Miami Beach is a coastal
resort city in
Miami-Dade County, Florida
Miami-Dade County () is a County (United States), county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Florida. The county had a population of 2,701,767 as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, making it the most populous coun ...
, United States. It is part of the
Miami metropolitan area
The Miami metropolitan area is a coastal metropolitan area in southeastern Florida. It is the sixth-largest metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in the United States, the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States, and the lar ...
of
South Florida. The
municipality
A municipality is usually a single administrative division having municipal corporation, corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate.
The term ''municipality' ...
is located on natural and
human-made
Artificiality (the state of being artificial, anthropogenic, or man-made) is the state of being the product of intentional human manufacture, rather than occurring nature, naturally through processes not involving or requiring human activity.
Co ...
barrier islands between the
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five borders of the oceans, oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the ...
and
Biscayne Bay, the latter of which separates the Beach from the mainland city of
Miami
Miami is a East Coast of the United States, coastal city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, Florida, Miami-Dade County in South Florida. It is the core of the Miami metropolitan area, which, with a populat ...
. The
neighborhood
A neighbourhood (Commonwealth English) or neighborhood (American English) is a geographically localized community within a larger town, city, suburb or rural area, sometimes consisting of a single street and the buildings lining it. Neigh ...
of
South Beach, comprising the southernmost of Miami Beach, along with
downtown Miami and the
PortMiami, collectively form the commercial center of South Florida. Miami Beach's population is 82,890 according to the
2020 census.
It has been one of America's preeminent
beach resorts since the early 20th century.
In 1979, Miami Beach's
Art Deco Historic District was listed on the
National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government's official United States National Register of Historic Places listings, list of sites, buildings, structures, Hist ...
. The Art Deco District is the largest collection of
Art Deco
Art Deco, short for the French (), is a style of visual arts, architecture, and product design that first Art Deco in Paris, appeared in Paris in the 1910s just before World War I and flourished in the United States and Europe during the 1920 ...
architecture in the world and comprises hundreds of hotels, apartments and other structures erected between 1923 and 1943.
Mediterranean
The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern ...
,
Streamline Moderne
Streamline Moderne is an international style of Art Deco architecture and design that emerged in the 1930s. Inspired by Aerodynamics, aerodynamic design, it emphasized curving forms, long horizontal lines, and sometimes nautical elements. In indu ...
and Art Deco are all represented in the District.
The Historic District is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the East, Lenox Court on the West, 6th Street on the South and Dade Boulevard along the Collins Canal to the North. The movement to preserve the Art Deco District's architectural heritage was led by former interior designer
Barbara Baer Capitman, who now has a street in the District named in her honor.
History

In 1870, father and son Henry and Charles Lum purchased land on Miami Beach for 75 cents an acre. The first structure to be built on this uninhabited oceanfront was the Biscayne House of Refuge, constructed in 1876 by the
United States Life-Saving Service through an executive order issued by
President Ulysses S. Grant, at approximately 72nd Street. Its purpose was to provide food, water, and a return to civilization for people who were shipwrecked. The structure, which had fallen into disuse by the time the Life-Saving Service became the
U.S. Coast Guard in 1915, was destroyed in the
1926 Miami Hurricane and never rebuilt.
Miami Beach then initiated the planting of a coconut plantation along its shore in the 1880s, led by
New Jersey
New Jersey is a U.S. state, state located in both the Mid-Atlantic States, Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States, Northeastern regions of the United States. Located at the geographic hub of the urban area, heavily urbanized Northeas ...
entrepreneurs Ezra Osborn and Elnathan T. Field, but the venture failed. One of the investors in the project was agriculturist
John S. Collins, who achieved success by buying out other partners and planting different crops, notably avocados, on the land that would later become Miami Beach. In fact, the pine trees on today's Pinetree Drive served as an erosion buffer for Collins' plantations. Meanwhile, across Biscayne Bay, the City of Miami was established in 1896 with the arrival of the railroad and developed further as a port when the shipping channel of
Government Cut was created in 1905, cutting off Fisher Island from the south end of the Miami Beach peninsula.
Collins' family members saw the potential in developing the beach as a resort. This effort got underway in the early years of the 20th century by the Collins/Pancoast family, the Lummus brothers, both bankers from Miami, and
Indianapolis
Indianapolis ( ), colloquially known as Indy, is the List of capitals in the United States, capital and List of municipalities in Indiana, most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana, Marion ...
entrepreneur
Carl G. Fisher. Until then, the beach here was only the destination for day-trips by ferry from Miami, across the bay. By 1912, Collins and Pancoast were working together to clear the land, plant crops, supervise the construction of canals to get their avocado crop to market and set up the Miami Beach Improvement Company.
There were bathhouses and food stands, but no hotel until Brown's Hotel was built in 1915 (still standing, at 112 Ocean Drive). Much of the interior landmass at that time was a tangled jungle of mangroves. Clearing it, deepening the channels and water bodies, and eliminating native growth almost everywhere in favor of landfill for development, was expensive. Once a 1600-acre, jungle-matted sand bar three miles out in the Atlantic, it grew to 2,800 acres when dredging and filling operations were completed.
With loans from the Lummus brothers, Collins had begun work on a 2½-mile-long wooden bridge, the world's longest wooden bridge at the time, to connect the island to the mainland. When funds ran dry and construction work stalled, Indianapolis millionaire and recent Miami transplant Fisher intervened, providing the financing needed to complete the
Collins Bridge the following year in return for a land swap deal.
That transaction kicked off the island's first real estate boom. The Collins Bridge cost over $150,000
and opened on June 12, 1913. Fisher helped by organizing an annual speed boat regatta, and by promoting Miami Beach as an Atlantic City-style playground and winter retreat for the wealthy. By 1915, Lummus, Collins, Pancoast, and Fisher were all living in mansions on the island, three hotels and two bathhouses had been erected, an aquarium built, and an 18-hole golf course landscaped.
