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This is a list of
plant Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae excl ...
species that, when consumed by humans, are known or suspected to produce
psychoactive A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, psychoactive agent or psychotropic drug is a chemical substance, that changes functions of the nervous system, and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition or behavior. Th ...
effects: changes in nervous system function that alter perception, mood, consciousness, cognition or behavior. Many of these plants are used intentionally as
psychoactive drug A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, psychoactive agent or psychotropic drug is a chemical substance, that changes functions of the nervous system, and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition or behavior. ...
s, for medicinal, religious, and/or recreational purposes. Some have been used ritually as
entheogen Entheogens are psychoactive substances that induce alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior for the purposes of engendering spiritual development or otherwiseRätsch, Christian, ''The Encyclopedia of Psychoac ...
s for millennia. The plants are listed according to the specific psychoactive chemical substances they contain; many contain multiple known psychoactive compounds.


Cannabinoids

Species of the genus ''
Cannabis ''Cannabis'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae. The number of species within the genus is disputed. Three species may be recognized: '' Cannabis sativa'', '' C. indica'', and '' C. ruderalis''. Alternative ...
'', known colloquially as marijuana, including ''
Cannabis sativa ''Cannabis sativa'' is an annual herbaceous flowering plant indigenous to Eastern Asia, but now of cosmopolitan distribution due to widespread cultivation. It has been cultivated throughout recorded history, used as a source of industrial fibe ...
'' and ''
Cannabis indica ''Cannabis indica'' is an annual plant species in the family Cannabaceae which produces large amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and is cultivated for purposes including hashish in India. The high concentrations of THC provide euphoric effec ...
'', is a popular psychoactive plant that is often used medically and recreationally. The principal psychoactive substance in ''Cannabis'',
tetrahydrocannabinol Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the principal psychoactive constituent of cannabis and one of at least 113 total cannabinoids identified on the plant. Although the chemical formula for THC (C21H30O2) describes multiple isomers, the term ''THC' ...
(THC), contains no
nitrogen Nitrogen is the chemical element with the symbol N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a nonmetal and the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table, often called the pnictogens. It is a common element in the universe, estimated at se ...
, unlike many (but not all) other psychoactive substances and is not an
indole Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound In chemistry, organic compounds are generally any chemical compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen or carbon-carbon bonds. Due to carbon's ability to catenate (form chains with other c ...
,
tryptamine Tryptamine is an indolamine metabolite of the essential amino acid, tryptophan. The chemical structure is defined by an indole ─ a fused benzene and pyrrole ring, and a 2-aminoethyl group at the second carbon (third aromatic atom, with the f ...
,
phenethylamine Phenethylamine (PEA) is an organic compound, natural monoamine alkaloid, and trace amine, which acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans. In the brain, phenethylamine regulates monoamine neurotransmission by binding to trace am ...
,
anticholinergic Anticholinergics (anticholinergic agents) are substances that block the action of the neurotransmitter called acetylcholine (ACh) at synapses in the central and peripheral nervous system. These agents inhibit the parasympathetic nervous sys ...
(deliriant) or
dissociative Dissociatives, colloquially dissos, are a subclass of hallucinogens which distort perception of sight and sound and produce feelings of detachment – dissociation – from the environment and/or self. Although many kinds of drugs are capable of ...
drug. THC is just one of more than 100 identified
cannabinoid Cannabinoids () are several structural classes of compounds found in the cannabis plant primarily and most animal organisms (although insects lack such receptors) or as synthetic compounds. The most notable cannabinoid is the phytocannabinoid tet ...
compounds in ''Cannabis'', which also include
cannabinol Cannabinol (CBN) is a mildly psychoactive cannabinoid that acts as a low affinity partial agonist at both CB1 and CB2 receptors. This activity at CB1 and CB2 receptors constitutes interaction of CBN with the endocannabinoid system (ECS). CBN w ...
(CBN) and
cannabidiol Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid discovered in 1940. It is one of 113 identified cannabinoids in cannabis plants, along with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and accounts for up to 40% of the plant's extract. , clinical research on CBD in ...
(CBD). ''Cannabis'' plants vary widely, with different strains producing dynamic balances of cannabinoids (THC, CBD, etc.) and yielding markedly different effects. Popular strains are often hybrids of ''C. sativa'' and ''C. indica''. The medicinal effects of cannabis are widely studied, and are active topics of research both at universities and private research firms. Many jurisdictions have laws regulating or prohibiting the cultivation, sale and/or use of
medical Medicine is the science and practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health. Medicine encompasses a variety of health care practic ...
and
recreational cannabis Recreational drug use indicates the use of one or more psychoactive drugs to induce an altered state of consciousness either for pleasure or for some other casual purpose or pastime by modifying the perceptions and emotions of the user. When a ...
.


Tryptamines

Many of the psychedelic plants contain
dimethyltryptamine ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT or ''N'',''N''-DMT, SPL026) is a substituted tryptamine that occurs in many plants and animals, including human beings, and which is both a derivative and a structural analog of tryptamine. It is used as a ...
(DMT), or other
tryptamines Substituted tryptamines, or serotonin analogues, are organic compounds which may be thought of as being derived from tryptamine itself. The molecular structures of all tryptamines contain an indole ring, joined to an amino (NH2) group via an ethy ...
, which are either snorted (Virola, Yopo snuffs), vaporized, or drunk with MAOIs (
Ayahuasca AyahuascaPronounced as in the UK and in the US. Also occasionally known in English as ''ayaguasca'' (Spanish-derived), ''aioasca'' (Brazilian Portuguese-derived), or as ''yagé'', pronounced or . Etymologically, all forms but ''yagé'' descen ...
). It cannot simply be eaten as it is not orally active without an
MAOI Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of drugs that inhibit the activity of one or both monoamine oxidase enzymes: monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). They are best known as effective antidepressants, especi ...
and it needs to be extremely concentrated to be vaporized.


Acanthaceae Acanthaceae is a family (the acanthus family) of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are tropical herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. Only a few species are distributed in te ...

''Species'', ''Alkaloid content, where given, refers to dried material'' * '' Fittonia albivenis'', a common ornamental plant from South America.


Aceraceae Aceraceae were recognized as a family of flowering plants also called the maple family. They contain two to four genera, depending upon the circumscription, of some 120 species of trees and shrubs. A common characteristic is that the leaves are ...

* ''
Acer saccharinum ''Acer saccharinum'', commonly known as silver maple, creek maple, silverleaf maple, soft maple, large maple, water maple, swamp maple, or white maple, is a species of maple native to the eastern and central United States and southeastern Canad ...
'' (silver maple) was found to contain the indole alkaloid
gramine Gramine (also called donaxine) is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid present in several plant species. Gramine may play a defensive role in these plants, since it is toxic to many organisms. Occurrence Gramine has been found in the giant reed, ...
(not active and extremely toxic) 0.05% in the leaves, so it is possible that other members of this plant family contain active compounds.


Aizoaceae The Aizoaceae, or fig-marigold family, is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is d ...

* '' Delosperma acuminatum'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT * '' Delosperma cooperi'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT * '' Delosperma ecklonis'', DMT * '' Delosperma esterhuyseniae'', DMT * '' Delosperma hallii'', 5-MeO-DMT * '' Delosperma harazianum'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT *: ''Delosperma harazianum''
Shibam, DMT * '' Delosperma hirtum'', DMT *: ''Delosperma hallii
aff. litorale'' * '' Delosperma lydenbergense'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT * '' Delosperma nubigenum'', 5-MeO-DMT * '' Delosperma pageanum'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT * '' Delosperma pergamentaceum'', Traces of DMT * '' Delosperma tradescantioides'', DMT


Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because some taxa were used as dog poison Members of the ...

* '' Prestonia amazonica'': DMT * ''
Voacanga africana ''Voacanga africana'' is a small tree native to tropical Africa belonging to the family Apocynaceae that grows to in height and bears leaves that are up to in length. The yellow or white flowers are succeeded by paired, follicular, dehiscent f ...
'': Iboga alkaloids


Erythroxylaceae Erythroxylaceae (the coca family) is a family of flowering trees and shrubs consisting of 4 genera and 271 species. The four genera are ''Aneulophus'' Benth., ''Erythroxylum'' P.Browne, ''Nectaropetalum'' Engl., and ''Pinacopodium'' Exell & Mendo ...

