The National Front ( ms, Barisan Nasional;
abbrev: BN) is a
political coalition of Malaysia that was founded in 1973 as a coalition of
centre-right
Centre-right politics lean to the right of the political spectrum, but are closer to the centre. From the 1780s to the 1880s, there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy, moving away from the nobility an ...
and
right-wing
Right-wing politics describes the range of Ideology#Political ideologies, political ideologies that view certain social orders and Social stratification, hierarchies as inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable, typically supporting this pos ...
political parties. It is also the third largest political coalition with 30 seats in the
Dewan Rakyat
The Dewan Rakyat ( English: 'House of Representatives'; ) is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament, the federal legislature of Malaysia. The chamber and its powers are established by Article 44 of the Constitution of Malaysia. The Dew ...
after coalition
Pakatan Harapan
The Alliance of Hope ( ms, Pakatan Harapan; abbrev: PH; stylized as HARAPAN) is a Malaysian political coalition consisting of centre-left political parties which was formed in 2015 to succeed the Pakatan Rakyat coalition. It has been the ...
with 82 seats and the coalition
Perikatan Nasional
The National Alliance ( ms, Perikatan Nasional; abbreviation, abbrev: PN) is a political coalition composed of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) and Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GERAKAN). This coa ...
with 73 seats.
The Barisan Nasional coalition employs the same inter-communal governing model of its predecessor the
Alliance Party but on a wider scale, with up to 14 communal political parties involved in the coalition at one point.
It dominated Malaysian politics for over thirty years after it was founded, but since 2008 has faced stronger challenges from opposition parties, notably the
Pakatan Rakyat
The People's Alliance ( ms, Pakatan Rakyat; abbrev: PR) was an informal Malaysian political coalition and successor to Barisan Alternatif (BA). The political coalition was formed by the People's Justice Party (PKR), Democratic Action Party ( ...
and later the
Pakatan Harapan
The Alliance of Hope ( ms, Pakatan Harapan; abbrev: PH; stylized as HARAPAN) is a Malaysian political coalition consisting of centre-left political parties which was formed in 2015 to succeed the Pakatan Rakyat coalition. It has been the ...
(PH) alliances. Taken together with its predecessor (Alliance), it had a combined period of rule from 1957 to 2018, and was considered the longest ruling coalition party in the
democratic world.
In the aftermath of the
2018 general election, the Barisan Nasional coalition lost its hold of the parliament to
PH for the first time in Malaysian history. It was also the first time Barisan Nasional became the opposition coalition after almost 61 years in power (combined period of rule inclusive of its predecessor Alliance), with former prime minister and Barisan Nasional chairman
Mahathir Mohamad
Mahathir bin Mohamad ( ms, محاضير بن محمد, label=Jawi alphabet, Jawi, script=arab, italic=unset; ; born 10 July 1925) is a Malaysian politician, author, and physician who served as the 4th and 7th Prime Minister of Malaysia. He h ...
becoming PH's leader. In the aftermath of the
2020 Malaysian political crisis, together with four other parties, the Barisan Nasional coalition returned to power under a
Perikatan Nasional
The National Alliance ( ms, Perikatan Nasional; abbreviation, abbrev: PN) is a political coalition composed of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) and Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GERAKAN). This coa ...
-led government. However, it suffered its worst result in the
2022 election, falling to third behind Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional, but it stayed in government by supporting
Pakatan Harapan
The Alliance of Hope ( ms, Pakatan Harapan; abbrev: PH; stylized as HARAPAN) is a Malaysian political coalition consisting of centre-left political parties which was formed in 2015 to succeed the Pakatan Rakyat coalition. It has been the ...
.
History
Formation
Barisan Nasional is the direct successor to the three-party
Alliance
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
coalition formed of
United Malays National Organisation
The United Malays National Organisation ( Malay: ; Jawi: ; abbreviated UMNO () or less commonly PEKEMBAR), is a nationalist right-wing political party in Malaysia. As the oldest continuous national political party within Malaysia (since its ...
,
Malaysian Chinese Association
The Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA; zh, 马来西亚华人公会; ; ta, மலேசிய சீனர் சங்கம், initially known as the Malayan Chinese Association) is a uni-racial political party in Malaysia that seeks to ...
, and
Malaysian Indian Congress
The Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC; ta, மலேசிய இந்திய காங்கிரஸ், Malēciya Intiya Kāṅkiras; formerly known as Malayan Indian Congress) is a Malaysian political party. It is one of the founding membe ...
