''Post'' is the second studio album by Icelandic singer
Björk
Björk Guðmundsdóttir ( , ; born 21 November 1965), known mononymously as Björk, is an Icelandic singer, songwriter, composer, record producer, and actress. Noted for her distinct three-octave vocal range and eccentric persona, she has de ...
. It was released on 7 June 1995 by
One Little Indian Records
One Little Independent Records (formerly One Little Indian Records) is an English independent record label. It was set up in 1985 by members of various anarcho-punk bands, and managed by former Flux of Pink Indians bassist Derek Birkett. In th ...
. Continuing the style developed on her first album ''
Debut
Debut or début (the first public appearance of a person or thing) may refer to:
* Debut (society), the formal introduction of young upper-class women to society
* Debut novel, an author's first published novel
Film and television
* ''The Debu ...
'' (1993), Bjork conceived of ''Post'' as a bolder and more extroverted set of songs than its predecessor, featuring an
eclectic
Eclectic may refer to:
Music
* ''Eclectic'' (Eric Johnson and Mike Stern album), 2014
* ''Eclectic'' (Big Country album), 1996
* Eclectic Method, name of an audio-visual remix act
* Eclecticism in music, the conscious use of styles alien to th ...
mixture of
electronic
Electronic may refer to:
*Electronics, the science of how to control electric energy in semiconductor
* ''Electronics'' (magazine), a defunct American trade journal
*Electronic storage, the storage of data using an electronic device
*Electronic co ...
and
dance
Dance is a performing art form consisting of sequences of movement, either improvised or purposefully selected. This movement has aesthetic and often symbolic value. Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoir ...
styles such as
techno
Techno is a genre of electronic dance music (EDM) which is generally produced for use in a continuous DJ set, with tempo often varying between 120 and 150 beats per minute (bpm). The central rhythm is typically in common time (4/4) and often ch ...
,
trip hop
Trip hop (sometimes used synonymously with "downtempo") is a musical genre that originated in the early 1990s in the United Kingdom, especially Bristol. It has been described as a psychedelic music, psychedelic fusion of hip hop music, hip hop ...
,
IDM, and
house
A house is a single-unit residential building. It may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood, masonry, concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing, electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air condi ...
, but also
ambient,
jazz
Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a major ...
,
industrial
Industrial may refer to:
Industry
* Industrial archaeology, the study of the history of the industry
* Industrial engineering, engineering dealing with the optimization of complex industrial processes or systems
* Industrial city, a city dominate ...
, and
experimental music
Experimental music is a general label for any music or music genre that pushes existing boundaries and genre definitions. Experimental compositional practice is defined broadly by exploratory sensibilities radically opposed to, and questioning of, ...
. Björk produced ''Post'' herself with co-producers including
Nellee Hooper
Nellee Hooper (born Paul Andrew Hooper on 15 March 1963) is a British record producer, remixer and songwriter known for his work with many major recording artists beginning in the late 1980s. He also debuted as a motion picture music composer w ...
,
808 State's
Graham Massey
Graham Vernon Massey (born 4 August 1960 in Manchester) is a British record producer, musician, and remixer.
Early career
He was a member of experimental jazz rock group Biting Tongues, once signed to Factory Records. After recording with the ...
, and former
Massive Attack
Massive Attack are an English trip hop collective formed in 1988 in Bristol by Robert "3D" Del Naja, Adrian "Tricky" Thaws, Andrew "Mushroom" Vowles and Grant "Daddy G" Marshall.
The debut Massive Attack album '' Blue Lines'' was releas ...
member
Tricky. She wrote most of the songs after moving to London, and intended the album to reflect her new life in the city.
The album reached number one in Iceland, number two in the United Kingdom and number 32 in the United States. It was certified gold in New Zealand and Sweden, and platinum in Australia, Canada, the US, and the UK. Six singles were released: "
Army of Me", "
Isobel Isobel, is the Scottish form of the female given name Isabel. It originates from the medieval form of the name Elisabeth (Hebrew Elisheba).
Isobel is a feminine given name. People named Isobel include:
* Isobel of Huntingdon (1199-1251), Scottish ...
", "
It's Oh So Quiet
"It's Oh So Quiet" is a song by American singer Betty Hutton, released in 1951 as the B-side to the single "Murder, He Says". It is a cover of the German song "Und jetzt ist es still", Select Work ID and search for 390157329. Performers include ...
", "
Hyperballad
"Hyperballad" (sometimes written as "Hyper-Ballad") is a song by Icelandic musician and recording artist Björk, released as the fourth single from her second solo album, '' Post'' (1995). The song was written by Björk and co-produced by long ...
", "
Possibly Maybe
"Possibly Maybe" is a song by Björk, released as the fifth single from her second album ''Post'' (1995). It is a song with deep electronic tones and soft beats that reflects on potential love. Released in the United Kingdom as the fifth single ...
", and "
I Miss You", with three reaching the UK top 10. Their accompanying
music video
A music video is a video of variable duration, that integrates a music song or a music album with imagery that is produced for promotion (marketing), promotional or musical artistic purposes. Modern music videos are primarily made and used as a m ...
s were noted for their
surrealism
Surrealism is a cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists depicted unnerving, illogical scenes and developed techniques to allow the unconscious mind to express itself. Its aim was, according to l ...
, themes of nature and technology, and artistic development of the medium. A
remix album
A remix album is an album consisting of remixes or rerecorded versions of an artist's earlier released material. The first act who employed the format was American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson (''Aerial Pandemonium Ballet'', 1971). As of 2007 ...
titled ''
Telegram
Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus flag semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas p ...
'' was released in 1996.
During the album's commercial peak, Björk was affected by media attention and ''Post''
's promotional tour. She survived a
murder attempt
Attempted murder is a crime of attempt in various jurisdictions.
Canada
Section 239 of the ''Criminal Code'' makes attempted murder punishable by a maximum of life imprisonment. If a gun is used, the minimum sentence is four, five or seven ...
, and caused controversy by assaulting a reporter. Björk would relocate to Spain away from the press and produce her next album, ''
Homogenic
''Homogenic'' is the third studio album by Icelandic recording artist Björk. It was released on 20 September 1997 by One Little Indian Records. Produced by Björk, Mark Bell, Guy Sigsworth, Howie B, and Markus Dravs, the album marked a styli ...
'' (1997). Considered an important exponent of
art pop
Art pop (also typeset art-pop or artpop) is a loosely defined style of pop music influenced by art theories as well as ideas from other art mediums, such as fashion, fine art, cinema, and avant-garde literature. The genre draws on pop art's ...
, ''Post'' has been praised by critics for its ambition and timelessness. It was named one of the greatest albums of 1995 by numerous publications, and has since been named one of the greatest albums of all time by publications including ''
Entertainment Weekly
''Entertainment Weekly'' (sometimes abbreviated as ''EW'') is an American digital-only entertainment magazine based in New York City, published by Dotdash Meredith, that covers film, television, music, Broadway theatre, books, and popular cul ...
'' and ''
Rolling Stone
''Rolling Stone'' is an American monthly magazine that focuses on music, politics, and popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco, San Francisco, California, in 1967 by Jann Wenner, and the music critic Ralph J. Gleason. It was first kno ...
.''
Recording and production
Björk released her previous studio album ''
Debut
Debut or début (the first public appearance of a person or thing) may refer to:
* Debut (society), the formal introduction of young upper-class women to society
* Debut novel, an author's first published novel
Film and television
* ''The Debu ...
'' in 1993. At that time, she had moved to
London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
.
The production of ''Debut'' was "long and laborious", as Björk sought to fully realise her
compositional
In semantics, mathematical logic and related disciplines, the principle of compositionality is the principle that the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meanings of its constituent expressions and the rules used to combine them. ...
ideas from the past. After its release, she was free to concentrate on her present life for new musical clues for her following album.
She contacted
producer Nellee Hooper
Nellee Hooper (born Paul Andrew Hooper on 15 March 1963) is a British record producer, remixer and songwriter known for his work with many major recording artists beginning in the late 1980s. He also debuted as a motion picture music composer w ...
who had worked with her on her previous album.
He refused initially, encouraging her to produce the album herself, but agreed when she insisted.
However, Björk agreed to co-produce along with other enlisted producers; "to make it stay fresh, she had to think about other people being involved".