* ''
Erythroxylum pungens ''Erythroxylum'' (''Erythroxylon'') is a genus of tropical flowering plants in the family Erythroxylaceae. Many of the approximately 200 species contain the substance cocaine,Bieri S, Brachet A, Veuthey J, Christen P. Cocaine distribution in wild ...
'': DMT


Fabaceae The Fabaceae or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomenc ...
(Leguminosae)

* ''
Acacia acuminata ''Acacia acuminata'', known as mangart and jam, is a tree in the family Fabaceae. Endemic to Western Australia, it occurs throughout the south west of the State. It is common in the Wheatbelt, and also extends into the semi-arid interior. ...
'', Up to 1.5% alkaloids, mainly consisting of
dimethyltryptamine ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT or ''N'',''N''-DMT, SPL026) is a substituted tryptamine that occurs in many plants and animals, including human beings, and which is both a derivative and a structural analog of tryptamine. It is used as a ...
in bark & leaf Also, harman, tryptamine, NMT, other alkaloids in leaf. * '' Acacia alpina'', Active principles in leaf * ''
Acaciella angustissima ''Acaciella angustissima'' (prairie acacia, white ball acacia, ocpatl, or palo de pulque) is most recognized for its drought tolerance and its ability to be used as a green manure and ground covering. It is a perennial, deciduous, and belongs to ...
'', β-methyl-phenethylamine, NMT and DMT in leaf (1.1-10.2 ppm) * '' Vachellia aroma'', Tryptamine alkaloids. Significant amount of tryptamine in the seeds. * '' Acacia auriculiformis'', 5-MeO-DMT in stem bark * ''
Acacia baileyana ''Acacia baileyana'' or Cootamundra wattle is a shrub or tree in the flowering plant family Fabaceae. The scientific name of the species honours the botanist Frederick Manson Bailey. It is indigenous to a very small area in southern inland New S ...
'', 0.02% tryptamine and β-carbolines, in the leaf, Tetrahydroharman * ''
Acacia beauverdiana ''Acacia beauverdiana'', commonly known as pukkati, is a member of genus ''Acacia'' that is native to Western Australia. It is a perennial tree tall with multiple stems. It has yellow flowers and it blooms from July to October. It is native t ...
'', Psychoactive Ash used in Pituri. * ''
Senegalia berlandieri ''Senegalia berlandieri'' (Berlandier acacia, guajillo acacia, guajillo, huajillo, huajilla) is a shrub native to the Southwestern United States and northeast Mexico that belongs to the Mimosoid clade of Fabaceae. It grows tall, with blossoms t ...
'', DMT, phenetylamine,
mescaline Mescaline or mescalin (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a naturally occurring psychedelic protoalkaloid of the substituted phenethylamine class, known for its hallucinogenic effects comparable to those of LSD and psilocybin. Biological sou ...
,
nicotine Nicotine is a natural product, naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants (most predominantly in tobacco and ''Duboisia hopwoodii'') and is widely used recreational drug use, recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic. As ...
* ''
Senegalia catechu ''Senegalia catechu'' is a deciduous, thorny tree which grows up to in height. The plant is called ''khair''
in H ...
'', DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark * ''
Vachellia caven ''Vachellia caven'' (Roman cassie, , aromo criollo, caven, , , espinillo, espinillo de baado, espino, espino maulino) is an ornamental tree in the family Fabaceae. ''Vachellia caven'' is native to Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Urugua ...
'', PsychoactiveIndex of Rätsch, Christian. Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen, Botanik, Ethnopharmakologie und Anwendungen, 7. Auflage. AT Verlag, 2004, 941 Seiten. at * '' Senegalia chundra'', DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark * '' Acacia colei'', DMT * '' Acacia complanata'', 0.3% alkaloids in leaf and stem, almost all N-methyl-tetrahydroharman, with traces of tetrahydroharman, some of tryptamine * ''
Acacia confusa ''Acacia confusa'' is a perennial tree native to South-East Asia. Some common names for it are acacia petit feuille, Ayangile, small Philippine acacia, Formosa acacia (Taiwan acacia), Philippine Wattle, and Formosan koa. It grows to a height of 1 ...
'', DMT & NMT in leaf, stem & bark 0.04% NMT and 0.02% DMT in stem. Also N,N-dimethyltryptamine
N-oxide In chemistry, an amine oxide, also known as an amine ''N''-oxide or simply ''N''-oxide, is a chemical compound that contains the functional group , a nitrogen-oxygen coordinate covalent bond with three additional hydrogen and/or substituent-grou ...
* ''
Vachellia cornigera ''Vachellia cornigera'', commonly known as bullhorn acacia (family Fabaceae), is a swollen-thorn tree native to Mexico and Central America. The common name of "bullhorn" refers to the enlarged, hollowed-out, swollen thorns (technically called sti ...
'', Psychoactive, Tryptamines DMT according to C. Rastch. * '' Acacia cultriformis'', Tryptamine, in the leaf, stem and seeds. Phenethylamine in leaf and seeds * '' Acacia cuthbertsonii'', Psychoactive * ''
Acacia decurrens ''Acacia decurrens'', commonly known as black wattle or early green wattle, is a perennial tree or shrub native to eastern New South Wales, including Sydney, the Greater Blue Mountains Area, the Hunter Region, and south west to the Australian Cap ...
'', Psychoactive, but less than 0.02% alkaloids * '' Acacia delibrata'', Psychoactive * '' Acacia falcata'', Psychoactive, but less than 0.02% alkaloids Psychoactive 0.2–0.3% alkaloids * ''
Vachellia farnesiana ''Vachellia farnesiana'', also known as ''Acacia farnesiana'', and previously ''Mimosa farnesiana'', commonly known as sweet acacia, huisache, or needle bush, is a species of shrub or small tree in the legume family, Fabaceae. Its flowers are use ...
'', Traces of 5-MeO-DMT in fruit. β-methyl-phenethylamine, flower. Ether extracts about 2–6% of the dried leaf mass. Alkaloids are present in the bark and leaves. Amphetamines and mescaline also found in tree. * ''
Acacia flavescens ''Acacia flavescens'', also known as the red wattle, yellow wattle or primrose ball wattle, is a tree in the genus ''Acacia'' native to eastern Australia. Description The tree typically grows to a height of and has rough, furrowed and shaggy ...
'', Strongly Psychoactive, Bark. * ''
Acacia floribunda ''Acacia floribunda'' is a perennial evergreen shrub or tree. It is a species of wattle native to New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria, but is cultivated extensively, and has naturalised in South Australia, Tasmania and Western Australia, an ...
'', Tryptamine, phenethylamine, in flowers other tryptamines, DMT,tryptamine,NMT 0.3–0.4% phyllodes. * ''
Acacia georginae ''Acacia georginae'' is a perennial tree which is native to arid areas of central Australia and has been introduced into the United States. Common names for it include Georgina gidgee, Georgina gidyea and poison gidyea. Description The tree ty ...
'', Psychoactive, plus deadly toxins * '' Vachellia horrida'', Psychoactive * ''
Acacia implexa ''Acacia implexa'', commonly known as lightwood or hickory wattle, is a fast-growing Australian tree, the timber of which is used for furniture making. The wood is prized for its finish and strength. The foliage was used to make pulp and dye cl ...
'', Psychoactive * '' Mimosa jurema'', DMT, NMT * '' Vachellia karroo'', Psychoactive * ''
Senegalia laeta ''Senegalia laeta'', the gay acacia or daga, is a legume found in the family Fabaceae. It was formerly included in the genus ''Acacia''. Description ''Senegalia laeta'' is a perennial shrub or small tree growing to a height of 4–10 m with a g ...
'', DMT, in the leaf * ''
Acacia longifolia ''Acacia longifolia'' is a species of ''Acacia'' native to southeastern Australia, from the extreme southeast of Queensland, eastern New South Wales, eastern and southern Victoria, and southeastern South Australia. Common names for it include lon ...
'', 0.2% tryptamine in bark, leaves, some in flowers, phenylethylamine in flowers, 0.2% DMT in plant. Histamine alkaloids. * ''
Acacia sophorae ''Acacia sophorae'', commonly known as coastal wattle or coast wattle, is a wattle found in coastal and subcoastal south-eastern Australia from the Eyre Peninsula to southern Queensland. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of sallow wattle ...
'', Tryptamine in leaves, bark * '' Acacia macradenia'', Tryptamine * ''
Acacia maidenii ''Acacia maidenii'', also known as Maiden's wattle, is a tree native to Australia (New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria). It has been introduced into India, (Tamil Nadu) and Argentina, and it grows on plantations in South Africa. Descriptio ...
'', 0.6% NMT and DMT in about a 2:3 ratio in the stem bark, both present in leaves * ''
Acacia mangium ''Acacia mangium'' is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae, that is native to northeastern Queensland in Australia, the Western Province of Papua New Guinea, Papua, and the eastern Maluku Islands. Common names include black w ...
'', Psychoactive * ''
Acacia melanoxylon ''Acacia melanoxylon'', commonly known as the Australian blackwood, is an ''Acacia'' species native in South eastern Australia. The species is also known as Blackwood, hickory, mudgerabah, Tasmanian blackwood, or blackwood acacia. The tree belon ...
'', DMT, in the bark and leaf, but less than 0.02% total alkaloids * ''