. It was founded in the aftermath of the
1969 general election and the
13 May riots. The Alliance Party lost ground in the 1969 election to the opposition parties, in particular the two newly formed parties,
Democratic Action Party
The Democratic Action Party (abbreviation: DAP; ms, Parti Tindakan Demokratik; ; ta, ஜனநாயக செயல் கட்சி) is a centre-left social democratic political party in Malaysia. As one of four component parties of t ...
and
Gerakan, as well as
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party
The Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS; ms, Parti Islam Se-Malaysia; ms, ڤرتي إسلام سمليسيا, label= Jawi, script=arab, italic=unset) is an Islamist political party in Malaysia. As the party focused on Islamic fundamentalism, PAS's ...
. Although the Alliance won a majority of seats, it gained less than half the popular vote, and the resulting tension between different communities led to the
May 13 riots and the declaration of a state of emergency. After the Malaysian Parliament reconvened in 1971, negotiations to form a new alliance began with parties such as Gerakan and
People's Progressive Party, both of which joined the Alliance in 1972, quickly followed by
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party
The Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS; ms, Parti Islam Se-Malaysia; ms, ڤرتي إسلام سمليسيا, label= Jawi, script=arab, italic=unset) is an Islamist political party in Malaysia. As the party focused on Islamic fundamentalism, PAS's ...
(PAS).
In 1973, the Alliance Party was replaced by Barisan Nasional.
The Barisan Nasional, which included regional parties from
Sabah
Sabah () is a state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and the North Kalimantan province of Indonesia to the south. The Federal Territory o ...
and
Sarawak
Sarawak (; ) is a state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the Malaysian state of Sabah to the northeast, ...
(Sabah Alliance Party,
Sarawak United Peoples' Party
The Sarawak United Peoples' Party, or SUPP (; ms, Parti Rakyat Bersatu Sarawak; Iban: ''Gerempong Sa'ati Rayat Sarawak'') is a multiracial centre-right local political party of Malaysia based in Sarawak. The SUPP president is Dr. Sim Kui H ...
,
Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu
Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB; en, United Bumiputera Heritage Party) is a right-wing political party in Malaysia. It is currently the largest political party in Sarawak. Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu was formed from the combination ...
), registered in June 1974 as a coalition of nine parties.
It contested the
1974 general election as a grand coalition under the leadership of the prime minister
Tun Abdul Razak
Tun Haji Abdul Razak bin Dato' Hussein ( ms, عبد الرزاق بن حسين, label= Jawi, script=arab, italic=unset; 11 March 1922 – 14 January 1976) was a Malaysian lawyer and politician who served as the 2nd Prime Minister of Malaysia ...
, which it won with considerable success.
1977–2007
In 1977, PAS was expelled from Barisan Nasional following a revolt by PAS within the
Kelantan state legislature against a chief minister appointed by the federal government.
Barisan Nasional nevertheless won the
1978 general election convincingly, and it continued to dominate Malaysian politics in the 1980s and 1990s despite some losses in state elections, such as the loss of
Kelantan
Kelantan (; Jawi: ; Kelantanese Malay: ''Klate'') is a state in Malaysia. The capital is Kota Bharu and royal seat is Kubang Kerian. The honorific name of the state is ''Darul Naim'' (Jawi: ; "The Blissful Abode").
Kelantan is located in t ...
to PAS, and
Sabah
Sabah () is a state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and the North Kalimantan province of Indonesia to the south. The Federal Territory o ...
to
United Sabah Party which later joined Barisan Nasional.
By 2003, Barisan Nasional had grown to a coalition formed of more than a dozen communal parties. It performed particularly well in the
2004 general election, winning 198 out of 219 seats.
Although Barisan Nasional never achieved more than 67% of the popular vote in elections from 1974 to 2008, it maintained consecutive two-thirds majority of seats in this period in the
Dewan Rakyat
The Dewan Rakyat ( English: 'House of Representatives'; ) is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament, the federal legislature of Malaysia. The chamber and its powers are established by Article 44 of the Constitution of Malaysia. The Dew ...
until the 2008 election, benefitting from Malaysia's
first-past-the-post
In a first-past-the-post electoral system (FPTP or FPP), formally called single-member plurality voting (SMP) when used in single-member districts or informally choose-one voting in contrast to ranked voting, or score voting, voters cast their ...
voting system
An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections m ...
.
2008–2018
In the
2008 general election, Barisan Nasional lost more than one-third of the
parliamentary
A parliamentary system, or parliamentarian democracy, is a system of democratic governance of a state (or subordinate entity) where the executive derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the support ("confidence") of th ...
seats to
Pakatan Rakyat
The People's Alliance ( ms, Pakatan Rakyat; abbrev: PR) was an informal Malaysian political coalition and successor to Barisan Alternatif (BA). The political coalition was formed by the People's Justice Party (PKR), Democratic Action Party ( ...