The Town of Miami Beach was chartered on March 26, 1915; it grew to become a City in 1917. Even after the town was incorporated in 1915 under the name of Miami Beach, many visitors thought of the beach strip as Alton Beach, indicating just how well Fisher had advertised his interests there. The Lummus property was called Ocean Beach, with only the Collins interests previously referred to as Miami Beach. In 1925, the Collins Bridge was replaced by the Venetian Causeway, described as "a series of drawbridges and renamed the
Venetian Causeway".
Carl Fisher was the main promoter of Miami Beach's development in the 1920s as the site for wealthy industrialists from the north and Midwest to and build their winter homes here. Many other Northerners were targeted to vacation on the island. To accommodate the wealthy tourists, several grand hotels were built, among them: The
Flamingo Hotel, The Fleetwood Hotel, The Floridian, The Nautilus, and the Roney Plaza Hotel. In the 1920s, Fisher and others created much of Miami Beach as landfill by dredging Biscayne Bay; this human-made territory includes Star, Palm, and Hibiscus Islands, the Sunset Islands, much of Normandy Isle, and all of the Venetian Islands except Belle Isle. The Miami Beach peninsula became an island in April 1925 when Haulover Cut was opened, connecting the ocean to the bay, north of present-day
Bal Harbour. The great
1926 Miami hurricane put an end to this prosperous era of the
Florida Boom, but in the 1930s Miami Beach still attracted tourists, and investors constructed the mostly small-scale, stucco hotels and rooming houses, for seasonal rental, that comprise much of the present "
Art Deco
Art Deco, short for the French (), is a style of visual arts, architecture, and product design that first Art Deco in Paris, appeared in Paris in the 1910s just before World War I and flourished in the United States and Europe during the 1920 ...
" historic district.
Carl Fisher brought Steve Hannagan to Miami Beach in 1925 as his chief publicist. Hannagan set-up the Miami Beach News Bureau and notified news editors that they could "Print anything you want about Miami Beach; just make sure you get our name right."
The News Bureau sent thousands of pictures of bathing beauties and press releases to columnists like Walter Winchell and Ed Sullivan.
One of Hannagan's favorite venues was a billboard in Times Square, New York City, where he ran two taglines: "'It's always June in Miami Beach' and 'Miami Beach, Where Summer Spends the Winter.'"
Antisemitism was rampant in the 1920s and into the 30s. Developer Carl Fisher would sell property only to gentiles so Jews were required to live south of Fifth Street. As recently as the 1930s, hotels refused to accept Jews. As the 1930s developed, the "dismantling on Miami Beach of restrictive barriers to Jewish ownership of real estate" was underway; many Jews bought properties from others.
By the 1940s and 50s, an increasing number of Jewish families built hotels. The first "skyscraper" was the 18-story Lord Tarleton Hotel built in 1940 by Samuel Jacobs. The Jewish mobster
Meyer Lansky, who ran some "carpet joints" (gambling operations) in Florida by 1936, and eventually controlled casinos in Cuba and Las Vegas, retired in Miami and died in Miami Beach.
During
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, Jewish doctors were not granted staff privileges at any area hospitals so the community built
Mount Sinai Medical Center on Miami Beach.
The North Shore Jewish Center was built in 1951 and became Temple Menorah after an expansion in 1963.
Post–World War II economic expansion brought a wave of immigrants to South Florida from the Northern United States, which significantly increased the population in Miami Beach within a few decades. After
Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (13 August 1926 – 25 November 2016) was a Cuban politician and revolutionary who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and President of Cuba, president ...
's rise to power in 1959, a wave of Cuban refugees entered South Florida and dramatically changed the demographic make-up of the area. In 2017, one study named zip code 33109 (
Fisher Island, a 216-acre island located just south of Miami Beach), as having the 4th most expensive home sales and the highest average annual income ($2.5 million) in 2015.
The sun and warm climate attracted many Jewish families and retirees. One estimate states that "20,000 elderly Jews" were part of the population of the beach in the late 1970s". In a 2017 interview, a demographer from the University of Miami estimated that there "might have been as many as 70,000 Jews in Miami Beach at one point" declining to "around 19,000 in 2014". The decline was motivated partly by "increasing prices during the art deco movement and an
increase in crime and changing cultural demographics".
In 1980 however, 62 percent of the population of Miami Beach was still Jewish. During the 1980s many of the Jewish citizens left and moved to "Delray Beach, Lake Worth and Boca Raton". During the 1990s, South Beach transformed into a home of the fashion industry and celebrities. In 1999, there were only 10,000 Jewish people living in Miami Beach.
Timeline
Timeline of Miami Beach, Florida
*1896 – City of
Miami
Miami is a East Coast of the United States, coastal city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, Florida, Miami-Dade County in South Florida. It is the core of the Miami metropolitan area, which, with a populat ...
founded with the recent arrival extension
Henry Flagler's FEC railroad.
*1905 –
Government Cut manmade shipping channel created separating Miami Beach and Fisher Island.
*1912 – Miami Beach Improvement Company founded.
*1913 –
Collins Bridge (now
Venetian Causeway), first bridge between Miami and Miami Beach, built.
*1915
**Miami Beach
incorporated.
**John Newton Lummus becomes first mayor of Miami Beach.
**Brown's Hotel first hotel built in Miami Beach, still standing today at 112 Ocean Drive.
*1920
**Population: 644.
**County Causeway (now
MacArthur Causeway) connecting Miami and Miami Beach opens.
*1925
**
Venetian Causeway opens.
**Miami Beach becomes an island when the Haulover cut opens in April connecting the ocean to the bay just north of
Bal Harbour, Florida
*1926
**Miami Beach sustains significant damage from
1926 Miami hurricane
*1928
**
Al Capone buys property in Miami Beach.
**1928 –
79th Street Causeway built to connect Miami Beach to
Hialeah Park Race Track.
