The ''Seventeen Tantras of the Esoteric Instruction Series'' () or the ''Seventeen tantras of the Ancients'' (''rnying-ma'i rgyud bcu-bdun'') are an important collection of
tantra
Tantra (; sa, तन्त्र, lit=loom, weave, warp) are the esoteric traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism that developed on the Indian subcontinent from the middle of the 1st millennium CE onwards. The term ''tantra'', in the Indian ...
s in the
Nyingma
Nyingma (literally 'old school') is the oldest of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. It is also often referred to as ''Ngangyur'' (, ), "order of the ancient translations". The Nyingma school is founded on the first lineages and transl ...
school of
Tibetan Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism (also referred to as Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Lamaism, Lamaistic Buddhism, Himalayan Buddhism, and Northern Buddhism) is the form of Buddhism practiced in Tibet and Bhutan, where it is the dominant religion. It is also in majo ...
. They comprise the core scriptures of the "esoteric instruction series" (''
Menngagde
In Tibetan Buddhism and Bon, Menngagde (, sa, upadeśavarga), is the name of one of three scriptural and lineage divisions within Dzogchen (''Great Perfection'' ).
Dzogchen is itself the pinnacle of the ninefold division of practice according ...
'') of
Dzogchen
Dzogchen (, "Great Perfection" or "Great Completion"), also known as ''atiyoga'' ( utmost yoga), is a tradition of teachings in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism and Yungdrung Bon aimed at discovering and continuing in the ultimate ground of existence. ...
teachings and are its most authoritative scriptures.
The Seventeen Tantras are part of the ''
Vima Nyingthig
Vima Nyingthig (), "Seminal Heart of Vimalamitra", in Tibetan Buddhism is one of the two "seminal heart" () collections of the menngagde cycle Dzogchen, the other one being "Seminal Heart of the Dakini" (''mkha' 'gro snying thig''). Traditionally ...
'' (''"Inner Essence of Vimalamitra"''), a
terma cycle of Dzogchen texts revealed by the
treasure discoverer Zhangton Tashi Dorje (c. 1097-1127) and associated with the 8th century Indian monk
Vimalamitra
Vimalamitra () was an 8th-century Indian Buddhist monk. His teachers were Buddhaguhya, Jñānasūtra and Śrī Siṃha. He was supposed to have vowed to take rebirth every hundred years, with the most notable figures being Rigzin Jigme Lingpa, ...
who is traditionally believed by the Nyingma school to have first brought these texts to Tibet.
The ''Vima Nyingthig'' itself consists of '
tantras
Tantras ("''doctrine''" or "''framework''" or "''system''" ) refers to numerous and varied scriptures pertaining to any of several esoteric traditions rooted in Hindu and Buddhist philosophy. The religious culture of the Tantras is essentially ...
' (''rgyud''), 'agamas' (''lung''), and '
upadeshas' (''man ngag''). The other texts are mainly exegetical literature on the material found in the Seventeen tantras. The Seventeen Tantras explain the
view (''lta ba'') of Dzogchen, the two main forms of Dzogchen meditation (''sgom pa'') - ''kadag
trekchö
In Dzogchen, ''trekchö'' (''khregs chod'') means "(spontaneous) cutting of tension" or "cutting through solidity." The practice of ''trekchö'' reflects the earliest developments of Dzogchen, with its admonition against practice. In this practice ...
'' ("the cutting through of primordial purity"), and ''lhündrub
tögal
In Dzogchen, ''tögal'' () literally means "crossing the peak." It is sometimes translated as 'leapover,' 'direct crossing,' or 'direct transcendence.' ''Tögal'' is also called "the practice of vision," or "the practice of the Clear Light" ('' od ...
'' ("the direct crossing of spontaneous presence") - and the conduct (''spyod pa'') of a Dzogchen practitioner, along with other ancillary topics.
History
Contemporary
Tibetologists like
David Germano
David Francis Germano is an American Tibetologist and Professor of Tibetan and Buddhist Studies at the University of Virginia (UVa), the largest Tibetan Studies program in the Americas, where he has taught and researched since 1992. With dual appo ...
and Christopher Hatchell hold that the ''
Vima Nyingthig
Vima Nyingthig (), "Seminal Heart of Vimalamitra", in Tibetan Buddhism is one of the two "seminal heart" () collections of the menngagde cycle Dzogchen, the other one being "Seminal Heart of the Dakini" (''mkha' 'gro snying thig''). Traditionally ...