With Hooper's confirmation, Björk commenced work on the album in late 1994 at the
Compass Point Studios
Compass Point Studios was a music recording studio in the Bahamas, founded in 1977 by Chris Blackwell, the owner of Island Records. The concept of the studio was of a recording facility supported by in-house sets of artists, musicians, producer ...
in
Nassau
Nassau may refer to:
Places Bahamas
*Nassau, Bahamas, capital city of the Bahamas, on the island of New Providence
Canada
*Nassau District, renamed Home District, regional division in Upper Canada from 1788 to 1792
*Nassau Street (Winnipeg), ...
.
The picturesque locale inspired Björk to meld the recording process with the exotic natural environment. Biographer Mark Pytlik writes: "The tales surrounding these recording sessions are appropriately evocative".
For example, ''
Rolling Stone
''Rolling Stone'' is an American monthly magazine that focuses on music, politics, and popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco, San Francisco, California, in 1967 by Jann Wenner, and the music critic Ralph J. Gleason. It was first kno ...
'' wrote that for her vocals: "Björk extended her mic cord to a beach so she could sing to the sea".
Additionally, the first version of "Cover Me" was recorded entirely from a nearby cave.
For this record, Björk incorporated shelved songs she wrote in
Manchester
Manchester () is a city in Greater Manchester, England. It had a population of 552,000 in 2021. It is bordered by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and the neighbouring city of Salford to the west. The t ...
with
808 State's
Graham Massey
Graham Vernon Massey (born 4 August 1960 in Manchester) is a British record producer, musician, and remixer.
Early career
He was a member of experimental jazz rock group Biting Tongues, once signed to Factory Records. After recording with the ...
, which had preceded the recording sessions for ''Debut''.
These included "
Army of Me" and "The Modern Things", which had become live staples over the summer, and did not need to undergo extensive transformations at Compass Point.
Björk explained her decision to include "Army of Me" in ''Post'' rather than ''Debut'': "I was gonna make it as a part of ''Debut'' but for me
hat albumwas a more gentle energy and ''Post'' was more raw, more brutal. And maybe you can say that ''Debut''was London but ''Post'' was more a little bit Manchester, a little bit Scotland, a little bit
Bristol
Bristol () is a city, ceremonial county and unitary authority in England. Situated on the River Avon, it is bordered by the ceremonial counties of Gloucestershire to the north and Somerset to the south. Bristol is the most populous city in ...
. So it was not so sleek. At that time, anything that came from London was a little bit sleek, and people from Scotland and Manchester and Bristol looked down at all things sleek, they wanted things to be raw. When I use the word 'sleek' I actually don't use it as a bad word, I think it worked really well on ''Debut'', to kinda glue everything together. But I think on ''Post'' I was like: 'okay, I've put aside this raw energy, now I want to bring it in."
Massey stated: "With 'Army of Me' we wanted to try something that was quite hard and
techno
Techno is a genre of electronic dance music (EDM) which is generally produced for use in a continuous DJ set, with tempo often varying between 120 and 150 beats per minute (bpm). The central rhythm is typically in common time (4/4) and often ch ...
-y. I'm not sure how she wrote those lyrics so fast but I remember that song being almost instantaneous.
..We kind of knocked that off in one day and then started on 'The Modern Things' the same day and finished that the next".
![Eumir_Deodato_1970](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Eumir_Deodato_1970.jpg)
Although the album was supposed to be delivered the day after she returned from
the Bahamas
The Bahamas (), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic. It takes up 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and is home to ...
, Björk felt it was not yet complete and decided to continue its production back in London.
She enlisted a new team of
engineers
Engineers, as practitioners of engineering, are professionals who invent, design, analyze, build and test machines, complex systems, structures, gadgets and materials to fulfill functional objectives and requirements while considering the limit ...
and
programmers
A computer programmer, sometimes referred to as a software developer, a software engineer, a programmer or a coder, is a person who creates computer programs — often for larger computer software.
A programmer is someone who writes/creates ...
, and spent the next months "tweaking,
rearranging, and sometimes completely rerecording her pre-existing tracks".
Ultimately, it was the inclusion of more "real" instruments that "resuscitated ''Post'' for Björk".
Björk continued to compose songs such as "
Isobel Isobel, is the Scottish form of the female given name Isabel. It originates from the medieval form of the name Elisabeth (Hebrew Elisheba).
Isobel is a feminine given name. People named Isobel include:
* Isobel of Huntingdon (1199-1251), Scottish ...
", which was created while she was visiting
Reykjavík
Reykjavík ( ; ) is the capital and largest city of Iceland. It is located in southwestern Iceland, on the southern shore of Faxaflói bay. Its latitude is 64°08' N, making it the world's northernmost capital of a sovereign state. With a po ...
for
Christmas
Christmas is an annual festival commemorating Nativity of Jesus, the birth of Jesus, Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people Observance of Christmas by country, around t ...
, before bringing it back to Hooper's studio.
The song's lyrics were written in collaboration with Icelandic poet
Sjón
260px, Sjón at LiteratureXchange Festival ín Aarhus (Denmark 2019)
Sigurjón Birgir Sigurðsson (born 27 August 1962), known as Sjón ( ; ; meaning "sight" and being an abbreviation of his first name), is an Icelandic poet, novelist, lyricis ...
, which was his first
songwriting
A songwriter is a musician who professionally composes musical compositions or writes lyrics for songs, or both. The writer of the music for a song can be called a composer, although this term tends to be used mainly in the classical music gen ...
experience.
Sjón would become a frequent collaborator throughout Björk's career. She also enlisted
trip hop
Trip hop (sometimes used synonymously with "downtempo") is a musical genre that originated in the early 1990s in the United Kingdom, especially Bristol. It has been described as a psychedelic music, psychedelic fusion of hip hop music, hip hop ...
artist
Tricky to assist in producing the album, on the condition that he would work on two tracks on her album and she would contribute two vocals for his album.
Their collaboration resulted in the ''Post'' songs "Enjoy" and "Headphones"—in addition to "Keep Your Mouth Shut" and "Yoga", which appeared on Tricky's 1996 studio album, ''
Nearly God
''Nearly God'' is the unofficial second album by English rapper and producer Tricky. It was released in February 1996 under the pseudonym "Nearly God", which originated from an interview during which Tricky was asked "so how does it feel to be Go ...
''.
The track that underwent the most extensive change was "
I Miss You", an old song from the ''Debut'' era.
Howie B
Howard Bernstein (born 18 April 1963, Glasgow, Scotland), professionally known as Howie B, is a Scottish musician, producer and DJ who has worked with artists including: Björk, U2, Tricky, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Soul II Soul, Robbi ...
ernstein gave the song its "
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
-tinged
hythm.
Back in London, Björk contacted "old standby"
Talvin Singh
Talvin Singh OBE (born 1970) is an English musician, producer, and composer. A tabla player, he is known for creating an innovative fusion of Indian classical music and drum and bass. Singh is generally considered involved with an electronica s ...
to record additional
percussion
A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater including attached or enclosed beaters or rattles struck, scraped or rubbed by hand or struck against another similar instrument. Exc ...
parts for it.
Fellow former Sugarcubes member
Einar Örn Benediktsson
Einar Örn Benediktsson (born 29 October 1962), often billed as Einar Örn, is an Icelandic popular music singer and trumpet player. He was a member of the Sugarcubes. He served as a member of the Reykjavík City Council between 2010 and 2014 ...
was also contacted to play the
trumpet
The trumpet is a brass instrument commonly used in classical and jazz ensembles. The trumpet group ranges from the piccolo trumpet—with the highest register in the brass family—to the bass trumpet, pitched one octave below the standard ...
on "Enjoy".
English
sessionist Gary Barnacle
Gary Barnacle (born 1959 in Dover, England) is an English saxophonist, flautist, brass instrument arranger, composer, and producer. Barnacle is primarily noted for his session work and live work, including various Prince's Trust concerts a ...
was enlisted to play the
saxophone
The saxophone (often referred to colloquially as the sax) is a type of single-reed woodwind instrument with a conical body, usually made of brass. As with all single-reed instruments, sound is produced when a reed on a mouthpiece vibrates to pr ...
.
Although he had not been involved in music for a long time, Brazilian composer
Eumir Deodato
Eumir Deodato de Almeida (; born 22 June 1942) is a Brazilian pianist, composer, arranger and record producer, primarily in jazz but who has been known for his eclectic melding of genres, such as pop, rock, disco, rhythm and blues, classical, ...
immediately agreed to participate on the album at Björk's request.
Björk decided to contact him after being impressed by his arrangements of a rare
Milton Nascimento
Milton Nascimento (; born October 26, 1942), also known as Bituca, is a Brazilian singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist.