, a loose alliance of opposition parties. This marked Barisan's first failure to secure a two-thirds
supermajority
A supermajority, supra-majority, qualified majority, or special majority is a requirement for a proposal to gain a specified level of support which is greater than the threshold of more than one-half used for a simple majority. Supermajority r ...
in Parliament since 1969. Five state governments, namely
Selangor
Selangor (; ), also known by its Arabic honorific Darul Ehsan, or "Abode of Sincerity", is one of the 13 Malaysian states. It is on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered by Perak to the north, Pahang to the east, Negeri Sembil ...
,
Kelantan
Kelantan (; Jawi: ; Kelantanese Malay: ''Klate'') is a state in Malaysia. The capital is Kota Bharu and royal seat is Kubang Kerian. The honorific name of the state is ''Darul Naim'' (Jawi: ; "The Blissful Abode").
Kelantan is located in t ...
,
Penang
Penang ( ms, Pulau Pinang, is a Malaysian state located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia, by the Malacca Strait. It has two parts: Penang Island, where the capital city, George Town, is located, and Seberang Perai on the Ma ...
,
Perak
Perak () is a state of Malaysia on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. Perak has land borders with the Malaysian states of Kedah to the north, Penang to the northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, and Selangor to the south. Thailand ...
and
Kedah
Kedah (), also known by its honorific Darul Aman and historically as Queda, is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The state covers a total area of over 9,000 km2, and it consists of the mainlan ...
fell to
Pakatan Rakyat
The People's Alliance ( ms, Pakatan Rakyat; abbrev: PR) was an informal Malaysian political coalition and successor to Barisan Alternatif (BA). The political coalition was formed by the People's Justice Party (PKR), Democratic Action Party ( ...
. Perak however was later returned via court ruling following a
constitutional crisis
In political science, a constitutional crisis is a problem or conflict in the function of a government that the political constitution or other fundamental governing law is perceived to be unable to resolve. There are several variations to this ...
. Since 2008, the coalition has seen its non-Malay component parties greatly diminished in the peninsula.
The losses continued in the
2013 general election, and it recorded its worst election result at the time. BN regained
Kedah
Kedah (), also known by its honorific Darul Aman and historically as Queda, is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The state covers a total area of over 9,000 km2, and it consists of the mainlan ...
, but lost several more seats in Parliament along with the popular vote to Pakatan. Despite winning only 47% of the popular vote, it managed to gain 60% of the 222 parliamentary seats, thereby retaining control of the parliament.
And finally, during the
2018 general election, Barisan Nasional lost control of the parliament to
Pakatan Harapan
The Alliance of Hope ( ms, Pakatan Harapan; abbrev: PH; stylized as HARAPAN) is a Malaysian political coalition consisting of centre-left political parties which was formed in 2015 to succeed the Pakatan Rakyat coalition. It has been the ...
, winning a total of only 79 parliamentary seats. The crushing defeat ended their 61-year rule of the country, taken together with its predecessor (Alliance), and this paved the way for the first change of government in Malaysian history. The coalition won only 34% of the popular vote amid vote split of
Islamic Party. In addition to their failure in regaining the Penang, Selangor and Kelantan state governments, six state governments, namely
Johor
Johor (; ), also spelled as Johore, is a state of Malaysia in the south of the Malay Peninsula. Johor has land borders with the Malaysian states of Pahang to the north and Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest. Johor shares maritime ...
,
Malacca
Malacca ( ms, Melaka) is a state in Malaysia located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, next to the Strait of Malacca. Its capital is Malacca City, dubbed the Historic City, which has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site ...
,
Negeri Sembilan
Negeri Sembilan (, Negeri Sembilan Malay: ''Nogoghi Sombilan'', ''Nismilan'') is a state in Malaysia which lies on the western coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It borders Selangor on the north, Pahang in the east, and Malacca and Johor to the ...
,
Perak
Perak () is a state of Malaysia on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. Perak has land borders with the Malaysian states of Kedah to the north, Penang to the northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, and Selangor to the south. Thailand ...
,
Kedah
Kedah (), also known by its honorific Darul Aman and historically as Queda, is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The state covers a total area of over 9,000 km2, and it consists of the mainlan ...
and
Sabah
Sabah () is a state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and the North Kalimantan province of Indonesia to the south. The Federal Territory o ...
fell to
Pakatan Harapan
The Alliance of Hope ( ms, Pakatan Harapan; abbrev: PH; stylized as HARAPAN) is a Malaysian political coalition consisting of centre-left political parties which was formed in 2015 to succeed the Pakatan Rakyat coalition. It has been the ...
and
WARISAN (Sabah). The
Terengganu
Terengganu (; Terengganu Malay: ''Tranung'', Jawi: ), formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu, is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia. The state is also known by its Arabic honorific, ''Dāru l- Īmān'' ("Abode of Faith ...
state government also fell but to the
Gagasan Sejahtera. Barisan Nasional was only in power in three states; namely
Perlis
Perlis, ( Northern Malay: ''Peghelih''), also known by its honorific title Perlis Indera Kayangan, is the smallest state in Malaysia by area and population. Located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia, it borders the Thai province ...
