Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning was an American long-range fighter developed during World War II. Although derived from the successful P-38 Lightning, the XP-58 was plagued by technical problems with its engines that eventually led to the pro ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1944, , Prototype, , , , , - , Lloyd 40.08 Luftkreuzer, , Germany, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1916, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

LWF model H Owl The L-W-F Model H Owl was a large American twin-boom aircraft, twin-boom trimotor biplane designed and built by Lowe, Willard & Fowler Engineering Company, LWF Engineering as a mail plane in 1920, but after being rejected for that role, the sin ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1919, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Maeda Ku-1 __NOTOC__ The Maeda Ku-1, long designation Maeda Army Type 2 Small Glider, was a small twin boom Japanese military glider. It was primarily used for training, and was superseded by the Kokusai Ku-7, which was effectively a scaled-up version of ...

, , Japan, , Glider, , Trainer, , 1941, , Production, , , , , - ,

Macchi M.12 __NOTOC__ The Macchi M.12 was a biplane flying boat bomber designed by Alessandro Tonini, and produced in small numbers by Macchi in Italy in 1918.Taylor 1989, 617 It had a conventional design, generally similar to an enlarged version of other Ma ...

, , Italy, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1918, , Production, , ca., , , - ,

Mansyū Ki-98 The Mansyū Ki-98, (also written as Manshū Ki-98), was a Japanese ground-attack aircraft proposed by Mansyū (''Manshūkoku Hikōki K.K.'' - Manchuria Airplane Manufacturing Company Ltd.) during World War II for use by the Imperial Japanese Ar ...

, , Japan, , Propeller, , Attack, , 1945, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

McCulloch J-2 __NOTOC__ The McCulloch J-2 was a small, two-seat autogyro with an enclosed cabin, one of only three designs of this type of aircraft to receive a type certificate in the United States. It was built by McCulloch Aircraft Corporation. Design and d ...

, , US, , Autogyro, , Utility, , 1962, , Production, , +, , , - ,

McDonnell XV-1 The McDonnell XV-1 is an experimental Convertiplane developed by McDonnell Aircraft for a joint research program between the United States Air Force and the United States Army to explore technologies to develop an aircraft that could take off a ...

, , US, , Autogyro, , Experimental, , 1954, , Prototype, , , , , - , McGaffey Aviate, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1935, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Millet Lagarde ML-10 The Millet Lagarde ML-10 was a French experimental single-engine light aircraft of the late 1940s. This strange biplane model, which first flew on 28 October 1949, was designed as the first of two examples. Development The Millet Lagarde ML-1 ...

, , France, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1949, , Prototype, , , , , - , Mikoyan MiG-110, , Russia, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1995, , Project, , , , , - ,

Mirach 26 The Mirach 26 is a reconnaissance UAV developed in Italy during the 1990s, based on the Mirach 20 target drone. The initial work on the design was carried out by Meteor CAE before this company was absorbed by Galileo Avionica, than Selex ES (me ...

, , Italy, , UAV, , UAV, , 1992, , , , , , , - ,

Mitsubishi J4M The Mitsubishi J4M ''Senden'' (閃電 "Flashing Lightning") or Navy Experimental 17-''Shi Otsu'' B Type Interceptor Fighter ''Senden'', Allied reporting name Luke, was a Japanese World War II fighter aircraft proposed by Mitsubishi Heavy Indu ...

, , Japan, , Propeller, , Fighter, , n/a, , Project, , , , , - , Moskalyev SAM-13, , USSR, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1940, , Prototype, , , , , - , Moskalyev SAM-23, , USSR, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1943, , Project, , , , , - , Myasishchev M-17 and M-55, , USSR, , Jet, , Reconnaissance, , 1978, , Production, , +, , , - ,

Nieuport seaplane pusher Nieuport, later Nieuport-Delage, was a French aeroplane company that primarily built racing aircraft before World War I and fighter aircraft during World War I and between the wars. History Beginnings Originally formed as Nieuport-Duplex in ...

, , France, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1913, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Nord Noratlas The Nord Noratlas was a dedicated military transport aircraft, developed and manufactured by French aircraft manufacturer Nord Aviation. Development commenced during the late 1940s with the aim of producing a suitable aircraft to replace the nu ...

