This is a list of active

separatist Separatism is the advocacy of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group. As with secession, separatism conventionally refers to full political separation. Groups simply seeking greate ...

movements in

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an area ...

. Separatism can include

autonomism Autonomism, also known as autonomist Marxism is an anti-capitalist left-wing political and social movement and theory. As a theoretical system, it first emerged in Italy in the 1960s from workerism (). Later, post-Marxist and anarchist tendenc ...

and

secession Secession is the withdrawal of a group from a larger entity, especially a political entity, but also from any organization, union or military alliance. Some of the most famous and significant secessions have been: the former Soviet republics le ...

ism, despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country. What constitutes an autonomist or secessionist movement is often debatable; entries on this list must be recognized by credible sources as involved, separatist, and composed of citizens of the country from which independence is sought. Under each region listed is one or more of the following: * ''De facto''/proposed state and/or autonomous territory: a proposed term for a secessionist or anticipated

sovereign state A sovereign state or sovereign country, is a polity, political entity represented by one central government that has supreme legitimate authority over territory. International law defines sovereign states as having a permanent population, defin ...

, or an area seeking greater autonomy. * Organizations that help:

advocacy Advocacy is an Action (philosophy), activity by an individual or advocacy group, group that aims to influence decision making, decisions within political, economic, and social institutions. Advocacy includes activities and publications to infl ...

cultural Culture () is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and Social norm, norms found in human Society, societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, Social norm, customs, capabilities, and habits of the ...

ethnic An ethnic group or an ethnicity is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Those attributes can include common sets of traditions, ancestry, language, history, ...

ethno-religious An ethnoreligious group (or an ethno-religious group) is a grouping of people who are unified by a common religious and ethnic background. Furthermore, the term ethno-religious group, along with ethno-regional and ethno-linguistic groups, is a s ...

political Politics (from , ) is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status. The branch of social science that studies ...

regional In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as zones, lands or territories, are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the interaction of humanity and t ...

, and/or

religious Religion is usually defined as a social system, social-cultural system of designated religious behaviour, behaviors and practices, morality, morals, beliefs, worldviews, religious text, texts, sacred site, sanctified places, prophecy, prophecie ...

group(s) that play a significant role in the movement's separatism. * Government-in-exile: a government that is located outside of the country under consideration, with or without power. * Recognized individuals who hold key roles within the separatist movement or organization(s) Militant organization(s) are also classified for movements that establish a ''de facto'' state or occupy areas of territory are listed as well.

Afghanistan

Hazarajat Hazaristan ( fa, هزارستان, Hazāristān), or Hazarajat ( fa, هزاره‌جات, Hazārajāt) is a mostly mountainous region in the central highlands of Afghanistan, among the Koh-i-Baba mountains in the western extremities of the Hi ...

* Ethnic group:

Hazara people The Hazaras ( fa, , Həzārə; haz, , Āzərə) are an ethnic group and the principal component of the population of Afghanistan, native to, and primarily residing in the Hazaristan (Hazarajat) region in central Afghanistan and generally scatte ...

** Proposed state:

** Political party: Flag of Hazarajat

Hazarajat Freedom Movement

Balochistan Balochistan ( ; bal, بلۏچستان; also romanised as Baluchistan and Baluchestan) is a historical region in Western and South Asia, located in the Iranian plateau's far southeast and bordering the Indian Plate and the Arabian Sea coastline. ...

* Ethnic group: Baloch ** Proposed state:

along with Sistan and Baluchestan of

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

and Balochistan of Pakistan. ** Political party:

Baloch National Movement The Baloch National Movement is a Baloch nationalist political organization which was led by Ghulam Mohammed Baloch, who served as the organizations's president before his murder in April 2009. History In 1987, the educated Baloch youth created ...

Baloch Republican Party The Baloch Republican Party (Urdu: بلوچ ریپبلکن پارٹی) is an organization in Balochistan Balochistan ( ; bal, بلۏچستان; also romanised as Baluchistan and Baluchestan) is a historical region in Western and South Asia, l ...

Free Balochistan Movement __NOTOC__ Baloch nationalism ( Baloch: راج دۏستی بلۏچی) asserts that the Baloch people, an ethnic group native to Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan are a distinct nation, and that their ethnicity overrides religious loyalty. The origins o ...

(member of the

Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, or simply UNPO is an international organization established to facilitate the voices of unrepresented and marginalised nations and peoples worldwide. It was formed on 11 February 1991 in The Ha ...

) ** Militant organisations:

Baloch Liberation Army The Balochistan Liberation Army ( bal, بلۏچستان آجوییء لشکر; Abbreviation, abbreviated BLA), also known as the Baloch Liberation Army, is a Baloch people, Baloch ethnonationalist militant organization based in Afghanistan. The ...

Baloch Liberation Front The Balochistan Liberation Front ( ur, بلوچستان لبریشن فرنٹ; BLF) is a militant group operating in the Balochistan region of southwestern Asia. The group was founded by Jumma Khan in 1964 in Damascus, and played an important ro ...

, Baloch Republican Army,

United Baloch Army United Baloch Army (UBA; ) was a militant group, fighting for the separation of Balochistan. The group has been designated as a terrorist organisation by the Pakistani government. The government of Pakistan banned the group on 15 March 2013. The g ...

South Turkestan * Ethnic group: Uyghurs,

Tajiks Tajiks ( fa, تاجيک، تاجک, ''Tājīk, Tājek''; tg, Тоҷик) are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group native to Central Asia, living primarily in Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Tajiks are the largest ethnicity in Tajik ...