,
Pahang
Pahang (; Jawi: , Pahang Hulu Malay: ''Paha'', Pahang Hilir Malay: ''Pahaeng'', Ulu Tembeling Malay: ''Pahaq)'' officially Pahang Darul Makmur with the Arabic honorific ''Darul Makmur'' (Jawi: , "The Abode of Tranquility") is a sultanate and ...
and
Sarawak
Sarawak (; ) is a state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the Malaysian state of Sabah to the northeast, ...
.
Many of BN's component parties left the coalition following its humiliating defeat at the 2018 general election, reducing its number to 4 compared to 13 before the election. These parties either aligned themselves with the new Pakatan Harapan federal government, formed a new state-based pact or remained independent. They include three Sabah-based parties (
UPKO,
PBS
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Arlington, Virginia. PBS is a publicly funded nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educ ...
and
LDP), four Sarawak-based parties (
PBB,
SUPP,
PRS and
PDP, which formed a new state-based pact
GPS
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force. It is one of the global navigation satellite sy ...
),
myPPP (under Kayveas faction) and
Gerakan.
MyPPP experienced a leadership dispute, with Maglin announced that the party remained within the coalition and Kayveas announced that the party had left the coalition, resulting in the dissolution of the party on 14 January 2019.
Among the remaining four component parties in Barisan National, UMNO's parliamentary seats have reduced from 54 to 38 since after 16 members of parliament left the party, while MCA's parliamentary seat maintains one. MIC's parliamentary seats have reduced from two to one after the Election Court nullified the results of the election for the
Cameron Highlands federal constituency due to bribery, but BN regained its seat from a direct member under the
2019 by-election.
As a result of these developments, BN's parliamentary seats have reduced to 41, compared with 79 seats that BN has won in the general election.
MCA and MIC made a statement in March 2019 that they want to "move on" and find a new alliance following disputes with secretary-general,
Nazri Abdul Aziz. Mohamad Hasan, the acting BN chairman, chaired a Supreme Council meeting in which all parties showed no consensus on dissolving the coalition.
2019–present
In January 2019, all Sabah
UMNO
The United Malays National Organisation ( Malay: ; Jawi: ; abbreviated UMNO () or less commonly PEKEMBAR), is a nationalist right-wing political party in Malaysia. As the oldest continuous national political party within Malaysia (since its i ...
branches including Sabah BN branches were dissolved and officially closed, leaving only one BN branch open. This brings the total BN seats in
Sabah
Sabah () is a state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and the North Kalimantan province of Indonesia to the south. The Federal Territory o ...
to only 2 seats.
Since 2019, Barisan Nasional recovered some ground and won a number of by-elections, such as the
2019 Cameron Highlands by-election,
2019 Semenyih by-election,
2019 Rantau by-election, and
2019 Tanjung Piai by-election, defeating Pakatan Harapan.
In September 2019, UMNO decided to form a pact with the
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party
The Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS; ms, Parti Islam Se-Malaysia; ms, ڤرتي إسلام سمليسيا, label= Jawi, script=arab, italic=unset) is an Islamist political party in Malaysia. As the party focused on Islamic fundamentalism, PAS's ...
(PAS) called
Muafakat Nasional. Its main purpose is to unite the Malay Muslim communities for electoral purposes. There was however no formal agreement with the other parties of Barisan Nasional, although there were calls for Barisan Nasional to migrate to Muafakat Nasional. Barisan Nasional continued to function as a coalition of four parties comprising UMNO, MCA, MIC and
PBRS, but aligned themselves with
Perikatan Nasional
The National Alliance ( ms, Perikatan Nasional; abbreviation, abbrev: PN) is a political coalition composed of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) and Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GERAKAN). This coa ...
to form a new government in March 2020 after the collapse of the
Pakatan Harapan
The Alliance of Hope ( ms, Pakatan Harapan; abbrev: PH; stylized as HARAPAN) is a Malaysian political coalition consisting of centre-left political parties which was formed in 2015 to succeed the Pakatan Rakyat coalition. It has been the ...
government. Barisan Nasional form a new government on 15 August 2021 with
Perikatan Nasional
The National Alliance ( ms, Perikatan Nasional; abbreviation, abbrev: PN) is a political coalition composed of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) and Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GERAKAN). This coa ...
after the collapse of the
Perikatan Nasional
The National Alliance ( ms, Perikatan Nasional; abbreviation, abbrev: PN) is a political coalition composed of the Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) and Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (GERAKAN). This coa ...
government.
Barisan Nasional also recovered control of the Johor, Malacca and Perak state governments.