Senegalia mellifera ''Senegalia mellifera'' is a common thorn tree in Africa. The name ''mellifera'' refers to its sweet-smelling blossoms and honey. Its lumber turns pitch black when oiled. Common names of the tree include Blackthorn and Swarthaak (Afrikaans). I ...
'', DMT, in the leaf * ''
Vachellia nilotica ''Vachellia nilotica'', more commonly known as ''Acacia nilotica'', and by the vernacular names of gum arabic tree, babul, thorn mimosa, Egyptian acacia or thorny acacia, is a flowering tree in the family Fabaceae. It is native to Africa, the Mid ...
'', DMT, in the leaf * '' Vachellian ilotica subsp. adstringens'', Psychoactive, DMT in the leaf * ''
Acacia neurophylla ''Acacia neurophylla'', also known as wodjil, is a shrub or tree belonging to the genus '' Acacia'' and the subgenus ''Juliflorae'' that is endemic to south western Australia. Description The shrub or tree typically grows to a height of and pr ...
'' DMT in bark, Harman in leaf. * ''
Acacia obtusifolia ''Acacia obtusifolia'', commonly known as stiff-leaf wattle or blunt-leaf wattle, is a perennial tree in subfamily Mimosoideae of family Fabaceae. Description ''Acacia obtusifolia'' is an upright or spreading perennial tree which grows from 1. ...
'', Tryptamine, DMT, NMT, other tryptamines, 0.4–0.5% in dried bark,0.15–0.2% in leaf, 0.07% in branch tips. * '' Vachellia oerfota'', Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf, NMT * ''
Acacia penninervis ''Acacia penninervis'', commonly known as mountain hickory wattle, or blackwood, is a perennial shrub or tree is an ''Acacia'' belonging to subgenus ''Phyllodineae'', that is native to eastern Australia. Description The shrub or tree typically ...
'', Psychoactive * ''
Acacia phlebophylla ''Acacia phlebophylla'', a type of acacia also known by the names Buffalo sallow wattle and Mount Buffalo wattle, is a straggling shrub to small, twisted tree reaching up to 5 m in height. It is a close relative of '' Acacia alpina''. It has larg ...
'', 0.3% DMT in leaf, NMT * ''
Acacia podalyriifolia ''Acacia podalyriifolia'' is a perennial tree which is fast-growing and widely cultivated. It is native to Australia but is also naturalised in Malaysia, Africa, India and South America. Its uses include environmental management and it is al ...
'', Tryptamine in the leaf, 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark, phenethylamine, trace amounts. Although this species is claimed to contain 0.5% to 2% DMT in fresh bark the reference for this is invalid as there is no reference to Acacia Podalyriffolia anywhere in the reference article. Additionally, well known and proven extraction techniques for DMT have failed to produce any DMT or alkaloids from fresh bark or the leaves on multiple sample taken at various seasons. Should DMT actually exist in this species of Acacia then it exists in extremely small amounts and have failed to produce any alkaloids with Acid/Base extraction techniques using HCl/Na(OH)2. On the same note, more academic research is definitely required into the DMT content of this and other Australian Acacia species with proper chemical analysis of sample. * '' Senegalia polyacantha'', DMT in leaf and other tryptamines in leaf, bark * ''Senegalia polyacantha'' ssp. ''campylacantha'', Less than 0.2% DMT in leaf, NMT; DMT and other tryptamines in leaf, bark * '' Senegalia rigidula'', DMT, NMT, tryptamine, traces of amphetamines, mescaline, nicotine and others * '' Acacia sassa'', Psychoactive * '' Vachellia schaffneri'', β-methyl-phenethylamine,
Phenethylamine Phenethylamine (PEA) is an organic compound, natural monoamine alkaloid, and trace amine, which acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans. In the brain, phenethylamine regulates monoamine neurotransmission by binding to trace amin ...
Amphetamines and mescaline also found. * ''
Senegalia senegal ''Senegalia senegal'' (also known as ''Acacia senegal'') is a small thorny deciduous tree from the genus '' Senegalia'', which is known by several common names, including gum acacia, gum arabic tree, Sudan gum and Sudan gum arabic. In parts of I ...
'', Less than 0.1% DMT in leaf, NMT, other tryptamines. DMT in plant, DMT in bark. * ''
Vachellia seyal ''Vachellia seyal'', the red acacia, known also as the shittah tree (the source of shittim wood), is a thorny, 6– to 10-m-high (20 to 30 ft) tree with a pale greenish or reddish bark. At the base of the feathery leaves, two straight, light ...
'', DMT, in the leaf. Ether extracts about 1–7% of the dried leaf mass. * '' Vachellia sieberiana'', DMT, in the leaf * '' Acacia simplex'', DMT and NMT, in the leaf, stem and trunk bark, 0.81% DMT in bark, MMT * ''
Vachellia tortilis ''Vachellia tortilis'', widely known as ''Acacia tortilis'' but now attributed to the genus '' Vachellia'', is the umbrella thorn acacia, also known as ''umbrella thorn'' and Israeli babool, a medium to large canopied tree native to most of Afr ...
'', DMT, NMT, and other tryptamines * '' Acacia vestita'', Tryptamine, in the leaf and stem, but less than 0.02% total alkaloids * ''
Acacia victoriae ''Acacia victoriae'', commonly known as gundabluie or bardi bush, is a shrub-like tree native to Australia. Subspecies: ''A. victoriae'' subsp. ''arida'' Pedley Distribution and ecology Found in arid and semi-arid areas, the ''Acacia victoria ...
'', tryptamines, 5-MeO-alkyltryptamine * List of acacia species having little or no alkaloids in the material sampled:
(0% \le C \le 0.02%, Concentration of alkaloids) ** ''
Acacia acinacea ''Acacia acinacea'', commonly known as gold dust wattle, is a flowering shrub. It is native to south eastern Australia and lives for 15 years on average. This wattle species is tolerant of drought and frost. It is also known as wreath wattle or r ...
'' ** ''
Acacia baileyana ''Acacia baileyana'' or Cootamundra wattle is a shrub or tree in the flowering plant family Fabaceae. The scientific name of the species honours the botanist Frederick Manson Bailey. It is indigenous to a very small area in southern inland New S ...
'' ** ''
Acacia decurrens ''Acacia decurrens'', commonly known as black wattle or early green wattle, is a perennial tree or shrub native to eastern New South Wales, including Sydney, the Greater Blue Mountains Area, the Hunter Region, and south west to the Australian Cap ...
'' ** ''
Acacia dealbata ''Acacia dealbata'', the silver wattle, blue wattle or mimosa, is a species of flowering plant in the legume family (botany), family Fabaceae, native plant, native to southeastern Australia in New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and the Australi ...
'' ** ''
Acacia mearnsii ''Acacia mearnsii'', commonly known as black wattle, late black wattle or green wattle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is usually an erect tree with smooth bark, bipinnate lea ...
'' ** '' Acacia drummondii'' ** ''
Acacia elata ''Acacia elata'' the cedar wattle or mountain cedar wattle is a tree found in eastern Australia. Description The tree can grow to a height of around when mature, with exceptional specimens reaching over . It has deeply fissured bark with a dar ...
'' ** '' Acacia falcata'' ** '' Acacia leprosa'' ** '' Acacia linearis'' ** ''
Acacia melanoxylon ''Acacia melanoxylon'', commonly known as the Australian blackwood, is an ''Acacia'' species native in South eastern Australia. The species is also known as Blackwood, hickory, mudgerabah, Tasmanian blackwood, or blackwood acacia. The tree belon ...
'' ** ''
Acacia pycnantha ''Acacia pycnantha'', most commonly known as the golden wattle, is a tree of the family Fabaceae native to southeastern Australia. It grows to a height of and has phyllodes (flattened leaf stalks) instead of true leaves. Sickle-shaped, these ...
'' ** ''
Acacia retinodes ''Acacia retinodes'' is an evergreen shrub that is native plant, native to South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. Short racemes of yellow flowers are produced periodically throughout the year.
'' ** ''
Acacia saligna ''Acacia saligna'', commonly known by various names including coojong, golden wreath wattle, orange wattle, blue-leafed wattle, Western Australian golden wattle, and, in Africa, Port Jackson willow, is a small tree in the family (biology), fami ...
'' ** ''
Acacia stricta ''Acacia stricta'' (hop wattle, straight wattle) is a perennial tree. The plant is adaptable to most soils, tolerating full sun or partial to complete shade. Tolerates drought conditions and moderately salty winds. The shrub is useful in plantin ...
'' ** ''
Acacia verticillata ''Acacia verticillata'' (prickly Moses; prickly-leaved wattle; star-leaved acacia; prickly mimosa; whorl-leaved acacia) is a perennial shrub to small tree native to south eastern Australia. Description The shrub or tree can grow to a maximum h ...
'' ** '' Acacia vestita'' * ''
Albizia inundata ''Albizia inundata'' is a perennial tree native to South America. Common names include ''maloxo, muqum, paloflojo, timbo blanco, timbo-ata'', and also ''"canafistula"'' though this usually refers ''Cassia fistula''.ILDIS (2005) It grows to a ...
'' leaves contain DMT. * ''
Anadenanthera colubrina ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' (also known as vilca, huilco, huilca, wilco, willka, curupay, curupau, cebil, or angico) is a South American tree closely related to yopo, or ''Anadenanthera peregrina''. It grows to tall and the trunk is very thorn ...
'',
Bufotenin Bufotenin (5-HO-DMT, bufotenine) is a tryptamine derivative - more specifically, a DMT derivative - related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is an alkaloid found in some species of toads (especially the skin), mushrooms and plants. The na ...