'' was likely composed by its discoverer, the
terton Zhangton Tashi Dorje (1097-1127). Germano also holds that the first "historically attested" figure connected with these tantras is Chetsün Sengé Wangchuk (''lce btsun seng ge dbang phyug'', c. 11th century).
Samten Karmay writes that while Vimalamitra is attested in the sources as a Buddhist monk, there is "a fair amount of uncertainty" about this figure (and likewise about his supposed student, Nyangban Tingzin Zangpo). Vimalamitra's name does appear in some Tibetan inscriptions however. Karmay also notes that certain critics of Dzogchen claimed that it was Chetsün Sengé Wangchuk who authored the Seventeen Tantras.
According to
Bryan J. Cuevas Bryan J. Cuevas (born 1967) is an American Tibetologist and historian of religion. He is John F. Priest Professor of Religion and Director of Buddhist and Tibetan Studies at Florida State University, where he specializes in Tibetan Buddhist history, ...
, while the traditional Nyingma view is that the Seventeen Tantras were divine revelations received by
Garab Dorje
Garab Dorje (c. 665) () was the first human to receive direct transmission teachings from Vajrasattva. Garab Dorje then became the teacher of the ''Ati Yoga'' (Tib. Dzogchen) or Great Perfection teachings according to Tibetan buddhist and Nyingma ...
, these texts seem to have been "compiled over a long period of time by multiple hands."
[Cuevas, Bryan J. (2003). ''The Hidden History of the Tibetan Book of the Dead''. Oxford University Press. .Source]
(accessed: Wednesday October 28, 2009), p.62 Cuevas also writes that "the precise identity of these unknown redactors is a riddle that I hope may soon be solved. Whatever the case, we must accept that the collection in the form it is known to us today consists of several layers of history reflecting diverse influences."
Germano also notes that from the time of Chetsün Sengé Wangchuk onwards, "we have datable
istoricalfigures" in what constitutes a lineage of the Seventeen Tantras. This lineage is as follows: Chetsün Sengé Wangchuk's disciple Zhangton Tashi Dorje (1097-1167), Zhangton's son Nyima Bum (1158-1213), Nyima Bum's nephew Guru jo 'ber (1172-1231), Jo 'ber's disciple Trulzhik Sengge Gyabpa (''
'khrul zhig seng ge rgyab pa,'' 1200s), Trulzhik's disciple Melong Dorje (1243-1303), and Melong's disciple
Kumaradza (1266-1343), who was the root guru of
Longchenpa
Longchen Rabjam Drimé Özer (), commonly abbreviated to Longchenpa (1308–1364, an honorific meaning "The Vast Expanse") was a Tibetan scholar-yogi of the Nyingma school ('Old School') of Tibetan Buddhism. According to tibetologist David Germ ...
(1308-1363).
Traditional Nyingma history
In the Nyingma school, the Seventeen Tantras are traditionally said to be translations of Indian texts by figures of the Early Dissemination period, mainly the 8th-century Indian monk
Vimalamitra
Vimalamitra () was an 8th-century Indian Buddhist monk. His teachers were Buddhaguhya, Jñānasūtra and Śrī Siṃha. He was supposed to have vowed to take rebirth every hundred years, with the most notable figures being Rigzin Jigme Lingpa, ...
, through his teacher
Shri Singha
Sri Singha (Sanskrit: , ) was the teacher of Padmasambhava, Vimalamitra, and Vairotsana. He was a principal student and dharma-son of Mañjuśrīmitra in the Dzogchen lineage, and is credited by the Nyingma school with introducing Dzogchen to Tibet ...
. They are traced back to the quasi-historical figure of
Garab Dorje
Garab Dorje (c. 665) () was the first human to receive direct transmission teachings from Vajrasattva. Garab Dorje then became the teacher of the ''Ati Yoga'' (Tib. Dzogchen) or Great Perfection teachings according to Tibetan buddhist and Nyingma ...
