John Lindley
John Lindley FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidologist.
Early years
Born in Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley w ...
as ''An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany'' (''Natural History'', 1830). This was a minor modification of that of de Candolle (1813). He developed this further over a number of publications, including the ''Nixus plantarum'' (1833) and a second edition of ''Natural History'' (1836), in which he introduced the concept of a higher order of taxonomic rank, the Alliances, in which he embedded the Tribes (families). He also expanded his ideas on Exogens in his entry of that name in the
Penny Cyclopedia
''The Penny Cyclopædia'' published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge was a multi-volume encyclopedia edited by George Long and published by Charles Knight alongside the ''Penny Magazine''. Twenty-seven volumes and three sup ...
(1838). In 1839 he revised his division of the plant kingdom into classes in an article in the
Botanical Register
''The Botanical Register'', subsequently known as ''Edwards's Botanical Register'', was an illustrated horticultural magazine that ran from 1815 to 1847. It was started by the botanical illustrator Sydenham Edwards, who had previously illustrate ...
. Lindley's system culminated in the three editions of his ''Vegetable Kingdom'' (1846, 1847, 1853).
The schema of the ''Natural History'' is shown on pages xxxv and xxxvii-xlviii. In the ''Vegetable Kingdom'', the schema for the first edition is on pp. lv–lxviii. The third and final edition was published in 1853, with the schema on p. ''lv''. Cross references from ''Natural History'' to ''Vegetable Kingdom'' in
quare brackets Quare is a subset of queer theory exploring the intersectionality of race and sexuality.
Quare could also mean:
* “The Quare Fellow”, a Brendan Behan play produced in 1954
* quare impedit
In English law, ''quare impedit'' was a writ commenc ...
Summary
''An Introduction to the Natural History of Botany'' (1830)
:Schema p. xxxv,
:Outline p. xxxvii
:Index p. 345
:Genera organised into Orders (referred to as Tribes, in English)
* Class I: Vasculares (Flowering plants) p. 1
** Subclass I: Exogenae (
Dicotyledons
The dicotyledons, also known as dicots (or, more rarely, dicotyls), are one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants (angiosperms) were formerly divided. The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group: namely, t ...
) p. 1
*** Tribe I.
Angiospermae
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...
Glumaceae
Glumaceae is a descriptive botanical name. It was used in the Bentham & Hooker system (volume of 1883) for the order including the grass family:
* order Glumaceae
*: family Eriocauleae
*: family Centrolepideae
*: family Restionaceae
*: family C ...
:Summary of previous systems p. xxxv (see Notes)
:Schema for 1846 and 1853 p. lv
:Genera organised into Alliances and Orders
Flowerless plants (Asexual)
* Class I: Thallogens
* Class II: Acrogens
Flowering plants (Sexual)
* Class III: Rhizogens
* Class IV:
Endogens
Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon. They constitute one of t ...
* Class V: Dictyogens
* Class VI: Gymnogens
* Class VII: Exogens
*Index to ''Vegetable Kingdom'' p. 833
Natural History orders (1830–1836)
165 orders (list p. 3)
Class I: Vasculares: Flowering plants
p. 1
Subclass I: Exogenae (Dicotyledons)
* Tribe I.
Angiospermae
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...
Thalamiflorae ''Thalamiflorae'' is a historical grouping of dicotyledons, arranged in the De Candolle system and in the Bentham and Hooker system. This group was named and published well before internationally accepted rules for botanical nomenclature. In these ...
Nymphaeaceae
Nymphaeaceae () is a family of flowering plants, commonly called water lilies. They live as rhizomatous aquatic herbs in temperate and tropical climates around the world. The family contains nine genera with about 70 known species. Water li ...
***** ...
***** 130.
Violaceae
Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus ''Viola'', the violets and pansies.
Older classifications such as the Cronquist system placed t ...
(Violets) p. 146
***** ...
***** 107.
Humiriaceae
Humiriaceae (or, alternatively Houmiriaceae Juss.) is a family of evergreen flowering plants. It comprises 8 genera and 56 known species. The family is exclusively Neotropical, except one species found in tropical West Africa
West Africa o ...