, Beans,Dr. Duke's
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases Bufotenin oxide, Beans, N,N-
Dimethyltryptamine ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT or ''N'',''N''-DMT, SPL026) is a substituted tryptamine that occurs in many plants and animals, including human beings, and which is both a derivative and a structural analog of tryptamine. It is used as a ...
, Beans, pods, * ''
Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil ''Anadenanthera colubrina'' var. ''cebil'' is a mimosa-like timber tree native to Caatinga and Cerrado vegetation in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Peru. It has also been introduced to Mauritius. It grows up to tall, with a trunk dia ...
'' –
Bufotenin Bufotenin (5-HO-DMT, bufotenine) is a tryptamine derivative - more specifically, a DMT derivative - related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is an alkaloid found in some species of toads (especially the skin), mushrooms and plants. The na ...
and
Dimethyltryptamine ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT or ''N'',''N''-DMT, SPL026) is a substituted tryptamine that occurs in many plants and animals, including human beings, and which is both a derivative and a structural analog of tryptamine. It is used as a ...
have been isolated from the seeds and seed pods,
5-MeO-DMT 5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-''N'',''N''-dimethyltryptamine) or O-methyl-bufotenin is a psychedelic of the tryptamine class. It is found in a wide variety of plant species, and also is secreted by the glands of at least one toad species, the Colorado Ri ...
from the bark of the stems. The seeds were found to contain 12.4% bufotenine, 0.06% 5-MeO-DMT and 0.06%
DMT ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT or ''N'',''N''-DMT, SPL026) is a substituted tryptamine that occurs in many plants and animals, including human beings, and which is both a derivative and a structural analog of tryptamine. It is used as a ...
. * ''
Anadenanthera peregrina ''Anadenanthera peregrina'', also known as yopo, jopo, cohoba, parica or calcium tree, is a perennial tree of the genus ''Anadenanthera'' native to the Caribbean and South America. It grows up to tall, and has a horny bark. Its flowers grow ...
'', 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2,9-dimethyl-
beta-carboline β-Carboline (9''H''- pyrido ,4-''b'' ndole) represents the basic chemical structure for more than one hundred alkaloids and synthetic compounds. The effects of these substances depend on their respective substituent. Natural β-carbolines prima ...
, Plant,Dr. Duke's
Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-methyl-beta-carboline, Plant, 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Bark, 5-Methoxy-N-methyltryptamine, Bark,
Bufotenin Bufotenin (5-HO-DMT, bufotenine) is a tryptamine derivative - more specifically, a DMT derivative - related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is an alkaloid found in some species of toads (especially the skin), mushrooms and plants. The na ...
, plant, beans,
Bufotenin Bufotenin (5-HO-DMT, bufotenine) is a tryptamine derivative - more specifically, a DMT derivative - related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is an alkaloid found in some species of toads (especially the skin), mushrooms and plants. The na ...
N-oxide In chemistry, an amine oxide, also known as an amine ''N''-oxide or simply ''N''-oxide, is a chemical compound that contains the functional group , a nitrogen-oxygen coordinate covalent bond with three additional hydrogen and/or substituent-grou ...
, Fruit, beans, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine-oxide, Fruit * ''
Anadenanthera peregrina var. peregrina ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' var. ''peregrina'' is a tree in the family Fabaceae. It is native to Guyana, Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia and it is also found in the Caribbean. Entheogen In South America, ''Anadenanthera peregrina'' var. ''peregrina ...
'',
Bufotenine Bufotenin (5-HO-DMT, bufotenine) is a tryptamine derivative - more specifically, a DMT derivative - related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is an alkaloid found in some species of toads (especially the skin), mushrooms and plants. The nam ...
is in the seeds. * ''
Desmanthus illinoensis ''Desmanthus illinoensis'', commonly known as Illinois bundleflower, prairie-mimosa or prickleweed, is a common plant in many areas of the south central and Midwestern US. Habitat It can often be found growing on the sides of roads, needing fu ...
'', 0–0.34% DMT in root bark, highly variable. Also
NMT NMT may refer to: Science and technology * Nordic Mobile Telephone, an analogue mobile phone system * Neurologic Music Therapy * Neural machine translation * Network management protocols, in the CANopen#Network management (NMT) protocols, CANopen ...
, N-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, 2-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine, and
gramine Gramine (also called donaxine) is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid present in several plant species. Gramine may play a defensive role in these plants, since it is toxic to many organisms. Occurrence Gramine has been found in the giant reed, ...
(toxic). * '' Desmanthus leptolobus'', 0.14% DMT in root bark, more reliable than D. illinoensis * '' Desmodium caudatum'' (syn. ''Ohwia caudata''), Roots: 0.087% DMT, * ''
Desmodium intortum ''Desmodium intortum'', known as greenleaf desmodium and also as beggarlice along with other members of its genus, is a species of flowering plant in the genus ''Desmodium'', native to Mexico, Central America, northern South America, the Galápag ...
'', Bufotentine, DMT * ''
Codariocalyx motorius ''Codariocalyx motorius'' (though often placed in ''Desmodium''), known as the telegraph plant, dancing plant, or semaphore plant, is a tropical Asian shrub in the Pea Family (Papillionaceae), one of a few plants capable of rapid movement; oth ...
''(syn. ''Desmodium gyrans''), DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, leaves, roots * '' Desmodium racemosum'', 5-MeO-DMT * ''
Desmodium triflorum ''Grona triflora'', known as creeping tick trefoil or three-flower beggarweed, is a plant in the family Fabaceae. It is native to tropical regions around the globe and introduced to subtropical regions including the southern United States. Fil ...
'', 0.0004% DMT-N-oxide, roots, less in stems and trace in leaves. * '' Lespedeza capitata'', * ''
Lespedeza bicolor ''Lespedeza bicolor'' is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common names shrubby bushclover, shrub lespedeza, and bicolor lespedeza. It is native to Asia * '' Lespedeza bicolor var. japonica'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves and root bark * '' Mimosa ophthalmocentra'', Dried root: DMT 1.6%, NMT 0.0012% and hordenine 0.0065% * ''
Mimosa scabrella ''Mimosa scabrella'' is a tree in the family Fabaceae. It is very fast-growing and it can reach a height of tall in only 3 years. Its trunk is about in diameter. It has yellow flowers. Biology ''Mimosa scabrella'' (Bracatinga) is a tree in ...
'', tryptamine, NMT, DMT and N-methyltetrahydrocarboline in bark * ''
Mimosa somnians ''Mimosa somnians'', commonly known as dormideira, is a species of woody shrub in the genus ''Mimosa'' and the family Fabaceae. It is native to the Caribbean, Central America and South America. It is a short, low-lying shrub with minuscule thorns ...
'', tryptamines and MMT * ''
Mimosa tenuiflora ''Mimosa tenuiflora'', syn. ''Mimosa hostilis'', also known as jurema preta, calumbi (Brazil), tepezcohuite (México), carbonal, cabrera, jurema, black jurema, and binho de jurema, is a perennial tree or shrub native to the northeastern region of ...
'' (syn. "Mimosa hostilis"), 0.31-0.57%
DMT ''N'',''N''-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT or ''N'',''N''-DMT, SPL026) is a substituted tryptamine that occurs in many plants and animals, including human beings, and which is both a derivative and a structural analog of tryptamine. It is used as a ...
(dry root bark). * '' Mimosa verrucosa'', DMT in root bark * ''
Mucuna pruriens ''Mucuna pruriens'' is a tropical legume native to Africa and tropical Asia and widely naturalized and cultivated. Its English common names include monkey tamarind, velvet bean, Bengal velvet bean, Florida velvet bean, Mauritius velvet bean, Yo ...
'', "The leaves, seeds, stems and roots contain L-Dopa, Serotonin, 5-HTP, and Nicotine, as well as N,N-DMT, Bufotenine, and 5-MeO-DMT." * '' Petalostylis casseoides'', 0.4–0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems * '' Petalostylis labicheoides var. casseoides'', DMT in leaves and stems * '' Phyllodium pulchellum''(syn. ''Desmodium pulchellum''), 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT DMT (dominates in seedlings and young plants), 5-MeO-DMT (dominates in mature plant), whole plant, roots, stems, leaves, flowers * '' Erythrina flabelliformis'', other ''
Erythrina ''Erythrina'' is a genus of plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. It contains about 130 species, which are distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. They are trees, with the larger species growing up to in height. The generic na ...
'' species, seeds contain the alkaloids erysodin and erysovin


