Pleckstrin homology domain (PH domain) or (PHIP) is a

protein domain In molecular biology, a protein domain is a region of a protein's polypeptide chain that is self-stabilizing and that folds independently from the rest. Each domain forms a compact folded three-dimensional structure. Many proteins consist of s ...

of approximately 120

amino acid Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although hundreds of amino acids exist in nature, by far the most important are the alpha-amino acids, which comprise proteins. Only 22 alpha am ...

s that occurs in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular signaling or as constituents of the

cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea. In eukaryotes, it extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane and is compos ...

. This domain can bind

phosphatidylinositol Phosphatidylinositol (or Inositol Phospholipid) consists of a family of lipids as illustrated on the right, where red is x, blue is y, and black is z, in the context of independent variation, a class of the phosphatidylglycerides. In such molecul ...

lipids within biological membranes (such as phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate and

phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate or PtdIns(4,5)''P''2, also known simply as PIP2 or PI(4,5)P2, is a minor phospholipid component of cell membranes. PtdIns(4,5)''P''2 is enriched at the plasma membrane where it is a substrate for a number of ...

), and proteins such as the βγ-subunits of

heterotrimeric G protein Heterotrimeric G protein, also sometimes referred to as the ''"large" G proteins'' (as opposed to the subclass of smaller, monomeric small GTPases) are membrane-associated G proteins that form a Heteromer, heterotrimeric complex. The biggest no ...

s, and

protein kinase C In cell biology, Protein kinase C, commonly abbreviated to PKC (EC 2.7.11.13), is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and t ...

. Through these interactions, PH domains play a role in recruiting proteins to different

membrane A membrane is a selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but stops others. Such things may be molecules, ions, or other small particles. Membranes can be generally classified into synthetic membranes and biological membranes. B ...

s, thus targeting them to appropriate

cellular compartment Cellular compartments in cell biology comprise all of the closed parts within the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell, usually surrounded by a single or double lipid layer membrane. These compartments are often, but not always, defined as membrane-bo ...

s or enabling them to interact with other components of the

signal transduction pathway Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular ...

Lipid binding specificity

Individual PH domains possess specificities for phosphoinositides phosphorylated at different sites within the

inositol Inositol, or more precisely ''myo''-inositol, is a carbocyclic sugar that is abundant in the brain and other mammalian tissues; it mediates cell signal transduction in response to a variety of hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors and ...

ring, e.g., some bind

but not phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate or phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate, while others may possess the requisite affinity. This is important because it makes the recruitment of different PH domain containing proteins sensitive to the activities of enzymes that either phosphorylate or dephosphorylate these sites on the inositol ring, such as

phosphoinositide 3-kinase Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks), also called phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, are a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival and intracellular trafficking, which i ...

or PTEN, respectively. Thus, such enzymes exert a part of their effect on cell function by modulating the localization of downstream signaling proteins that possess PH domains that are capable of binding their phospholipid products.

Structure

The 3D structure of several PH domains has been determined. All known cases have a common structure consisting of two perpendicular anti-parallel beta sheets, followed by a

C-terminal The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal tail, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus) is the end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH). When the protein is ...

amphipathic An amphiphile (from the Greek αμφις amphis, both, and φιλíα philia, love, friendship), or amphipath, is a chemical compound possessing both hydrophilic (''water-loving'', polar) and lipophilic (''fat-loving'') properties. Such a compoun ...

helix. The loops connecting the beta-strands differ greatly in length, making the PH domain relatively difficult to detect while providing the source of the domain's specificity. The only conserved residue among PH domains is a single tryptophan located within the

alpha helix The alpha helix (α-helix) is a common motif in the secondary structure of proteins and is a right hand-helix conformation in which every backbone N−H group hydrogen bonds to the backbone C=O group of the amino acid located four residues e ...

that serves to nucleate the core of the domain.

Proteins containing PH domain

PH domains can be found in many different proteins, such as

OSBP Oxysterol-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''OSBP'' gene. Function Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) is an intracellular protein that was identified as a cytosolic 25-hydroxycholesterol-binding protein. OSBP is a l ...