On 20 November 2021, Barisan Nasional won a
two-thirds majority 2/3 may refer to:
* A fraction with decimal value 0.6666...
* A way to write the expression "2 ÷ 3" ("two divided by three")
* 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marines of the United States Marine Corps
* February 3
* March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – ...
of 21 out of 28 seats in the
Malacca State Legislative Assembly.
On 12 March 2022, Barisan gained a landslide victory in the
2022 Johor state election, allowing it form the much more stable Johor state government with a
two-thirds majority 2/3 may refer to:
* A fraction with decimal value 0.6666...
* A way to write the expression "2 ÷ 3" ("two divided by three")
* 2nd Battalion, 3rd Marines of the United States Marine Corps
* February 3
* March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – ...
in the
Johor State Legislative Assembly, which is 40 out of 56 seats while defeating Pakatan Harapan with 12 seats, Perikatan Nasional with 3 seats and Malaysian United Democratic Alliance with 1 seat.
2022 election
In the
2022 election, BN faced the worst result in its history, winning 30 out of 222 seats, compared to 82 and 74 seats for Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional respectively.
Several key figures including
Noh Omar
Tan Sri Noh bin Haji Omar ( Jawi: نوح بن عمر; born 23 February 1958) is a Malaysian politician who served as the Minister of Entrepreneur Development and Cooperative for second term in the Barisan Nasional (BN) administration under ...
,
Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah
Tan Sri Tengku Razaleigh bin Tengku Mohd Hamzah ( Jawi: تڠکو غزالي بن تڠکو محمد حمزة; born 13 April 1937) is a Malaysian politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Gua Musang from August 1986 to Novem ...
,
Mahdzir Khalid,
Azeez Rahim,
Tengku Zafrul Aziz
Tengku Zafrul bin Tengku Abdul Aziz ( Jawi: ; born 25 June 1973) is a Malaysian politician and investor who has served as Minister of International Trade and Industry in the Pakatan Harapan (PH) administration under Prime Minister Anwar Ib ...
, and
Khairy Jamaluddin
Khairy Jamaluddin Abu Bakar ( Jawi: ; born 10 January 1976) is a Malaysian politician. He most recently served as Minister of Health in the Barisan Nasional (BN) administration under former Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob from August 2021 ...
, lost to either PN or PH candidates.
BN also lost several state elections held in
Pahang
Pahang (; Jawi: , Pahang Hulu Malay: ''Paha'', Pahang Hilir Malay: ''Pahaeng'', Ulu Tembeling Malay: ''Pahaq)'' officially Pahang Darul Makmur with the Arabic honorific ''Darul Makmur'' (Jawi: , "The Abode of Tranquility") is a sultanate and ...
and
Perak
Perak () is a state of Malaysia on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. Perak has land borders with the Malaysian states of Kedah to the north, Penang to the northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, and Selangor to the south. Thailand ...
, and won no seats in
Perlis
Perlis, ( Northern Malay: ''Peghelih''), also known by its honorific title Perlis Indera Kayangan, is the smallest state in Malaysia by area and population. Located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia, it borders the Thai province ...
.
Ahmad Zahid Hamidi
Dato' Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid bin Hamidi ( ms, أحمد زاهد بن حميدي, label= Jawi, script=arab, italic=unset; born 4 January 1953) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the 11th and 14th Deputy Prime Minister from July 2015 ...
, the party president, was re-elected with a slim majority. The election produced a
hung parliament
A hung parliament is a term used in legislatures primarily under the Westminster system to describe a situation in which no single political party or pre-existing coalition (also known as an alliance or bloc) has an absolute majority of legisl ...
, but BN elected to support the biggest coalition
Pakatan Harapan
The Alliance of Hope ( ms, Pakatan Harapan; abbrev: PH; stylized as HARAPAN) is a Malaysian political coalition consisting of centre-left political parties which was formed in 2015 to succeed the Pakatan Rakyat coalition. It has been the ...
, and was rewarded with cabinet posts in the government.
Organisation
In 2013, the vast majority of Barisan Nasional's seats were held by its two largest
Bumiputera-based political parties—the
United Malays National Organisation
The United Malays National Organisation ( Malay: ; Jawi: ; abbreviated UMNO () or less commonly PEKEMBAR), is a nationalist right-wing political party in Malaysia. As the oldest continuous national political party within Malaysia (since its ...
, and
Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu
Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB; en, United Bumiputera Heritage Party) is a right-wing political party in Malaysia. It is currently the largest political party in Sarawak. Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu was formed from the combination ...