Subfamily

Caesalpinioideae Caesalpinioideae is a botanical name at the rank of subfamily, placed in the large family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. Its name is formed from the generic name ''Caesalpinia''. It is known also as the peacock flower subfamily. The Caesalpinioideae ...

*
Petalostylis cassioides
': 0.4–0.5% tryptamine, DMT, etc. in leaves and stems *
Petalostylis labicheoides
', Tryptamines in leaves and stems, MAO's up to 0.5%
/ref>


Lauraceae Lauraceae, or the laurels, is a plant family that includes the true laurel and its closest relatives. This family comprises about 2850 known species in about 45 genera worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ). They are dicotyledons, and occur ma ...

** '' Nectandra megapotamica'', NMT


Malpighiaceae Malpighiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales. It comprises about 73 genera and 1315 species, all of which are native to the tropics and subtropics. About 80% of the genera and 90% of the species occur in the New World ( ...

* ''
Diplopterys cabrerana ''Diplopterys cabrerana'' is a shrub native to the Amazon Basin, spanning the countries of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. In the Quechua languages it is called chaliponga or chagropanga; in parts of Ecuador it is known as chacruna—a name o ...
'': McKenna et al. (1984) assayed and found the leaves contain 0.17% DMT


Myristicaceae The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, ''Myristica fragra ...

* '' Horsfieldia superba'': 5-MeO-DMT and beta-carbolines * ''
Iryanthera macrophylla ''Iryanthera'' is a flowering plant genus in the family Myristicaceae. Species include: *'' Iryanthera campinae'' W.A.Rodrigues *'' Iryanthera coriacea'' Ducke *'' Iryanthera crassifolia'' A.C. Sm. *''Iryanthera dialyandra'' Ducke *''Iryanthera ...
'': 5-MeO-DMT in bark * '' Iryanthera ulei'': 5-MeO-DMT in bark * '' Osteophloem platyspermum'': DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in bark * ''
Virola calophylla ''Virola calophylla'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae. It is native to Central America and South America, namely Panama, Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia ( Department of Amazonas, Department of Vaupés), Ecuador ( Nap ...
'', Leaves 0.149% DMT, leaves 0.006% MMT 5-MeO-DMT in bark * ''
Virola calophylloidea ''Virola calophylloidea'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is someti ...
'', DMT * ''
Virola carinata ''Virola carinata'' is a New World, tropical evergreen tree in the family Myristicaceae that is indigenous to Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil ( Amazonas and Rondônia Rondônia () is one of the 26 states of Brazil, located in the northern sub ...
'', DMT in leaves * ''
Virola cuspidata ''Virola cuspidata'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes ...
'', DMT * '' Virola divergens'', DMT in leaves * '' Virola elongata''(syn. ''Virola theiodora''), DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in bark, roots, leaves and flowers * '' Virola melinonii'', DMT in bark * '' Virola multinervia'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in bark and roots * '' Virola pavonis'', DMT in leaves * '' Virola peruviana'', 5-MeO-DMT, traces of DMT and 5-MeO-tryptamine in bark * '' Virola rufula'', Alkaloids in bark and root, 95% of which is MeO-DMT 0.190% 5-MeO-DMT in bark, 0.135% 5-MeO-DMT in root, 0.092% DMT in leaves. * '' Virola sebifera'', The bark contains 0.065% to 0.25% alkaloids, most of which are DMT and 5-MeO-DMT. * '' Virola venosa'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in roots, leaves DMT


Ochnaceae Ochnaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). . In the APG III syst ...

* '' Testulea gabonensis'': 0.2% 5-MeO-DMT, small quantities of DMT, DMT in bark and root bark, NMT


Pandanaceae Pandanaceae is a family of flowering plants native to the tropics and subtropics of the Old World, from West Africa through the Pacific. It contains 982 known species in five genera, of which the type genus, ''Pandanus'', is the most important, wi ...

* Genus ''
Pandanus ''Pandanus'' is a genus of monocots with some 750 accepted species. They are palm-like, dioecious trees and shrubs native to the Old World tropics and subtropics. The greatest number of species are found in Madagascar and Malaysia. Common names ...
'' (Screw Pine): DMT in nuts


Poaceae Poaceae () or Gramineae () is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants commonly known as grasses. It includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and species cultivated in lawns an ...
(Gramineae)

Some Graminae (grass) species contain
gramine Gramine (also called donaxine) is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid present in several plant species. Gramine may play a defensive role in these plants, since it is toxic to many organisms. Occurrence Gramine has been found in the giant reed, ...
, which can cause brain damage, other organ damage,
central nervous system The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is so named because the brain integrates the received information and coordinates and influences the activity of all par ...
damage and death in sheep. * ''
Arundo donax ''Arundo donax'' is a tall perennial cane. It is one of several so-called reed species. It has several common names including giant cane, elephant grass, carrizo, arundo, Spanish cane, Colorado river reed, wild cane, and giant reed. ''Arundo'' an ...
'', 0.0057% DMT in dried rhizome, no stem, 0.026% bufotenine, 0.0023% 5-MeO-MMT * ''
Phalaris aquatica ''Phalaris aquatica'', known by the common names bulbous canary-grass and Harding grass, is a species of grass in the genus ''Phalaris'' of the family Poaceae. Description It is an erect, waist-high, stout perennial bunch grass, with grayish to ...
'', 0.0007–0.18% Total alkaloids, 0.100% DMT, 0.022% 5-MeO-DMT, 0.005% 5-OH-DMT * ''
Phalaris arundinacea ''Phalaris arundinacea'', or reed canary grass, is a tall, perennial bunchgrass that commonly forms extensive single-species stands along the margins of lakes and streams and in wet open areas, with a wide distribution in Europe, Asia, northern ...
'', 0.0004–0.121% Total alkaloids * '' Phalaris brachystachys'', aerial parts up to 3% total alkaloids, DMT present * ''
Phragmites australis ''Phragmites australis'', known as the common reed, is a species of plant. It is a broadly distributed wetland grass that can grow up to tall. Description ''Phragmites australis'' commonly forms extensive stands (known as reed beds), which may ...
'', DMT in roots. None of the above alkaloids are said to have been found in '' Phalaris californica'', ''
Phalaris canariensis Canary grass is a plant, ''Phalaris canariensis'', belonging to the family Poaceae. Originally a native of the Mediterranean region, it is now grown commercially in several parts of the world for birdseed. Description ''Phalaris canariensis'' ...
'', ''
Phalaris minor ''Phalaris minor'' is a species of grass native to North Africa, Europe, and South Asia. The bunchgrass is widely naturalised elsewhere. Common names include little seed canary grass, small-seeded canary grass, small canary grass, lesser-canary ...
'' and hybrids of ''P. arundinacea'' together with ''P. aquatica''.


Polygonaceae The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants known informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The name is based on the genus ''Polygonum'', and was first used by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 ...

* ''
Eriogonum ''Eriogonum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Polygonaceae. The genus is found in North America and is known as wild buckwheat. This is a highly species-rich genus, and indications are that active speciation is continuing. It in ...
'' : DMT


Rubiaceae The Rubiaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules ...

* ''
Psychotria carthagenensis ''Psychotria carthagenensis'', also known as amyruca, is a South American rainforest understory shrub from the coffee family, Rubiaceae. It grows from the tropics of South America to Mexico. Unlike other Psychotria species, it has been found ...
'', 0.2% average DMT in dried leaves * '' Psychotria colorata'', Presence of mu opioid receptor(MOR) agonist and
NMDA antagonist NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of drugs that work to antagonize, or inhibit the action of, the ''N''-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). They are commonly used as anesthetics for animals and humans; the state of anesthesia they induce ...
:
hodgkinsine Hodgkinsine is an alkaloid found in plants of the genus ''Psychotria'', particularly '' Psychotria colorata'', although it is also found in ''Psychotria lyciiflora'' and probably other species in this family, Hodgkinsine has antiviral, antibact ...
,
psychotridine Psychotridine is an alkaloid found in some species of the genus ''Psychotria'', namely '' Psychotria colorata'', but also '' Psychotria forsteriana'', '' Psychotria lyciiflora'', '' Psychotria oleoides'', and '' Psychotria beccarioides''. Psychot ...
. Also mentioned in The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants: Ethnopharmacology and Its Applications. * '' Psychotria expansa'', DMT * ''
Psychotria forsteriana ''Psychotria forsteriana'' is a South American rainforest understory shrub from the family Rubiaceae The Rubiaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, ...
'', DMT * ''
Psychotria insularum ''Psychotria insularum'' is a rainforest understory shrub from the coffee family, Rubiaceae. Its native range is the South Pacific. It has traditional uses in herbal medicine. In 2021, the potent anti-inflammatory rutin was isolated from ''P. ...
'', DMT * '' Psychotria poeppigiana'', DMT * ''
Psychotria rostrata ''Psychotria rostrata'' is a South American rainforest understory shrub from the coffee family, Rubiaceae. References rostrata Rostratus (masculine), rostrata (feminine) or rostratum (neuter) is a Latin adjective meaning "beaked, curved, hoo ...
'', DMT * '' Psychotria rufipilis'', DMT * ''
Psychotria viridis ''Psychotria viridis'', also known as ''chacruna'', ''chacrona'', or ''chaqruy'' in the Quechua languages, is a perennial, shrubby flowering plant in the coffee family Rubiaceae. It is a close relative of '' Psychotria carthagenensis'' (a.k.a. ...
'', DMT 0.1–0.61% dried mass.


Rutaceae The Rutaceae is a family, commonly known as the rueRUTACEAE
in BoDD – Botanical Derm ...