ARF ARF may refer to: Organizations * Advertising Research Foundation * Animal Rescue Foundation * Armenian Revolutionary Federation * ASEAN Regional Forum People * Cahit Arf (1910–1997), Turkish mathematician Science, medicine, and mathematics * ...

. Recruitment to the

Golgi apparatus The Golgi apparatus (), also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, it packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles ins ...

in this case is dependent on both PtdIns and ARF. A large number of PH domains have poor affinity for phosphoinositides and are hypothesized to function as protein binding domains. A Genome-wide look in ''

Saccharomyces cerevisiae ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' () (brewer's yeast or baker's yeast) is a species of yeast (single-celled fungus microorganisms). The species has been instrumental in winemaking, baking, and brewing since ancient times. It is believed to have been o ...

'' showed that most of the 33 yeast PH domains are indeed promiscuous in binding to phosphoinositides, while only one (Num1-PH) behaved highly specific . Proteins reported to contain PH domains belong to the following families: *

Pleckstrin Pleckstrin is a protein found in platelets. The name derives from platelet and leukocyte C kinase substrate and the KSTR string of amino acid Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional grou ...

, the protein where this domain was first detected, is the major substrate of protein kinase C in platelets. Pleckstrin contains two PH domains. ARAP proteins contain five PH domains. *

Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase A serine/threonine protein kinase () is a kinase enzyme, in particular a protein kinase, that phosphorylates the OH group of the amino-acid residues serine or threonine, which have similar side chains. At least 350 of the 500+ human protei ...

s such as the Akt/Rac family,

protein kinase D1 Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respond ...

, and the trypanosomal NrkA family. *

Non-receptor tyrosine kinase A non-receptor tyrosine kinase (nRTK) is a cytosolic enzyme that is responsible for catalysing the transfer of a phosphate group from a nucleoside triphosphate donor, such as ATP, to tyrosine residues in proteins. Non-receptor tyrosine kinases a ...

s belonging to the Btk/Itk/Tec subfamily. * Insulin receptor substrate 1 ( IRS-1). * Regulators of

small G-protein Small GTPases (), also known as small G-proteins, are a family of hydrolase enzymes that can bind and hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate (GTP). They are a type of G-protein found in the cytosol that are homologous to the alpha subunit of heterotr ...

s: 64 RhoGEFs of the Dbl-like family., and several GTPase activating proteins like ABR, BCR or ARAP proteins. * Cytoskeletal proteins such as

dynamin Dynamin is a GTPase responsible for endocytosis in the eukaryotic cell. Dynamin is part of the "dynamin superfamily", which includes classical dynamins, dynamin-like proteins, Mx proteins, OPA1, mitofusins, and GBPs. Members of the dynamin fa ...

(see ), ''

Caenorhabditis elegans ''Caenorhabditis elegans'' () is a free-living transparent nematode about 1 mm in length that lives in temperate soil environments. It is the type species of its genus. The name is a blend of the Greek ''caeno-'' (recent), ''rhabditis'' (ro ...

'' kinesin-like protein unc-104 (see ), spectrin beta-chain,

syntrophin The syntrophins are a family of five 60-kiloDalton proteins that are associated with dystrophin, the protein associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy. The name comes from the Greek word ''syntrophos'', meaning "comp ...

(2 PH domains), and ''S. cerevisiae'' nuclear migration protein NUM1. *

Oxysterol-binding protein The oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP)-related proteins (ORPs) are a family of lipid transfer proteins (LTPs). Concretely, they constitute a family of sterol and phosphoinositide binding and transfer proteins in eukaryotes that are conserved from ...

s OSBP, ''S. cerevisiae'' OSH1 and YHR073w. *

Ceramide kinase In enzymology, a ceramide kinase, also abbreviated as CERK, () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: :ATP + ceramide \rightleftharpoons ADP + ceramide 1-phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and ceramide, wher ...

, a lipid kinase that phosphorylates

ceramide Ceramides are a family of waxy lipid molecules. A ceramide is composed of N-acetylsphingosine and a fatty acid. Ceramides are found in high concentrations within the cell membrane of eukaryotic cells, since they are component lipids that make up ...

s to ceramide-1-phosphate. * G protein receptor kinases (GRK) of GRK2 subfamily (beta-adrenergic receptor kinases):

GRK2 G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ADRBK1'' gene. GRK2 was initially called Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK or βARK1), and is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase subfam ...

and

GRK3 G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ADRBK2'' gene. GRK3 was initially called Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 (βARK-2), and is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase subfamily of ...