(who is said to have received them from the Buddha
Samantabhadra Samantabhadra (Lit. "All Good", or "Always Auspicious") may refer to:
* Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva), a bodhisattva in Mahayana Buddhism associated with practice and meditation
* ''Samantabhadra'' (Tibetan: ''Kuntu Zangpo''), the name of a Buddha, ...
). According to Germano the traditional account of the history of the Seventeen tantras can be found in the ''sNying thig lo rgyus chen po'' (''The Great Chronicles of the Seminal Heart''), a history found in the ''
Vima Nyingtik
Vima Nyingthig (), "Seminal Heart of Vimalamitra", in Tibetan Buddhism is one of the two "seminal heart" () collections of the menngagde cycle Dzogchen, the other one being "Seminal Heart of the Dakini" (''mkha' 'gro snying thig''). Traditionally ...
'', which was "possibly authored" by Zhangton Tashi Dorje.
Erik Pema Kunsang
Erik Pema Kunsang (born Erik Hein Schmidt) is a Danish translator and was, along with Marcia Binder Schmidt, director of Rangjung Yeshe Translations and Publications in Kathmandu. He has translated over fifty volumes of Tibetan texts and oral t ...
outlines the basic traditional lineage as follows:
The first human vidyadhara in the Dzogchen lineage was Garab Dorje, who compiled the 6,400,000 tantras of the Great Perfection. He entrusted these teachings to his main disciple, Manjushrimitra, who then classified them into the Three Sections of Dzogchen: Mind Section, Space Section, and Instruction Section. The chief disciple of Manjushrimitra, the great master known as Shri Singha, divided the Instruction Section into The Four Cycles of Nyingthig: the Outer, Inner, Secret, and Innermost Unexcelled Cycles.
According to
Kunsang, traditional Nyingma accounts hold that Shri Singha brought these teachings from
Bodhgaya
Bodh Gaya is a religious site and place of pilgrimage associated with the Mahabodhi Temple Complex in Gaya district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is famous as it is the place where Gautama Buddha is said to have attained Enlightenment ( pi, ...
to place Kunsang identifies as
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
. Shri Singha is also believed to have transmitted the Eighteen Dzogchen Tantras (see below) to
Padmasambhava
Padmasambhava ("Born from a Lotus"), also known as Guru Rinpoche (Precious Guru) and the Lotus from Oḍḍiyāna, was a tantric Buddhist Vajra master from India who may have taught Vajrayana in Tibet (circa 8th – 9th centuries)... According ...
. Shri Singha is said to have hid these texts before his death. The Dharma Fellowship (2009), drawing on the work of
Lalou (1890–1967), holds the 'Five Peaked Mountain' which Kunsang and others have attributed to
Mount Wutai in China is instead a mountain near the
Kinnaur District
Kinnaur is one of the twelve administrative districts of the state of Himachal Pradesh in northern India. The district is divided into three administrative areas (Kalpa, Nichar (Bhabanagar), and Pooh) and has six tehsils. The administrative he ...
associated with the historical nation of '
Zhang-zhung' (also known as Suvarṇadvīpa).
The Indian scholar
Vimalamitra
Vimalamitra () was an 8th-century Indian Buddhist monk. His teachers were Buddhaguhya, Jñānasūtra and Śrī Siṃha. He was supposed to have vowed to take rebirth every hundred years, with the most notable figures being Rigzin Jigme Lingpa, ...
(fl. 8th century), a student of Sri Singha, is closely associated with the Seventeen Tantras in the Nyingma histories, and it is traditionally held that his student Nyangban Tingzin Zangpo transmitted and concealed these scriptures at Zha Lhakhang (''zhwa'i lha khang,'' "Temple of the Hat") after Vimalamitra left Tibet. The Seventeen Tantras are then said to have been discovered by Dangma Lhungyel (11th century), a caretaker monk of Zha Lhakhang, who then proceeded to transmit these teachings to
Chetsün Sengé Wangchuk.