He has toured across the world.
Nascimento has won five Grammy Awards, including Best World Music Album for his alb ...
song called "Travessia".
Deodato's presence as composer and conductor "immediately bolstered" "
Hyperballad
"Hyperballad" (sometimes written as "Hyper-Ballad") is a song by Icelandic musician and recording artist Björk, released as the fourth single from her second solo album, '' Post'' (1995). The song was written by Björk and co-produced by long ...
", "You've Been Flirting Again" and "Isobel".
This addition of
strings
String or strings may refer to:
*String (structure), a long flexible structure made from threads twisted together, which is used to tie, bind, or hang other objects
Arts, entertainment, and media Films
* ''Strings'' (1991 film), a Canadian anim ...
,
brass
Brass is an alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), in proportions which can be varied to achieve different mechanical, electrical, and chemical properties. It is a substitutional alloy: atoms of the two constituents may replace each other with ...
and percussion elements gave ''Post'' the balance Björk felt her original recordings had lacked.
"
It's Oh So Quiet
"It's Oh So Quiet" is a song by American singer Betty Hutton, released in 1951 as the B-side to the single "Murder, He Says". It is a cover of the German song "Und jetzt ist es still", Select Work ID and search for 390157329. Performers include ...
" was the last track to be recorded.
By the time the album was finished in April 1995, the list of co-producers included Björk, Hooper, Bernstein, Massey, and Tricky.
Björk has said: "The people I collaborated with were all people I was hanging out with in clubs in London. I had known them all for a while before we ended up working together."
Composition
Musical style
Björk's website described ''Post'' as "a bit of a bolder side of
jörk who now had ventured all the way from Iceland to England, and was exploring the faster pace and big city life that this new country brought. This album became influenced of that and became more adventurous and
club-friendly as a contrast to the shy first album, ''Debut.''"
Likewise, ''
The Guardian
''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'', and changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers ''The Observer'' and ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the Gu ...
'' wrote in 2011 that "''Post'' tapped into the vortex of
multicultural
The term multiculturalism has a range of meanings within the contexts of sociology, political philosophy, and colloquial use. In sociology and in everyday usage, it is a synonym for "Pluralism (political theory), ethnic pluralism", with the tw ...
energy that was mid-90s London where she had relocated, and where strange hybrids such as
jungle
A jungle is land covered with dense forest and tangled vegetation, usually in tropical climates. Application of the term has varied greatly during the past recent century.
Etymology
The word ''jungle'' originates from the Sanskrit word ''ja ...
and trip-hop were bubbling".
Noted for its
eclectic
Eclectic may refer to:
Music
* ''Eclectic'' (Eric Johnson and Mike Stern album), 2014
* ''Eclectic'' (Big Country album), 1996
* Eclectic Method, name of an audio-visual remix act
* Eclecticism in music, the conscious use of styles alien to th ...
nature, Björk described ''Post'' as "musically
promiscuous
Promiscuity is the practice of engaging in sexual activity frequently with different Sexual partner, partners or being indiscriminate in the choice of sexual partners. The term can carry a moral judgment. A common example of behavior viewed as pro ...
" and "
spastic".
Peter Tabakis of ''Pretty Much Amazing'' said that it has a
protean
In Greek mythology, Proteus (; Ancient Greek: Πρωτεύς, ''Prōteus'') is an early prophetic sea-god or god of rivers and oceanic bodies of water, one of several deities whom Homer calls the "Old Man of the Sea" ''(hálios gérôn)''. ...
form and "wide emotional palette".
While the album is recognised as an
experimental
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support or refute a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy or likelihood of something previously untried. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when ...
work, it is also characterised by its accessibility and
pop framework.
''Post'' has been described as
art pop
Art pop (also typeset art-pop or artpop) is a loosely defined style of pop music influenced by art theories as well as ideas from other art mediums, such as fashion, fine art, cinema, and avant-garde literature. The genre draws on pop art's ...
,
experimental pop
Experimental pop is pop music that cannot be categorized within traditional musical boundaries or which attempts to push elements of existing popular forms into new areas. It may incorporate experimental techniques such as musique concrète, a ...
,
and
avant-pop
Avant-pop is popular music that is experimental, new, and distinct from previous styles while retaining an immediate accessibility for the listener. The term implies a combination of avant-garde sensibilities with existing elements from popular ...
.
''Post'' touches on various musical styles, including
industrial music
Industrial music is a genre of music that draws on harsh, mechanical, transgressive or provocative sounds and themes. AllMusic defines industrial music as the "most abrasive and aggressive fusion of rock and electronic music" that was "initiall ...
,
big-band jazz, trip hop,
chillout
Chill-out (shortened as chill; also typeset as chillout or chill out) is a loosely defined form of popular music characterized by slow tempos and relaxed moods. The definition of "chill-out music" has evolved throughout the decades, and generally ...
,
and experimental music.
Jim Farber, reviewing the album in 1995 for ''
Entertainment Weekly
''Entertainment Weekly'' (sometimes abbreviated as ''EW'') is an American digital-only entertainment magazine based in New York City, published by Dotdash Meredith, that covers film, television, music, Broadway theatre, books, and popular cul ...
'', considered ''Post'' to be a "connecting point between industrial-
disco
Disco is a genre of dance music and a subculture that emerged in the 1970s from the United States' urban nightlife scene. Its sound is typified by four-on-the-floor beats, syncopated basslines, string sections, brass and horns, electric pia ...
,
ambient-
trance
Trance is a state of semi-consciousness in which a person is not self-aware and is either altogether unresponsive to external stimuli (but nevertheless capable of pursuing and realizing an aim) or is selectively responsive in following the dir ...
, and catchy
synth pop
Synth-pop (short for synthesizer pop; also called techno-pop; ) is a subgenre of new wave music that first became prominent in the late 1970s and features the synthesizer as the dominant musical instrument. It was prefigured in the 1960s a ...
".
When asked if this variety of genres was intentional, Björk replied: "Yes, I'm very aware of that. I've got very many sides to me."
She recognises ''Post'' as darker and more aggressive than ''Debut'', and has identified independence, strength, and instinct as its lyrical themes.
The balance between synthetic and organic elements in the album—generated through the combination of
electronic
Electronic may refer to:
*Electronics, the science of how to control electric energy in semiconductor
* ''Electronics'' (magazine), a defunct American trade journal
*Electronic storage, the storage of data using an electronic device
*Electronic co ...
and
"real" instruments—is a recurring characteristic of Björk's output.
In 1999, ''
Vibe
''Vibe'' is an American music and entertainment magazine founded by producers David Salzman and Quincy Jones. The publication predominantly features R&B and hip hop music artists, actors and other entertainers. After shutting down producti ...
'' stated: "Fusing techno, industrial, ambient,
punk
Punk or punks may refer to:
Genres, subculture, and related aspects
* Punk rock, a music genre originating in the 1970s associated with various subgenres
* Punk subculture, a subculture associated with punk rock, or aspects of the subculture s ...
, and the rarefied yet tuneful spheres of
art rock
Art rock is a subgenre of rock music that generally reflects a challenging or avant-garde approach to rock, or which makes use of modernist, experimental, or unconventional elements. Art rock aspires to elevate rock from entertainment to an art ...
, Björk explores a jungle of tones, supported by her eternally buoyant voice from
Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, only being larger than Mercury (planet), Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Mars (mythology), Roman god of war. Mars is a terr ...
."
Part of the album's innovation was Björk's further embrace of electronic
instrumentation
Instrumentation a collective term for measuring instruments that are used for indicating, measuring and recording physical quantities. The term has its origins in the art and science of scientific instrument-making.
Instrumentation can refer to ...
, an interest established on ''Debut''.
While
IDM and trip hop influences were present on ''Debut'', ''Post'' is characterised by Björk's fuller incorporation of these genres.
The ''Rolling Stone'' review stated that Björk "
oragedfor inspiration in the soundscapes of
orchestral jazz
An orchestra (; ) is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which combines instruments from different families.
There are typically four main sections of instruments:
* bowed string instruments, such as the violin, viola, ...
,
ambient techno
Ambient techno is a subgenre of techno that incorporates the atmospheric textures of ambient music with the rhythmic elements and production of techno. It was pioneered by 1990s electronic artists such as Aphex Twin, Carl Craig, the Black Dog, Pe ...
and
classical".
Influences of
jazz fusion
Jazz fusion (also known as fusion and progressive jazz) is a music genre that developed in the late 1960s when musicians combined jazz harmony and jazz improvisation, improvisation with rock music, funk, and rhythm and blues. Electric guitars, ...
were also noted by a contemporary review by ''
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
''.