. For most of its history, both the
Malaysian Chinese Association
The Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA; zh, 马来西亚华人公会; ; ta, மலேசிய சீனர் சங்கம், initially known as the Malayan Chinese Association) is a uni-racial political party in Malaysia that seeks to ...
and
Malaysian Indian Congress
The Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC; ta, மலேசிய இந்திய காங்கிரஸ், Malēciya Intiya Kāṅkiras; formerly known as Malayan Indian Congress) is a Malaysian political party. It is one of the founding membe ...
have played major roles in Barisan Nasional, but their representation in Parliament and state legislatures has become much more diminished. Nevertheless, each component party purports to represent – and limit membership – to a certain race: UMNO for the Malays, MCA for the Chinese and so on. In the view of some scholars:
Although both the
Alliance
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
and BN registered themselves as political parties, membership is mostly indirect through one of the constituent parties while direct membership is allowed. The BN defines itself as a "
confederation
A confederation (also known as a confederacy or league) is a union of sovereign groups or states united for purposes of common action. Usually created by a treaty, confederations of states tend to be established for dealing with critical issu ...
of political parties which subscribe to the objects of the Barisan Nasional". Although in elections, all candidates stand under the BN symbol, and there is a BN manifesto, each individual constituent party also issues its own manifesto, and there is intra-coalition competition for seats prior to nomination day.
Member parties and allied parties
Former member parties
*denotes defunct parties
*
Malaysian People's Movement Party
The Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia ( en, Malaysian People's Movement Party, commonly abbreviated as GERAKAN or less commonly as PGRM) is a liberal political party in Malaysia. Formed in 1968, Gerakan gained prominence in the 1969 general elect ...
(GERAKAN) (1973-2018)
*
Malaysian Islamic Party
The Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS; ms, Parti Islam Se-Malaysia; ms, ڤرتي إسلام سمليسيا, label= Jawi, script=arab, italic=unset) is an Islamist political party in Malaysia. As the party focused on Islamic fundamentalism, PAS's ...
(PAS) (1973-1978)
*
People's Progressive Party (PPP/myPPP) (1973-2018)*
*
Sabah Alliance Party (ALLIANCE) (1973-1975)*
**
United Sabah National Organisation (USNO) (1973-1975 under Sabah Alliance, 1976-1984, 1986-1993)*
**
Sabah Chinese Association (SCA) (1973-1975 under Sabah Alliance)*
*
United Bumiputera Heritage Party
Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB; en, United Bumiputera Heritage Party) is a right-wing political party in Malaysia. It is currently the largest political party in Sarawak. Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu was formed from the combination ...
(PBB) (1973-2018)
*
Sarawak United Peoples' Party
The Sarawak United Peoples' Party, or SUPP (; ms, Parti Rakyat Bersatu Sarawak; Iban: ''Gerempong Sa'ati Rayat Sarawak'') is a multiracial centre-right local political party of Malaysia based in Sarawak. The SUPP president is Dr. Sim Kui H ...
(SUPP) (1973-2018)
*
Sarawak National Party
The Sarawak National Party known by its acronym as "SNAP", is now a defunct political party in Malaysia. It was a member party of the Alliance Party from 1963 to 1966 and a member of Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition from 1976 until its expulsio ...
(SNAP) (1976-2004)*
*
Sabah People's United Front
Sabah People's United Front or in Malay ''Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah'' is more commonly known by its abbreviation BERJAYA, was a political party based in the state of Sabah, Malaysia. BERJAYA was formed by former United Sabah National O ...
(BERJAYA) (1976-1986)*
*
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA) (1978-1983)
*
Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (HAMIM) (1983-1989)*
*
Sarawak Native People's Party (PBDS) (1983-2004)*
*
United Sabah Party (PBS) (1986-1990, 2002-2018)
*
Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) (1991-2018)
*
People's Justice Front (AKAR) (1991-2001)*
*
Sabah Progressive Party
The Sabah Progressive Party ( ms, Parti Maju Sabah, abbreviated SAPP) is a multiracial political party based in Sabah, Malaysia. It was registered on 21 January 1994 by dissidents led by former Sabah Chief Minister Datuk Yong Teck Lee from Unit ...
(SAPP) (1994-2008)
*
Sabah Democratic Party (PDS) (1995-1999)*
*
United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (UPKO) (1999-2018)
*
Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party (SPDP/PDP) (2002-2018)
*
Sarawak Peoples' Party
The ''Parti Rakyat Sarawak'' or PRS ( English: Sarawak Peoples' Party) is a multiracialism & nationalism political party in Sarawak, and Malaysia at all. The party was founded in the wake of the de-registration of the Parti Bansa Dayak Sar ...
(PRS) (2004-2018)
List of party chairman
Leadership structure
Barisan Nasional Supreme Council:
* Chairman of Advisor Council:
**
Mohd Najib Abdul Razak (UMNO)
* Chairman:
**
Ahmad Zahid Hamidi
Dato' Seri Dr. Ahmad Zahid bin Hamidi ( ms, أحمد زاهد بن حميدي, label= Jawi, script=arab, italic=unset; born 4 January 1953) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the 11th and 14th Deputy Prime Minister from July 2015 ...