Uzbeks The Uzbeks ( uz, , , , ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to the wider Central Asian region, being among the largest Turkic ethnic group in the area. They comprise the majority population of Uzbekistan, next to Kazakh and Karakalpak mino ...

and

Turkic people The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West Asia, West, Central Asia, Central, East Asia, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.. "Turkic peoples, any of various peoples whose memb ...

. ** Proposed state: Southern Turkestan ** Militant organisations: Turkestan Freedom Tigers

Azerbaijan

Territory of the former

Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast The Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), DQMV, hy, Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի Ինքնավար Մարզ, ԼՂԻՄ was an autonomous oblast within the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic that was created on July 7, 1923. Its cap ...

* People:

Armenians in Azerbaijan Armenians in Azerbaijan are the Armenians who lived in great numbers in the modern state of Azerbaijan and its precursor, Soviet Azerbaijan. According to the statistics, about 500,000 Armenians lived in Soviet Azerbaijan prior to the outbreak o ...

** ''De facto'' state: ( recognised by 3 non-UN members) *** Proposed: recognition of Artsakh status based on

self-determination The right of a people to self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a ''jus cogens'' rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter's norms. It stat ...

principle *** Political organisation:

National Assembly In politics, a national assembly is either a unicameral legislature, the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or both houses of a bicameral legislature together. In the English language it generally means "an assembly composed of the repre ...

*** Military organisation:

Artsakh Defense Army The Artsakh Defence Army ( hy, Արցախի Հանրապետության պաշտպանության բանակ, Artsakhi Hanrapetut’yan pashtpanut’yan banak) is the defence force of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh). Est ...

Territory of the short-lived Flag of Talysh

Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic Talysh-Mughan, officially known as the Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic (Talysh: Толъш-Мъғонә Мохтарә Республикә, ''Tolış-Mığonə Muxtara Respublika''), was a short-lived autonomous republic in Azerbaijan that la ...

* People:

Talysh people The Talysh people ( tly, Tolışon, script=Latn تالشان; az, Talışlar; fa, تالشان) are an Iranian ethnic group indigenous to a region shared between Azerbaijan and Iran which spans the South Caucasus and the southwestern shore ...

** Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan *** Political organisation:

Talysh National Movement The Talysh National Movement is a Talysh people, Talysh movement created in 2007 in the Netherlands, where part of the Talysh leadership lives in exile. Many of the movement's members had previously participated in the formation of the Talysh-Mugh ...

*** Government in exile: Flag of Talysh

Lezgistan Lezgistan or Lekia ( lez, Леӄи ') may refer to the following: *a term occasionally applied to describe the present-day Kurdamir, before the Russian Revolution. *an irredentist concept by a Sadval separatist organisation which aims to create a ...

* Ethnic group:

Lezgins Lezgins or Leks ( lez, Лезгияр, Лекьер. lezgijar) are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group native predominantly to southern Dagestan, a republic of Russia, and northeastern Azerbaijan. The Lezgin are predominantly Sunni Muslims and s ...

** Proposed: Autonomy or outright independence for

** Political organisation: Lezgin flag sadval

Sadval movement Sadval ( fa, سادول, also Romanized as Sādval) is a village in Horr Rural District, Dinavar District, Sahneh County, Kermanshah Province, Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a count ...

Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy () is the largest public organization of Lezgians in Russia, founded in 1999 in Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the ...

Bangladesh

Flag of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Shanti Bahini

Chittagong Hill Tracts The Chittagong Hill Tracts ( bn, পার্বত্য চট্টগ্রাম, Parbotto Chottogram), often shortened to simply the Hill Tracts and abbreviated to CHT, are group of districts within the Chittagong Division in southeast ...

* Ethnic group:

Jumma people The Jumma people ( bn, জুম্ম জনগোষ্ঠী) is a term usually referred to the minority tribal group of people of the Chittagong Hill Tracts region of Bangladesh, who claim a separate state called Jumma Land. They include the ...

** Proposed: Autonomy for the

** Political parties:

Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti The Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti ( bn, পার্বত্য চট্টগ্রাম জনসংহতি সমিতি; ''United People's Party of the Chittagong Hill Tracts''; abbreviated PCJSS) is a political party form ...

United People's Democratic Front United People's Democratic Front ( UPDF; ) is a regional political party based in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh. Chakmas form the majority ethnic group in the party. The United People's Democratic Front claims to seek a fully autonomo ...

China

Many current separatist movements in

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...

arise from the country's ethnic issues. Some of the forces that have created these ethnic issues include

history History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the History of writing#Inventions of writing, invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbr ...

nationalism Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the State (polity), state. As a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a in-group and out-group, group of peo ...

, economic and political disparity,

religion Religion is usually defined as a social- cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relates humanity to supernatural, ...

, and other factors. China has historically had tensions between the majority

Han Han may refer to: Ethnic groups * Han Chinese, or Han People (): the name for the largest ethnic group in China, which also constitutes the world's largest ethnic group. ** Han Taiwanese (): the name for the ethnic group of the Taiwanese p ...

and other ethnic groups, particularly in rural and border regions. Historically other ruling ethnicities, such as the

Manchu The Manchus (; ) are a Tungusic East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. The Later Jin (1616–1636) and ...

of the early-

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-speak ...

, experienced ethnic issues as well. Ethnic tensions have led to incidents in the country such as the

July 2009 Ürümqi riots The July 2009 Ürümqi riots were a series of violent riots over several days that broke out on 5 July 2009 in Ürümqi, the capital city of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR), in northwestern China. The first day's rioting, which ...