Texts
![Zhangton_Tashi_Dorje](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Zhangton_Tashi_Dorje.jpg)
According to Hatchell, the Seventeen Tantras "are stylistically quite similar" and all depict themselves as being taught by Buddhas in a question and answer dialogue with their retinue in various settings, such as space, volcanoes and charnel grounds. The dialogues discuss all the main ''Nyingthig'' Dzogchen topics, including the
basis
Basis may refer to:
Finance and accounting
* Adjusted basis, the net cost of an asset after adjusting for various tax-related items
*Basis point, 0.01%, often used in the context of interest rates
* Basis trading, a trading strategy consisting ...
,
cosmogony
Cosmogony is any model concerning the origin of the cosmos or the universe.
Overview
Scientific theories
In astronomy, cosmogony refers to the study of the origin of particular astrophysical objects or systems, and is most commonly used i ...
, the
subtle body,
buddha-nature
Buddha-nature refers to several related Mahayana Buddhist terms, including '' tathata'' ("suchness") but most notably ''tathāgatagarbha'' and ''buddhadhātu''. ''Tathāgatagarbha'' means "the womb" or "embryo" (''garbha'') of the "thus-gone ...
, meditative techniques,
mandalas
A mandala ( sa, मण्डल, maṇḍala, circle, ) is a geometric configuration of symbols. In various spiritual traditions, mandalas may be employed for focusing attention of practitioners and adepts, as a spiritual guidance tool, for e ...
, post-death states or
bardos, as well as funerary and subjugation rituals.
Kunsang provides the following list of the seventeen tantras:
# ''
'The
Reverberation of Sound Tantra (, Skt: ''ratnākara śabda mahā prasaṅga tantra''). This is the root tantra of the Seventeen tantras and focuses on practices related to sound.
#'
''
The Tantra of Graceful Auspiciousness (, Skt: ''mahā svaccha suvarṇāpramāṇa śrī tantra'').
#''
'
The Mind Mirror of Samantabhadra Tantra (, Skt: ''samantabhadra cittādarśa tantra'').
#''
'The
Blazing Lamp Tantra (, Skt: ''svarṇṇa puṣpa kānti ratnāloka jvala tantra'')''.''
#''
'
The Mind Mirror of Vajrasattva Tantra (, Skt: ''vajrasatva cittādarśa tantra'').
#''
'The Self-Arising
Rigpa
In Dzogchen, ''rigpa'' (; Skt. vidyā; "knowledge") is knowledge of the ground. The opposite of ''rigpa'' is ''ma rigpa'' ('' avidyā'', ignorance). A practitioner who has attained the state of ''rigpa'' and is able to rest there continuously ...
Tantra (, Skt: ''sarva tathāgata samādhi paribhāṣā jñāna samudāya sūtra mahāyāna guhyānuttara tantra sarva dharmākara sarva buddhānyaśayam mantraikajnāna mahāsandhyarthaprakatatantra vidyāsvodayamahātantranāma'').
#'
''The Tantra of Studded Jewels''' (, Skt: ''sarva bhrānti pr̥ kara ratna dhūrta mata tantra nāma'')
#''
'
Direct Introduction
In Vajrayāna Buddhism, esoteric transmission is the transmission of certain teachings directly from teacher to student during an empowerment (''abhiṣeka'') in a ritual space containing the mandala of the deity. Many techniques are also commonly ...
Tantra (, Skt: ''darśanopadeśa ratnācita kṣetra dhātu śāsana tantra'').
#''
'
The Six Spaces of Samantabhadra Tantra (, Skt: ''samantabhadrāvartta ṣaṣṭha tantra'').
#''
'
The Tantra Without Syllables (, Skt: ''anakṣara mahā tantra nāma ratna dhvaja rāja saṃtati dr̥ṣṭi gagana sama mahā tantra'').
#''
'
The Lion's Perfect Expressive Power Tantra (, Skt: ''mahā siṃha parākrama pūrṇṇa tantra'').
#''
'
The Necklace of Precious Pearls Tantra (, Skt: ''ratna muṣṭi mūlā tantra'').
#''
'The Self-
liberated Rigpa
In Dzogchen, ''rigpa'' (; Skt. vidyā; "knowledge") is knowledge of the ground. The opposite of ''rigpa'' is ''ma rigpa'' ('' avidyā'', ignorance). A practitioner who has attained the state of ''rigpa'' and is able to rest there continuously ...