*1930 – Population: 6,494.
*1935 – Many of the famous Art Deco hotels along current day Ocean Drive are built between 1935 and 1941 before the onset of WWII ends construction. Colony (1935), Savoy Plaza (1935), The Tides (1936), Surf Hotel (1936), Beacon (1936), Cavalier (1936), Leslie (1937), Park Central (1937), Barbizon (1937), Waldorf Towers (1937), Victor (1937), Clevelander (1938), Crescent (1938), Carlyle (1939), Cardozo (1939), Winterhaven (1939), Bentley (1939), Breakwater (1939), Imperial (1939), Majestic (1940), Avalon (1941), Betsy Ross Hotel (1941), St. Charles (1941), Clyde Hotel (1941).
*1937 – WKAT
radio
Radio is the technology of communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 3 hertz (Hz) and 300 gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmitter connec ...
begins broadcasting.
[ ]
*1940 – Population: 28,012.
*1954 –
Fontainebleau Hotel in business.
*1958 –
Miami Beach Convention Center opens.
*1959 –
Miami International Airport dedicated near Miami Beach.
[ (published circa 2006?)]
*1960 – Population: 63,145.
*1961 – The
Julia Tuttle Causeway between Miami and Miami Beach opens.
*1968 – August:
1968 Republican National Convention held in Miami Beach.
*1971 – Annual
South Florida Auto Show begins.
*1972 – July:
1972 Democratic National Convention held in Miami Beach.
*1972 – August:
1972 Republican National Convention held in Miami Beach.
*1973 – February: A mentally ill man
firebombs a crowded cafeteria on
Collins Avenue, killing three people and injuring about 130.
*1977 – September:
35th World Science Fiction Convention held in Miami Beach.
*1979 – Much of
Miami South Beach area becomes a historic preservation zone.
*1984 – Popular NBC TV show
Miami Vice filmed in many locations in Miami and Miami Beach for five seasons between 1984 and 1989.
*1997 – July 15: Fashion designer
Gianni Versace
Giovanni Maria "Gianni" Versace (; 2 December 1946 – 15 July 1997) was an Italian fashion designer, socialite and businessman. He was the founder of Versace, an international luxury-fashion house that produces accessories, fragrances, make-up ...
killed at
Casa Casuarina.
*2000 –
Blue and Green Diamond hi-rises built.
*2001 –
Murano at Portofino hi-rise built.
*2002
**Annual international
Art Basel Miami Beach (art fair) begins.
**
Continuum hi-rise built
*2004 –
Setai Hotel and
ICON hi-rise built.
*2007 –
Matti Herrera Bower becomes mayor.
*2010 – Population: 87,779.
*2011 – November 1:
Miami Beach mayoral election, 2011 held; Bower stays in office.
*2013 –
Philip Levine becomes mayor.
*2015 – November 3:
Miami Beach mayoral election, 2015 held; Levine stays in office.
Geography

According to the
U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (62.37%) is water.
Elevation and tidal flooding

Miami Beach encounters tidal flooding of certain roads during the annual
king tides,
though some tidal flooding has been the case for decades,
as the parts of the western side of
South Beach are at virtually above normal high tide,
with the entire city averaging only above mean
sea level
Mean sea level (MSL, often shortened to sea level) is an mean, average surface level of one or more among Earth's coastal Body of water, bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured. The global MSL is a type of vertical ...
(AMSL).
However, a recent study by the
University of Miami showed that
tidal flooding became much more common from the mid-2000s.
The fall 2015 king tides exceeded expectations in longevity and height.
Traditional sea level rise and storm mitigation measures including sea walls and dykes, such as those in the
Netherlands
, Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...
and
New Orleans
New Orleans (commonly known as NOLA or The Big Easy among other nicknames) is a Consolidated city-county, consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the U.S. state of Louisiana. With a population of 383,997 at the 2020 ...
, may not work in South Florida due to the
porous nature of the ground and
limestone
Limestone is a type of carbonate rock, carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material Lime (material), lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different Polymorphism (materials science) ...
beneath the surface.
In addition to present difficulty with below-grade development, some areas of southern Florida, especially Miami Beach, are beginning to engineer specifically for
sea level rise
The sea level has been rising from the end of the last ice age, which was around 20,000 years ago. Between 1901 and 2018, the average sea level rose by , with an increase of per year since the 1970s. This was faster than the sea level had e ...
and other potential effects of
climate change
Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in Global surface temperature, global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate system. Climate variability and change, Climate change in ...
. This includes a five-year, US$500 million project for the installation of 60 to 80 pumps, building of taller
sea walls, planting of red mangrove trees along the sea walls, and the physical raising of road tarmac levels,
as well as possible zoning and building code changes, which could eventually lead to retrofitting of existing and historic properties. Some streets and sidewalks were raised about over previous levels;
the four initial pumps installed in 2014 are capable of pumping 4,000 US gallons per minute.
However, this plan is not without criticism. Some residents worry that the efforts will not be sufficient to successfully adapt to rising sea levels and wish the city had pursued a more aggressive plan.
On the other hand, some worry that the city is moving too quickly with untested solutions. Others yet have voiced concerns that the plan protects big-money interests in Miami Beach. Pump failures such as during construction or power outages, including a
Tropical Storm Emily-related rain flood on August 1, 2017, can cause great unexpected flooding. Combined with the higher roads and sidewalks, this leaves unchanged properties relatively lower and prone to inundation.
Neighborhoods
South Beach
*
Belle Isle
*
City Center
*
Di Lido Island
*
Flagler Monument Island
*
Flamingo/Lummus
*
Hibiscus Island
*
Palm Island
*
Rivo Alto Island
*
San Marino Island
*
Star Island
*
South of Fifth
Mid-Beach
*Oceanfront
*
Bayshore
*
Nautilus
A nautilus (; ) is any of the various species within the cephalopod family Nautilidae. This is the sole extant family of the superfamily Nautilaceae and the suborder Nautilina.