(UMNO)
* Deputy Chairman:
**
Mohamad Hasan (UMNO)
* Vice-Chairman:
**
Wee Ka Siong
Datuk Seri Ir. Dr. Wee Ka Siong (; born 20 October 1968) is a Malaysian politician, and engineer who served as Minister of Transport for the second term in the Barisan Nasional (BN) administration under Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob ...
(MCA)
**
Vigneswaran Sanasee (MIC)
**
Joseph Kurup (PBRS)
* Secretary-General:
**
Zambry Abdul Kadir (UMNO)
* Treasurer-General:
**
Hishammuddin Hussein
Hishammuddin bin Hussein ( Jawi: هشام الدين بن حسين; born 5 August 1961) is a Malaysian politician and lawyer who served as Senior Minister of the Security Cluster and Minister of Defence from 2021 to 2022. A member of the Unite ...
(UMNO)
* Women Leader:
**
Dr. Noraini Ahmad (UMNO)
* Youth Leader:
**
Dr. Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki (UMNO)
* Executive Secretary:
** Ahmad Masrizal Muhammad (UMNO)
* Supreme Council Members:
**
Ismail Sabri Yaakob
Dato' Sri Ismail Sabri bin Yaakob ( ms, اسماعيل صبري بن يعقوب, label= Jawi, script=arab, italic=unset; born 18 January 1960) is a Malaysian lawyer and politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Malaysia from August ...
(UMNO)
**
Mahdzir Khalid (UMNO)
**
Mohamed Khaled Nordin
Mohamed Khaled bin Nordin ( Jawi: محمد خالد بن نورالدين; born 30 November 1958) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the Minister of Higher Education for the second term in Pakatan Harapan (PH) administration under ...
(UMNO)
**
Zambry Abdul Kadir (UMNO)
**
Mah Hang Soon (MCA)
**
Ti Lian Ker (MCA)
**
Lim Ban Hong (MCA)
** Yew Teong Look (MCA)
**
Saravanan Murugan (MIC)
**
Sivarraajh Chandran (MIC)
** Thinalan T. Rajagopalu (MIC)
**
Kamalanathan Panchanathan (MIC)
**
Arthur Joseph Kurup (PBRS)
** Richard Mosinal Kastum (PBRS)
** Zainon Hj. Kayum (PBRS)
** Edwin Laimin (PBRS)
* State Chairman:
** Johor:
Hasni Mohammad (UMNO)
** Kedah:
Jamil Khir Baharom (UMNO)
** Kelantan:
Ahmad Jazlan Yaakub (UMNO)
** Malacca:
Ab Rauf Yusoh (UMNO)
** Negeri Sembilan:
Mohamad Hasan (UMNO)
** Pahang:
Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail
Wan Rosdy bin Wan Ismail (born 1 October 1958) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the 14th Menteri Besar of Pahang since May 2018 and Member of the Pahang State Legislative Assembly for Jelai (MLA) since March 2004. He served as Mem ...
(UMNO)
** Perak:
Saarani Mohammad
Saarani bin Mohamad (born 13 March 1961) is a Malaysian politician and teacher who has served as 14th Menteri Besar of Perak since December 2020 and Member of the Perak State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Kota Tampan since March 2004. He ...
(UMNO)
** Penang: Musa Sheikh Fadzir (UMNO)
** Perlis:
Azlan Man (UMNO)
** Sabah:
Bung Moktar Radin (UMNO)
** Selangor: Vacant
** Terengganu:
Ahmad Said (UMNO)
** Federal Territories:
Johari Abdul Ghani (UMNO)
Elected representatives
Dewan Negara (Senate)
Senators
* His Majesty's appointee:
** Mohan Thangarasu (MIC)
**
Ahmad Masrizal Muhammad (UMNO)
**
Mohd Hisamudin Yahaya
On 4 October 2021, YB Senator Datuk Mohd Hisamudin Bin Yahaya has swore in as the newly appointed Yang Berhormat (YB) Senator by The King, from 4 October 2021 to 3 October 2024.
At present, YB Senator Datuk Mohd Hisamudin bin Yahaya has been ele ...
(UMNO)
** S Vell Peeri (MIC)
**
Ti Lian Ker (MCA)
**
Arman Azha Abu Hanifah (UMNO)
** Zurainah Musa (UMNO)
** Nelson Renganathan (MIC)
** Ros Suyati Alang (UMNO)
**
Zambry Abdul Kadir (UMNO)
**
Tengku Zafrul Aziz
Tengku Zafrul bin Tengku Abdul Aziz ( Jawi: ; born 25 June 1973) is a Malaysian politician and investor who has served as Minister of International Trade and Industry in the Pakatan Harapan (PH) administration under Prime Minister Anwar Ib ...