In 1996, when asked about the album's musical influences, Björk stated: "I'm influenced by everything. By books, by the weather, by the water, by my shoes, if they're comfortable or not. Everything."
Songs
The album opens with "Army of Me", an aggressive
song with
industrial rock
Industrial rock is a fusion genre that fuses industrial music and rock music. It initially originated in the 1970s, and drew influence from early experimental and industrial acts such as Cromagnon, Throbbing Gristle, Einstürzende Neubauten a ...
,
and trip hop influences.
It incorporates a
looped drum
The drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments. In the Hornbostel-Sachs classification system, it is a membranophone. Drums consist of at least one membrane, called a drumhead or drum skin, that is stretched over a she ...
sample
Sample or samples may refer to:
Base meaning
* Sample (statistics), a subset of a population – complete data set
* Sample (signal), a digital discrete sample of a continuous analog signal
* Sample (material), a specimen or small quantity of s ...
of
Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The group comprised vocalist Robert Plant, guitarist Jimmy Page, bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones, and drummer John Bonham. With a heavy, guitar-driven sound, they are ci ...
's "
When the Levee Breaks
"When the Levee Breaks" is a country blues song written and first recorded by Memphis Minnie and Kansas Joe McCoy in 1929. The lyrics reflect experiences during the upheaval caused by the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927.
"When the Levee Breaks ...
". Dedicated to Björk's younger brother,
the song's lyrics are, according to Björk herself, "about telling someone who is full of self-pity and doesn't have anything together to get a life and stand up"; as she sings: "And if you complain once more/You'll meet an army of me!"
"Hyperballad", which incorporates a spectrum of
electronic
Electronic may refer to:
*Electronics, the science of how to control electric energy in semiconductor
* ''Electronics'' (magazine), a defunct American trade journal
*Electronic storage, the storage of data using an electronic device
*Electronic co ...
and
orchestral
An orchestra (; ) is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which combines instruments from different families.
There are typically four main sections of instruments:
* bowed string instruments, such as the violin, viola, ...
styles, has been described as "a love song penned by
Aphex Twin
Richard David James (born 18 August 1971), best known as Aphex Twin, is an Irish-born British musician, composer and DJ. He is known for his idiosyncratic work in electronic music, electronic styles such as techno, ambient music, ambient, and jun ...
".
''
NME
''New Musical Express'' (''NME'') is a British music, film, gaming, and culture website and brand. Founded as a newspaper in 1952, with the publication being referred to as a 'rock inkie', the NME would become a magazine that ended up as a f ...
'' wrote that its music "altered from gentle
folktronica
Folktronica is a genre of music comprising various elements of folk music and electronica, often featuring uses of acoustic instruments – especially stringed instruments – and incorporating hip hop, electronic or dance rhythms, although i ...
to
drum and bass
Drum and bass (also written as drum & bass or drum'n'bass and commonly abbreviated as D&B, DnB, or D'n'B) is a genre of electronic dance music characterized by fast breakbeats (typically 165–185 beats per minute) with heavy bass and sub-ba ...
-tinted
acid house
Acid house (also simply known as just "acid") is a subgenre of house music developed around the mid-1980s by DJs from Chicago. The style is defined primarily by the squelching sounds and basslines of the Roland TB-303 electronic bass synthesiz ...
"; an attempt to reflect the song's lyrics, which are about "the art of not forgetting about yourself".
In them, Björk describes living at the top of a mountain and going to a cliff at sunrise. She throws objects off the cliff while
pondering her own suicide. The ritual allows her to
exorcise
Exorcism () is the religious or spiritual practice of evicting demons, jinns, or other malevolent spiritual entities from a person, or an area, that is believed to be possessed. Depending on the spiritual beliefs of the exorcist, this may be ...
darker thoughts and return to her partner. The track is followed by "The Modern Things", a song that, in a
magical realist tone,
"playfully posits the theory that
technology
Technology is the application of knowledge to reach practical goals in a specifiable and reproducible way. The word ''technology'' may also mean the product of such an endeavor. The use of technology is widely prevalent in medicine, science, ...
has always existed, waiting in mountains for humans to catch up". ''
Interview
An interview is a structured conversation where one participant asks questions, and the other provides answers.Merriam Webster DictionaryInterview Dictionary definition, Retrieved February 16, 2016 In common parlance, the word "interview" ...
'' described it in 1995 as a "spooky tune", noting "the odd scratchings at the end" of the track.
In a startling shift in style, the big band track "It's Oh So Quiet" covers a German composition made famous by
Betty Hutton
Betty Hutton (born Elizabeth June Thornburg; February 26, 1921 – March 11, 2007)
was an American stage, film, and television actress, comedian, dancer, and singer.
Early life and education
Hutton was born Elizabeth June Thornburg on February 2 ...
.
It has been described as "a
palate-cleanser during the course of the record".
Björk included the song "just to make it absolutely certain that the album would be as
schizophrenic
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis. Major symptoms include hallucinations (typically hearing voices), delusions, and disorganized thinking. Other symptoms include social withdra ...
as possible, that every song would be a shock".
The following track, "Enjoy", a song concerning the links between sex and fear, has been considered "decidedly trippy",
and "''Post''s most abrasive track".
''NME'' described it in its 1995 review as, "a dark and deranged techno thing".
Over
military drums
Military drums or war drums are all kinds of drums and membranophones that have been used for martial music, including military communications, as well as drill, honors music and military ceremonies.
History
Among ancient war drums that ca ...
and "squalls of
noise
Noise is unwanted sound considered unpleasant, loud or disruptive to hearing. From a physics standpoint, there is no distinction between noise and desired sound, as both are vibrations through a medium, such as air or water. The difference arise ...
", Björk sings about "her
hedonistic
Hedonism refers to a family of theories, all of which have in common that pleasure plays a central role in them. ''Psychological'' or ''motivational hedonism'' claims that human behavior is determined by desires to increase pleasure and to decre ...
tendencies".
The orchestral interlude "You've Been Flirting Again",
like the previous track "Enjoy", features "mysterious or open-ended lyrics".
They are an attempt to describe the ambiguous nature of
flirting
Flirting or coquetry is a social and sexual behavior involving spoken or written communication, as well as body language. It is either to suggest interest in a deeper relationship with the other person or, if done playfully, for amusement.
I ...
.
"Isobel" is a string-laden, orchestral trip hop song,
Craig McLean of ''
The Face
The face is a part of the body, the front of the head.
Face may also refer to:
Film
* ''The Magician'' (1958 film) or ''The Face''
* ''The Face'' (1996 film), an American television film
* ''Face'' (1997 film), a British crime drama by Antonia ...
'' called the track "
Broadway
Broadway may refer to:
Theatre
* Broadway Theatre (disambiguation)
* Broadway theatre, theatrical productions in professional theatres near Broadway, Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
** Broadway (Manhattan), the street
**Broadway Theatre (53rd Stree ...
on
breakbeat
Breakbeat is a broad type of electronic music that tends to use drum breaks sampled from early recordings of funk, jazz, and R&B. Breakbeats have been used in styles such as hip hop, jungle, drum and bass, big beat, breakbeat hardcore, and UK ...
s".
Conceived by Björk as "part autobiography part storytelling", its lyrics concern Isobel, a woman magically born in a forest who finds people in the city "a bit too clever for her", eventually retreating back to
nature
Nature, in the broadest sense, is the physics, physical world or universe. "Nature" can refer to the phenomenon, phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general. The study of nature is a large, if not the only, part of science. ...
and sending them a message of instinct through trained moths.
Inspired by
South American literature
Latin American literature consists of the oral and written literature of Latin America in several languages, particularly in Spanish, Portuguese, and the indigenous languages of the Americas. It rose to particular prominence globally during the ...
—particularly
Gabriel García Márquez
Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (; 6 March 1927 – 17 April 2014) was a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter, and journalist, known affectionately as Gabo () or Gabito () throughout Latin America. Considered one ...
—the track's lyrics discuss "the duality between reason and emotions, between intuition and intellect"; in Björk's words, "asking how 20th century civilisation clashes with nature and, in places like Iceland and Thailand, people really believe they can have a TV remote control in one hand and a ghost sitting beside them".
"
Possibly Maybe
"Possibly Maybe" is a song by Björk, released as the fifth single from her second album ''Post'' (1995). It is a song with deep electronic tones and soft beats that reflects on potential love. Released in the United Kingdom as the fifth single ...