It comprises nine living species in two genera, the type genus, ty ...
North Beach
*
Biscayne Point
*
Isle of Normandy
*
La Gorce
*North Shore
Climate
According to the
Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification divides Earth climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (te ...
, Miami Beach has a
tropical monsoon climate (Am). Like much of Florida, there is a marked wet and dry season in Miami Beach. Rainfall amounts to about per year. The tropical rainy season runs from May through October, when showers and late day thunderstorms are common. The dry season is from November through April, when few showers, sunshine, and low humidity prevail. The island location of Miami Beach, however, creates fewer convective thunderstorms, so Miami Beach receives less rainfall in a given year than neighboring areas such as Miami and
Fort Lauderdale. Proximity to the moderating influence of the Atlantic gives Miami Beach lower high temperatures and higher lows than inland areas of Florida. Miami Beach is in
hardiness zone 11a, with an annual mean minimum temperature of . Miami Beach has never reported temperatures below .
Miami Beach's location on the
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five borders of the oceans, oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the ...
, near its confluence with the
Gulf of Mexico
The Gulf of Mexico () is an oceanic basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, mostly surrounded by the North American continent. It is bounded on the northeast, north, and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States; on the southw ...
, make it extraordinarily vulnerable to
hurricane
A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system with a low-pressure area, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depending on its ...
s and
tropical storms. Miami has experienced several direct hits from major hurricanes in recorded weather history – the
1906 Florida Keys hurricane,
1926 Miami hurricane,
1935 Yankee hurricane,
1941 Florida hurricane,
1948 Miami Hurricane,
1950 Hurricane King and
1964 Hurricane Cleo, the area has seen indirect contact from hurricanes:
1945 Homestead Hurricane,
Betsy (1965),
Inez (1966),
Andrew
Andrew is the English form of the given name, common in many countries. The word is derived from the , ''Andreas'', itself related to ''aner/andros'', "man" (as opposed to "woman"), thus meaning "manly" and, as consequence, "brave", "strong", "c ...
(1992),
Irene (1999),
Michelle (2001),
Katrina (2005),
Wilma (2005), and
Irma (2017).
Demographics
, those of Hispanic or Latino ancestry accounted for 53.0% of Miami Beach's population. Out of the 53.0%, 20.0% were
Cuban, 4.9%
Colombian, 4.6%
Argentine, 3.7%
Puerto Rican, 2.4%
Peruvian, 2.1%
Venezuelan, 1.8%
Mexican, 1.7%
Honduran, 1.6%
Guatemalan, 1.4%
Dominican, 1.1%
Uruguayan, 1.1%
Spaniard
Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a Romance languages, Romance-speaking Ethnicity, ethnic group native to the Iberian Peninsula, primarily associated with the modern Nation state, nation-state of Spain. Genetics, Genetically and Ethnolinguisti ...
, 1.0%
Nicaraguan, 0.9%
Ecuadorian and 0.8% were
Chilean.
, those of African ancestry accounted for 4.4% of Miami Beach's population, which includes
African American
African Americans, also known as Black Americans and formerly also called Afro-Americans, are an Race and ethnicity in the United States, American racial and ethnic group that consists of Americans who have total or partial ancestry from an ...
s. Out of the 4.4%, 1.3% were
Black Hispanics, 0.8% were
Subsaharan African, and 0.8% were
West Indian or
Afro-Caribbean American (0.3%
Jamaican, 0.3%
Haitian, 0.1%
Other or Unspecified West Indian, 0.1%
Trinidadian and Tobagonian.)
, those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 40.5% of Miami Beach's population. Out of the 40.5%, 9.0% Italian, 6.0% German, 3.8% were Irish, 3.8% Russian, 3.7% French, 3.4% Polish, 3.0% English, 1.2% Hungarian, 0.7% Swedish, 0.6% Scottish, 0.5% Portuguese, 0.5% Dutch, 0.5% Scotch-Irish, and 0.5% were Norwegian.[
, those of Asian ancestry accounted for 1.9% of Miami Beach's population. Out of the 1.9%, 0.6% were Indian, 0.4% Filipino, 0.3% ]Other Asian
Other often refers to:
* Other (philosophy), a concept in psychology and philosophy
Other or The Other may also refer to:
Film and television
* The Other (1913 film), ''The Other'' (1913 film), a German silent film directed by Max Mack
* The Ot ...
, 0.3% Chinese, 0.1% Japanese, 0.1% Korean, and 0.1% were Vietnamese.[
In 2010, 2.8% of the population considered themselves to be of only American ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity), and 1.5% were of ]Arab
Arabs (, , ; , , ) are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa. A significant Arab diaspora is present in various parts of the world.
Arabs have been in the Fertile Crescent for thousands of years ...
ancestry (with the majority of them being of Palestinian and Lebanese descent), .[
, there were 67,499 households, while 30.1% were vacant. 13.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.3% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 61.1% were non-families. 49.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older (4.0% male and 8.0% female.) The average household size was 1.84 and the average family size was 2.70.]
Economy
Tourism
The City of Miami Beach accounts for more than half of tourism to Miami Dade County. Of the 15.86 million people staying in the county in 2017, 58.5% lodged in Miami Beach. Resort taxes account for over 10% of the city's operating budget, providing $83 million in the fiscal year 2016–2017. On average, the city's resort tax revenue grows by three to five percent annually. Miami Beach hosts 13.3 million visitors each year. In fiscal year 2016/2017, Miami Beach had over 26,600 hotel rooms. Average occupancy in fiscal year 2015/2016 was 76.4% and 78.5% in fiscal year 2016/2017. Mayor Harold Rosen is credited with beginning the revitalization of Miami Beach when he notably abolished rent control in 1976, a move that was highly controversial at the time.