***
Calyciflorae
Calyciflorae is a grouping of plants that is no longer used by botanists. Augustin Pyramus de Candolle defined it as a subclass within the class Dicotyledoneae. It overlapped largely with the modern Rosids group. The group Calyciflorae was define ...
Araliaceae
The Araliaceae are a family of flowering plants composed of about 43 genera and around 1500 species consisting of primarily woody plants and some herbaceous plants. The morphology of Araliaceae varies widely, but it is predominantly distinguisha ...
Piperaceae
The Piperaceae (), also known as the pepper family, are a large family of flowering plants. The group contains roughly 3,600 currently accepted species in 5 genera. The vast majority of species can be found within the two main genera: ''Piper'' ( ...
Bromeliaceae
The Bromeliaceae (the bromeliads) are a family of monocot
Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain o ...
Hypoxideae
Hypoxidaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots.
The APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the 1998, 2003, and 2009 versions) recognizes this family. The family consists of four genera totallin ...
Haemodoraceae
Haemodoraceae is a family of perennial herbaceous flowering plants with 14 genera and 102 known species. It is sometimes known as the "bloodwort family". Primarily a Southern Hemisphere family, they are found in South Africa, Australia and New ...
(Blood-root tribe) p. 258*** 239: Irideae (Cornflag tribe) p. 260
*** 238: Amaryllideae (Narcissus tribe) p. 259*** 240: Orchideae
*** 239:
Irideae
Irideae is a tribe included in the well-known family Iridaceae. It contains many species in five genera which are widely distributed in the Old World. The tribe derives its name from '' Iris'', which is the largest genus of the tribe.
The bloom ...
Musaceae
Musaceae is a family of flowering plants composed of three genera with about 91 known species, placed in the order Zingiberales. The family is native to the tropics of Africa and Asia. The plants have a large herbaceous growth habit with leaves ...
(p. 269)
*** 235
Hypoxideae
Hypoxidaceae is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots.
The APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the 1998, 2003, and 2009 versions) recognizes this family. The family consists of four genera totallin ...
Asphodeleae
Asphodelaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, but the circumscription has varied widely. In its current circumscription in the APG IV system, it includes about 40 ...
Gilliesieae
Gilliesieae is a tribe of herbaceous geophyte plants belonging to the subfamily Allioideae of the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae). Described in 1826, it contains fifteen genera and about eighty species. It has been variously treated as a subfa ...
Restiaceae
The Restionaceae, also called restiads and restios, are a family of flowering plants native to the Southern Hemisphere; they vary from a few centimeters to 3 meters in height. Following the APG IV (2016): the family now includes the former famil ...
Aroideae
Aroideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the family Araceae. It is the largest subfamily in Araceae and consists of about 72 different genera, and 2,300 species. Many Aroideae have spiny pollen grains without a sporopollenin outer exine la ...
Glumaceae
Glumaceae is a descriptive botanical name. It was used in the Bentham & Hooker system (volume of 1883) for the order including the grass family:
* order Glumaceae
*: family Eriocauleae
*: family Centrolepideae
*: family Restionaceae
*: family C ...
Cyperaceae
The Cyperaceae are a family of graminoid (grass-like), monocotyledonous flowering plants known as sedges. The family is large, with some 5,500 known species described in about 90 genera, the largest being the "true sedges" genus ''Carex'' w ...
Marsileaceae
Marsileaceae () is a small family of heterosporous aquatic and semi-aquatic ferns, though at first sight they do not physically resemble other ferns. The group is commonly known as the "pepperwort family" or as the "water-clover family" because ...
Hepaticae
The Marchantiophyta () are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts. Like mosses and hornworts, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of g ...
**
Characeae
Characeae is a family of freshwater green algae in the order Charales, commonly known as stoneworts. They are also known as brittleworts or skunkweed, from the fragility of their lime-encrusted stems, and from the foul odor these produce when step ...
Lichenes
A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Fungi
**
Algae
Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular mic ...
Vegetable Kingdom alliances and orders (1846–1853)
Diatomaceae
A diatom (New Latin, Neo-Latin ''diatoma''), "a cutting through, a severance", from el, διάτομος, diátomos, "cut in half, divided equally" from el, διατέμνω, diatémno, "to cut in twain". is any member of a large group com ...