Subfamilies

Spectrin Spectrin is a cytoskeletal protein that lines the intracellular side of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells. Spectrin forms pentagonal or hexagonal arrangements, forming a scaffold and playing an important role in maintenance of plasma membr ...

/pleckstrin-like

Examples

Human genes encoding proteins containing this domain include: * ABR, ADRBK1, ADRBK2, AFAP, AFAP1, AFAP1L1, AFAP1L2,

AKAP13 A-kinase anchor protein 13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AKAP13'' gene. This protein is also called AKAP-Lbc because it encodes the lymphocyte blast crisis (Lbc) oncogene, and ARHGEF13/RhoGEF13 because it contains a guanine nucle ...

AKT1 RAC(Rho family)-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''AKT1'' gene. This enzyme belongs to the AKT subfamily of serine/threonine kinases that contain SH2 (Src homology 2-like) protein domains. It i ...

AKT2 AKT2, also known as RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''AKT2'' gene. It influences metabolite storage as part of the insulin signal transduction pathway. Function This gene is a putative o ...

AKT3 RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''AKT3'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the AKT subfamily of serine/threonine protein kinases. AKT kinases are known to be ...

, ANLN,

APBB1IP Amyloid beta A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 1-interacting protein (APBB1IP), also known as APBB1-interacting protein 1 or Rap1-GTP-interacting adapter molecule (RIAM) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''APBB1IP'' gene ...

APPL1 Adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1 (APPL1), or DCC-interacting protein 13-alpha (DIP13alpha), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''APPL1'' gene. APPL1 contains several key interactory domain ...

, APPL2, ARHGAP10, ARHGAP12, ARHGAP15, ARHGAP21, ARHGAP22, ARHGAP23, ARHGAP24, ARHGAP25, ARHGAP26, ARHGAP27,

ARHGAP9 Rho GTPase-activating protein 9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''ARHGAP9'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the Rho-GAP family of GTPase activating proteins. The protein has substantial GAP activity towards several ...

, ARHGEF16, ARHGEF18, ARHGEF19,

ARHGEF2 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARHGEF2'' gene. Function Rho GTPases play a fundamental role in numerous cellular processes that are initiated by extracellular stimuli that work through ...

ARHGEF3 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 3, also known as ARHGEF3, is a human gene. Function Rho GTPases play a fundamental role in numerous cellular processes that are initiated by extracellular stimuli that work through G protein-coupled ...

ARHGEF4 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARHGEF4'' gene. Function Rho GTPases play a fundamental role in numerous cellular processes that are initiated by extracellular stimuli that work through ...

, ARHGEF5, ARHGEF6, ARHGEF7,

ARHGEF9 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARHGEF9'' gene. Function ARHGEF9 belongs to a family of Rho-like GTPases that act as molecular switches by cycling from the active GTP-bound state to the ...

, ASEF2, * BMX, BTK, * C20orf42, C9orf100,

CADPS Calcium-dependent secretion activator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CADPS'' gene. CADPS encodes a novel neural/ endocrine-specific cytosolic and peripheral membrane protein required for the Ca2+-regulated exocytosis of secreto ...

CADPS2 Calcium-dependent secretion activator 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CADPS2'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the calcium-dependent activator of secretion (CAPS) protein family, which are calcium-binding proteins ...

CDC42BPA Serine/threonine-protein kinase MRCK alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CDC42BPA'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Serine/Threonine protein kinase family. This kinase contains multiple functional domai ...

, CDC42BPB, CDC42BPG, CENTA1, CENTA2, CENTB1, CENTB2, CENTB5, CENTD1, CENTD2,

CENTD3 Arf-GAP with Rho-GAP domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ARAP3'' gene. This gene encodes a phosphoinositide binding protein containing ARF-GAP, RHO-GAP, RAS-associating, and plec ...

CENTG1 Arf-GAP with GTPase, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AGAP2'' gene. Interactions CENTG1 has been shown to interact with: * EPB41L1, * HOMER1 and * PIK3R1 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kin ...