The Miami Beach Visitor and Convention Authority
The Miami Beach Visitor and Convention Authority is a seven-member board, appointed by the City of Miami Beach Commission. The authority, established in 1967 by the State of Florida legislature, is the official marketing and public relations organization for the city, to support its tourism industry.
Arts and culture
South Beach (also known as SoBe, or simply the Beach), the area from Biscayne Street (also known as South Pointe Drive) one block south of 1st Street to about 23rd Street, is one of the more popular areas of Miami Beach. Although topless sunbathing by women has not been officially legalized, female toplessness is tolerated on South Beach and in a few hotel pools on Miami Beach. Before the TV show '' Miami Vice'' helped make the area popular, SoBe was under urban blight, with vacant buildings and a high crime rate
In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority. The term ''crime'' does not, in modern criminal law, have any simple and universally accepted definition,Farmer, Lindsay: "Crime, definitions of", in Can ...
. Today, it is considered one of the richest commercial areas on the beach, yet poverty and crime still remain in some places near the area.
Miami Beach, particularly Ocean Drive of what is now the Art Deco District, was also featured prominently in the 1983 feature film '' Scarface'' and the 1996 comedy '' The Birdcage''.
Lincoln Road, running east–west parallel between 16th and 17th Streets, is a nationally known spot for outdoor dining and shopping and features galleries of well known designers, artists and photographers such as Romero Britto, Peter Lik, and Jonathan Adler. In 2015, the Miami Beach residents passed a law forbidding bicycling, rollerblading, skateboarding and other motorized vehicles on Lincoln Road during busy pedestrian hours between 9:00 am and 2:00 am.
Points of interest
* Bass Museum
* Eden Roc Miami Beach Hotel
* The Fillmore Miami Beach (originally the Miami Beach Municipal Auditorium)
* Flagler Monument Island
* Fontainebleau Hotel
* Versace Mansion (Casa Casuarina)
* Holocaust Memorial
* Jewish Museum of Florida
* Lincoln Road
* Miami Beach Architectural District
* Miami Beach Botanical Garden
* North Beach
* Ocean Drive
* South Beach
* South Pointe Park
* Wolfsonian-FIU Museum
* World Erotic Art Museum Miami
* The Setai Hotel
Historic preservation
By the 1970s, jet travel had enabled vacationers from the northern parts of the US to travel to the Caribbean and other warm-weather climates in the winter. Miami Beach's economy suffered. Elderly retirees, many with little money, dominated the population of South Beach.
To help revive the area, city planners and developers sought to bulldoze many of the aging art deco
Art Deco, short for the French (), is a style of visual arts, architecture, and product design that first Art Deco in Paris, appeared in Paris in the 1910s just before World War I and flourished in the United States and Europe during the 1920 ...
buildings that were built in the 1930s. By one count, the city had over 800 art deco buildings within its borders.
In 1976, Barbara Baer Capitman and a group of fellow activists formed the Miami Design Preservation League (MDPL) to try to halt the destruction of the historic buildings in South Beach. After battling local developers and Washington DC bureaucrats, MDPL prevailed in its quest to have the Miami Beach Art Deco District named to the National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government's official United States National Register of Historic Places listings, list of sites, buildings, structures, Hist ...
in 1979. While the recognition did not offer protection for the buildings from demolition, it succeeded in drawing attention to the plight of the buildings.
Due in part to the newfound awareness of the art deco buildings, vacationers, tourists and TV, and movie crews were drawn to South Beach. Investors began to rehabilitate hotels, restaurants and apartment buildings in the area.
Despite the enthusiasm for the historic buildings by many, there were no real protections for historic buildings. As wrecking crews threatened buildings, MDPL members protested by holding marches and candlelight vigils. In one case, protestors stood in front of a hotel blocking bulldozers as they approached a hotel.
After many years of effort, the Miami Beach city commission created the first two historic preservation districts in 1986. The districts covered Espanola Way and most of Ocean Drive and Collins Avenue in South Beach. The designation of the districts helped protect buildings from demolition and created standards for renovation.
While some developers continued to focus on demolition, several investors like Tony Goldman and Ian Schrager bought art deco hotels and transformed them into world famous hot spots in the ‘80s and ‘90s. Among the celebrities that frequented Miami Beach were Madonna
Madonna Louise Ciccone ( ; born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. Referred to as the "Queen of Pop", she has been recognized for her continual reinvention and versatility in music production, ...
, Sylvester Stallone
Sylvester Gardenzio "Sly" Stallone (; born July 6, 1946) is an American actor and filmmaker. In a Sylvester Stallone filmography, film career spanning more than fifty years, Stallone has received List of awards and nominations received by Syl ...
, Cher, Oprah Winfrey and Gianni Versace
Giovanni Maria "Gianni" Versace (; 2 December 1946 – 15 July 1997) was an Italian fashion designer, socialite and businessman. He was the founder of Versace, an international luxury-fashion house that produces accessories, fragrances, make-up ...
.
Additional historic districts were created in 1992. The new districts covered Lincoln Road, Collins Avenue between 16th and 22nd Streets and the area around the Bass Museum. In 2005, the city began the process of protecting the mid-century buildings on Collins Avenue between 43rd to 53rd Streets including the Fontainebleau
Fontainebleau ( , , ) is a Communes of France, commune in the Functional area (France), metropolitan area of Paris, France. It is located south-southeast of the Kilometre zero#France, centre of Paris. Fontainebleau is a Subprefectures in Franc ...
and Eden Roc Hotels. Several North Beach neighborhoods were designated as historic in 2018. A large collection of MiMo (Miami Modern) buildings can be found in the area.