* ''
Dictyoloma incanescens ''Dictyoloma'' is a genus of flowering plants that belongs to the family Rutaceae. References

Cneoroideae Rutaceae genera {{Rutaceae-stub ...
'', 5-MeO-DMT in leaves, 0.04% 5-MeO-DMT in bark * '' Dutaillyea drupacea'', > 0.4% 5-MeO-DMT in leaves * '' Dutaillyea oreophila'', 5-MeO-DMT in leaves * ''
Tetradium ruticarpum ''Tetradium ruticarpum'' is a tree that comes from China and Korea. It was previously classified in the genus '' Euodia'' as ''Euodia ruticarpa''. The fruit is usually used, denoted sometimes as ''fructus''. It has a strong bitter taste, and i ...
''(syn. ''Evodia rutaecarpa''), 5-MeO-DMT in leaves, fruit and roots * ''
Limonia acidissima ''Limonia acidissima'' is the only species within the monotypic genus ''Limonia''. Common names for the species in English include wood-apple and elephant-apple. It is sometimes also called monkey fruit. Description ''Limonia acidissima'' is a l ...
'', 5-MeO-DMT in stems * '' Euodia leptococca'' (formerly ''Melicope''), 0.2% total alkaloids, 0.07% 5-MeO-DMT; 5-MeO-DMT in leaves and stems, also "5-MeO-DMT-Oxide and a beta-carboline" * '' Pilocarpus organensis'', DMT, 5-MeO-DMT in leaves (Might also contain pilocarpine) * '' Vepris ampody'', Up to 0.2% DMT in leaves and branches * '' Zanthoxylum arborescens'', DMT in leaves * '' Zanthoxylum procerum'', DMT in leaves * ''
Citrus limon The lemon (''Citrus limon'') is a species of small evergreen trees in the flowering plant family Rutaceae, native to Asia, primarily Northeast India (Assam), Northern Myanmar or China. The tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culin ...
'', DMT, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative in leaves * '' Citrus sinesis'',DMT, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative * ''
Citrus bergamia ''Citrus bergamia'', the bergamot orange (pronounced ), is a fragrant citrus fruit the size of an orange, with a yellow or green color similar to a lime, depending on ripeness. Genetic research into the ancestral origins of extant citrus cultiv ...
'',DMT, N-Methylated tryptamine derivative * ''
Mandarin orange The mandarin orange (''Citrus reticulata''), also known as the mandarin or mandarine, is a small citrus tree fruit. Treated as a distinct species of orange, it is usually eaten plain or in fruit salads. Tangerines are a group of orange-coloured ...
'' Traces of N-methylated tryptamine derivative in leaf. * '' Chinotto Tree'', N-Methylated tryptamine derivative in leaf * ''
Citrus medica The citron (''Citrus medica''), historically cedrate, is a large fragrant citrus fruit with a thick Peel (fruit), rind. It is said to resemble a 'huge, rough lemon'. It is one of the Citrus taxonomy#Citrons, original citrus fruits from which a ...
'', N-Methylated tryptamine derivative in leaf


Phenethylamines

Species, Alkaloid Content (Fresh) – Alkaloid Content (Dried) * '' Austrocylindropuntia cylindrica'' (syn. ''Opuntia cylindrica''), Mescaline * ''
Coryphantha ''Coryphantha'' (from Greek, "flowering on the top"), or beehive cactus, is a genus of small to middle-sized, globose or columnar cacti. The genus is native to arid parts of Central America, Mexico, through Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas ...
'' contains various phenethylamine alkaloids including macromerine, coryphanthine, ''O''-methyl-candicine, corypalmine, and ''N''-methyl-corypalmine. * ''
Cylindropuntia echinocarpa ''Cylindropuntia echinocarpa'' is a species of cactus known by the common names silver cholla, golden cholla, and Wiggins' cholla. It was formerly named ''Opuntia echinocarpa''.
'' (syn. ''Opuntia echinocarpa''), Mescaline 0.01%,
DMPEA DMPEA can refer to two subclasses of substituted phenethylamines: Dimethoxy-phenethylamines * 2,3-Dimethoxyphenethylamine * 2,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine * 2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine * 2,6-Dimethoxyphenethylamine * 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine ...
0.01%, 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine 0.01% * '' Cylindropuntia spinosior'' (syn. ''Opuntia spinosior''), Mescaline 0.00004%, 3-methoxytyramine 0.001%,
tyramine Tyramine ( ) (also spelled tyramin), also known under several other names, is a naturally occurring trace amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine acts as a catecholamine releasing agent. Notably, it is unable to cross the blood-b ...
0.002%, 3-4-dimethoxyphenethylamine. * ''
Echinopsis lageniformis ''Echinopsis lageniformis'' (syn. ''Trichocereus bridgesii''), the Bolivian torch cactus, is a fast-growing columnar cactus from the high deserts of Bolivia. Among the indigenous populations of Bolivia, it is sometimes called ''achuma'' or ''w ...
'' (syn. ''Trichocereus bridgesii''),
Mescaline Mescaline or mescalin (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a naturally occurring psychedelic protoalkaloid of the substituted phenethylamine class, known for its hallucinogenic effects comparable to those of LSD and psilocybin. Biological sou ...
> 0.025%, also
DMPEA DMPEA can refer to two subclasses of substituted phenethylamines: Dimethoxy-phenethylamines * 2,3-Dimethoxyphenethylamine * 2,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine * 2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine * 2,6-Dimethoxyphenethylamine * 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine ...
< 1%,
3-methoxytyramine 3-Methoxytyramine (3-MT), also known as 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylamine, is a human trace amine that occurs as a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine. It is formed by the introduction of a methyl group to dopamine by the enzyme catecho ...
< 1%,
tyramine Tyramine ( ) (also spelled tyramin), also known under several other names, is a naturally occurring trace amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine acts as a catecholamine releasing agent. Notably, it is unable to cross the blood-b ...
< 1%; Mescaline 2% * '' Echinopsis macrogona'' (syn. ''Trichocereus macrogonus''), > 0.01–0.05% Mescaline * ''
Echinopsis pachanoi ''Echinopsis pachanoi'' (syn. ''Trichocereus pachanoi'')—known as San Pedro cactus—is a fast-growing columnar cactus native to the Andes Mountains at in altitude. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru, and it ...
'' (syn. ''Trichocereus pachanoi''), Mescaline 0.006–0.12%, 0.05% Average; Mescaline 0.01%–2.375% * ''
Echinopsis peruviana ''Echinopsis peruviana'' (syn. ''Trichocereus peruvianus''), the Peruvian torch cactus, is a fast-growing columnar cactus native to the western slope of the Andes in Peru, between about above sea level. Description The plant is bluish-green i ...
'' (syn. ''Trichocereus peruvianus''), Mescaline 0.0005%–0.12%;Forbidden Fruit Archives
 Mescaline * ''
Echinopsis scopulicola ''Echinopsis scopulicola'' is a type of cactus A cactus (, or less commonly, cactus) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae, a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1750 known species of the order Caryophyllales. The word ''cact ...
'' (syn. ''Trichocereus scopulicola''), Mescaline Lycaeum * '' Echinopsis spachiana'' (syn. ''Trichocereus spachianus''), Mescaline; Mescaline * '' Echinopsis tacaquirensis'' subsp. ''taquimbalensis'' (syn. ''Trichocereus taquimbalensis''), > 0.005–0.025% mescaline * '' Echinopsis terscheckii'' (syn. ''Trichocereus terscheckii'', ''Trichocereus werdemannianus'') > 0.005–0.025% Mescaline; mescaline 0.01%–2.375% * '' Echinopsis valida'', 0.025% mescaline * ''
Lophophora williamsii The peyote (; ''Lophophora williamsii'' ) is a small, spineless cactus which contains psychoactive alkaloids, particularly mescaline. ''Peyote'' is a Spanish word derived from the Nahuatl (), meaning "caterpillar cocoon", from a root , "to gl ...
'' (Peyote), 0.4% Mescaline; 3–6% Mescaline * '' Opuntia acanthocarpa'' Mescaline * ''
Opuntia basilaris ''Opuntia basilaris'', the beavertail cactus or beavertail pricklypear, is a cactus species found in the southwest United States. It occurs mostly in the Mojave, Anza-Borrego, and Colorado Deserts, as well as in the Colorado Plateau and northw ...
'' Mescaline 0.01%, plus 4-hydroxy-3-5-dimethoxyphenethylamine * '' Pelecyphora aselliformis'', mescaline


Beta-carbolines

Beta-carboline β-Carboline (9''H''- pyrido ,4-''b'' ndole) represents the basic chemical structure for more than one hundred alkaloids and synthetic compounds. The effects of these substances depend on their respective substituent. Natural β-carbolines prima ...
s are "reversible" MAO-A inhibitors. They are found in some plants used to make
Ayahuasca AyahuascaPronounced as in the UK and in the US. Also occasionally known in English as ''ayaguasca'' (Spanish-derived), ''aioasca'' (Brazilian Portuguese-derived), or as ''yagé'', pronounced or . Etymologically, all forms but ''yagé'' descen ...
. In high doses the harmala alkaloids are somewhat hallucinogenic on their own. β-carboline is a
benzodiazepine receptor The GABAA receptor (GABAAR) is an ionotropic receptor and ligand-gated ion channel. Its endogenous ligand is γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Upon opening, the GABAA receptor on ...
inverse agonist In pharmacology, an inverse agonist is a drug that binds to the same receptor as an agonist but induces a pharmacological response opposite to that of the agonist. A neutral antagonist has no activity in the absence of an agonist or inverse agon ...
and can therefore have convulsive,
anxiogenic An anxiogenic or panicogenic substance is one that causes anxiety. This effect is in contrast to anxiolytic agents, which inhibits anxiety. Together these categories of psychoactive compounds may be referred to as anxiotropic compounds. Anxiogen ...
and memory enhancing effects.


Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because some taxa were used as dog poison Members of the ...

* '' Amsonia tabernaemontana'', Harmine * '' Aspidosperma exalatum'', Beta-carbolines * ''
Aspidosperma polyneuron ''Aspidosperma polyneuron'' is a timber tree native to Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Argentina, and Paraguay. It is common in Atlantic Forest vegetation. In addition, it is useful for beekeeping Beekeeping (or apiculture) is the maintenance of bee ...
'', Beta-carbolines * ''
Apocynum cannabinum ''Apocynum cannabinum'' (dogbane, amy root, hemp dogbane, prairie dogbane, Indian hemp, rheumatism root, or wild cotton) is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows throughout much of North America—in the southern half of Canada and throughou ...
'',
Harmalol Harmalol is a bioactive beta-carboline and a member of the harmala alkaloids. Legal status Australia Harmala alkaloids are considered Schedule 9 prohibited substances under the Poisons Standard (October 2015).Poisons Standard October 2015 https ...
* ''
Ochrosia nakaiana ''Ochrosia'' is a genus of flowering plants, first described in 1789. It is in the family Apocynaceae, native to Southeast Asia, Australia, and various islands of the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Oceans. ;Species # ''Ochrosia ackeringae'' ...
'', Harman * '' Pleiocarpa mutica'', Beta-carbolines


Bignoniaceae Bignoniaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Lamiales commonly known as the bignonias or trumpetvines.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: ...

* '' Newbouldia laevis'', Harman


Calycanthaceae The Calycanthaceae (sweetshrubs or spicebushes) are a small family of flowering plants in the order Laurales. The family contains three genera and only 10 known species , restricted to warm temperate and tropical regions: * ''Calycanthus'' (thre ...

* ''
Calycanthus occidentalis ''Calycanthus occidentalis'', commonly called spice bush or western sweetshrub, is a species of flowering shrub in the family Calycanthaceae that is native to California and, according to some sources, Washington state. It grows along streams an ...
'',
Harmine Harmine is a beta-carboline and a harmala alkaloid. It occurs in a number of different plants, most notably the Syrian rue and ''Banisteriopsis caapi''. Harmine reversibly inhibits monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), an enzyme which breaks down monoamin ...


Chenopodiaceae Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus ''Amaranthus''. It includes the former goosefoot family Chenopodiaceae and contains about 165 genera and 2,040 species, making it ...

* '' Hammada leptoclada'', Tetrahydroharman, etc. * ''
Kochia scoparia ''Bassia scoparia'' is a large annual herb in the family Amaranthaceae (''sensu lato'') native to Eurasia. It has been introduced to many parts of North America,
'', Harmine, etc.


Combretaceae The Combretaceae, often called the white mangrove family, are a family of flowering plants in the order Myrtales. The family includes about 530 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas in ca 10 genera. The family includes the leadwood tree, ''Combre ...

* ''
Guiera senegalensis ''Guiera'' is a flowering plant genus in the family Combretaceae. ''Guiera senegalensis'' is the only known species in the genus, found in Tropical Africa in dry areas from Senegal to Sudan (requiring much sunlight and light dry soil). The plant ...
'', Harman, etc.


Cyperaceae The Cyperaceae are a family of graminoid (grass-like), monocotyledonous flowering plants known as sedges. The family is large, with some 5,500 known species described in about 90 genera, the largest being the "true sedges" genus ''Carex'' w ...

* '' Carex brevicollis'', Harmine, etc. * '' Carex parva'', Beta-carbolines


Elaeagnaceae The Elaeagnaceae are a plant family, the oleaster family, of the order Rosales comprising small trees and shrubs, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical Asia and Australia. The family has about 60 species in ...

* ''
Elaeagnus angustifolia ''Elaeagnus angustifolia'', commonly called Russian olive, silver berry, oleaster, or wild olive, is a species of ''Elaeagnus'', native to western and central Asia, Iran, from southern Russia and Kazakhstan to Turkey, parts of Pakistan and parts of ...
'', Harman, etc. * '' Elaeagnus commutata'', Beta-carbolines * '' Elaeagnus hortensis'', Tetrahydroharman, etc. * '' Elaeagnus orientalis'', Tetrahydroharman * '' Elaeagnus spinosa'', Tetrahydroharman * ''
Hippophae rhamnoides ''Hippophae rhamnoides'', also known as sea-buckthorn, is a species of flowering plant in the family Elaeagnaceae, native to the cold-temperate regions of Europe and Asia. It is a spiny deciduous shrub. The plant is used in the food and cosmetic ...
'', Harman, etc. * ''
Shepherdia argentea ''Shepherdia argentea'', commonly called silver buffaloberry, bull berry, or thorny buffaloberry, is a species of ''Shepherdia'' in the Oleaster family. It is native to central and western North America, from the Prairie Provinces of Canada (Al ...
'', Tetrahydroharmol * ''Shepherdia canadensis'', Tetrahydroharmol


Gramineae

* ''
Arundo donax ''Arundo donax'' is a tall perennial cane. It is one of several so-called reed species. It has several common names including giant cane, elephant grass, carrizo, arundo, Spanish cane, Colorado river reed, wild cane, and giant reed. ''Arundo'' an ...
'', Tetrahydroharman * ''Festuca arundinacea'', Harman, etc. * ''Lolium perenne'', (Perennial Ryegrass), Harman, etc. * ''
Phalaris aquatica ''Phalaris aquatica'', known by the common names bulbous canary-grass and Harding grass, is a species of grass in the genus ''Phalaris'' of the family Poaceae. Description It is an erect, waist-high, stout perennial bunch grass, with grayish to ...
'', Beta-carbolines * ''
Phalaris arundinacea ''Phalaris arundinacea'', or reed canary grass, is a tall, perennial bunchgrass that commonly forms extensive single-species stands along the margins of lakes and streams and in wet open areas, with a wide distribution in Europe, Asia, northern ...
'', Beta-carbolines


Lauraceae Lauraceae, or the laurels, is a plant family that includes the true laurel and its closest relatives. This family comprises about 2850 known species in about 45 genera worldwide (Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ). They are dicotyledons, and occur ma ...

* '' Nectandra megapotamica'', Beta-carbolines


Leguminosae

* ''
Acacia baileyana ''Acacia baileyana'' or Cootamundra wattle is a shrub or tree in the flowering plant family Fabaceae. The scientific name of the species honours the botanist Frederick Manson Bailey. It is indigenous to a very small area in southern inland New S ...
'', Tetrahydroharman * '' Acacia complanata'', Tetrahydroharman, etc. * ''Burkea africana'', Harman, etc. * ''Desmodium gangeticum'', Beta-carbolines * ''Desmodium gyrans'', Beta-carbolines * ''Desmodium pulchellum'', Harman, etc. * ''
Mucuna pruriens ''Mucuna pruriens'' is a tropical legume native to Africa and tropical Asia and widely naturalized and cultivated. Its English common names include monkey tamarind, velvet bean, Bengal velvet bean, Florida velvet bean, Mauritius velvet bean, Yo ...
'', 6-Methoxy-Harman * ''Petalostylis labicheoides'', Tetrahydroharman; MAO's up to 0.5% * ''Prosopis nigra'', Harman, etc. * ''Shepherdia pulchellum'', Beta-carbolines


Loganiaceae

* ''Strychnos melinoniana'', Beta-carbolines * ''Strychnos usambarensis'', Harman


Malpighiaceae Malpighiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales. It comprises about 73 genera and 1315 species, all of which are native to the tropics and subtropics. About 80% of the genera and 90% of the species occur in the New World ( ...

* ''Banisteriopsis argentia'', 5-methoxytetrahydroharman, (−)-N(6)-methoxytetrahydroharman, dimethyltryptamine-N(6)-oxide * ''Banisteriopsis caapi'',
Harmine Harmine is a beta-carboline and a harmala alkaloid. It occurs in a number of different plants, most notably the Syrian rue and ''Banisteriopsis caapi''. Harmine reversibly inhibits monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), an enzyme which breaks down monoamin ...
0.31–0.84%, tetrahydroharmine, telepathine, dihydroshihunine, 5-MeO-DMT in bark * ''Banisteriopsis inebrians'', Beta-carbolines * ''Banisteriopsis lutea'', Harmine, telepathine * ''Banisteriopsis metallicolor'', Harmine, telepathine * ''Banisteriopsis muricata'' Harmine up to 6%, harmaline up to 4%, plus DMT * ''
Diplopterys cabrerana ''Diplopterys cabrerana'' is a shrub native to the Amazon Basin, spanning the countries of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. In the Quechua languages it is called chaliponga or chagropanga; in parts of Ecuador it is known as chacruna—a name o ...
'', Beta-carbolines * ''Cabi pratensis'', Beta-carbolines * ''Callaeum antifebrile''(syn. ''Cabi paraensis''), Harmine * ''Tetrapterys methystica''(syn. ''Tetrapteris methystica''), Harmine


Myristicaceae The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, ''Myristica fragra ...