. Minor Movements * Flag of the Basuria independence movement

Bashu nationalism or Basuria independence movement * Great Cantonia Flag

Cantonese nationalism Cantonese nationalism () refers to the autonomy/independence of Guangdong or Cantonese-majority areas (Guangdong with Guangxi and, sometimes, Hong Kong and Macau) from China. These movements wanted to establish an independent or autonomous polit ...

or Cantonia independence movement * Proposed National Flag of Shanghai

Shanghainese nationalism, Shanghai independence movement or Nguyuit Republic independence movement * Flag of Manchuria

Manchuriain Nationalism * 中華伊斯蘭共和國國旗

Hui pan-nationalism or

Ningxia Ningxia (,; , ; alternately romanized as Ninghsia), officially the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), is an autonomous region in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. Formerly a province, Ningxia was incorporated into Gansu in ...

Proposed Greater Autonomy

Cyprus

The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus * People:

Turkish Cypriots Turkish Cypriots or Cypriot Turks ( tr, Kıbrıs Türkleri or ''Kıbrıslı Türkler''; el, Τουρκοκύπριοι, Tourkokýprioi) are ethnic Turks originating from Cyprus. Following the Ottoman conquest of the island in 1571, about 30,00 ...

** ''De facto'' state: (recognized only by

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...

) *** Proposed: re-unification with , or recognition of Northern Cyprus *** Political organization:

Government of Northern Cyprus A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a ...

*** Militant organization:

Security Forces Command The Security Forces Command ( tr, Güvenlik Kuvvetleri Komutanlığı) is the military and security force of the unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. It is a 15,000 strong force primarily made up of conscripted Turkish Cypriot male ...

Georgia

Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia Abkhazia, ka, აფხაზეთი, tr, , xmf, აბჟუა, abzhua, or ( or ), officially the Republic of Abkhazia, is a partially recognised state in the South Caucasus, recognised by most countries as part of Georgia, which vi ...

* People:

Abkhazians Abkhazians (russian: Абхазы), or Abkhazs ( ab, Аԥсуаа, Aṕswaа, ), are a Northwest Caucasian languages, Northwest Caucasian ethnic group, mainly living in Abkhazia, a disputed region on the northeastern coast of the Black Sea. A l ...

** ''De facto'' state: ( recognized by 6 UN members) *** Political organization:

Government of Abkhazia The Government of the Republic of Abkhazia governs the partially recognised Republic of Abkhazia. Executive branch The Republic of Abkhazia is headed by the President, a post held since early 2020 by Aslan Bzhania, who is supported by the V ...

*** Militant organization:

Abkhazian Armed Forces The Abkhazian Armed Forces (; ) are the military forces of Abkhazia. The forces were officially created on 12 October 1992, after the outbreak of the 1992–1993 war with Georgia. The basis of the armed forces was formed by the ethnic Abkhaz Na ...

Territory of the former

South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast The South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast (russian: Юго-Осетинская автономная область, ka, სამხრეთ ოსეთის ავტონომიური ოლქი, os, Хуссар Ирыстоны ав� ...

* People:

Ossetians The Ossetians or Ossetes (, ; os, ир, ирæттæ / дигорӕ, дигорӕнттӕ, translit= ir, irættæ / digoræ, digorænttæ, label=Ossetic) are an Iranian ethnic group who are indigenous to Ossetia, a region situated across the no ...

** ''De facto'' state: ( recognized by 5 UN members) *** Political organization: Government of South Ossetia *** Militant organization:

Armed Forces of South Ossetia The Armed Forces of South Ossetia is the military of the partially recognised state of South Ossetia. The force consists of 16,000 soldiers: 2,500 officers and active-duty soldiers and 13,500 reservists. It includes an Army and an Air Corps. Th ...

Javakheti Javakheti ( ka, ჯავახეთი ) or Javakhk ( hy, Ջավախք, ''Javakhk'') is a historical province in southern Georgia, corresponding to the modern municipalities of Akhalkalaki, Aspindza (partly), Ninotsminda, and partly to the Tur ...

* Ethnic group: Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti ** Proposed: Autonomy for the region Javakhk (Javakheti) ** Political party:

United Javakhk Democratic Alliance The United Javakhk Democratic Alliance ( hy, Միացյալ Ջավախք ժողովրդավարական դաշինք, translit=Miats’yal Javakhk’ Zhoghovrdavarakan dashink’) is a non-government organization composed of ethnic Armenians livin ...

India

Assam Assam (; ) is a state in northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . The state is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north; Nagaland and Manipur ...

* Proposed state:

** Ethnic group: Assamese ** Militant organizations: Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom

United Liberation Front of Asom The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) (Assamese: সংযুক্ত মুক্তি বাহিনী, অসম) is an armed separatist organisation operating in the Northeast Indian state of Assam. It seeks to establish an indep ...

Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam (MULTA) is an Islamist extremist organization founded around 1996 in the eastern Indian state of Assam by mostly -origin Muslims and indigenous Muslims in Assam. The South Asia Terrorism Portal (satp.org) ...

Nagaland Nagaland () is a landlocked state in the northeastern region of India. It is bordered by the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh to the north, Assam to the west, Manipur to the south and the Sagaing Region of Myanmar to the east. Its capital cit ...

* Proposed state: Unofficial flag of Nagaland

Nagalim ** Ethnic group:

Naga people Nagas are various ethnic groups native to northeastern India and northwestern Myanmar. The groups have similar cultures and traditions, and form the majority of population in the Indian states of Nagaland and Manipur and Naga Self-Administered ...