Tantra (, Skt: ''mahā vidyā svamukti sarva ghaṭṭita tantra'').
#''
'
The Mound of Jewels Tantra (, Skt: ''ratna kūṭa mahā guṇoddeśa tantra rāja'').
#''
'
The Shining Relics Tantra (, Skt: ''śrī gagana śarīra jvala mahā tantra'').
# ''
'
The Union of the Sun and Moon Tantra (, Skt: ''mahā sūrya candra ghana guhya tantra'').
#''
'
The Self-existing Perfection Tantra (, Skt: ''kāyālokoddiṣṭābhisiñca mahā svayambhū tantra'').
Other tantras
The Seventeen Tantras are often grouped together with other tantras as a set.
They are designated as "The Eighteen Tantras" when the ''Troma Tantra'' (Ngagsung Tromay Tantra''
', ) otherwise known as ''The Tantra of the Black Wrathful Shri Ekajati'' (''dpal e ka dza ti nag mo khros ma'i rgyud'') which deals with the protective rites of
Ekajati
Ekajaṭī or Ekajaṭā (Sanskrit: "One Plait Woman"; : one who has one knot of hair), also known as Māhacīnatārā,''The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India'' By David Gordon White. pg 65 is one of the 21 Taras. Ekajati is ...
, is appended to the seventeen.
The "Nineteen Tantras" are the eighteen above along with the ''Tantra of the Lucid Expanse'' ('
''Longsel Barwey Tantra''
', ).
Samantabhadrī is associated with the ''Longsel Barwey'' and its full name is ''
'Tantra of Brahmā's Sun of the Luminous Expanse of Samantabhadrī ().
According to Germano, another tantra which is closely associated with the Seventeen Tantras is the ''Thig le kun gsal (Total Illumination of the Bindu).
Sources, versions and variations
These Seventeen Tantras are to be found in the Canon of the Ancient School, the ''
'
Nyingma Gyubum
''Nyingma Gyubum'' () is a collection of Tantra, esoteric Tantric texts reflecting the teachings of the History of Tibetan Buddhism, New Translation lineage of Tibetan Buddhism. It comprises the Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism, Inner Tant ...
(), volumes 9 and 10, folio numbers 143-159 of the edition edited by 'Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche' commonly known as
Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche
Tashi Paljor, Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche () (c. 1910 – 28 September 1991) was a Vajrayana master, scholar, poet, teacher, and recognized by Buddhists as one of the greatest realized masters. Head of the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism from 198 ...
(Thimpu, Bhutan, 1973), reproduced from the manuscript preserved at 'Tingkye Gonpa Jang' () Monastery in Tibet.
Commentaries
The most influential commentator on the topics of the Seventeen Tantras is
Longchen Rabjampa (1308–1364). Karmay 211 His numerous writings, including the ''
Seven Treasuries
The Seven Treasuries (, THL: ''Dzö Dün''), are a collection of seven works, some with auto-commentaries, by the Tibetan Buddhist teacher Longchenpa (1308–1364). They constitute his most influential scholarly output and together provide a sys ...
'' and ''Lama Yangtig,'' comment on the major topics of the Seventeen Tantras and the ''Vima Nyingthig.'' According to Germano, Longchenpa integrated the doctrines and practices of the Seventeen Tantras "into the increasingly normative modernist discourses that had taken shape from the contemporary Indian Buddhist logico-epistemological circles, Madhyamaka, Yogacara, and tantric traditions of the late tenth to thirteenth centuries."
English translations
*''The Self-Arising Rigpa Tantra'' is translated by Malcolm Smith in ''The Self-Arisen Vidya Tantra (vol 1) and The Self-Liberated Vidya Tantra (vol 2): A Translation of the Rigpa Rang Shar (vol 1) and A Translation of the Rigpa Rangdrol (vol 2)'' (Wisdom Publications, 2018). Chapters 39 and 40 translated by H. V. Guenther in ''Wholeness Lost and Wholeness Regained'' (SUNY Press, 1994).
*The ''Self-Liberated Rigpa Tantra'' is translated by Smith in ''The Self-Arisen Vidya Tantra (vol 1) and The Self-Liberated Vidya Tantra (vol 2)''.