CENTG2 Arf-GAP with GTPase, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''AGAP1'' gene. Function CENTG2 belongs to an ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating (ARF-GAP) protein family involved in membra ...

CENTG3 Arf-GAP with GTPase, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''AGAP3'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units ...

, CERK, CIT,

CNKSR1 Connector enhancer of kinase suppressor of ras 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CNKSR1'' gene. Function This gene is a necessary element in receptor tyrosine kinase pathways, possibly as a tyrosine phosphorylation target. It ...

, CNKSR2,

COL4A3BP Collagen type IV alpha-3-binding protein, also known as ceramide transfer protein (CERT) or StAR-related lipid transfer protein 11 (STARD11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''COL4A3BP'' gene. The protein contains a pleckstrin homolo ...

, CTGLF1, CTGLF2, CTGLF3, * CTGLF4, CTGLF5, CTGLF6, *

DAB2IP Disabled homolog 2-interacting protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DAB2IP'' gene. DAB2IP is a Ras (MIM 190020) GTPase-activating protein (GAP) that acts as a tumor suppressor gene and is inactivated by methylation in prostate ...

DAPP1 Dual adapter for phosphotyrosine and 3-phosphotyrosine and 3-phosphoinositide is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DAPP1'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Men ...

, DDEF1,

DDEF2 Arf-GAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ASAP2'' gene. This gene encodes a multidomain protein containing an N-terminal alpha-helical region with a coiled-coil motif, f ...

, DDEFL1, DEF6,

DEPDC2 The Development and Education Programme for Daughters and Communities ( DEPDC) is a non-profit, community-based NGO working in Thailand to prevent child exploitation and prostitution and defend the rights of minors. The DEP, later the DEPDC, was f ...

DGKD Diacylglycerol kinase delta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''DGKD'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' ...

, DGKH, DGKK,

DNM1 Dynamin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DNM1'' gene. Function This gene encodes a member of the dynamin subfamily of GTP-binding proteins. The encoded protein possesses unique mechanochemical properties used to tubulate and s ...

DNM2 Dynamin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DNM2'' gene. Function Dynamins represent one of the subfamilies of GTP-binding proteins. These proteins share considerable sequence similarity over the N-terminal portion of the molecul ...

, DNM3, DOCK10, DOCK11, DOCK9,

DOK1 Docking protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DOK1'' gene. Function Docking protein 1 is constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated in hematopoietic progenitors isolated from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients in the c ...

DOK2 Lee Joon-kyung (; born March 28, 1990) better known by his stage name Dok2 (, pronounced as Dokki), is a South Korean rapper, record producer and co-founder of now-defunct Illionaire Records. Biography Early life Dok2's mother is Korean, and h ...

DOK3 Docking protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DOK3'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth ...

DOK4 Docking protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DOK4'' gene. References Further reading

* * * * * * * * {{gene-16-stub ...

DOK5 Docking protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DOK5'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the DOK family of membrane proteins, which are adapter proteins involved in signal transduction. The encode ...

, DOK6, DTGCU2, *

EXOC8 Exocyst complex component 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''EXOC8'' gene. Interactions EXOC8 has been shown to interact with RALB Ras-related protein Ral-B (RalB) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''RALB'' gene on ...

, * FAM109A, FAM109B, FARP1,

FARP2 FERM, RhoGEF and pleckstrin domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FARP2'' gene. Model organisms Model organisms have been used in the study of FARP2 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called ''Fa ...

FGD1 FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 1 (FGD1) also known as faciogenital dysplasia 1 protein (FGDY), zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 3 (ZFYVE3), or Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor FGD1 (Rho/Rac GEF) is a protein tha ...

FGD2 FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 2 (FGD2), also known as zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 4 (ZFYVE4), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FGD2'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johanns ...

FGD3 FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FGD3'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." mea ...

FGD4 FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FGD4'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." mean ...

, FGD5, FGD6, *

GAB1 GRB2-associated-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GAB1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the IRS1-like multisubstrate docking protein family. The encoded protein is an important me ...

GAB2 GRB2-associated-binding protein 2 also known as GAB2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GAB2'' gene. GAB2 is a docking protein with a conserved, folded PH domain attached to the membrane and a large disordered region, which hosts int ...