" is an
ambient dub
Ambient music is a genre of music that emphasizes tone and atmosphere over traditional musical structure or rhythm. It may lack net composition, beat, or structured melody.The Ambient Century by Mark Prendergast, Bloomsbury, London, 2003. It ...
track that fuses trip-hop and chill-out music.
Björk has said that it was the first unhappy song she wrote, stating in 1997: "That was very hard for me.
..I was ashamed writing a song that was not giving hope". Its lyrics document the various stages of Björk's ill-fated relationship with
Stéphane Sednaoui
Stéphane Sednaoui () is a French director, photographer, film producer and actor.
Over the years, Sednaoui has redefined his artistic approach to focus on his fine-art and cinematographic projects. New and existing work have been exhibited r ...
.
With the track, De Vries "create
a vinyl-crackling ambience, full of
glissando
In music, a glissando (; plural: ''glissandi'', abbreviated ''gliss.'') is a glide from one pitch to another (). It is an Italianized musical term derived from the French ''glisser'', "to glide". In some contexts, it is distinguished from the co ...
strings and leaden, muted
bass.
The
slide guitar
Slide guitar is a technique for playing the guitar that is often used in blues music. It involves playing a guitar while holding a hard object (a slide) against the strings, creating the opportunity for glissando effects and deep vibratos tha ...
heard in the background of the song was originally intended to be its focal point, as Björk initially strived for an "ambient
country
A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. It may be a sovereign state or make up one part of a larger state. For example, the country of Japan is an independent, sovereign state, while the ...
" sound inspired by
Chris Isaak
Christopher Joseph Isaak (born June 26, 1956) is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist and occasional actor. He is widely known for his breakthrough hit and signature song "Wicked Game", as well as other songs such as "Blue Hotel", "Baby D ...
's "
Wicked Game
"Wicked Game" is a song by American rock musician Chris Isaak, released from his third album, '' Heart Shaped World'' (1989). Despite being released as a single in July 1989, it did not become a hit until it was featured in the 1990 David Lync ...
".
"I Miss You" was described in 1997 as an "
amalgam
Amalgam most commonly refers to:
* Amalgam (chemistry), mercury alloy
* Amalgam (dentistry), material of silver tooth fillings
** Bonded amalgam, used in dentistry
Amalgam may also refer to:
* Amalgam Comics, a publisher
* Amalgam Digital
...
of styles, with
electronic drum
Electronic drums is a modern electronic musical instrument, primarily designed to serve as an alternative to an acoustic drum kit. Electronic drums consist of an electronic sound module which produces the synthesized or sampled percussion sounds ...
s melding into
African
African or Africans may refer to:
* Anything from or pertaining to the continent of Africa:
** People who are native to Africa, descendants of natives of Africa, or individuals who trace their ancestry to indigenous inhabitants of Africa
*** Ethn ...
bongos
Bongos ( es, bongó) are an Afro-Cuban percussion instrument consisting of a pair of small open bottomed hand drums of different sizes. They are struck with both hands, most commonly in an eight-stroke pattern called ''martillo'' (hammer). The ...
mixed with
jazzy
Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a major f ...
horn
Horn most often refers to:
*Horn (acoustic), a conical or bell shaped aperture used to guide sound
** Horn (instrument), collective name for tube-shaped wind musical instruments
*Horn (anatomy), a pointed, bony projection on the head of various ...
playing". A house music number, its "horn-infused Afro-Cuban Music, Afro-Cuban strains
..reflect the romantic whimsy of [its] lyrics".
Björk wrote "Cover Me", one of the quieter moments on the album, to her co-producer Nellee Hooper after he agreed to participate in the making of ''Post''. She has said: "I guess I was trying to make fun of myself, how dangerous I manage sometimes to make album making. And trying to lure him into it. But it is also thing from me to him".
The album ends with the experimental "Headphones",
an ambient track.
Featuring "just-for-headphones studio tricks", it has been described as "a chiming, somnolent dip into Björk's heavy-lidded pre-dream state".
Its lyrics were written as a thank you to Graham Massey, who would make compilation cassettes for Björk.
She also stated: "But, of course, it is also a love letter to sound. The sound of sound. Resonance (physics), Resonances, Frequency (sound), frequencies, Silence, silences and such... a music-worship thing".
Title and artwork
![Piccadilly Circus - geograph](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Piccadilly_Circus_-_geograph.org.uk_-_265001.jpg)
Björk chose the title ''Post'' for two reasons. Firstly, it refers to the fact that all the songs on the album were written after her move to England,
while the songs on ''Debut'' were songs she had written during the previous ten years of her life in Iceland.
In a 1996 interview, Björk said: "I always knew it would be two albums and that's why I called them ''Debut'' and ''Post''. Before and after".
Secondly, the title was inspired by Björk's desire to communicate with friends and family back in Iceland, giving ''Post'' the additional meaning of "mail".
The album cover was photographed by Stephane Sednaoui.
It shows Björk standing in a London street, her pale skin and dark hair contrasting with the vivid colours of the Japanese popular culture, Japanese-inspired signs behind her.
Designer Paul White of Me Company—who had been a frequent collaborator since the Sugarcubes—"surrounded her with giant postcards to represent communication with friends and family".
Björk also said that "my musical heart was scattered at the time and I wanted the [cover] to show that".
Me Company designed the artwork, while Martin Gardiner modeled the lotus flower used in the album's booklet and packaging.
The jacket Björk wears, shown on the cover, was inspired by Royal Mail airmail envelopes, referencing the album's title.
It was specially crafted from envelope paper called Tyvek by designer Hussein Chalayan.
[Thorgerson, Storm & Powell, Aubrey. "One Hundred Best Album Covers – The Stories Behind The Sleeves."] The jacket is displayed under glass at Hard Rock Cafe, Hard Rock Reykjavík, and was part of a 2015 MoMA retrospective on Björk, ''Björk (exhibition), Björk''.
''Vice (magazine), Vice'' has identified the airmail jacket look as one of the "ultimate fashion moments" of Björk's career.
A shot of Björk surrounded by silver balls was planned as the cover, but it was scrapped in favour of something "more Pop culture, poppy".
The photo would later appear in a 1995 article for ''The Face''.
Release and promotion
''Post'' was released on 7 June 1995,
as a 12", 12" record, Compact disc, CD, and Cassette tape, compact cassette.
It was issued on
One Little Indian Records
One Little Independent Records (formerly One Little Indian Records) is an English independent record label. It was set up in 1985 by members of various anarcho-punk bands, and managed by former Flux of Pink Indians bassist Derek Birkett. In th ...
in the United Kingdom and Elektra Records in the United States and Canada; Polydor Records issued ''Post'' in Australia and Japan, also releasing the European edition of the album.
In September 1995, Björk and poet Sjón released ''Post'', a Paperback, paperback book meant to be a "pictorial and verbal record of the making of that album".
It contained interviews with Björk and also focused on the European leg of the tour.
The Post Tour was her first proper North American tour as a solo artist, with Aphex Twin as her opening act.
While in the United States, she also appeared on ''Late Night with David Letterman''; this tour "helped maintain ''Post''s momentum and keep Björk in the public eye", since airings of "Army of Me" and "Isobel" had been relegated primarily to after-hours alternative music shows in MTV.
In the United Kingdom, Björk also performed on ''Top of the Pops'' on several occasions. In 1996, Björk took part in Arnold Schoenberg's ''Pierrot lunaire'', conducted by Kent Nagano and the Opera orchestra of Lyon.
In addition, Björk also appeared in several music magazines.
In November 1996, Björk released the "often-delayed" remix project ''
Telegram
Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus flag semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas p ...
'', which contained reworkings of several songs from ''Post'', with her voice re-recorded.
''Telegram'' has been described as "effectively a completely new album".
Author Mark Pytlik writes, "Promises of a ''Post''
remix album
A remix album is an album consisting of remixes or rerecorded versions of an artist's earlier released material. The first act who employed the format was American singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson (''Aerial Pandemonium Ballet'', 1971). As of 2007 ...
had been circulating since the release of "Army of Me" in April 1995.
To compensate, Björk announced the release of a string of 12″ remixes beginning in June, limited to only 1,000 copies each.
Producers and musicians featured on ''Telegram'' include: Dillinja, Eumir Deodato, LFO (British band), LFO, and Graham Massey, among others;
Björk only remixed "You've Been Flirting Again" herself.
The album also contains a new composition, "My Spine", a collaboration with British percussionist Evelyn Glennie.