, , France, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1949, , Production, , , , , - ,

North American OV-10 Bronco The North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco is an American twin-turboprop light attack and observation aircraft. It was developed in the 1960s as a special aircraft for counter-insurgency (COIN) combat, and one of its primary missions was as a f ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Attack, , 1965, , Production, , , , , - ,

Northrop F-15 Reporter The Northrop F-15 Reporter (later RF-61) was an American unarmed photographic reconnaissance aircraft. Based on the Northrop P-61 Black Widow night fighter, it was the last piston-powered photo-reconnaissance aircraft designed and produced for ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1945, , Production, , , , , - ,

Northrop Flying Wing Northrop may refer to: Businesses * Northrop Corporation, an American aircraft manufacturer formed in 1939 * Northrop Grumman, an American aircraft manufacturer formed in 1994 as a merger of the above company with Grumman * Northrop Loom, an Americ ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1929, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Northrop Grumman Firebird The Northrop Grumman Firebird is an intelligence gathering aircraft designed by Northrop Grumman's subsidiary Scaled Composites which can be flown remotely or by a pilot. At Scaled, it is known as the Model 355. It was unveiled on May 9, 2011. ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 2010, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Northrop P-61 Black Widow The Northrop P-61 Black Widow is a twin-engine United States Army Air Forces fighter aircraft of World War II. It was the first operational U.S. warplane designed as a night fighter, and the first aircraft designed specifically as a night fight ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1942, , Production, , , , , - , NPO Molniya Molniya-1, , Russia, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1992, , Prototype, , , , , - , OMA SUD Skycar, , Italy, , Propeller, , Utility, , 2007, , Prototype, , , , , - , Otto C.I, , Germany, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1915, , Production, , , , , - ,

PAL-V PAL-V (Personal Air and Land Vehicle) is a Dutch company that is involved in the development of a commercial flying car, the PAL-V Liberty. It is a compact two-person aircraft that can travel on public roads. References External links * {{ ...

, , Netherlands, , Helicopter, , Flying car, , 2012, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Piper PA-7 __NOTOC__ The Piper PA-7 Skycoupe was a 1940s American two-seat light aircraft designed and built by Piper Aircraft at Lock Haven. Towards the end of 1944 Piper announced a number of aircraft it intended to build after the war War is a ...

Skycoupe, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1944, , Prototype, , , , , - , Pitcairn XO-61, , US, , Autogyro, , Reconnaissance, , 1943, , Prototype, , , , , - , Pocino PJ.1A, , France, , Propeller, , Ultralight, , 1989, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Portsmouth Aerocar The Portsmouth Aerocar was a British light utility aircraft design of the late 1940s. It was intended to be an aircraft that could be used for a variety of tasks including transport "mobile office" but only one prototype was built being scrappe ...

, , UK, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1947, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Potez 75 The Potez 75 was a low-cost, simple, ground-support, observation and launch aircraft for anti-tank missiles, designed and built in the early 1950s, for use in colonial conflicts. One hundred and fifteen were ordered in 1956, but cancelled in 1957 ...

, , France, , Propeller, , Attack, , 1953, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Praga E-51 The Praga E-51 is a Czechoslovakian reconnaissance aircraft and light bomber built by Praga in the 1930s. Development was halted by the annexation of Czechoslovakia by Germany, after only one prototype had been built. The appearance of the const ...

, , Czechoslovakia, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1938, , Prototype, , , , , - , Puget Pacific Wheelair III-A, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1947, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

PZL M-15 Belphegor The PZL M-15 was a jet-powered biplane designed and manufactured by the Polish aircraft company WSK PZL-Mielec for agricultural aviation. In reference to both its strange looks and relatively loud jet engine, the aircraft was nicknamed ''Belph ...