, GAB3, GAB4,

GRB10 Growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 also known as insulin receptor-binding protein Grb-IR is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRB10'' gene. Function The product of this gene belongs to a small family of adaptor proteins that are ...

GRB14 Growth factor receptor-bound protein 14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRB14'' gene. The product of this gene belongs to a small family of adapter proteins that are known to interact with a number of receptor tyrosine kinases and ...

GRB7 Growth factor receptor-bound protein 7, also known as GRB7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''GRB7'' gene. Function The product of this gene belongs to a small family of adaptor proteins that are known to interact with a number ...

, *

IRS1 Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is a signaling adapter protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IRS-1'' gene. It is a 131 kDa protein with amino acid sequence of 1242 residues. It contains a single pleckstrin homology (PH) domain at the N-te ...

, IRS2,

IRS4 Insulin receptor substrate 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''IRS4'' gene. IRS4 encodes the insulin receptor substrate 4, a cytoplasmic protein that contains many potential tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation sites. Tyros ...

ITK Itk is a framework for building mega-widgets using the Incr Tcl incr Tcl (commonly stylised as '' ncr Tcl/nowiki>'', and often abbreviated to ''itcl'') is a set of object-oriented extensions for the Tcl programming language. It is widely us ...

ITSN1 Intersectin-1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ''ITSN1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a cytoplasmic membrane-associated protein that indirectly coordinates endocytic membrane traffic with the actin assembly ...

ITSN2 Intersectin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ITSN2'' gene. This gene encodes a cytoplasmic protein which contains SH3 domains. This protein is a member of a family of proteins involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Intersecti ...

, *

KALRN Kalirin, also known as Huntingtin-associated protein-interacting protein (HAPIP), protein duo (DUO), or serine/threonine-protein kinase with Dbl- and pleckstrin homology domain, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KALRN'' gene. Kaliri ...

, KIF1A,

KIF1B Kinesin-like protein KIF1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''KIF1B'' gene. Clinical significance It is associated with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, type 2A1. Interactions KIF1B has been shown to interact with GIPC1 GIPC PDZ ...

, KIF1Bbeta, *

MCF2 The DBL proto-oncogene is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MCF2'' gene. The commonly-used name DBL is derived from “diffuse B-cell lymphoma”, the cancer type where this gene was first identified as an oncogene An oncogene is a ...

MCF2L Guanine nucleotide exchange factor DBS is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MCF2L'' gene. Model organisms Model organisms have been used in the study of MCF2L function. A conditional knockout mouse line called ''Mcf2ltm1a(EUCOMM)Hm ...

, MCF2L2, MRIP,

MYO10 Myosin X, also known as MYO10, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''MYO10'' gene. Myo10 is an actin-based motor protein that can localize to the tips of the finger-like cellular protrusions known as filopodia. Myo10 is broadly express ...

, * NET1,

NGEF NGEF (New Government Electrical Factory) of Karnataka in India was an ISO 9001 certified company with German collaborators and known for technology. It is taken as an example of an Indian company that declined. The Company NGEF was incorporate ...

, * OBPH1,

OBSCN Obscurin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''OBSCN'' gene. Obscurin belongs to the family of giant sarcomeric signaling proteins that includes titin and nebulin. Obscurin is expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle, and plays a role in ...

, OPHN1,

, OSBP2, OSBPL10, OSBPL11, OSBPL3, OSBPL5, OSBPL6, OSBPL7, OSBPL8, OSBPL9, * PHLDA2, PHLDA3, PHLDB1, PHLDB2, PHLPP, PIP3-E,

PLCD1 1-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PLCD1'' gene. PLCd1 is essential to maintain homeostasis of the skin. See also Phospholipase C Phospholipase C (PLC) is a class of ...

PLCD4 1-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PLCD4'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units o ...

PLCG1 Phospholipase C, gamma 1, also known as PLCG1,is a protein that in humans involved in cell growth, migration, apoptosis, and proliferation. It is encoded by the ''PLCG1'' gene and is part of the PLC superfamily. Function PLCγ1 is a cell grow ...

PLCG2 1-Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PLCG2'' gene. Function Enzymes of the phospholipase C family catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids to yield diacylglycerols an ...

, PLCH1,

PLCH2 PLCH may stand for: * Plch, a municipality in the Czech Republic * The Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County Cincinnati and Hamilton County Public Library (CHPL) is a public library system in the United States. In addition t ...