''Telegram'' spent five weeks on the US Billboard 200, ''Billboard'' 200 chart, peaking at number 66.
In the UK, it peaked at number 59, spending two weeks on the albums chart.
In 2005, the UNICEF charity record ''Army of Me: Remixes and Covers'' was released; it is a collection of seventeen eclectic remixes of "Army of Me".
All profits went directly to the charity, to assist the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.
''Live at Shepherds Bush Empire (Björk DVD), Live at Shepherds Bush Empire'' was released as a VHS in November 1998, containing the last performance of the Post Tour, which took place at Shepherd's Bush Empire in February 1997. ''Post Live'', a live album consisting of songs recorded during the Post Tour, was included in the 2003 box set ''Live Box''. The 2002 box set ''Family Tree (Björk album), Family Tree'' includes Demo (music), demos and alternate versions of various tracks off the album. ''Post'' has been reissued several times, adapting to different formats such as Unusual types of gramophone records#Colored records, colored records, 180g vinyl, and DualDisc.
A Remaster, remastered version of the album in surround sound was included in the box set ''Surrounded (Björk album), Surrounded'', which was released in 2006 on Elektra Records. In 2012, Universal Japan issued a limited edition of ''Debut'' and ''Post'' together as one compilation . All of ''Post''s
music video
A music video is a video of variable duration, that integrates a music song or a music album with imagery that is produced for promotion (marketing), promotional or musical artistic purposes. Modern music videos are primarily made and used as a m ...
s were included on the 1998 video release ''Volumen (DVD), Volumen'', and its 2002 reissue ''Volumen Plus''. They also appear on ''Greatest Hits – Volumen 1993–2003'', a release that includes the videos featured on ''Volumen'' and ''Volumen Plus''. They are also featured on video compilations of its directors, including ''Directors Label#Volume 3: The Work of Director Michel Gondry, The Work of Director Michel Gondry'' and ''Directors Label#Volume 1: The Work of Director Spike Jonze, The Work of Director Spike Jonze'', all of them from 2003.
Singles
"Army of Me" was released as the lead single from ''Post'' on 24 April 1995, shortly after the album's production concluded.
It was released in the United Kingdom as two different CD releases, with "Cover Me", "You've Been Flirting Again", "Sweet Intuition", and various remixes as its A-side and B-side, B-sides.
A commercial success, it peaked atop the Íslenski listinn, Íslenski Listinn Topp 40, as well as at numbers five and ten in Finland and the United Kingdom, respectively.
In the United States, it peaked at number 21 on the Alternative Airplay chart.
Michel Gondry directed the video for "Army of Me", which takes place in a cyberpunk environment.
In the video, Björk is seen driving a massive truck, which has been described as "alternately [looking] like an overgrown SUV and a science fiction tank" as she quests to rescue her loved one from an art museum.
"Isobel" was released as the second single on 7 August, with B-sides "Charlene", "I Go Humble", "Venus as a Boy", and several remixes.
Although the record company was against the idea of releasing "Isobel", Björk insisted because she "felt intuitively that this was the right choice".
However, "Isobel" did not replicate the success of "Army of Me", peaking at number two in Iceland and number 23 in the UK.
The music video for "Isobel", directed by Gondry "Isobel" represents the story of the title character Björk envisioned with Sjón. It tells the story of "a Feral child, wild child discovering urban culture through installations of toy fighter planes", over lush superimposed imagery.
Like in the lyrics, where Björk takes the role of narrator and protagonist, she plays two different parts in the music video:
Björk is seen as the Isobel who "weaves and composes this world and this story on her organ", and as the Isobel who inhabits this primal world.
"It's Oh So Quiet" was released as the third single on 13 November. Its B-sides included "You've Been Flirting Again", "Hyperballad", "Sweet Sweet Intuition" (a rework of "Sweet Intuition"), and "My Spine".
The music video for "It's Oh So Quiet" became one of the most played clips on MTV,
and the song became Björk's most successful single,
peaking at number one in Iceland and within the top ten in Australia, Finland, Ireland, Scotland and the UK, while peaking at number nine on the US Billboard Hot 100, ''Billboard'' Hot 100's extension Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart.
The single was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 400,000 units in the UK. Spike Jonze directed the music video for "It's Oh So Quiet", a homage to Hollywood, Los Angeles, Hollywood's Technicolor musicals that drew inspiration from Busby Berkeley and Jacques Demy's ''The Umbrellas of Cherbourg''. Like Demy, Jonze "mines the magical from the mundane," as he transforms a drab auto shop into the location where Björk dances and sings with a full dance company, an attempt to reflect the "exuberance" of her vocal performance.
"Hyperballad" was released as the fourth single on 12 February 1996.
The single—consisting of two separate CDs—also included remixes of the song, "Isobel" and "Cover Me".
Some regions also included a double A-side single with the song "Enjoy", although it only received a number of promo remixes.
It peaked at number eight on the UK Singles Chart and atop the US Dance Club Songs.
The music video for "Hyperballad", also directed by Gondry, has been described as "a techno-dream visual story full of flashing lights, buzzing static, and holograms."
It shows Björk as "a character running through a landscape that simulates that of a computer game, only to Suicide by jumping from height, throw herself off a cliff."
The clip is an attempt to reflect the song's story, so Gondry depicted Björk lying down as a dead body, with a holographic image of her singing superimposed on her.
"Possibly Maybe" was released as the fifth single on 28 October via several 12-inch records and three different CD releases.
A limited-edition 12-inch double A-side with remixes of "Possibly Maybe" and "Enjoy" (by Mark Bell (British musician), Mark Bell and Dom T., respectively) was also released. "Possibly Maybe" peaked at number 13 on the UK Singles Chart.
Sednaoui directed the music video for "Possibly Maybe", despite the song being about his failed relationship with Björk.
Björk and Sednaoui had previously worked together in the music video for "Big Time Sensuality".
In the clip, she appears "as a goddess, floating out from a numinous light-streaked background." Sednaoui is known for having a particularly filmic technique for each of his clips; in "Possibly Maybe", the use of blacklighting "makes Björk glow sensuously and perversely".
It was conceived in a theatrical way: nearly all of the scenes were filmed in the same space, which is transformed with changes in the ''mise-en-scène''.
The style of "Possibly Maybe"'s scenery and Björk's wardrobe reference East Asian cultural sphere, East Asian imagery, and a Japanese traditional dolls, Japanese traditional doll is featured as Björk's only accompaniment; as a silent witness, it is the object on which the protagonist casts reflections on her own identity.
Regarding the video, Sednaoui said: "Her song and my video were a way of saying things to each other that we couldn't say otherwise."
"I Miss You" was released as the sixth and final single on 17 February 1997. Although it became Björk's third US Dance Club Songs number-one single, it was the least successful single from ''Post'' in Europe, as it peaked only at number 36 on the UK Singles Chart.
The animation of its music video was produced by John Kricfalusi and directed by Erik Wiese, Erik Weiss.
It was promptly Censorship on MTV, censored on MTV because of its nudity and violence towards the end.
Critical reception
Upon its release, ''Post'' received universal acclaim from Music journalism, music critics. Lorraine Ali of ''Rolling Stone'' praised the album for differentiating from the alternative rock offerings of the early 1990s in music, 1990s, and for successfully merging disparate styles.
She concluded: "When ''Post'' comes to an end, it feels like getting back from a good vacation: the last thing you want to do is re-enter the real world".
Writing for ''Entertainment Weekly'', Jim Farber stated that despite ''Post''s "bizarre" combination of diverse genres, the conviction of Björk's delivery and assuring hooks "[made] her most surreal passages as relatable as moon-June Traditional pop music, standards".
He felt that Björk "[reinvented] that tradition, constructing standards for the Cyberculture, cyber age".
Joy Press, who reviewed the album for ''The New York Times'', praised the album for not being a "play-safe sequel" to ''Debut'', pointing out that Björk, "[had] followed her most wonderfully wayward impulses".
''Los Angeles Times'' critic Richard Cromelin felt that ''Post'' was "an often heady mix of trendiness and nostalgia" that was capable of transcending Björk's self-consciousness.
Greg Kot of the ''Chicago Tribune'' found the album's backing tracks to be "even more varied and unusual" than on ''Debut'', describing Björk as "an extra-terrestrial voice rummaging around in a sonic toybox".