, , Poland, , Jet, , Agricultural, , 1973, , Production, , , , , - , PZL M-17, , Poland, , Propeller, , Trainer, , 1973, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Rice Knowlton Volante Rice is the seed of the Poaceae, grass species ''Oryza sativa'' (Asian rice) or less commonly ''Oryza glaberrima'' (African rice). The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera ''Zizania (genus), Zizania'' and ''Porteresia'', bo ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Flying Car, , 1981, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Rutan Grizzly The Rutan Model 72 Grizzly is a tandem-wing STOL research aircraft designed by Burt Rutan, now preserved at the EAA AirVenture Museum, Oshkosh. The aircraft exhibited excellent Short Take-Off and Landing (STOL) capabilities, proving that this ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1982, , Prototype, , , , , - , Rocheville Arctic Tern, , US, , Propeller, , Record, , 1932, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Rotor Flight Dynamics LFINO The Rotor Flight Dynamics LFINO (''Leap Flight In Normal Operations'' and pronounced by the designers as "ell if I know") is an American experimental autogyro that was designed by Ernie Boyette and Dick DeGraw, with a single prototype produced ...

, , US, , Autogyro, , Experimental, , 2006, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

RTAF-5 The RTAF-5 was a Thai training and forward air control aircraft developed and built by the Science and Weapon Systems Development Centre of the Royal Thai Air Force in the 1980s. It was a twin-boom configuration aircraft powered by a single push ...

, , Thailand, , Propeller, , Trainer, , 1984, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

RUAG Ranger RUAG Holding (originally Rüstungs Unternehmen Aktiengesellschaft; Joint Stock Defence Company) is a Swiss company specialising in aerospace engineering and the defence industry. Its headquarters are located in Bern, while it also has numerous pr ...

, , Switzerland / Israel, , UAV, , UAV, , 1999, , , , , , , - ,

, , US, , Propeller, , Record, , 1984, , Production, , , , , - , S-TEC Sentry, , US, , UAV, , UAV, , 1986, , , , , , , - , Saab 21, , Sweden, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1943, , Production, , , , , - ,

Saab 21R The Saab 21R was a Swedish fighter/ attack aircraft developed and produced by Svenska Aeroplan AB (SAAB). It was a jet-powered development of the piston-engined SAAB 21 and was the first jet aircraft to be produced by Saab. The R-suffix stand ...

, , Sweden, , Jet, , Fighter, , 1947, , Production, , , , , - ,

SAB AB-20 The SAB AB-20 was a large four engine twin boom French bomber built in the early 1930s as a development of the Dyle et Bacalan DB-70 airliner. It featured a lifting body of thick airfoil section between the inner engines. It was later modifie ...

& 21, , France, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1932, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Sadler Vampire The Sadler SV-1 Vampire is a single-seat ultralight sport aircraft developed in the United States in the early 1980s.''Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1985–86'', p.677 It is uncharacteristic of ultralight designs in both its layout and its co ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Ultralight, , 1982, , Production, , unk., , , - , SAIMAN LB.2, , Italy, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1937, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Savoia-Marchetti S.64 The Savoia-Marchetti S.64 was a monoplane developed in Italy in 1928 specifically to contest the world duration and distance records. Design The S.64 was an unusual pod-and-boom design, with the empennage carried on two open truss structures t ...

, , Italy, , Propeller, , Record, , 1928, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Savoia-Marchetti S.65 The Savoia-Marchetti S.65 was an Italian racing seaplane built for the 1929 Schneider Trophy race. Design and development The S.65 was a single-seat twin-engine floatplane of low-wing monoplane configuration with two floats. Its tailplane was s ...

, , Italy, , Propeller, , Racer, , 1929, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Savoia-Marchetti SM.88 The Savoia-Marchetti SM.88, was an Italian twin-engined, three-seat, heavy fighter prototype of World War II, featuring a twin-boom structure, and powered by German Daimler-Benz DB 601 engines. The SM.88, intended for export, was a land-based, ...

, , Italy, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1939, , Prototype, , , , , - , Savoia-Marchetti SM.91, , Italy, , Propeller, , Fighter-bomber, , 1943, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Scaled Composites ARES The Scaled Composites ARES is a demonstrator aircraft built by Scaled Composites. ARES is an acronym for ''Agile Responsive Effective Support''. Development In 1981, U.S. Army Aviators Jim Kreutz and Milo Burroughs undertook a study for a ''lo ...