* ''Gymnacranthera paniculata'', Beta-carbolines * '' Horsfieldia superba'' Beta-carbolines * ''
Virola cuspidata ''Virola cuspidata'' is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae The Myristicaceae are a family of flowering plants native to Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas and has been recognized by most taxonomists. It is sometimes ...
'', 6-Methoxy-Harman * '' Virola rufula'', Beta-carbolines * ''Virola theiodora'', Beta-carbolines


Ochnaceae Ochnaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Malpighiales.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). . In the APG III syst ...

* '' Testulea gabonensis'', Beta-carbolines


Palmae

* ''Plectocomiopsis geminiflora'', Beta-carbolines


Papaveraceae

* ''Meconopsis horridula'', Beta-carbolines * ''Meconopsis napaulensis'', Beta-carbolines * ''Meconopsis paniculata'', Beta-carbolines * ''Meconopsis robusta'', Beta-carbolines * ''Meconopsis rudis'', Beta-carbolines * ''Papaver rhoeas'', Beta-carbolines


Passifloraceae

* ''Passiflora actinia'', Harman * ''Passiflora alata'', Harman * ''Passiflora alba'', Harman * ''Passiflora bryonoides'', Harman * ''Passiflora caerulea'', Harman * ''Passiflora capsularis'', Harman * ''Passiflora decaisneana'', Harman * ''Passiflora edulis'', Harman, 0–7001 ppm in fruit * ''Passiflora eichleriana'', Harman * ''Passiflora foetida'', Harman * ''Passiflora incarnata'' (with bee), Harmine, Harmaline, Harman, etc. 0.03%. Alkaloids in rind of fruit 0.25% * ''Passiflora quadrangularis'', Harman * ''Passiflora ruberosa'', Harman * ''Passiflora subpeltata'', Harman * ''Passiflora warmingii'', Harman


Polygonaceae The Polygonaceae are a family of flowering plants known informally as the knotweed family or smartweed—buckwheat family in the United States. The name is based on the genus ''Polygonum'', and was first used by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 ...

* ''Calligonum minimum'', Beta-carbolines * ''Leptactinia densiflora'', Leptaflorine, etc. * ''Ophiorrhiza japonica'', Harman * ''Pauridiantha callicarpoides'', Harman * ''Pauridiantha dewevrei'', Harman * ''Pauridiantha lyalli'', Harman * ''Pauridiantha viridiflora'', Harman * ''Simira klugei'', Harman * ''Simira rubra'', Harman


Rubiaceae The Rubiaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules ...

* ''Borreria verticillata'', Beta-carbolines * ''Leptactinia densiflora'', Beta-carbolines * ''Nauclea diderrichii'', Beta-carbolines * ''Ophiorrhiza japonica'', Beta-carbolines * ''Pauridiantha callicarpoides'', Beta-carbolines * ''Pauridiantha dewevrei'', Beta-carbolines * ''Pauridiantha yalli'', Beta-carbolines * ''Pauridiantha viridiflora'', Beta-carbolines * ''Pavetta lanceolata'', Beta-carbolines * ''
Psychotria carthagenensis ''Psychotria carthagenensis'', also known as amyruca, is a South American rainforest understory shrub from the coffee family, Rubiaceae. It grows from the tropics of South America to Mexico. Unlike other Psychotria species, it has been found ...
'', Beta-carbolines * ''
Psychotria viridis ''Psychotria viridis'', also known as ''chacruna'', ''chacrona'', or ''chaqruy'' in the Quechua languages, is a perennial, shrubby flowering plant in the coffee family Rubiaceae. It is a close relative of '' Psychotria carthagenensis'' (a.k.a. ...
'', Beta-carbolines * ''Simira klugei'', Beta-carbolines * ''Simira rubra'', Beta-carbolines * ''Uncaria attenuata'', Beta-carbolines * ''Uncaria canescens'', Beta-carbolines * ''Uncaria orientalis'', Beta-carbolines


Rutaceae The Rutaceae is a family, commonly known as the rueRUTACEAE
in BoDD – Botanical Derm ...

* ''Tetradium'' (syn. ''Evodia'') species: Some contain carbolines * '' Euodia leptococca'' Beta-carboline * ''Araliopsis tabouensis'', Beta-carbolines * ''Flindersia laevicarpa'', Beta-carbolines * ''Xanthoxylum rhetsa'', Beta-carbolines


Sapotaceae

* ''Chrysophyllum lacourtianum'', Norharman etc. * Scutellaria??? * Scutellaria nana???


Simaroubaceae

* ''Ailanthus malabarica'', Beta-carbolines. See also Nag Champa. * ''Perriera madagascariensis'', Beta-carbolines * ''Picrasma ailanthoides'', Beta-carbolines * ''Picrasma crenata'', Beta-carbolines * ''Picrasma excelsa'', Beta-carbolines * ''Picrasma javanica'', Beta-carbolines


Solanaceae

* ''Vestia foetida'', (Syn V. lycioides) Beta-carbolines


Symplocaceae

* ''Symplocos racemosa'', Harman


Tiliaceae

* ''Grewia mollis'', Beta-carbolines


Zygophyllaceae

* ''Fagonia cretica'', Harman * ''Nitraria schoberi'', Beta-carbolines * ''Peganum harmala'', (Syrian Rue), The seeds contain about 2–6% alkaloids, most of which is harmaline. Peganum harmala is also an abortifacient. * ''Peganum nigellastrum'', Harmine * ''Tribulus terrestris'', Harman * ''Zygophyllum fabago'', Harman, harmine


Opiates

Opiates are the natural products of many plants, the most famous and historically relevant of which is Papaver somniferum. Opiates are defined as natural products (or their esters and salts that revert to the natural product in the human body), whereas opioids are defined as semi-synthetic or fully synthetic compounds that trigger the Opioid receptor of the mu sub-type. Other opiate receptors, such as kappa- and delta-opiate receptors are part of this system but do not cause the characteristic behavioral depression and analgesia which is mostly mediated through the mu-opiate receptor. An opiate, in classical pharmacology, is a substance derived from opium. In more modern usage, the term opioid is used to designate all substances, both natural and synthetic, that bind to opioid receptors in the brain (including antagonists). Opiates are alkaloid compounds naturally found in the Papaver somniferum plant (opium poppy). The psychoactive compounds found in the opium plant include morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Opiates have long been used for a variety of medical conditions with evidence of opiate trade and use for pain relief as early as the eighth century AD. Opiates are considered drugs with moderate to high abuse potential and are listed on various "Substance-Control Schedules" under the Uniform Controlled Substances Act of the United States of America. In 2014, between 13 and 20 million people used opiates recreationally (0.3% to 0.4% of the global population between the ages of 15 and 65). According to the CDC, from this population, there were 47,000 deaths, with a total of 500,000 deaths from 2000 to 2014. In 2016, the World Health Organization reported that 27 million people suffer from Opioid use disorder. They also reported that in 2015, 450,000 people died as a result of drug use, with between a third and a half of that number being attributed to opioids.


Papaver somniferum

*morphine *codeine *thebaine *oripavine


Mitragyna speciosa

*mitragynine *7-Hydroxymitragynine *mitragynine pseudoindoxyl


Picralima nitida

*Akuammicine *Pericine It may also have convulsant effects.


Psychotria colorata

*Hodgkinsine


Aspidosperma, Aspidosperma spp.

*Akuammicine


Plants containing other psychoactive substances


See also

* Aztec entheogenic complex * Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record * God in a Pill? * Hallucinogenic fish * Hallucinogenic plants in Chinese herbals * List of Acacia species known to contain psychoactive alkaloids * List of entheogenic/hallucinogenic species * List of plants used for smoking * List of poisonous plants * List of psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals * Louisiana State Act 159 * N,N-Dimethyltryptamine * Psilocybin mushrooms * Psychoactive cactus * Psychoactive plant


Notes


References


Bibliography

*


External links


Descriptions of psychoactive Cacti. Lycaeum Visionary Cactus Guide

Erowid Tryptamine FAQ – More Plants Containing Tryptamines

John Stephen Glasby, Dictionary of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites, Published by CRC Press

Golden Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants

Hallucinogens on the Internet: A Vast New Source of Underground Drug Information John H. Halpern, M.D. and Harrison G. Pope, Jr., M.D.

Chemical Investigations of the Alkaloids from the Plants of the Family Elaeocarpaceae
– Peter L. Katavic, Chemical Investigations of the Alkaloids From the Plants Of The Family Elaeocarpaceae, School of Science/Natural Product Discovery (NPD), Faculty of Science, Griffith University
Alexander T. Shulgin, Psychotomimetic Drugs: Structure-Activity Relationships




* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100903043051/http://www.bio.uu.nl/~herba/Guyana/VTGG/Myristicaceae/Virola/index.html Virola – Dried Herbarium Specimens]
Virola Species Pictures – USGS

''Desmanthus illinoensis'' – USDA

Psychedelic Reader (Google Books)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Psychoactive Plants Entheogens Herbal and fungal hallucinogens, Medicinal plants Lists of plants Psychoactive drugs, * Hallucinations