''Spin (magazine), Spin''s Barry Walters felt the album was an improvement over its predecessor, stating its songs were "stronger, more developed, and less reliant on Björk's wide-eyed delivery". He concluded that: "After years of (no) alternative Fascist (insult), fascist grunge domination, it's heartening that Björk and producer-co-songwriter Nellee Hooper stayed true to themselves and created another highly personal album that has a chance of interrupting the airwave flow of whiny Rocker (subculture), rockers with little imagination".
Writing for MTV Online, Lou Stathis wrote that, "[it's mostly] Björk's wacky, mind-altered perspective that makes ''Post'' modern pop music at once both baffling and engaging".
He believed that the album was a rewarding experience for both the casual consumer, as well as the serious listener, also pointing out that, "it not only sounds good while you're listening to it, but it leaves you feeling good when it's over, too".
Robert Christgau, reviewing the album for ''The Village Voice'', was less enthusiastic.
He found that the album's "eccentric instrumentation" and "electronic timbres" failed to compensate for its lack of "Groove (music), groove" and was unmoved by Björk's lyrics, which he said "might hit home harder if she'd grown up speaking the English language, English she'll die singing, but probably wouldn't".
Commercial performance
''Post'' reached the top ten of several countries, including Australia,
Belgium,
Canada,
Denmark,
the Netherlands,
Finland,
France,
Germany,
Ireland,
New Zealand,
Norway,
Portugal,
Sweden,
Switzerland,
and the United Kingdom.
''Post'' also peaked at number two on the European Top 100 Albums chart.
The album peaked at number 32 in the ''Billboard'' 200,
almost 30 places higher than the peak position of its predecessor ''Debut''. It also received an enthuastic reception from college radios.
''Post'' also reached top 40 in Hungary
and Japan.
The album was certified platinum in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Europe; and gold in Sweden and New Zealand. In 2007, ''The Washington Post'' reported that ''Post'' had sold 810,000 units in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan; it had sold 36,000 additional copies by 2015.
Controversy
The music video for "Army of Me" was removed from MTV's playlist before it aired because its ending depicted Björk bombing an art museum; the Oklahoma City bombing happened at this time.
Author Mark Pytlik wrote that this "foreshadowed a string of unlucky events that would further hinder ''Post''s unveiling".
An unsourced sample by Robin Rimbaud, prominently heard throughout "Possibly Maybe", resulted in a lawsuit demanding a co-songwriter credit. After Rimbaud's label New Electronica refused a sample clearance compensation of Pound sterling, £1,000 from One Little Indian founder Derek Birkett, Björk and Birkett resolved to destroy over 100,000 copies of the album to create a new version without the sample. However, at the request of Rimbaud, New Electronica gave Björk permission use the sample.
Musician Simon Fisher sued Hooper and Björk over writing credits in ''Debut'' (1993), but these charges were cleared by judge Robin Jacob.
According to Pytlik, these events resulted in "the strangest promotional tour anyone could have ever envisioned: in the week since ''Post'' had been released, Björk had seen her album deleted, her video banned, and two separate lawsuits brought against her".
One Little Indian were also better prepared to promote the album, scheduling a string of European and American tour dates from the beginning of July into late August.
During the ''Post'' era, the extensive media attention and a world tour of 105 dates began to affect Björk.
She repeatedly complained about the intrusiveness of Tabloid journalism, tabloids and reporters. On tour in February 1996, Björk arrived at Don Mueang International Airport, Bangkok International Airport with her son Sindri after a long flight. While the pair walked through the arrival terminals, reporter Julie Kaufman approached them and said, "Welcome to Bangkok!" Björk charged at Kaufman and wrestled her to the ground.
It was later reported Kaufman had been bothering Björk and Sindri for days prior.
The incident was reported around the world.
On 12 September, an obsessed American fan, Ricardo López (stalker), Ricardo López, sent a letter bomb rigged with sulfuric acid to Björk's residence in London, returned home and filmed his suicide. Police contacted Scotland Yard, who intercepted the package without incident. To record in privacy away from the unwanted interest of the press, Björk's tour drummer Trevor Morais offered her his studio in Málaga, Spain, to record her next album, ''
Homogenic
''Homogenic'' is the third studio album by Icelandic recording artist Björk. It was released on 20 September 1997 by One Little Indian Records. Produced by Björk, Mark Bell, Guy Sigsworth, Howie B, and Markus Dravs, the album marked a styli ...
''.
Impact and legacy
Nick Coleman of ''The Independent'' considered ''Post'' to be an important release of the art pop genre,
Retrospectively, ''Slant Magazine''s Eric Henderson argued that ''Post'' "will likely always remain the Björk album that most successfully sustains her winning balance of experimental whimsy and solid pop magic",
while Heather Phares of AllMusic wrote that the record was "not simply ''Debut'' redux" and concluded: "The work of a constantly changing artist, ''Post'' proves that as Björk moves toward more ambitious, complex music, she always surpasses herself".
Celebrating the album's 20th anniversary, the British magazine ''NME'' described it as, "a masterful matching of hard, up-to-the-minute beats with complex, personal lyrics about the rush and rage of being a modern urban woman".
American writer Tom Moon included ''Post'' in his 2008 Reference work, reference book ''1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die''.
The album's influence has been identified as being increasingly palpable on the contemporary music landscape, and later reviews of the album also make note of the timeless aspect of the music.
Writing for ''The Daily Review'', James Rose wrote in 2015: "''Post'' is where mainstream music could have gone. While modern chart music hasn't gone there entirely[,] she undoubtedly helped broaden the playing field. [The album] stands today as a body of work that still informs the more marginal artistic fringes of modern music and reminds us how narrow and staid our world would be without outliers like Björk.
Also in 2015, Andrew Shaw of Nerdist Industries, Nerdist felt that ''Post'' "chose to ignore expectation, market restrictions, and contemporary trends", and that Björk "pushed her vocal performances into new places, where no other vocalists could dare to sing".
He compared the album's impact on audiences to that of Jimi Hendrix's 1967 album, ''Are You Experienced'', writing it "set the benchmark for what was possible when you take tradition and set it on fire".
Raymond Ang of ''The Wall Street Journal'' considered ''Post'' to be "Björk's last stab at the pop game… she would dig deeper into her increasingly Avant-garde music, avant-garde interests and, in the years to come, thrill and challenge her audience".
David Longstreth of Dirty Projectors is an admirer of the record, stating he was influenced by Björk's deconstruction of classic Melody, melodies.
American singer-songwriter Amy Lee has said ''Post'' is "one of the biggest records in [her] life". DJ Shadow Sample (music), sampled "Possibly Maybe" in "Mutual Slump", a track off his 1996 album, ''Endtroducing.....''. The Vitamin String Quartet—known for its series of tribute albums to Rock music, rock and pop acts—covered "Army of Me" and "You've Been Flirting Again" in the 2001 album, ''Ice: The String Tribute to Björk''. In 2008, ''Stereogum'' released a Compilation album, compilation of cover versions in homage to the album, titled ''Enjoyed: A Tribute to Björk's Post''.
It features: Dirty Projectors, Liars (band), Liars, Xiu Xiu, High Places and Bradford Cox, Atlas Sound, among other artists.
Much of ''Post''
's six music videos have gone on to become classics—most notably "It's Oh So Quiet" and "Army of Me".
At the time of its release, music videos were beginning to be used as an art form, and Björk's visual output during this period—and her career in general—have become a clear example of the List of artistic media, medium's artistic legitimation.
Spanish writer Estíbaliz Pérez Asperilla has identified recurring Motif (narrative), motifs and Theme (arts), themes through Björk videography, Björk's videography; these include nature and a magnified depiction of Björk.
Surrealism and technology have also been identified as recurring features in Björk's visual output of this period. David Ehrlich of ''Time Out (magazine), Time Out'' considered her "one of the first artists to meaningfully explore the aesthetic and semiotic value of Computer animation, CG and its relationship to the [videos]."
Writing for ''Paste (magazine), Paste'', Alexa Carrasco felt, "Björk has created some of the most beautiful and weird videos to ever play on MTV."
The popularity of the music video for "It's Oh So Quiet" made the song one of Björk's most ubiquitous tracks, and was considered her first breakthrough on MTV.
The music videos—and the pink boots Björk wears in "Hyperballad" (the work of Belgian designer Walter Van Beirendonck)—were displayed in the Museum of Modern Art, New York City, as part of the 2015 ''Björk'' exhibition.
They were also featured in the 2016 exhibition, ''Björk Digital'', which premiered at Carriageworks as part of the Vivid Sydney festival.
In 2008, when asked how she felt about the album in retrospect, Björk reflected: "I was kinda surprised how the odd spastic thing of the album had actually aged well."