** Militant organization: Unofficial flag of Nagaland

National Socialist Council of Nagaland The National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) is a Naga nationalist separatist group operating mainly in Northeast India, with minor activities in northwest Myanmar (Burma). The main aim of the organisation is to establish a sovereign Naga ...

Kashmir Kashmir () is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term "Kashmir" denoted only the Kashmir Valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal Range. Today, the term encompas ...

* Proposed: secession of Jammu and Kashmir from

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

or unification with

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...

** Ethnic group:

Kashmiri Muslims Kashmiri Muslims are ethnic Kashmiris who practice Islam and are native to the Kashmir Valley in Indian-administered Kashmir. Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has bo ...

** Political organization:

All Parties Hurriyat Conference All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC) is an alliance of 26 political, social and religious organizations formed on 9 March 1993, as a united political front to raise the cause of Kashmiri separatism in the Kashmir conflict. Mehmood Ahmed Sagh ...

** Militant organizations: Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba

Lashkar-e-Taiba Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT; ur, ; literally ''Army of the Good'', translated as ''Army of the Righteous'', or ''Army of the Pure'' and alternatively spelled as ''Lashkar-e-Tayyiba'', ''Lashkar-e-Toiba'', ''Lashkar-i-Taiba'', ''Lashkar-i-Tayyeba'') ...

Hizbul Mujahideen Hizbul Mujahideen, also spelled Hizb-ul-Mujahideen ( ar, حزب المجاھدین, ), is an Islamism, Islamist militant organization operating in the Kashmir region. Its goal is to separate Kashmir Valley, Kashmir from India and merge it with ...

Jaish-e-Mohammed Jaish-e-Mohammed ( ur, , literally "The Army of Muhammad", abbreviated as JeM) is a Pakistan-based: "The JEM is a Pakistan-based, militant Islamic group founded by Maulana Masood Azhar in March 2000." Deobandi: "Deobandis like Masood Azha ...

Kamtapur Kamtapur is an autonomous area in the Assam state of India administered by the Kamatapur Autonomous Council. History Kamatapur emerged as a sovereign state in the middle of the 13th century, and it continued through fluctuating levels of prosp ...

* Proposed state:

** Ethnic group:

Rajbanshi people The Rajbanshi, also Rajbongshi and Koch-Rajbongshi, are peoples from Lower Assam, North Bengal, eastern Bihar, Terai region of eastern Nepal, and Bhutan who have in the past sought an association with the Koch dynasty. Today, they speak v ...

** Militant organization: Flag of the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation

Kamtapur Liberation Organisation The Kamtapur Liberation Organisation ( KLO) is a militant organisation based in Northeast India whose objective is to Separate the Kamtapur nation from West Bengal and Assam. The proposed state is to comprise six districts in West Bengal and fou ...

Manipur Manipur () ( mni, Kangleipak) is a state in Northeast India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west. It also borders two regions of Myanm ...

* Proposed state: Flag of Kangleipak

Kangleipak Manipur () ( mni, Kangleipak) is a state in Northeast India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west. It also borders two regions of Myanm ...

** Ethnic groups: Meitei,

Pangal The Meitei Pangals ( mni, Meitei Pangan), also known as the Pangals ( mni, Pangan) or the Meitei Muslims ( mni, Meitei Pangal) or the Manipuri Muslims ( mni, Manipuri Pangal), are a group of Muslims who speak Meitei language as their nativ ...

Naga Naga or NAGA may refer to: Mythology * Nāga, a serpentine deity or race in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain traditions * Naga Kingdom, in the epic ''Mahabharata'' * Phaya Naga, mythical creatures believed to live in the Laotian stretch of the Mekong Riv ...

** Militant organizations: Bandera UNLF

United National Liberation Front The United National Liberation Front (UNLF), also known as the United National Liberation Front of Manipur, is a separatist insurgent group active in the state of Manipur in Northeast India which aims at establishing a sovereign and socialist ...

People's Liberation Army of Manipur The People's Liberation Army of Manipur, often shortened to just People's Liberation Army (PLA-MP or PLAM), founded by N. Bisheshwar Singh on 25 September 1978, is a separatist armed terrorist group fighting for a separate independent socialist ...

Kangleipak Communist Party Kangleipak Communist Party is a Maoist militant group in Manipur, India. Named after Kangleipak, the ancient name of Manipur, it was initially led by the communist ideologues — Ibohanbi and Ibopishak. The Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) had b ...

People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak The People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) is an armed insurgent group in Manipur demanding a separate and independent homeland. PREPAK was formed under the leadership of R. K. Tulachandra in 1977. History PREPAK was formed, in a m ...

Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup (or Kanglei Yaol Kanba Lup) is a Meitei separatist group in the state of Manipur in India formed in January 1994 by the unification of splinter groups like Ibopishak faction of the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) along w ...

Maoist Communist Party of Manipur The Maoist Communist Party of Manipur is a Maoist political party in Manipur which aims "to establish a communist society through armed revolutionary war." The Maoist Communist Party of Manipur also intends at liberating the people of Manipur ...

Punjab Punjab (; Punjabi: پنجاب ; ਪੰਜਾਬ ; ; also romanised as ''Panjāb'' or ''Panj-Āb'') is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising ...

