Raphitomidae is a

family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Idea ...

of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...

s in the superfamily

Conoidea Conoidea is a superfamily of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks within the suborder Hypsogastropoda. This superfamily is a very large group of marine mollusks, estimated at about 340 recent valid genera and subgenera, and conside ...

.Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (Ed.) (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". ''

Malacologia ''Malacologia'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of malacology, the study of mollusks. The journal publishes articles in the fields of molluscan systematics, ecology, population ecology, genetics, molecular genetics, evolu ...

'' 47(1-2). . 397 pp. Bouchet, Kantor ''et al''. elevated in 2011 the subfamily Raphitominae (which at that point had been placed in the family Conidae) to the rank of family. This was based on a cladistical analysis of shell morphology, radular characteristics, anatomical characters, and a dataset of molecular sequences of three

gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a b ...

fragments. The family was found to be monophyletic.Bouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011) A new operational classification of the Conoidea. Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 273-308.
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Description

The Raphitomidae is the largest, most diverse and most variable taxon in the

, with the greatest number of species and the largest ecological range (from the tropics to the pole) and largest vertical range (

intertidal The intertidal zone, also known as the foreshore, is the area above water level at low tide and underwater at high tide (in other words, the area within the tidal range). This area can include several types of habitats with various species ...

hadal The hadal zone, also known as the hadopelagic zone, is the deepest region of the ocean, lying within oceanic trenches. The hadal zone ranges from around below sea level, and exists in long, narrow, topographic V-shaped depressions. The cumula ...

depths). The shells of species in the Raphitomidae are very variable in shape (buccinoid to ovate, elongate-fusiform, or high-cylindrical) and size (2 to 140mm in height). Similarly, shell sculpture is extremely variable, from nearly smooth to well developed spiral and axial elements and subsutural ramps. Common morphology includes apertural armature rarely well developed, inner

lip The lips are the visible body part at the mouth of many animals, including humans. Lips are soft, movable, and serve as the opening for food intake and in the articulation of sound and speech. Human lips are a tactile sensory organ, and can be ...

usually smooth, no operculum, radular tooth hypodermic in character with marginal teeth of variable morphology (including variable length). The muscular bulb of the venom gland is always single-layered. The close relationship of Raphitomidae with cone snails (which are already under intensive study for the pharmaceutical applications of their toxins), makes them an interesting candidate for the discovery of new toxins. Another characteristic is the multispiral protoconch, which shows spiral striae on protoconch I and diagonally cancellated ("raphitomine") sculpture on protoconch II. Some species with a paucispiral protoconch are included in the family. This is usually based on similarities in shell morphology to species having a "raphitomine" protoconch. This determination should also ideally be founded on other attributes, such as the type of radula or foregut anatomy or their lack of an operculum.

Genera

This is a list of the accepted names of genera in the family Raphitomidae (the main reference for recent species is the

World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms. Content The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scientific specialis ...

) * '' Abyssobela'' Kantor & Sysoev, 1986 * '' Abyssothauma'' Sysoev, 1996 * '' Acamptodaphne'' Shuto, 1971 * '' Acanthodaphne'' Bonfitto & Morassi, 2006 * '' Aliceia'' Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1897 * '' Aplotoma'' gen. nov. * '' Asperdaphne'' Hedley, 1922 * '' Austrobela'' gen. nov. * '' Austrodaphnella'' Laseron, 1954 * '' Austropusilla'' Laseron, 1954 * '' Austrotheta'' gen. nov. * † '' Awheaturris'' Beu, 1970 * '' Azorilla'' F. Nordsieck, 1968; synonym of ''

Teretia ''Teretia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purp ...

'' Norman, 1888. * '' Bathybela'' Kobelt, 1905 * '' Buccinaria'' Kittl, 1887 * '' Biconitoma'' gen. nov. * '' Clathromangelia'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''

Clinura ''Clinura'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. This genus was only known from fossils from the Cenozoic era until 1997 when Sysoev found a specimen of ''Clinura vitrea'' off the Tani ...

'' Bellardi, 1875 * '' Cryptodaphne'' Powell, 1942 * '' Cyrillia'' Kobelt, 1905 * ''

Daphnella ''Daphnella'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Not to be confused with ''Daphnella'' Baird, 1850, a synonym of ''Diaphanosoma'' Fischer, 1850 belonging to the Sididae, a family of ctenopods. Des ...

'' Hinds, 1844 * '' Diaugasma'' Melvill, 1917 * ''

Eubela ''Eubela'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description The shell is smooth, glossy, with a sutural band. The outer lip is sharp. A shallow anal sinus and a short angular siphonal canal The si ...

'' Dall, 1889 * '' Eucyclotoma'' Boettger, 1895 * '' Exomilus'' Hedley, 1918 * '' Famelica'' Bouchet & Warén, 1980 * '' Favriella'' Hornung, 1920 * '' Fusobela'' gen. nov. * '' Glaciotomella'' gen. nov. * '' Gladiobela'' gen. nov. * '' Globodaphne'' gen. nov. * '' Glyphostomoides'' Shuto, 1983 * '' Gymnobela'' Verrill, 1884 * '' Hemilienardia'' Boettger, 1895 * † ''

Hokianga The Hokianga is an area surrounding the Hokianga Harbour, also known as the Hokianga River, a long estuarine drowned valley on the west coast in the north of the North Island of New Zealand. The original name, still used by local Māori, is ' ...