, , US, , Jet, , Attack, , 1990, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Scaled Composites ATTT The Scaled Composites Model 133-4.62 ATTT, or Advanced Technology Tactical Transport was a technology demonstration project built by Burt Rutan's Scaled Composites in 1986 under contract to DARPA. Design and development In the mid-1980s, the Ame ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1986, , Prototype, , , , , - , Scaled Composites Pond Racer, , US, , Propeller, , Racer, , 1991, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Scaled Composites Proteus The Scaled Composites Model 281 Proteus is a tandem-wing high-altitude long-endurance aircraft designed by Burt Rutan to investigate the use of aircraft as high-altitude telecommunications relays. The Proteus is a multi-mission vehicle able to ...

, , US, , Jet, , Experimental, , 1991, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

, , US, , Rocket, , Spaceplane, , 2003, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Scaled Composites SpaceShipTwo The Scaled Composites Model 339 SpaceShipTwo (SS2) is an air-launched suborbital spaceplane type designed for space tourism. It is manufactured by The Spaceship Company, a California-based company owned by Virgin Galactic. SpaceShipTwo is car ...

, , US, , Rocket, , Spaceplane, , 2010, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Scaled Composites White Knight The Scaled Composites Model 318 White Knight (now also called ''White Knight One'') is a jet-powered carrier aircraft that was used to launch its companion SpaceShipOne, an experimental spaceplane. The White Knight and SpaceShipOne were designed b ...

, , US, , Jet, , Transport, , 2002, , Prototype, , , , , - , Schneider Sch-10M, , France, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1925, , Prototype, , , , , - , Schwade Kampfeinsitzer Nr 2, , Germany, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1916, , Prototype, , , , , - , Schweizer RU-38 Twin Condor, , US, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1995, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

SECAN Courlis The SECAN SUC-10 Courlis (en: Curlew) was a French high-wing touring monoplane designed and built by Société d'Etudes et de Construction Aéronavales (SECAN), a branch of the automobile company Société des Usines Chaussons. The aircraft had ...

, , France, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1946, , Production, , , , , - ,

Selex ES Falco The Falco ( English: hawk) is a tactical unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) designed and produced by Selex ES (now Leonardo formerly Leonardo-Finmeccanica and Finmeccanica, originally by Galileo Avionica of Italy). The UAV is designed to be a medium ...

, , Italy, , UAV, , UAV, , 2003, , , , , , , - , SIAI-Marchetti FN.333 Riviera, , Italy, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1952, , Production, , , , , - ,

Siemens-Schuckert L.I The Siemens-Schuckert L.I was a large, three-engined biplane bomber aircraft, built in Germany towards the end of World War I. It was a twin boom design, strongly influenced by the successful Caproni Ca.3. Three were built but not used operatio ...

, , Germany, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1918, , Prototype, , , , , - , Siemens-Schuckert R.I, , Germany, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1915, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Sikorsky S-38 The Sikorsky S-38 was an American twin-engined ten-seat sesquiplane amphibious aircraft. It was Sikorsky's first widely produced amphibious flying boat, serving successfully for Pan American Airways and the United States military. Design and de ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1928, , Production, , , , , - ,

Sikorsky S-39 The Sikorsky S-39 is an American light amphibious aircraft produced by Sikorsky Aircraft during the early 1930s. The S-39 was a smaller, single-engine version of the S-38. Operational history Spirit of Africa Filmmakers Martin and Osa Johnson ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1929, , Production, , +, , , - ,

Sikorsky S-40 The Sikorsky S-40 was an American amphibious flying boat built by Sikorsky in the early 1930s for Pan American Airways. Design and development Sikorsky designed the S-40 in response to a request from Juan Trippe, president of Pan American Airw ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1931, , Production, , , , , - ,

Sikorsky S-41 The Sikorsky S-41 was an amphibious flying boat airliner produced in the United States in the early 1930s. Essentially a scaled-up monoplane version of the Sikorsky S-38 biplane flying boat, Pan Am operated the type on routes in the Caribbean, So ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1930, , Production, , , , , - ,

SIPA S.200 Minijet The SIPA S.200 Minijet was a light sporting jet aircraft designed and produced by the French aircraft manufacturer Société Industrielle Pour l’Aéronautique (SIPA). It is designed to perform liaison, training, and aerobatic flights. The Minij ...