The arts
Jackie Gleason hosted his ''Jackie Gleason and His American Scene Magazine'' (September 29, 1962 – June 4, 1966) television show, after moving it from New York to Miami Beach in 1964, reportedly because he liked year-round access to the golf course at the nearby Inverrary Country Club in Lauderhill (where he built his final home). His closing line became, almost invariably, "As always, the Miami Beach audience is the greatest audience in the world!" In the Fall 1966 television season, he abandoned the American Scene Magazine format and converted the show into a standard variety hour with guest performers. The show was renamed ''The Jackie Gleason Show'', lasting from September 17, 1966 – September 12, 1970. He started the 1966–1967 season with new, color episodes of '' The Honeymooners'', with Sheila MacRae and Jane Kean as Alice Kramden and Trixie Norton, respectively. The regular cast included Art Carney as Ed Norton; Milton Berle was a frequent guest star. The show was shot in color on videotape at the Miami Beach Auditorium (later renamed the Jackie Gleason Theatre of the Performing Arts), now known as Fillmore Miami Beach, and Gleason never tired of promoting the "sun and fun capital of the world" on camera. CBS canceled the series in 1970.
Each December, the City of Miami Beach hosts Art Basel Miami Beach, one of the largest art shows in the United States. Art Basel Miami Beach, the sister event to the Art Basel event held each June in Basel, Switzerland, combines an international selection of top galleries with a program of special exhibitions, parties and crossover events featuring music, film, architecture, and design. Exhibition sites are located in the city's Art Deco District, and ancillary events are scattered throughout the greater Miami metropolitan area.
The first Art Basel Miami Beach was held in 2002. In 2016, about 77,000 people attended the fair. The 2017 show featured about 250 galleries at the Miami Beach Convention Center.
Miami Beach is home to the New World Symphony, established in 1987 under the artistic direction of Michael Tilson Thomas. In January 2011, the New World Symphony made a highly publicized move into the New World Center building designed by Canadian American Pritzker Prize-winning architect Frank Gehry. Gehry is famous for his design of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, and the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, California. The new Gehry building offers Live Wallcasts™, which allow visitors to experience select events throughout the season at the half-acre, outdoor Miami Beach SoundScape through the use of visual and audio technology on a projection wall.
Miami beach is also home to Miami New Drama, the resident theater company at the historic Colony Theatre on Lincoln Road. The regional theater company was founded in 2016 by Venezuelan playwright and director, Michel Hausmann, and playwright, director, and Medal of the Arts winner, Moises Kaufman. In October 2016, Miami New Drama took over operations of the Colony Theatre, and since then, the 417-seat Art Deco
Art Deco, short for the French (), is a style of visual arts, architecture, and product design that first Art Deco in Paris, appeared in Paris in the 1910s just before World War I and flourished in the United States and Europe during the 1920 ...
venue hosts Miami New Drama's theatrical season as well as other live events.
The Miami City Ballet, a ballet company founded in 1985, is housed in a building near Miami Beach's Bass Museum of Art.
The Miami Beach Festival of the Arts is an annual outdoor art festival that was begun in 1974.
Jewish community
Miami Beach is home to several Orthodox Jewish communities with a network of well-established synagogue
A synagogue, also called a shul or a temple, is a place of worship for Jews and Samaritans. It is a place for prayer (the main sanctuary and sometimes smaller chapels) where Jews attend religious services or special ceremonies such as wed ...
s and yeshiva
A yeshiva (; ; pl. , or ) is a traditional Jewish educational institution focused on the study of Rabbinic literature, primarily the Talmud and halacha (Jewish law), while Torah and Jewish philosophy are studied in parallel. The stu ...
s, the first of which being the Landow Yeshiva, a Chabad institution in operation for over 30 years. There is also a liberal Jewish
Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...
community containing such famous synagogues as Temple Emanu-El, Temple Beth Shalom and Cuban Hebrew Congregation. Miami Beach is also a magnet for Jew
Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly inte ...
ish families, retirees, and particularly snowbirds when the cold winter sets into the north. These visitors range from the Modern Orthodox to the Haredi and Hasidic – including many rebbes who vacation there during the North American winter. Till his death in 1991, the Nobel laureate writer Isaac Bashevis Singer lived in the northern end of Miami Beach and breakfasted often at Sheldon's drugstore on Harding Avenue.
There are many kosher restaurants and even kollels for post-graduate Talmud
The Talmud (; ) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (''halakha'') and Jewish theology. Until the advent of Haskalah#Effects, modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the cen ...
ic scholars, such as the Miami Beach Community Kollel. Miami Beach had roughly 60,000 people in Jewish households (62 percent of the total population) in 1982, but only 16,500 (19 percent of the population) in 2004, according to Ira Sheskin, a demographer at the University of Miami who conducts surveys once a decade. The Miami Beach Jewish community had decreased in size by 1994 due to migration to wealthier areas and aging of the population.
Miami Beach is home to the Holocaust Memorial of the Greater Miami Jewish Federation.
LGBT community
Miami Beach has been regarded as a gay mecca for decades as well as being one of the most LGBT friendly cities in the United States. Miami Beach is home to numerous gay bars and gay-specific events, and five service and resource organizations. After decades of economic and social decline, an influx of gays and lesbians moving to South Beach in the late-1980s to mid-1990s contributed to Miami Beach's revitalization. The newcomers purchased and restored dilapidated Art Deco hotels and clubs, started numerous businesses and built political power in city and county government.
The passage of progressive civil rights laws, election of outspokenly pro-gay Miami Beach Mayor Matti Bower, and the introduction of Miami Beach's Gay Pride Celebration, have reinvigorated the local LGBT community in recent years, which some argued had experienced a decline in the late 2000s. In January 2010, Miami Beach passed a revised Human Rights Ordinance that strengthens enforcement of already existing human rights laws and adds protections for transgender people, making Miami Beach's human rights laws some of the most progressive in the state.