* Proposed state:

Khalistan The Khalistan movement is a Sikhs, Sikh Separatism, separatist movement seeking to create a homeland for Sikhs by establishing a sovereign state, called Khālistān ('-stan, Land of the Khalsa'), in the Punjab, Punjab region. The proposed sta ...

** Ethnic group: Punjabi

Sikhs Sikhs ( or ; pa, ਸਿੱਖ, ' ) are people who adhere to Sikhism (Sikhi), a monotheistic religion that originated in the late 15th century in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, based on the revelation of Guru Nanak. The term ...

** Militant organizations:

Babbar Khalsa Babbar Khalsa International (BKI, pa, ਬੱਬਰ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ, ), better known as Babbar Khalsa, is an organisation whose main objective is to create an independent Sikh country, Khalistan. It operates in Canada, Germany and the United ...

, Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan,

Khalistan Commando Force The Khalistan Commando Force (KCF) is a militant Khalistani organisation operating in the state of Punjab with prominent members based in Canada, the United Kingdom and Pakistan. Its objective is the creation of a Sikh independent state of Khali ...

Khalistan Liberation Force Khalistan Liberation Force (KLF) is a militant group, and is a part of the Khalistan Movement and its goal to create a Sikh homeland called Khalistan via armed struggle. The KLF appears to have been a loose association of Khalistani militant gr ...

Khalistan Zindabad Force The Khalistan Zindabad Force (KZF) is a militant group and is part of the Khalistan movement to create a separate country Sikh homeland called Khalistan by carving Punjab and some parts of neighbouring states of Haryana, Rajasthan and Himacha ...

ISYF The International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) is a proscribed organisation that aims to establish an independent homeland for the Sikhs of India in Khalistan. It is banned as a terrorist organisation under Australian, European Union, Japanese, ...

AISSF The All India Sikh Students Federation (AISSF), is a Sikh student organisation and political organisation in India. AISSF was formed in 1943. as the youth wing of the Akali Dal, which is a Sikh political party in the Indian Punjab. Origin Bef ...

International Sikh Youth Federation The International Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) is a proscribed organisation that aims to establish an independent homeland for the Sikhs of India in Khalistan. It is banned as a terrorist organisation under Australian, European Union, Japanese, ...

Meghalaya Meghalaya (, or , meaning "abode of clouds"; from Sanskrit , "cloud" + , "abode") is a states and union territories of India, state in northeastern India. Meghalaya was formed on 21 January 1972 by carving out two districts from the state of As ...

* Proposed state:

** Ethnic group:

Khasi people The Khasi people are an ethnic group of Meghalaya in north-eastern India with a significant population in the bordering state of Assam, and in certain parts of Bangladesh. Khasi people form the majority of the population of the eastern part of M ...

Pnar people The Pnar, also known as Jaiñtia, are a sub-tribal group of the Khasi people in Meghalaya, India. The Pnar people are matrilineal. They speak the Pnar Language, which belongs to the Austro-Asiatic language family and is very similar to the Kha ...

** Militant organization:

Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council The Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (abbreviated HNLC) is a militant organization operating in Meghalaya, India. It claims to represent the Khasi- Jaintia tribal people, and its aim is to free Meghalaya from the alleged domination of out ...

Seng Khasi Movement The Seng Khasi movement, also known as the Khasi Students' Union, is a social and political movement that originated in the Khasi Hills region of the Indian state of Meghalaya. The movement was founded in the 1899 by a group of Khasi who were conc ...

Tripura Tripura (, Bengali: ) is a state in Northeast India. The third-smallest state in the country, it covers ; and the seventh-least populous state with a population of 36.71 lakh ( 3.67 million). It is bordered by Assam and Mizoram to the east a ...

*Proposed state: Flag of Tripura

Flag of the National Liberation Front of Tripura

**Ethnic group:

Tripuris The Tripuri (also known as Tripura, Tipra, Tiprasa, Twipra) are an ethnic group originating in the Indian state of Tripura. They are the inhabitants of the Twipra/Tripura Kingdom in North-East India and Bangladesh. The Tripuri people through t ...

**Militant Organisation:

National Liberation Front of Tripura The National Liberation Front of Tripura (abbreviated NLFT) is a Tripuri nationalist militant organisation based in Tripura, India. It has an estimated 550 to 850 members. The NLFT seeks to secede from India and establish an independent Tripu ...

(NLFT) **Advocacy group: Tipraland State Party

Mizoram Mizoram () is a state in Northeast India, with Aizawl as its seat of government and capital city. The name of the state is derived from "Mizo people, Mizo", the endonym, self-described name of the native inhabitants, and "Ram", which in the Mizo ...

*Proposed state: Bandera de Mizoram

*Ethnic group: Mizo **Political Party:

Mizo National Front The Mizo National Front ( MNF) is a regional political party in Mizoram, India. MNF emerged from the Mizo National Famine Front, which was formed by Pu Laldenga to protest against the inaction of the Indian central government towards the famin ...

(MNF)

Zoram People's Movement The Zoram People's Movement (abbreviated ZPM) is an alliance of seven party to form non Indian National Congress non Mizo National Front government formed by Mizoram People's Conference . It is an alliance movement, the members are Mizoram People's ...

, Hmar People's Convention

Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu (; , TN) is a States and union territories of India, state in southern India. It is the List of states and union territories of India by area, tenth largest Indian state by area and the List of states and union territories of India ...

*Ethnic group:

Tamils The Tamil people, also known as Tamilar ( ta, தமிழர், Tamiḻar, translit-std=ISO, in the singular or ta, தமிழர்கள், Tamiḻarkaḷ, translit-std=ISO, label=none, in the plural), or simply Tamils (), are a Drav ...