, , France, , Jet, , Trainer, , 1952, , Prototype, , , , , - , Škoda Kauba Sk V6, , Czechoslovakia, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1944, , Prototype, , , , , - , SNCAC NC.1070, , France, , Propeller, , Attack, , 1947, , Prototype, , , , , - , SNCAC NC.1071, , France, , Jet, , Attack, , 1948, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

SNCASO SO.8000 Narval The SNCASO SO.8000 Narval ( en, Narwhal) was a French carrier-based strike fighter designed by Sud-Ouest in the late 1940s. The French Navy (Marine nationale) ordered two prototypes in 1946 and they made their maiden flights three years later. ...

, , France, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1949, , Prototype, , , , , - , SPCA 30, , France, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1931, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Spectrum SA-550 The Basler Turbo 37/Spectrum SA-550 is a twin-boom single engined aircraft converted from a Reims/Cessna FTB337G Skymaster by Basler Turbo Conversions and Spectrum Aircraft Corporation. The aircraft first flew on 1 February 1983. Design and de ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1983, , Prototype, , +, , , - ,

Stearman-Hammond Y-1 The Stearman-Hammond Y-1 was a 1930s American utility monoplane built by the Stearman-Hammond Aircraft Corporation and evaluated by the United States Navy and the British Royal Air Force. Development In the early 1930s Dean Hammond designed the ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1931, , Production, , ca., , , - ,

Stout Skycar The Stout Skycar was a series of four one-off American light aircraft of the 1930s. Development William Bushnell Stout was a prolific designer of road vehicles and aircraft, including the Ford Trimotor series. He was founder of the Stout Metal A ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1941, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Sukhoi Su-12 The Sukhoi Su-12 (Aircraft RK) was a prototype Soviet reconnaissance and artillery spotter aircraft developed during World War II. Development In November 1943, the Sukhoi OKB designed an artillery spotter aircraft based on the German Focke-Wu ...

, , USSR, , Propeller, , Reconnaissance, , 1947, , Prototype, , , , , - , Sukhoi Su-80, , Russia, , Propeller, , Transport, , 2001, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Tachikawa Ki-94 The Tachikawa Ki-94 was a single-seat fighter-Interceptor aircraft project undertaken by the Tachikawa Aircraft Company and to be operated by the Imperial Japanese Army. The project refers to two aircraft designs: the Ki-94-I and the Ki-94-II, ...

-I, , Japan, , Propeller, , Fighter, , n/a, , Project, , , , , - ,

TAI Baykuş TAI Baykuş is a radio control, radio-controlled tactical unmanned drone designed, developed and built by Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) between 2003-2004. Baykuş is the Turkish word for "owl". TAI produces other UAVs named after birds. De ...

, , Turkey, , UAV, , UAV, , 2003, , , , , , , - ,

Teledyne Ryan Model 410 __NOTOC__ The Teledyne Ryan Model 410 was a surveillance UAV designed in the United States in the late 1980s.Taylor 1989, p.946"Teledyne's new RPV starts tests" 1987, p.14 In configuration, it was a high-wing cantilever monoplane with twin tails ...

, , US, , UAV, , UAV, , 1988, , , , , , , - ,

Terrafugia Transition The Terrafugia Transition is a light sport, roadable airplane under development by Terrafugia since 2006. The Rotax 912ULS piston engine powered, carbon-fiber vehicle is planned to have a flight range of using either automotive premium grad ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Flying car, , 2009, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

THK-11 __NOTOC__ The THK 11 was a 1940s prototype Turkey, Turkish four-seat monoplane, designed by Stanisław Rogalski and built by (THK - Turkish Aeronautical Association). Design and development The THK-11 was a high-wing twin-boom cantilever cabin m ...