Miami Beach Pride has gained prominence since it first started in 2009, there has been an increase in attendance every year. In 2013 there were more than 80,000 people who participated to now more than 130,000 people that participate in the festivities every year. It has also attracted many celebrities such as Chaz Bono, Adam Lambert
Adam Mitchel Lambert (born January 29, 1982) is an American singer, songwriter and actor. He is known for his dynamic vocal performances that combine his theatrical training with modern and classic genres. Lambert rose to fame in 2009 after ...
, Gloria Estefan, Mario Lopez, and Elvis Duran who were Grand Marshals for Pride Weekend from 2012 through 2016 respectively. There are over 125 businesses who are LGBT supportive that sponsor Miami Beach Pride.
Government
Miami Beach is governed by a ceremonial mayor and six commissioners. Although the mayor runs commission meetings, the mayor and all commissioners have equal voting power and are elected by popular election. The mayor serves for terms of two years with a term limit of three terms and commissioners serve for terms of four years and are limited to two terms. Commissioners are voted for citywide and every two years three commission seats are voted upon.
A city manager is responsible for administering governmental operations. An appointed city manager is responsible for administration of the city. The City Clerk and the City Attorney are also appointed officials.
Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools serves Miami Beach.
*North Beach Elementary
*Treasure Island Elementary
*South Pointe Elementary
*Mater Beach Academy
*Biscayne Elementary
*Fienberg/Fisher K–8 Center
* Nautilus Middle School
* Miami Beach Senior High School
Private schools include Rabbi Alexander S. Gross Hebrew Academy, St. Patrick Catholic School, Landow Yeshiva – Lubavitch Educational Center (Klurman Mesivta High School for Boys and Beis Chana Middle and High School for Girls), and Mechina High School. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami operates St. Patrick Catholic School in Miami Beach. The archdiocese formerly operated Saint Joseph School in Miami Beach.
In the early history of Miami Beach, there was one elementary school and the Ida M. Fisher junior-senior high school. The building of Miami Beach High was constructed in 1926, and classes began in 1928.
Colleges and universities
The Florida International University School of Architecture has a sister campus at 420 Lincoln Road in South Beach, with classroom spaces for FIU architecture, art, music and theater graduate students.
Other Colleges include:
* Johnson & Wales University (satellite campus closing at the end of the 2020–2021 school year.)
Infrastructure
Public Transportation
Public Transportation in Miami Beach is operated by Miami-Dade Transit (MDT). Along with neighborhoods such as Downtown
''Downtown'' is a term primarily used in American and Canadian English to refer to a city's sometimes commercial, cultural and often the historical, political, and geographic heart. It is often synonymous with its central business district ( ...
and Brickell, public transit is heavily used in Miami Beach and is a vital part of city life. Although Miami Beach has no direct Metrorail stations, numerous Metrobus lines connect to Downtown Miami and Metrorail, such as the 100 bus route, which connects Downtown Miami to Aventura Mall via Miami Beach and is the busiest bus route on the network with over 16,000 riders on weekdays.
A rail connection to Miami Beach from the mainland, called BayLink in planning documents, has been discussed for decades and was included as a planned line in the 2002 People's Transportation Plan (PTP) passed by voters in November 2002. Again in 2016, the line was included as part of the Strategic Miami Area Rapid Transit (SMART) plan, which included the line as part of the longer Beach Corridor, which would connect South Beach to Wynwood or the Design District and to existing Metromover services. The project has since been delayed by casino giant Genting Group proposing a monorail in 2019, then the county scrapping those plans in favor of a Metromover expansion in 2022 over local opposition from the City of Miami Beach commission, primarily driven by wealthy Miami Beach residents. While some residents are opposed to the Metromover extension, a survey published by the Miami Herald
The ''Miami Herald'' is an American daily newspaper owned by McClatchy, The McClatchy Company and headquartered in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Founded in 1903, it is the fifth-largest newspaper in Florida, serving Miami-Dade, Broward County, Fl ...
in June 2025 found that 79% of Miami Beach residents support the extension.
Bicycling
Since the late 20th century, cycling
Cycling, also known as bicycling or biking, is the activity of riding a bicycle or other types of pedal-driven human-powered vehicles such as balance bikes, unicycles, tricycles, and quadricycles. Cycling is practised around the world fo ...
has grown in popularity in Miami Beach. Due to its dense, urban nature, and pedestrian-friendly streets, many Miami Beach residents get around by bicycle.
In March 2011 a public bicycle sharing system named Citi Bike was launched, one of only a handful of such programs in the United States. The program is operated by a private corporation, Decobike, LLC, but is partnered with the City of Miami Beach in a revenue-sharing model. As of 2020, the Citi Bike program operates between the cities of Miami and Miami Beach with over 160 stations and approximately 2,000 bicycles.
Notable people
* George Abbott (1887–1995), playwright, screenwriter, producer, and director
* George Ade (1866–1944), writer
* Moses Annenberg (1877–1942), Prussia-born American newspaper publisher
* Desi Arnaz (1917–1986), Cuban-American entertainer
* Bora Aydınlık (born 2005), soccer player
* Shmuley Boteach (born 1966), Orthodox rabbi
A rabbi (; ) is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in Judaism. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi—known as ''semikha''—following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the Talmud. The basic form of t ...
, radio and television host, and author
* Walter Briggs, Sr. (1877–1952), entrepreneur, owner of the Detroit Tigers
* Douglas Isaac Busch (born 1951), photographer and teacher
* Barbara Baer Capitman (1920–1990), historic preservation activist, writer
* Al Capone (1899–1947), mobster
* David Caruso (born 1956), actor and producer, star of NYPD Blue
''NYPD Blue'' is an American police procedural television series set in New York City, exploring the struggles of the fictional 15th Precinct detective squad in Manhattan. Each episode typically intertwines several plots involving an ensemble ca ...
and CSI: Miami
* John S. Collins, horticulturist
* Kent Cooper, Associated Press executive director
* James M. Cox, Governor of Ohio and presidential candidate
* Andrew Cunanan, serial killer
* Ron Dermer (born 1971), Israeli Ambassador to the US
* Robert Epstein (1928-2024), anesthesiologist and professor
* Harvey Firestone, Firestone Tires founder
* Carl Graham Fisher, developer of Miami Beach
* Rayni Fox (born 1956), tennis player
* Miriam Freund-Rosenthal (1906–1999), civic leader
* Frank Gannett (1876–1957), Gannett Media Corporation founder
*Barry Gibb
Sir Barry Alan Crompton Gibb (born 1 September 1946) is a British musician, singer, songwriter and record producer. Along with his younger fraternal twin brothers, Robin Gibb, Robin and Maurice Gibb, Maurice, he rose to global fame as a member ...