*** ...
***
Characeae
Characeae is a family of freshwater green algae in the order Charales, commonly known as stoneworts. They are also known as brittleworts or skunkweed, from the fragility of their lime-encrusted stems, and from the foul odor these produce when step ...
Graphidaceae
The Graphidaceae are a family of lichens in the order Ostropales.
Distribution and ecology
The vast majority of Graphidaceae species are restricted to the tropics. Most Graphidaceae species are epiphytic (i.e. they grow only on plants).
Gener ...
3 Alliances p. 51
** Muscales, or Moss-like plants p. 54
***
Hepaticae
The Marchantiophyta () are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts. Like mosses and hornworts, they have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle, in which cells of the plant carry only a single set of g ...
****
Ricciaceae
Ricciaceae are a family of liverworts in order Marchantiales, with two extant genera.
* ''Riccia
''Riccia'' is a genus of liverworts in the order Marchantiales.
These plants are small and thalloid, that is not differentiated into root, stem ...
Bryaceae
Bryaceae is a family of mosses.
Genera
Genera include:Buck, William R. & Bernard Goffinet. 2000. "Morphology and classification of mosses", pages 71-123 ''in'' A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.), ''Bryophyte Biology''. (Cambridge: Cambri ...
Marsileaceae
Marsileaceae () is a small family of heterosporous aquatic and semi-aquatic ferns, though at first sight they do not physically resemble other ferns. The group is commonly known as the "pepperwort family" or as the "water-clover family" because ...
Ophioglossaceae
Ophioglossaceae, the adder's-tongue family, is a small family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is the only family in the order Ophioglossales, which together with the Psilotales is placed in the sub ...
***
Polypodiaceae
Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae. A broader ...
11 Alliances p. 95
* Glumales 5 orders p. 105
** Graminaceae, Grasses
**
Cyperaceae
The Cyperaceae are a family of graminoid (grass-like), monocotyledonous flowering plants known as sedges. The family is large, with some 5,500 known species described in about 90 genera, the largest being the "true sedges" genus ''Carex'' w ...
Pandanaceae
Pandanaceae is a family of flowering plants native to the tropics and subtropics of the Old World, from West Africa through the Pacific. It contains 982 known species in five genera, of which the type genus, ''Pandanus'', is the most important, wi ...
*
Palmales
The Arecaceae is a family of perennial flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales. Their growth form can be climbers, shrubs, tree-like and stemless plants, all commonly known as palms. Those having a tree-like form are called palm trees. ...
Naiadaceae
''Najas'', the water-nymphs or naiads, is a genus of aquatic plants. It is cosmopolitan in distribution, first described for modern science by Linnaeus in 1753. Until 1997, it was rarely placed in the Hydrocharitaceae,Angiosperm Phylogeny G ...
Bromeliaceae
The Bromeliaceae (the bromeliads) are a family of monocot
Monocotyledons (), commonly referred to as monocots, (Lilianae ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal) are grass and grass-like flowering plants (angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain o ...
p. 147
**
Taccaceae
The genus ''Tacca'', which includes the batflowers and arrowroot, consists of flowering plants in the order Dioscoreales, native to tropical regions of South America, Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia, and various oceanic islands. In older text ...
**
Haemodoraceae
Haemodoraceae is a family of perennial herbaceous flowering plants with 14 genera and 102 known species. It is sometimes known as the "bloodwort family". Primarily a Southern Hemisphere family, they are found in South Africa, Australia and New ...
Amaryllidaceae
The Amaryllidaceae are a family of herbaceous, mainly perennial and bulbous (rarely rhizomatous) flowering plants in the monocot order Asparagales. The family takes its name from the genus ''Amaryllis'' and is commonly known as the amaryllis fa ...
, Amaryllids 4 tribes 68 genera 400 species p. 155
***
Amarylleae
Amaryllideae are a tribe of subfamily Amaryllidoideae ( family Amaryllidaceae). They are herbaceous monocot perennial flowering plants with a predominantly Southern African distribution, with the exception of the pantropical genus '' Crinum' ...
***
Narcisseae
Narcisseae is a small tribe of plants belonging to the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllis family ( Amaryllidaceae), where it forms part of the Eurasian clade, and is one of three tribes in the European (Mediterranean) clade. It contain ...