, PLCL1,

PLCL2 PLCL may refer to: * Park Lane College Leeds, a former British further education college, now part of Leeds City College * ''Parker Lewis Can't Lose ''Parker Lewis Can't Lose'' is an American teen sitcom that originally aired on Fox from Sept ...

PLD1 Phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PLD1'' gene, though analogues are found in plants, fungi, prokaryotes, and even viruses. History The possibility of PLD1 was first mentioned in 1947 by authors Hanahan and C ...

PLD2 Phospholipase D2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PLD2'' gene. Function Phosphatidylcholine (PC)-specific phospholipases D (PLDs) catalyze the hydrolysis of PC to produce phosphatidic acid and choline. Activation of PC-specifi ...

, PLEK, PLEK2, PLEKHA1, PLEKHA2, PLEKHA3, PLEKHA4, PLEKHA5, PLEKHA6, PLEKHA7,

PLEKHA8 Pleckstrin homology domain containing A8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLEKHA8 gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''g ...

, PLEKHB1, PLEKHB2,

PLEKHC1 Fermitin family homolog 2 (FERMT2) also known as pleckstrin homology domain-containing family C member 1 (PLEKHC1) or kindlin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''FERMT2'' gene. Kindlin-2 is the first of the kindlin protein to be di ...

, PLEKHF1, PLEKHF2, PLEKHG1,

PLEKHG2 Pleckstrin homology domain containing, family G member 2 (PLEKHG2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PLEKHG2'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian unit ...

, PLEKHG3, PLEKHG4, PLEKHG5, PLEKHG6, PLEKHH1, PLEKHH2, PLEKHH3, PLEKHJ1, PLEKHK1,

PLEKHM1 Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1 also known as PLEKHM1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PLEKHM1'' gene. Function PLEKHM1 may have critical function in vesicular transport in osteoclasts. PLEKHM1 contain ...

, PLEKHM2,

PLEKHO1 Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family O member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''PLEKHO1'' gene. Interactions PLEKHO1 has been shown to interact with Casein kinase 2, alpha 1 and SMURF1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SMU ...

, PLEKHQ1, PREX1, PRKCN, PRKD1,

PRKD2 Serine/threonine-protein kinase D2 or PKD2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PRKD2'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the protein kinase D (PKD) family of serine/threonine protein kinases, a subfamily of ...

PRKD3 Serine/threonine-protein kinase D3 (PKD3) or PKC-nu is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PRKD3'' gene. Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases that can be activated by calcium and the seco ...

, PSCD1,

PSCD2 Cytohesin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CYTH2'' gene. Function Cytohesin-2 (CYTH2), formerly known as Pleckstrin homology, Sec7 and coiled/coil domains 2 (PSCD2), is a member of the cytohesin family. Members of this family ...

, PSCD3, PSCD4,

PSD PSD may refer to: Educational bodies * Pennsylvania School for the Deaf, a Pre-K to 12th grade school for Deaf and Hard of Hearing students, located in the Germantown section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania * Philippine School Doha, a Filipino scho ...

PSD2 The Revised Payment Services Directive (PSD2, Directive (EU) 2015/2366, which replaced the Payment Services Directive (PSD), Directive 2007/64/EC) is an EU Directive, administered by the European Commission (Directorate General Internal Market) to ...

, PSD3, PSD4, RALGPS1, RALGPS2, RAPH1, *

RASA1 RAS p21 protein activator 1 or RasGAP (Ras GTPase activating protein), also known as RASA1, is a 120-kDa cytosolic human protein that provides two principal activities: * Inactivation of Ras (protein), Ras from its active Guanosine triphosphate, G ...

, RASA2,

RASA3 Ras GTPase-activating protein 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''RASA3'' gene. The protein encoded by this gene is member of the GAP1 family of GTPase-activating proteins. The gene product stimulates the GTPase activity of normal RA ...

, RASA4, RASAL1, RASGRF1, RGNEF,

ROCK1 ROCK1 is a protein serine/threonine kinase also known as rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1. Other common names are ROKβ and P160ROCK. ROCK1 is a major downstream effecter of the small GTPase RhoA and is a regulator of the a ...