'' Laws, 1947 * '' Isodaphne'' Laseron, 1954 * '' Kermia'' Oliver, 1915 * '' Kuroshiodaphne'' Shuto, 1965 * '' Leiosyrinx'' Bouchet & A. Sysoev, 2001 * '' Leufroyia'' Monterosato, 1884 * '' Lusitanops'' F. Nordsieck, 1968 * † '' Maoridaphne'' Powell, 1942 * '' Microdaphne'' McLean, 1971 * '' Microgenia'' Laseron, 1954 * '' Mioawateria'' Vella, 1954 * '' Neopleurotomoides'' Shuto, 1971 * '' Nepotilla'' Hedley, 1918 * '' Nodothauma'' gen. nov. * † '' Onoketoma'' Beu, 2011 * '' Pagodibela'' gen. nov. * '' Pagodidaphne'' Shuto, 1983 * '' Paramontana'' Laseron, 1954 * '' Phymorhynchus'' Dall, 1908 * '' Pleurotomella'' Verrill, 1872 * '' Pontiothauma'' E.A. Smith, 1895 * '' Pseudodaphnella'' Boettger, 1895 * † '' Pseudolusitanops'' Lozouet, 2017 * '' Pueridaphne'' gen. nov. * † '' Puha'' Marwick, 1931 * '' Raphitoma'' Bellardi, 1847 * '' Rimosodaphnella'' Cossmann, 1916 * '' Rocroithys'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001 * ''

Spergo ''Spergo'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description The large, thin shell is nearly destitute of sculpture. It shows an unrecurved columella, a short, wide, straight siphonal canal, a wide shall ...

'' Dall, 1895 * '' Stilla'' Finlay, 1926 * '' Taranidaphne'' Morassi & Bonfitto, 2001 * ''

Taranis In Celtic mythology, Taranis (Proto-Celtic: *''Toranos'', earlier ''*Tonaros''; Latin: Taranus, earlier Tanarus) is the god of thunder, who was worshipped primarily in Gaul, Hispania, Britain, and Ireland, but also in the Rhineland and Danube r ...

'' Jeffreys, 1870 * '' Teleochilus'' Harris, 1897 * ''

'' Norman, 1888 * '' Teretiopsis'' Kantor & Sysoev, 1989 * '' Thatcheria'' Angas, 1877 * '' Thatcheriasyrinx'' Powell, 1969 * '' Thatcherina'' Vera-Pelaez, 1998 * ''

Thesbia ''Thesbia'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks belonging to the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. This genus was named after Thesbia, one of the Sea-nymphs of Hesiod. Description the original description of this genus note ...

'' Jeffreys, 1867 * ''

Theta Theta (, ; uppercase: Θ or ; lowercase: θ or ; grc, ''thē̂ta'' ; Modern: ''thī́ta'' ) is the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician letter Teth . In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 9. Gr ...

'' A.H. Clarke, 1959 * '' Thetidos'' Hedley, 1899 - as a separate genusBouchet P., Kantor Yu.I., Sysoev A. & Puillandre N. (2011). "A new operational classification of the Conoidea". ''

Journal of Molluscan Studies The ''Journal of Molluscan Studies'' is the peer-reviewed scientific journal of the Malacological Society of London, covering research in malacology.

'' 77: 273-308. . or as a synonym of ''Lienardia''Bouchet, P. (2011). ''Thetidos'' Hedley, 1899 . Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=435335 on 2011-09-02 * '' Tritonoturris'' Dall, 1924 * '' Trochodaphne'' gen. nov. * '' Truncadaphne'' McLean, 1971 * '' Tuskaroria'' Sysoev, 1988 * '' Typhlosyrinx'' Thiele, 1925 * ''

Veprecula ''Veprecula'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Raphitomidae. Description (Original description) This genus has been created by Melvill in 1917 for a series of deep-water species of ''Clathurella'' with several pe ...

'' Melvill, 1917 * '' Vepridaphne'' Shuto, 1983 * '' Vitjazinella'' Sysoev, 1988 * '' Xanthodaphne'' Powell, 1942 * ''

Zenepos ''Zenepos'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family (biology), family Raphitomidae. Species Species within the genus ''Zenepos'' include: * † ''Zenepos lacunosa'' (Hutton, 1885) * ''Zenepos totolirata'' (Suter, 1908) ...