*Excerpts from the fourth chapter of ''The Lion's Perfect Expressive Power'' are translated by
Janet Gyatso
Janet Gyatso is a Religious Studies scholar currently employed as the Hershey Professor of Buddhist Studies and the Associate Dean for Faculty and Academic Affairs at Harvard Divinity School. She is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Scie ...
in ''Buddhist Scriptures'' (Ed. Donald Lopez, published by Penguin Classics, 2004)
*''The Blazing Lamp Tantra'' and ''The'' ''Tantra Without Syllables'' is translated by Smith in ''The Tantra Without Syllables (Vol 3) and The Blazing Lamp Tantra (Vol 4): A Translation of the Yigé Mepai Gyu (Vol. 3) A Translation of the Drönma Barwai Gyu and Mutik Trengwa Gyupa (Vol 4)'' (Wisdom Publications, 2020).
*The ''Blazing Lamp'' is translated by Christopher Hatchell in ''Naked Seeing: The Great Perfection, the Wheel of Time, and Visionary Buddhism in Renaissance Tibet'' (Oxford University Press, 2014), and translated in ''A Mound of Jewels''.
Christopher Wilkinson has also translated several of the Seventeen Tantras in the following publications:
*Wilkinson, Christopher (2016). ''The Pearl Necklace Tantra: Upadesha Instructions of the Great Perfection''
*Wilkinson, Christopher (2016). ''The Lion Stops Hunting: An Upadesha Tantra of the Great Perfection''
*Wilkinson, Christopher (2017). ''A Mound of Jewels: Three Upadesha Tantras of the Great Perfection''
*Wilkinson, Christopher (2017). ''The Mirror of the Heart of Vajrasattva: Two Upadesha Tantras of the Great Perfection''
*Wilkinson, Christopher (2017). ''The Six Spaces of the All Good: An Upadesha Tantra of the Great Perfection''
*Wilkinson, Christopher (2017). ''The Jewel Maker: The Great Tantra on the Consequence of Sound''
*Wilkinson, Christopher (2018). ''A Subtle Arrangement of Gemstones: Two Upadesha Tantras of the Great Perfection''
The Seventeen Tantras are quoted extensively throughout
Longchenpa
Longchen Rabjam Drimé Özer (), commonly abbreviated to Longchenpa (1308–1364, an honorific meaning "The Vast Expanse") was a Tibetan scholar-yogi of the Nyingma school ('Old School') of Tibetan Buddhism. According to tibetologist David Germ ...
's (1308 - 1364?) 'The Precious Treasury of the Way of Abiding' () translated by
Richard Barron
Richard Barron (Lama Chökyi Nyima) is a Canadian translator who specializes in the writings of Longchenpa. He has served as an interpreter for many lamas from all four schools of Tibetan Buddhism, including his first teacher, Kalu Rinpoche. He c ...
and Padma Translation Committee (1998). This work is one of Longchenpa's ''
Seven Treasuries
The Seven Treasuries (, THL: ''Dzö Dün''), are a collection of seven works, some with auto-commentaries, by the Tibetan Buddhist teacher Longchenpa (1308–1364). They constitute his most influential scholarly output and together provide a sys ...
.'' The Tibetan text is available in unicode at Tsadra’s digital Dharma Text Repository.
[Source]
https://rywikitexts.tsadra.org/
/ref> The Seventeen Tantras are also extensively discussed in Longchenpa's Precious Treasury of Philosophical Systems, also translated by Richard Barron, as well as in Vimalamitra
Vimalamitra () was an 8th-century Indian Buddhist monk. His teachers were Buddhaguhya, Jñānasūtra and Śrī Siṃha. He was supposed to have vowed to take rebirth every hundred years, with the most notable figures being Rigzin Jigme Lingpa, ...
's Great Commentary, translated in Buddhahood in This Life, by Smith.
Additionally, an explanatory tantra (Skt: vyākhyātantra) of the Seventeen Tantras named ''Total Illumination of the Bindu'' (Tib: ''thig le kun gsal'') has been published in a translation by Keith Dowman in the book ''Everything Is Light'' (Dzogchen Now, 2017).
References
Citations
Works cited
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Seventeen Tantras
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