ROCK2 Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ROCK2 gene. Fasudil is an inhibitor of ROCK protein. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a serine/ threonine kinase that regulates c ...

, RTKN, *

SBF1 Myotubularin-related protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SBF1'' gene. Interactions SBF1 has been shown to interact with MTMR2 and SUV39H1 Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase SUV39H1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded ...

SBF2 Myotubularin-related protein 13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SBF2'' gene. The family of myotubularin-related proteins includes lipid phosphatases, such as MTM1 (MIM 600415), and pseudophosphatases, such as SBF1 (MIM 603560) and ...

, SCAP2, SGEF, SH2B,

SH2B1 SH2B adapter protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SH2B1'' gene. Interactions SH2B1 has been shown to interact with: * Grb2, * Insulin receptor, * Janus kinase 2, and * TrkA. Clinical significance Variations close to ...

SH2B2 SH2B adapter protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SH2B2'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is expressed in B lymphocytes and contains pleckstrin homology and src homology 2 (SH2) domains. In Burkitt lymphoma ...

SH2B3 SH2B adapter protein 3 (SH2B3), also known as lymphocyte adapter protein (LNK), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SH2B3'' gene on chromosome 12. SH2B adapter protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH2B3 gene on chrom ...

SH3BP2 SH3BP2 (SH3 domain-binding protein 2) is a protein that comes from a gene located on Chromosome 4. SH3BP2 binds differentially to the SH3 domains of certain proteins of signal transduction pathways. It binds to phosphatidylinositols linking the hem ...

, SKAP1, SKAP2,

SNTA1 Alpha-1-syntrophin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SNTA1'' gene. Alpha-1 syntrophin is a signal transducing adaptor protein and serves as a scaffold for various signaling molecules. Alpha-1 syntrophin contains a PDZ domain, two Ple ...

SNTB1 Beta-1-syntrophin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SNTB1'' gene. Function Dystrophin is a large, rod-like cytoskeletal protein found at the inner surface of muscle fibers. Dystrophin is missing in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy pat ...

SNTB2 Beta-2-syntrophin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SNTB2'' gene. Function Dystrophin is a large, rod-like cytoskeletal protein found at the inner surface of muscle fibers. Dystrophin is missing in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy pat ...

SOS1 Son of sevenless homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SOS1'' gene. Function SOS1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) which interacts with RAS proteins to phosphorylate GDP into GTP, or from an inactive state to an ...

, SOS2, SPATA13, SPNB4,

SPTBN1 Spectrin beta chain, brain 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SPTBN1'' gene. Function Spectrin is an actin crosslinking and molecular scaffold protein that links the plasma membrane to the actin cytoskeleton, and functions in the ...

SPTBN2 Spectrin beta chain, brain 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SPTBN2'' gene. Clinical significance Mutations in this gene is associated with Spinocerebellar ataxia type 5. Interactions SPTBN2 has been shown to interact with: * ...

, SPTBN4, SPTBN5,

STAP1 Signal-transducing adaptor protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''STAP1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene functions as a docking protein acting downstream of Tec tyrosine kinase in B cell antigen receptor sig ...

, SWAP70,

SYNGAP1 Synaptic Ras GTPase-activating protein 1, also known as synaptic Ras-GAP 1 or SYNGAP1, is a protein that in Human, humans is encoded by the ''SYNGAP1'' gene. SYNGAP1 is a ras (protein), ras GTPase-activating protein that is critical for the devel ...

, * TBC1D2, TEC, TIAM1, TRIO, TRIOBP, TYL, * URP1, URP2, *

VAV1 Proto-oncogene vav is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''VAV1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this proto-oncogene is a member of the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) for the Rho family of GTP binding pr ...

VAV2 Guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''VAV2'' gene. VAV2 is the second member of the VAV oncogene family. Unlike VAV1, which is expressed exclusively in hematopoietic cells, VAV2 transcripts were f ...

VAV3 Guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''VAV3'' gene. This gene is a member of the VAV gene family. The Vav (protein), VAV proteins are guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Rho family GTPas ...

, VEPH1

References

External links

Nash Lab Protein Interaction Domains - PH domain description
* - Calculated orientations of PH domains in membranes {{Protein domains Peripheral membrane proteins Protein domains