'' Finlay, 1926

Genera which have been brought into synonymy

* ''Allo'' Jousseaume, 1934: synonym of ''

'' Jeffreys, 1870 * ''Anomalotomella'' Powell, 1966: synonym of '' Pleurotomella'' Verrill, 1872 * ''Aspertilla'' Powell, 1944: synonym of '' Asperdaphne'' Hedley, 1922 * ''Azorita'' F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of '' Pleurotomella'' Verrill, 1872 * ''Bathypota'' F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of '' Bathybela'' Kobelt, 1905 * ''Cenodagreutes'' E.H. Smith, 1967: synonym of '' Raphitoma'' Bellardi, 1847 * ''Cirillia'' Monterosato, 1884: synonym of '' Philbertia'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Clathurina'' Melvill, 1917 : synonym of '' Kermia'' Oliver, 1915 * ''Cochlioconus'' Yokoyama, 1928: synonym of '' Thatcheria'' Angas, 1877 * ''Cordiera'': synonym of '' Cordieria'' Rouault, 1848 * ''Cyrtoides'' F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of '' Raphitoma'' Bellardi, 1847 * ''Eudaphne'' Bartsch, 1931: synonym of ''

'' Hinds, 1844 * ''Eudaphnella'' Bartsch, 1933: synonym of ''

'' Hinds, 1844 * ''Feliciella'' Lamy, 1934: synonym of ''

'' Jeffreys, 1870 * ''Fenestrosyrinx'' Finlay, 1926 : synonym of ''

'' Jeffreys, 1870 * ''Fusidaphne'' Laseron, 1954: synonym of '' Pleurotomella'' Verrill, 1872 (synonym) * ''Hemidaphne'' Hedley, 1918: synonym of ''

'' Hinds, 1844 * ''Homotoma'' Bellardi, 1875: synonym of '' Philbertia'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Leufroyia'' Monterosato, 1884: synonym of '' Philbertia'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Lineotoma'' F. Nordsieck, 1977: synonym of '' Philbertia'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Litachilus'' Powell, 1944: synonym of '' Teleochilus'' Harris, 1897 * ''Magnella'' Dittmer, 1960: synonym of '' Mioawateria'' Vella, 1954 * ''Majox'' F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of '' Gymnobela'' Verrill, 1884 * ''Metaclathurella'' Shuto, 1983: synonym of ''

Otitoma ''Otitoma'' is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purp ...

'' Jousseaume, 1898 * ''Mordica'' Dall, 1924: synonym of ''

'' Melvill, 1917 * ''Ootoma'' Koperberg, 1931: synonym of '' Buccinaria'' Kittl, 1887 * ''Ootomella'' Bartsch, 1933: synonym of '' Buccinaria'' Kittl, 1887 * ''Paradaphne'' Laseron, 1954: synonym of ''

'' Hinds, 1844 * ''Peratotoma'' Harris & Burrows, 1891: synonym of '' Philbertia'' Monterosato, 1884 * ''Philbertia'' Monterosato, 1884: synonym of '' Raphitoma'' Bellardi, 1847 * ''Pionotoma'' Kuroda, 1952: synonym of '' Buccinaria'' Kittl, 1887 * ''Qii'' Zhang, 1995: synonym of '' Pseudodaphnella'' Boettger, 1895 * ''Rhaphitoma'': synonym of '' Raphitoma'' Bellardi, 1848 * ''Speoides'' Kuroda & Habe, 1961: synonym of ''

'' Dall, 1895 * ''Teres'' Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883: synonym of ''

'' Norman, 1888 * ''Tasmadaphne'' Laseron, 1954: synonym of '' Pleurotomella'' Verrill, 1872 (synonym) * ''Turrhyssa'' Dall, 1924: synonym of '' Eucyclotoma'' Boettger, 1895 * ''Watsonaria'' F. Nordsieck, 1968: synonym of '' Gymnobela'' Verrill, 1884

References

*Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). . XII, 195 pp * Li, Baoquan, and Xinzheng Li. "Report on the Raphitomidae Bellardi, 1875 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Conoidea) from the China Seas." Journal of natural history 48.17-18 (2014): 999-1025.
M. Morassi & A. Bonfitto: New raphitomine gastropods (Gastropoda: Conidae: Raphitominae) from the South-West Pacific; Zootaxa 2526: 54–68 (2010)
* Criscione, Francesco, et al. (2021) "Where the snails have no name: a molecular phylogeny of Raphitomidae (Neogastropoda: Conoidea) uncovers vast unexplored diversity in the deep seas of temperate southern and eastern Australia." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 191(4):961-1000

External links

Casey T.L. (1904) ''Notes on the Pleurotomidae with description of some new genera and species.'' Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, 14, 123–170
*
Gastropods.com for images

P. Bouchet and A. Sysoex, Typhlosyrinx-like tropical deep-water turriform gastropods (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Conoidea); JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY, 2001, 35, p. 1693-1715

Fedosov, Alexander E., and Nicolas Puillandre. "Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Kermia–Pseudodaphnella (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Raphitomidae) genus complex: a remarkable radiation via diversification of larval development." Systematics and Biodiversity 10.4 (2012): 447-477

Fassio, Giulia, et al. "An assessment of Raphitoma and allied genera (Neogastropoda: Raphitomidae)." Journal of Molluscan Studies (2019)
{{Taxonbar, from=Q7294107 Gastropod families