Musaceae
Musaceae is a family of flowering plants composed of three genera with about 91 known species, placed in the order Zingiberales. The family is native to the tropics of Africa and Asia. The plants have a large herbaceous growth habit with leaves ...
Philydraceae
Philydraceae is a family of flowering plants composed of three genera and a total of six known species. Such a family has not been recognized by many taxonomists.
The APG II system, of 2003 (unchanged from the APG system, of 1998), does recogni ...
** ....
**
Mayaceae
''Mayaca'' is a genus of flowering plants, often placed in its own family, the Mayacaceae (or Mayaceae in earlier systems). In the APG II system of 2003, it is assigned to the order Poales in the clade commelinids. The Cronquist system, o ...
*
Juncales
Juncales is an order of flowering plants. In the Engler system (update, of 1964) and in the Cronquist system (of 1981, which placed this order in subclass Commelinidae) it is circumscribed as:
* order Juncales
*: family Juncaceae
*: family Thur ...
Liliales
Liliales is an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group and Angiosperm Phylogeny Web system, within the lilioid monocots. This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae. The APG III system (2009) place ...
p. 195 4 orders
**
Gilliesiaceae
Gilliesieae is a tribe of herbaceous geophyte plants belonging to the subfamily Allioideae of the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae). Described in 1826, it contains fifteen genera and about eighty species. It has been variously treated as a subfa ...
p. 196
**
Melanthaceae
Melanthiaceae, also called the bunchflower family, is a family of flowering herbaceous perennial plants native to the Northern Hemisphere. Along with many other lilioid monocots, early authors considered members of this family to belong to th ...
** Liliaceae, Lilyworts 11 tribes 133 genera 1200 species p. 200
*** I Tulipeae
*** ...
*** IV
Scilleae
Scilloideae (named after the genus ''Scilla'', "squill") is a subfamily of bulbous plants within the family '' Asparagaceae''. Scilloideae is sometimes treated as a separate family Hyacinthaceae, named after the genus '' Hyacinthus''. Scilloidea ...
*** ...
*** IX
Asparageae
Asparagaceae, known as the asparagus family, is a family of flowering plants, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family name is based on the edible garden asparagus, ''Asparagus officinalis''. Those who live in the temperate c ...
Pontederaceae
Pontederiaceae is a family of flowering plants.
The APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the APG III system of 2009, the APG II system of 2003 and the APG system of 1998) places the family in the order Commelinales, in the commelinid cl ...
*
Alismales
The Alismatales (alismatids) are an order of flowering plants including about 4,500 species. Plants assigned to this order are mostly tropical or aquatic. Some grow in fresh water, some in marine habitats.
Description
The Alismatales compri ...
3 orders p. 207
**
Butomaceae
''Butomus'' is the only known genus in the plant family Butomaceae, native to Europe and Asia. It is considered invasive in some parts of the United States.
Taxonomy
The Butomaceae family has been recognized by most taxonomists as a plant ...
5 orders p. 211
* Dioscoreaceae, Yams p. 214
* ...
*
Roxburghiaceae
The Stemonaceae are a family of monocotyledonous flowering plants placed in the order Pandanales. The family consists of four genera with ca 37 known species distributed in areas with seasonal climate across Southeast Asia and tropical Australia. ...
4 subclasses
* Sub-class I: Diclinous Exogens 8 alliances p. 249
* Sub-class II: Hypogynous Exogens 13 alliances p. 325
** Alliance 26: Violales p. 325
*** Family 116:
Violaceae
Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus ''Viola'', the violets and pansies.
Older classifications such as the Cronquist system placed t ...
p. 338
* Sub-class III: Perigynous Exogens 10 alliances p. 523
** 48. Echiales p. 649
*** Family 258: Boraginaceae p. 655
* Sub-class IV: Epigynous Exogens 7 alliances p. 688
Notes
His final schemata is illustrated in the ''Vegetable Kingdom'', his last work, on pages lv-lxvii. In this work he also reviews all his previous publications relative to the many known systems published at that time.
References
Bibliography
*
*
*
;A Natural System of Botany (1830–1836)
*
*
;The Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853)
*
*
*
{{List of systems of plant taxonomy
system, Lindley