Accolades
By the end of 1995, ''Post'' appeared on the year-end lists of several publications.
In ''The Village Voice''s Pazz & Jop critics' poll for 1995, the album placed at number seven. At the 1995 Icelandic Music Awards, ''Post'' received the award for Album of the Year; Björk was also awarded Artist of the Year, Female Singer of the Year, Composer of the Year, and was nominated for Songwriter of the Year.
Additionally, "Army of Me" received the Song of the Year award, with "Isobel" also being nominated.
She also received the MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female, Best Female award at the 1995 MTV Europe Music Awards,
and Best International Female at the Rockbjörnen, Rockbjörnen Awards. Björk was also nominated for the Nordic Council Music Prize. In 1996, she received her second Brit Award for International Female Solo Artist, Best International Female Solo Artist award at the 1996 Brit Awards, 16th Brit Awards. She received the same distinction at the Danish Music Awards, the International Dance Music Awards, and the Italian Music Prize. In 1996, ''Post'' was nominated for Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album, Best Alternative Music Album at the 38th Annual Grammy Awards,
was awarded an International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, IFPI Platinum Europe Award, and the ASCAP Vanguard Award given by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. For the album's music videos, "Army of Me" was nominated for MTV Video Music Award for Best Special Effects, Best Special Effects in a Video and the MTV Video Music Award for International Viewer's Choice, International Viewer's Choice Award at the 1995 MTV Video Music Awards.
"It's Oh So Quiet" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Music Video, Best Music Video award at the 38th Annual Grammy Awards, losing to Janet Jackson, Janet and Michael Jackson's "Scream (Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson song), Scream".
At the 1996 MTV Video Music Awards, the video was awarded the MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography, Best Choreography in a Video award, and was nominated for MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video, Best Female Video, MTV Video Music Award – Breakthrough Video, Breakthrough Video, MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction, Best Direction, MTV Video Music Award for Best Art Direction, Best Art Direction in a Video, and MTV Video Music Award for International Viewer's Choice, International Viewer's Choice Award (MTV Europe).
''Vibe'' included the album in its 1999 list of the 100 Essential Albums of the 20th-century music, 20th Century.
''Slant Magazine'' considered it the second best album of the decade in a 2011 list, only behind Björk's next release, ''Homogenic'', writing it: "is [her] most scatterbrained work to date, but it's tied together flawlessly by [Björk's] singular whimsicality".
In 2003, ''Pitchfork (website), Pitchfork'' listed it as the 20th best album of the decade, with William Morris writing, "few artists on this list could rival [Björk] in terms of innovation, vision, talent, and high-yield experimentation, and ''Post'' was the record to establish this."
In a 2012 article, ''Paste'' considered ''Post'' to be the sixty-fourth best album of the decade, with Ryan Reed stating: "no Björk album is as weird (or weirdly wonderful) as 1995's ''Post'', a dizzying whirlwind of sonic textures and stylistic shifts that demonstrates every facet of her ever-expanding bag of tricks.
..Björk clearly aimed to demonstrate the meaninglessness of genre boundaries. She succeeded."
''Post'' was ranked at number 376 on ''Rolling Stones "Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" list, with the publication praising its "utter lack of musical inhibition,"
and ranked at number 289 on the 2020 updated list. The American publication ''Consequence of Sound'' placed the album at number seventy-nine on their 2010 list of the Top 100 Albums Ever, with Harry Painter writing: "Björk is one of few artists who could put out an album juxtaposing blistering electro-pop with big band, club-ready tribal
dance
Dance is a performing art form consisting of sequences of movement, either improvised or purposefully selected. This movement has aesthetic and often symbolic value. Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoir ...
with downtempo trip-hop and find both critical and commercial success."
In 2015, ''Post'' placed on number 69 on ''Spin''s list of the 300 Best Albums of the Past 30 Years, claiming that "[Björk's] fearless plunge into styles is matched by the aplomb with which she bares her anxieties and aspirations."
Also in 2008, ''Fnac, FNAC'' placed the album at number 246 in its list of the 1000 best albums of all time. In an unordered list of 500 essential albums compiled for ''Vanity Fair (magazine), Vanity Fair'' in 2013, English musician Elvis Costello included ''Post'' and mentioned "Hyperballad" as a highlight of the record.
In the album's entry of the "Women Who Rock: The 50 Greatest Albums of All Time" list of 2012, ''Rolling Stone'' felt, "Björk's artistic stature grew by yards in the course of this strange, affecting work, by turns harshly industrial, meditative and neon jubilant."
Track listing
* "Army of Me" contains a sample from "When the Levee Breaks" (1971), performed by
Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The group comprised vocalist Robert Plant, guitarist Jimmy Page, bassist/keyboardist John Paul Jones, and drummer John Bonham. With a heavy, guitar-driven sound, they are ci ...
.
* "Possibly Maybe" contains a sample from "Untitled (Side A)" (1994), performed by Robin Rimbaud, DJ Scanner. The sample was shortly removed from some early pressings of ''Post'' while it was disputed.
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of ''Post''.
Musicians
* Björk – vocals, arrangements, keyboards, organ, string arrangements, brass arrangements, beat programming
*
Howie B
Howard Bernstein (born 18 April 1963, Glasgow, Scotland), professionally known as Howie B, is a Scottish musician, producer and DJ who has worked with artists including: Björk, U2, Tricky, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Soul II Soul, Robbi ...
ernstein – programming
* John Altman – orchestra arrangements, conducting
* Marcus Dravs – programming
* Lenny Franchi – programming
*
Graham Massey
Graham Vernon Massey (born 4 August 1960 in Manchester) is a British record producer, musician, and remixer.
Early career
He was a member of experimental jazz rock group Biting Tongues, once signed to Factory Records. After recording with the ...
– keyboards, programming
*
Tricky – keyboards, programming
* Marius de Vries – keyboards, programming
*
Gary Barnacle
Gary Barnacle (born 1959 in Dover, England) is an English saxophonist, flautist, brass instrument arranger, composer, and producer. Barnacle is primarily noted for his session work and live work, including various Prince's Trust concerts a ...
– soprano saxophone
* Stuart Brooks – trumpet
* Jim Couza – hammer dulcimer
*
Einar Örn Benediktsson
Einar Örn Benediktsson (born 29 October 1962), often billed as Einar Örn, is an Icelandic popular music singer and trumpet player. He was a member of the Sugarcubes. He served as a member of the Reykjavík City Council between 2010 and 2014 ...
– trumpet
*
Eumir Deodato
Eumir Deodato de Almeida (; born 22 June 1942) is a Brazilian pianist, composer, arranger and record producer, primarily in jazz but who has been known for his eclectic melding of genres, such as pop, rock, disco, rhythm and blues, classical, ...
– string arrangements, conducting
* Isobel Griffiths – orchestral contracting
* Maurice Murphy – trumpet
* Tony Pleeth – cello
* Guy Sigsworth – harpsichord
*
Talvin Singh
Talvin Singh OBE (born 1970) is an English musician, producer, and composer. A tabla player, he is known for creating an innovative fusion of Indian classical music and drum and bass. Singh is generally considered involved with an electronica s ...
– percussion
* Rob Smissen – viola
* Gavyn WGavin Wright – orchestra leading
Technical personnel
* Björk – production
* Howie Bernstein – production, engineering, mixing
* Marcus Dravs – engineering, mixing
* Al Fisch – engineering
* Lenny Franchi – engineering
*
Nellee Hooper
Nellee Hooper (born Paul Andrew Hooper on 15 March 1963) is a British record producer, remixer and songwriter known for his work with many major recording artists beginning in the late 1980s. He also debuted as a motion picture music composer w ...
– production
* Graham Massey – production
* Steve Price – engineering
* Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
* Al Stone – engineering
* Tricky – production
Artwork
* Martin Gardiner – lotus flower modelling
* Me Company – artwork packaging design
*
Stéphane Sednaoui
Stéphane Sednaoui () is a French director, photographer, film producer and actor.
Over the years, Sednaoui has redefined his artistic approach to focus on his fine-art and cinematographic projects. New and existing work have been exhibited r ...
– photography
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
Release history
See also
*Album era
*Media studies
*Music of the United Kingdom (1990s)
*Postmodern art
Notes
References
Bibliography
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External links
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Post (Album)
1995 albums
Albums produced by Howie B
Albums produced by Nellee Hooper
Björk albums
One Little Independent Records albums
Albums produced by Björk
Albums recorded at Olympic Sound Studios
Avant-pop albums
Experimental pop albums