, , Turkey, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1947, , Prototype, , , , , - , Thomas-Morse MB-4, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1920, , Prototype, , , , , - , Transavia PL-12 Airtruk, , Australia, , Propeller, , Agricultural, , 1965, , Production, , , , , - , Trella T-106, , US, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1949, , Prototype, , , , , - , Trella T-107, , US, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1954, , Project, , , , , - ,

Tupolev I-12 The Tupolev I-12 (also known as the ANT-23) was a prototype Soviet fighter aircraft that never reached production. The I-12 was of unconventional design with twin booms made of water pipes containing recoilless rifles and two engines in a push-p ...

/ANT-23, , USSR, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1931, , Prototype, , , , , - , Vance Viking, , US, , Propeller, , Racer, , 1932, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

, , US, , Jet, , Record, , 2005, , Production, , , , , - , Voisin E.28, , France, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1919, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Voisin Triplane The Voisin Triplanes were large experimental aircraft, experimental bombers built by Voisin (aircraft), Voisin in 1915 and 1916. After unsuccessful trials of the 1915 prototype a modified version with more powerful engines was built in 1916, as ...

, , France, , Propeller, , Bomber, , 1915, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Vultee XP-54 The Vultee XP-54 ''Swoose Goose'' was a prototype fighter built by the Vultee Aircraft Company for the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Design and development Vultee submitted a proposal in response to a U.S. Army Air Corps request fo ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Fighter, , 1943, , Prototype, , , , , - , Vultee XP-68 Tornado, , US, , Propeller, , Fighter, , n/a, , Project, , , , , - , Wagner Aerocar, , Germany, , Helicopter, , Flying car, , 1965, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Weick W-1 The ERCO Ercoupe is an American low-wing monoplane aircraft that was first flown in 1937. It was originally manufactured by the Engineering and Research Corporation (ERCO) shortly before World War II; several other manufacturers continued it ...

, , US, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1934, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Weymann 66 The Weymann 66 was a French multipurpose biplane built for colonial work in the 1930s. It had a low ground clearance cabin, three engines and twin tailbooms. Design and development Charles Terres Weymann of Paris, France is best known as the d ...

, , France, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1933, , Prototype, , , , , - , Willoughby Delta 8, , UK, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1939, , Prototype, , , , , - , Willoughby Delta 9, , UK, , Propeller, , Transport, , 1939, , Project, , , , , - ,

WLT Sparrow The Wolfsberg Aircraft Sparrow ML is a twin boom, pusher configuration ultralight aircraft seating two in tandem. Designed and built in the Czech Republic. Design and development The Sparrow is largely built from carbon fibre. Its wing has a s ...

, , Czech Republic, , Propeller, , Ultralight, , 2010, , Production, , , , , - ,

WNF Wn 16 The WNF Wn 16 was an Austrian experimental aircraft built near the start of World War II to test the properties of the then-new tricycle undercarriage arrangement. Design The WNF Wn 16, originally built as the Meindl-van Nes A.XV (aka Mein ...

, , Austria, , Propeller, , Experimental, , 1939, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Yakovlev Yak-58 The Yakovlev Yak-58 is a small, multi-role utility transport and business aircraft. The aircraft features a pusher engine and twin boom tail. It saw limited production in the late 1990s. Design and development Following the collapse of the Soviet ...

, , Russia, , Propeller, , Utility, , 1993, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Yakovlev Yak-141 The Yakovlev Yak-141 (russian: Яковлев Як-141; NATO reporting name "Freestyle"), also known as the Yak-41, is a Soviet supersonic vertical takeoff/landing (VTOL) fighter aircraft designed by Yakovlev. It was used for testing. Design ...

, , Russia, , Jet, , Fighter, , 1987, , Prototype, , , , , - ,

Tengden_TB-001 The Tengden TB-001 is a medium-altitude long-endurance (MALE) unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) designed by Sichuan Tengden. It is used by the People's Liberation Army. Development The TB-001 was first unveiled in September 2017. In 2020, ...

, , China, , UAV, , UAV, , 2017, , Production, , , , , - , BZK-005, , China, , UAV, , UAV, , 2006, , Production, , , ,

References

Citations

Bibliography

{{Commons category, Twin boom aircraft *Green, W. and Swanborough, G.; ''The complete book of fighters'', Salamander, 1994. Aircraft configurations