Dravidians The Dravidian peoples, or Dravidians, are an ethnolinguistic and cultural group living in South Asia who predominantly speak any of the Dravidian languages. There are around 250 million native speakers of Dravidian languages. Dravidian spe ...

, Tegulus **Proposed State:

**Advocacy Group:

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (; DMK) is a political party based in the state of Tamil Nadu where it is currently the ruling party having a comfortable majority without coalition support and the union territory of Puducherry where it is curre ...

(DMK) Kukiland * Proposed state:

Zale'n-gam Zale'n-gam or Zalengam ( Thadou-Kuki) dialect for 'land of freedom'), is a proposed state by Kuki people, with the intention of uniting all the Kuki tribes under a single government. The proposed state's main proponents are the Kuki National Org ...

** Ethnic group: Flag of Bnei Menashe

Bnei Menashe The Bnei Menashe ( he, בני מנשה, "Children of Menasseh", known as the Shinlung in India) is a community of people from various Tibeto-Burmese ethnic groups from the border of India and Burma who claim descent from one of the Lost Tribes ...

** Militant organisation:

Kuki National Army The Kuki National Army (KNA) is a Kuki insurgent group active in Northeast India and northwest Myanmar. It is the armed wing of the Kuki National Organisation. History The Kuki National Army (KNA) was founded on 24 February 1988 with the go ...

** Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation Santhal Pargana * Proposed state: Santals (India) Flag

Santhal state ** Ethnic Group:

Santhals The Santal or Santhal are an Austroasiatic speaking Munda ethnic group in South Asia. Santals are the largest tribe in the Jharkhand and West Bengal state of India in terms of population and are also found in the states of Odisha, Bihar and A ...

** Militant organisation:

Birsa Commando Force The Birsa Commando Force is a rebel group in the Indian state of Jharkhand, named after the 19th century tribal leader Birsa Munda, and was composed largely of tribal people from the Munda and Oraon communities. The group was active in the Chot ...

- BCF Rabha hasong * State or extended autonomous area: Flag of Rabhaland

Rabha Hasong ** Ethnic group:

Rabha people The Rabha are a Tibeto-Burman community to the Indian states of Assam, Meghalaya and West Bengal. They primarily inhabit the plains of Lower Assam and the Dooars, while some are found in the Garo Hills. Most of the Rabhas of Dooars refer to thems ...

** Militant organizations: Rabha Jatiya Aikya Manch, Rabha Vipers Army (RVA), Rabha National Liberation Army, Rabha Jatiya Mukti Bahini (RJMB)

Gorkhaland The Gorkhaland Territorial Administration is a semi-autonomous council for the Darjeeling and Kalimpong districts of West Bengal state in India. The GTA was formed in 2012 to replace the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, which was formed in 198 ...

* Ethnic group:

Indian Gorkha Indian Gorkhas also known as Nepali Indians, are Nepali language-speaking Indians. The modern term "Indian Gorkha" is used to differentiate the ethnic Gorkhas from Nepalis. Indian Gorkhas are citizens of India as per the gazette notificatio ...

** Proposal: creation of a separate state

within

or outright independence from India often including Nepali Unification. ** Political movement: GreenWhiteYellowFlag

Gorkhaland movement ** Political parties: Flag of Gurkhaland

Gorkha National Liberation Front Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) is a political party in the Darjeeling District of West Bengal, India. It was formed in 1980 by Subhash Ghisingh with the objective of demanding a Gorkhaland state within India. Early history Part of the ...

Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League ( ABGL) (also called All India Gorkha League (AIGL/IGL)) is a political party working amongst the Nepali-speaking Gorkha population in Darjeeling District and Kalimpong District of West Bengal, India. The party was ...

Gorkha Janmukti Morcha The Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM) is a registered unrecognized political party, that campaigns for the creation of a separate state Gorkhaland within India, out of districts in the north of West Bengal. The party was launched on 7 October 2007. T ...

Dimasaland * Ethnic group: Flag of Kruishoutem

Dimasa People The Dimasa people () are an ethnolinguistic community presently inhabiting in Assam and Nagaland states in Northeastern India. They speak Dimasa, a Tibeto-Burman language. This community is fairly homogeneous and exclusive, with members requ ...

** Proposed: Dimasaland ** Millitant Organisation:Dimasa National Liberation Army (DNLA)

Tiwa Tiwa and Tigua may refer to: * Tiwa Puebloans, an ethnic group of New Mexico, US * Tiwa (Lalung), an ethnic group of north-eastern India * Tiwa language (India), a Sino-Tibetan language of India * Tiwa languages, a group of Tanoan languages of the ...

* Ethnic group: Flag red white yellow 5x3

Tiwa People ** Proposed: Tiwa State ** Militant Organizations:Tiwa Liberation Army (TLA)

Kerala Kerala ( ; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile regions of Cochin, Malabar, South ...

* Proposed: separating the

Malabar district Malabar District, also known as Malayalam District, was an administrative district on the southwestern Malabar Coast of Bombay Presidency (1792-1800) and Madras Presidency (1800-1947) in British India, and independent India's Madras State (19 ...

of Kerala into a state of

** Ethnic group:

Mappila Muslims Mappila Muslim, often shortened to Mappila, formerly anglicized as Moplah/Mopla and historically known as Jonaka/Chonaka Mappila or Moors Mopulars/Mouros da Terra and Mouros Malabares, in general, is a member of the Muslim community of same n ...