(born 1946), British singer, songwriter, musician (Bee Gees
The Bee Gees
were a musical group formed in 1958 by brothers Barry Gibb, Barry, Robin Gibb, Robin, and Maurice Gibb. The trio was especially successful in popular music in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and later as prominent performers in ...
)
* Jackie Gleason, comedian, actor. TV host (''Jackie Gleason and His American Scene Magazine'' 1964–1966, ''The Jackie Gleason Show'' 1966–1970)
* Tony Goldman, real estate developer
* Ronald Green (1944–2012), American-Israeli basketball player
* Gabriel Heatter (1890–1972), radio commentator
* Jerry Herman, Broadway composer
* John D. Hertz (born Sándor Herz, 1879–1961), Hertz Rental Cars chairman
* Henry Hohauser (1895–1963), architect
* Bill Hurst (born 1970), Major League Baseball pitcher
* Nunnally Johnson (1897–1977), film director
* Josignacio (born 1963), Cuban artist
*Larry King
Larry King (born Lawrence Harvey Zeiger; November 19, 1933 – January 23, 2021) was an American TV and radio host presenter, author, and former spokesman. He was a WMBM radio interviewer in the Miami area in the 1950s and 1960s and beginning in ...
(born Lawrence Harvey Zeiger; 1933–2021). author, radio host, and TV host
* S.S. Kresge (1867–1966), retailer
* Hedy Lamarr (born Hedwig Eva Maria Kiesler; 1914–2000), Austrian-born American actress and inventor
* Meyer Lansky (born Maier Suchowljansky; 1902–1983), mobster
* Ring Lardner (1885–1933), writer
* Albert Lasker (1880 –1952), businessman
* Dan Le Batard, ESPN Radio & TV host
* Bernarr MacFadden, bodybuilder, owner of the Deauville Hotel
*Floyd Mayweather Jr.
Floyd Joy Mayweather Jr. (né Sinclair; born February 24, 1977) is an American boxing promoter and former professional boxer who competed between 1996 and 2017. He list of undefeated boxing world champions, retired with an undefeated record a ...
(born 1977), boxer
* William "Billy" Milligan, first multi-personality man to successfully plead not guilty by reason of insanity
* Alex Omes, Argentine-born American co-founder of Ultra Music Festival
* Yaxeni Oriquen-Garcia, Venezuelan-American IFBB professional bodybuilder
* James Cash Penney, department store magnate
* Irving Jacob Reuter, General Motors
* Grantland Rice, sportswriter
* Bernice Rose (1935–2023), art historian and curator
* Mark B. Rosenberg (born 1949), political scientist who was the former President of Florida International University and former Chancellor of the State University System of Florida
* Ed Rubinoff (born 1935), tennis player
* Damon Runyon, newspaperman and writer
* Nicholas Schenck (1880–1969), Russian-American MGM film studios president
* Dutch Schultz (born Arthur Simon Flegenheimer; 1901–1935), mobster
* Robin Sherwood (born 1952), actress
* Sid Tepper (1918–2015), songwriter
*Gianni Versace
Giovanni Maria "Gianni" Versace (; 2 December 1946 – 15 July 1997) was an Italian fashion designer, socialite and businessman. He was the founder of Versace, an international luxury-fashion house that produces accessories, fragrances, make-up ...
(1946–1997), Italian fashion designer
* Betty Viana-Adkins, Venezuelan IFBB professional bodybuilder
* Neal Walk (1948–2015), basketball player
* Albert Warner (born Aaron Abraham Wonsal, 1884–1967), Warner Brothers studio founder
* Steve Witkoff (born 1957), Special Envoy to the Middle East for U.S. President Donald Trump
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who is the 47th president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he served as the 45 ...
; real estate investor and developer, founder of the Witkoff Group, attorney
* Garfield Wood (1880–1971), inventor
Sister cities
Miami Beach has 13 Town twinning, sister cities
* Almonte, Spain, Almonte, Spain
* Marbella, Spain, Marbella, Spain
* Fortaleza, Brazil
* Santa Marta, Colombia
* Český Krumlov, Czech Republic
* Nahariya, Israel
* Pescara, Italy
* Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Fujisawa, Japan
* Cozumel, Mexico
* Ica (city), Ica, Peru
* Basel, Switzerland
* Brampton, Ontario, Brampton, Canada
* Asmara, Eritrea
See also
*List of mayors of Miami Beach, Florida
*List of tallest buildings in Miami Beach
*Miami Beach Police Department
*Rosie the Elephant
Notes
References
Sources
*
*
Further reading
*
1920 ed.
*
*
*
*
*
External links
City of Miami Beach
Photographs of Miami Beach
From the State Library & Archives of Florida
{{Portal bar, Islands, Florida, Geography, United States, North America, Cities
Miami Beach, Florida,
Cities in Miami-Dade County, Florida
Islands of Miami-Dade County, Florida
Atlantic Coast barrier islands of Florida
Beaches of Miami-Dade County, Florida
Seaside resorts in Florida
Cities in Florida
Populated coastal places in Florida on the Atlantic Ocean
Cities in Miami metropolitan area
Beaches of Florida
Islands of Florida
1915 establishments in Florida
Populated places established in 1915