(UMNO)
*
Malacca State Legislative Assembly:
**
Mohamad Ali Mohamad (UMNO)
**
Koh Nai Kwong (MCA)
*
Johor State Legislative Assembly:
**
Jefridin Atan (UMNO)
** Lim Pay Hen (MCA)
*
Pahang State Legislative Assembly
The Pahang State Legislative Assembly ( ms, Dewan Undangan Negeri Pahang) is the unicameral state legislature of the Malaysian state of Pahang. It is composed of 42 members representing single-member constituencies throughout the state.
The Ass ...
:
**
Junahis Abdul Aziz (UMNO)
**
Ajiz Sitin (UMNO)
*
Perlis State Legislative Assembly:
**
Aziz Ariffin (UMNO)
**
Seruandi Saad (UMNO)
*
Perak State Legislative Assembly
The Perak State Legislative Assembly ( ms, Dewan Negeri Perak) is the unicameral state legislature of the Malaysian state of Perak. It is composed of 59 members representing single-member constituencies throughout the state. Elections are held n ...
:
** Shamsuddin Abdul Ghafar (UMNO)
*
Sabah State Legislative Assembly
The Sabah State Legislative Assembly ( ms, Dewan Undangan Negeri Sabah, Kadazandusun: ''Langga' Tinukuan Pogun Sabah'') is a part of the legislature of Sabah, Malaysia, the other being the governor of Sabah. The assembly meets at the Sabah St ...
:
**
Noraini Idris (UMNO)
Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament
Barisan Nasional has 30 MPs in the
House of Representatives
House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entitles. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often ca ...
, with 26 MPs (or 92.5%) of them from UMNO.
Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)
Malaysian State Assembly Representatives
Johor State Legislative Assembly
Malacca State Legislative Assembly
Perlis State Legislative Assembly
Pahang State Legislative Assembly
The Pahang State Legislative Assembly ( ms, Dewan Undangan Negeri Pahang) is the unicameral state legislature of the Malaysian state of Pahang. It is composed of 42 members representing single-member constituencies throughout the state.
The Ass ...
Perak State Legislative Assembly
The Perak State Legislative Assembly ( ms, Dewan Negeri Perak) is the unicameral state legislature of the Malaysian state of Perak. It is composed of 59 members representing single-member constituencies throughout the state. Elections are held n ...
Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly
Terengganu State Legislative Assembly
The Terengganu State Legislative Assembly ( ms, Dewan Undangan Negeri Terengganu) is the unicameral state legislature of the Malaysian state of Terengganu. It consists of 32 members representing single-member constituencies throughout the stat ...
Kelantan State Legislative Assembly
The Kelantan State Legislative Assembly ( ms, Dewan Undangan Negeri Kelantan) is the unicameral State legislative assemblies of Malaysia, state legislature of the States and federal territories of Malaysia, Malaysian state of Kelantan. It consist ...
Selangor State Legislative Assembly
Sarawak State Legislative Assembly
The Sarawak State Legislative Assembly is the legislative chamber of the unicameral legislature of the Malaysian state of Sarawak; the Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sarawak forms the other part of the legislature. The Assembly is modelled after ...
Kedah State Legislative Assembly
Penang State Legislative Assembly
The Penang State Legislative Assembly is the legislature of the Malaysian state of Penang. It is a unicameral institution, consisting of a total of 40 elected lawmakers representing single-member constituencies throughout Penang. The state legis ...
Sabah State Legislative Assembly
The Sabah State Legislative Assembly ( ms, Dewan Undangan Negeri Sabah, Kadazandusun: ''Langga' Tinukuan Pogun Sabah'') is a part of the legislature of Sabah, Malaysia, the other being the governor of Sabah. The assembly meets at the Sabah St ...
Barisan Nasional state governments
General election results
Ministerial posts
State election results
Notes
References
Literature
* Chok, Suat Ling (4 October 2005). "MPs in the dock". ''
New Straits Times
The ''New Straits Times'' is an English-language newspaper published in Malaysia. It is Malaysia's oldest newspaper still in print (though not the first), having been founded as ''The Straits Times'' on 15 July 1845. It was relaunched as the ' ...
'', p. 1, 6.
* Chin, James. 2002. Malaysia: The Barisan National Supremacy. In David Newman & John Fuh-sheng Hsieh (eds), ''How Asia Votes'', pp. 210–233. New York: Chatham House, Seven Bridges Press. .
* Pillai, M.G.G. (3 November 2005)
"National Front parties were not formed to fight for Malaysian independence" ''Malaysia Not Today''
External links
*
{{Authority control
Political party alliances in Malaysia
Political parties established in 1973
1973 establishments in Malaysia
Right-wing politics in Malaysia
Social conservative parties