** Political organisations:

Samastha Kerala Sunni Students Federation Flag

Samastha Kerala Sunni Students Federation Samastha Kerala Sunni Students Federation, abbreviated as the S.K.S.S.F, is the student wing of Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (E. K. Group), the principal Sunni-Shafi'i scholarly body in Kerala. The organisation is headquartered at Kozhik ...

, Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (EK group)

Garo Hills The Garo Hills (Pron: ˈgɑ:rəʊ) are part of the Garo-Khasi range in Meghalaya, India. They are inhabited by the Garo people. It is one of the wettest places in the world. The range is part of the Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion. De ...

* Ethnic group:

Garo people The Garo is a Tibeto-Burman ethnic tribal group from the Indian subcontinent, living mostly in the Indian states of Meghalaya, Assam, Tripura, and Nagaland, and in neighbouring areas of Bangladesh, including Madhupur, Mymensingh, Haluaghat, ...

** Proposed: making the

Garo Hills Autonomous District Council Garo Hills Autonomous District Council (GHADC) is an autonomous district council in the state of Meghalaya in India. It is seated at Tura and covers East Garo Hills district, West Garo Hills district, South Garo Hills district, North Garo ...

into a state of

or outright independence ** Political party:

Garo National Council The Garo National Council is a political party in Meghalaya in northeastern India which campaigns for the creation a new Indian state to be called Garoland, for the people of the Garo Hills. Founded in February 1946 as the Garo National Confe ...

Bundelkhand Bundelkhand (, ) is a geographical and cultural region and a proposed state and also a mountain range in central & North India. The hilly region is now divided between the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, with the larger portion lyin ...

* Ethnic group:

Bundelkhandi Bundeli (Devanagari: बुन्देली or बुंदेली; or Bundelkhandi) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Bundelkhand region of central India. It belongs to the Central Indo-Ayran languages and is part of the Western Hi ...

** Proposed: making the region of

into a state of

** Political party: Bundelkhand Mukti Morcha

Indonesia

Aceh Aceh ( ), officially the Aceh Province ( ace, Nanggroë Acèh; id, Provinsi Aceh) is the westernmost province of Indonesia. It is located on the northernmost of Sumatra island, with Banda Aceh being its capital and largest city. Granted a s ...

* Ethnic groups: Acehnese ** Proposed state: Flag of Free Aceh Movement

** Militant organisation:

Free Aceh Movement The Free Aceh Movement ( id, Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, GAM; ace, Geurakan Acèh Meurdèka / Gěrakan Aceh Měrdeka) was a separatist group seeking independence for the Aceh region of Sumatra, Indonesia. GAM fought against Indonesian government f ...

(negotiated peace with the Indonesian government in 2005, and now it is a civil movement, but the separatism still has supporters)

Riau Riau is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the central eastern coast of Sumatra along the Strait of Malacca. The province shares land borders with North Sumatra to the northwest, West Sumatra to the west, and Jambi to the south. Accord ...

* Ethnic group:

Riau Malays Riau Malays ( Jawi: ملايو رياو, ''Melayu Riau'') is a Malays sub-ethnic originating from the Riau and Riau Islands province. The main areas of the Riau Malays are on the east coast of Riau, mostly in Bengkalis, Indragiri Hulu, Kampar, ...

** Proposed state: Flag of Riau Independists

, Unification With ** Advocacy group: Gerakan Riau Merdeka

Minahasa Peninsula The Minahasa Peninsula, also spelled Minahassa, is one of the four principal peninsulas on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. It stretches north from the central part of the island, before turning to the east and forming the northern boundary of th ...

* Ethnic group:

Minahasan The Minahasans (alternative spelling: Minahassa) are an ethnic group native to the North Sulawesi province of Indonesia, formerly known as North Celebes. The Minahasa people sometimes refer to themselves as Manado people. Although the Minahasan p ...

** Proposed state: Flag of the Minahasan People

North Sulawesi North Sulawesi ( id, Sulawesi Utara) is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the Minahasa Peninsula of Sulawesi, south of the Philippines and southeast of Sabah, Malaysia. It borders the Philippine province of Davao Occidental and Soccsks ...

** Advocacy group: Independent Minahasa Movement (Gerakan Minahasa Merdeka),Greater Minahasa Alliance

Bali Bali () is a province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan, and Nu ...

* Ethnic group: Balinese ** Proposed autonomous area or state: Historical Flag of Bali

** Advocacy group: Bali government, ForBALI

Yogyakarta Yogyakarta (; jv, ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ ; pey, Jogjakarta) is the capital city of Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by a monarchy, ...

* Ethnic group: Javanese ** Proposed state: Flag of Yogyakarta

, Sultanate Of Yogyakarta

Kalimantan Kalimantan () is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo. It constitutes 73% of the island's area. The non-Indonesian parts of Borneo are Brunei and East Malaysia. In Indonesia, "Kalimantan" refers to the whole island of Borneo. In 2019, ...

* Ethnic group: Dayak,

Malay Malay may refer to: Languages * Malay language or Bahasa Melayu, a major Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore ** History of the Malay language, the Malay language from the 4th to the 14th century ** Indonesi ...

, Banjar,

Ida'an The Ida'an (Idahan or Eraan or Sabahan) people are an ethnic group of Borneo, residing primarily in the Lahad Datu districts on the east coast of Sabah, Malaysia. Their current population is estimated to be around 6,000 (1987 estimate), but it ...

Bajau The Sama-Bajau include several Austronesian ethnic groups of Maritime Southeast Asia. The name collectively refers to related people who usually call themselves the Sama or Samah (formally A'a Sama, "Sama people"); or are known by the exonym ...

, Suluk,

Orang Ulu Orang Ulu ("people of the interior" in Malay) is an ethnic designation politically coined to group together roughly 27 very small but ethnically diverse tribal groups in northeastern Sarawak, Malaysia with populations ranging from less than 300 p ...

and

Kadazan-Dusun Kadazan-Dusun (also written as Kadazandusun or Mamasok Kadazan-Dusun) also less-known as "Mamasok Sabah" are two indigenous peoples of Sabah, Malaysia—the ethnic groups Kadazan and Dusun. The Kadazandusun is the largest native group of Bumip ...

. * Proposed state or Autonomous area : Flag of Kalimantan Borneo

Or Unification With * Advocacy Group: Pakat Dayak

Iran

Khūzestān Province Khuzestan Province (also spelled Xuzestan; fa, استان خوزستان ''Ostān-e Xūzestān'') is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the southwest of the country, bordering Iraq and the Persian Gulf. Its capital is Ahvaz and it covers ...

* Ethnic group: Khuzestani Arab ** Proposed state:

Al-Ahwaz Ahvaz ( fa, اهواز, Ahvâz ) is a city in the southwest of Iran and the capital of Khuzestan province. Ahvaz's population is about 1,300,000 and its built-up area with the nearby town of Sheybani is home to 1,136,989 inhabitants. It is hom ...

** Militant organisations:

Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular Front Ahvaz ( fa, اهواز, Ahvâz ) is a city in the southwest of Iran and the capital of Khuzestan province. Ahvaz's population is about 1,300,000 and its built-up area with the nearby town of Sheybani is home to 1,136,989 inhabitants. It is home ...

National Liberation Movement of Ahwaz The National Liberation Movement of Ahwaz ( ar, حركة التحرير الوطني الأحوازي, Harakit al-Taḥrīr al-Watani Al-Ahwazi; abbreviated NLMA) is an Arab nationalist and separatist organisation whose goal is to establish an ind ...

Ahwaz Arab Renaissance Party Ahvaz ( fa, اهواز, Ahvâz ) is a city in the southwest of Iran and the capital of Khuzestan province. Ahvaz's population is about 1,300,000 and its built-up area with the nearby town of Sheybani is home to 1,136,989 inhabitants. It is hom ...

Ahwaz Liberation Organisation Ahvaz ( fa, اهواز, Ahvâz ) is a city in the southwest of Iran and the capital of Khuzestan province. Ahvaz's population is about 1,300,000 and its built-up area with the nearby town of Sheybani is home to 1,136,989 inhabitants. It is hom ...

Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz The Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz ( ar, حركة النضال العربي لتحرير الأحواز, ḥarakat an-nidhāl al-arabiː litaħriːr al-aḥwāz; abbreviated ASMLA) is an Arab nationalist and separatist insurge ...

** Advocacy group:

Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz Democrat, Democrats, or Democratic may refer to: Politics *A proponent of democracy, or democratic government; a form of government involving rule by the people. *A member of a Democratic Party: **Democratic Party (United States) (D) **Democratic ...

(member of the

)

Iranian Kurdistan Iranian Kurdistan or Eastern Kurdistan ( ku, ڕۆژھەڵاتی کوردستان, translit=Rojhilatê Kurdistanê) is an unofficial name for the parts of northwestern Iran with either a majority or sizable population of Kurds. Geographically, it ...

* Ethnic groups:

Kurdish Kurdish may refer to: *Kurds or Kurdish people *Kurdish languages *Kurdish alphabets *Kurdistan, the land of the Kurdish people which includes: **Southern Kurdistan **Eastern Kurdistan **Northern Kurdistan **Western Kurdistan See also * Kurd (dis ...

** Proposed state: Commonwealth of East Kurdistan Flag of Kurdistan

** Political parties:

Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran The Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI; ku, حیزبی دێموکراتی کوردستانی ئێران, Hîzbî Dêmukratî Kurdistanî Êran, HDKA; fa, حزب دموکرات کردستان ایران, Ḥezb-e Demokrāt-e Kordest� ...

(member of the

) ** Militant organisations:

Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan The Kurdistan Free Life Party, or PJAK ( ku, Partiya Jiyana Azad a Kurdistanê), is a Kurdish leftist anti- Islamic Republic of Iran armed militant group. It has waged an intermittent armed struggle since 2004 against the Iranian regime, seeki ...

, Komalah

Iranian Azerbaijan Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan ( fa, آذربایجان, ''Āzarbāijān'' ; az-Arab, آذربایجان, ''Āzerbāyjān'' ), also known as Iranian Azerbaijan, is a historical region in northwestern Iran that borders Iraq, Turkey, the Nakhchivan ...

*Ethnic groups: Azerbaijani ** Proposed state:

South Azerbaijan Historically, the name Azerbaijan was used to refer to the region located south of the Aras River- today known as Iranian Azerbaijan, located in northwestern Iran. The region in the north of the Aras River, which is today called the Republic of Azer ...

**Advocacy group:

South Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement The Southern Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement (SANAM) ( az, Güney Azərbaycan Milli Oyanış Hərəkatı) (GAMOH) is a Baku-based group that advocates self-determination for Azerbaijanis of Iran, and the "unification of Azerbaijanis living ...

Azerbaijan National Resistance Organization Azerbaijan National Resistance Organization (ANRO) (AMDT) ( Persian: تشکیلات مقاومت ملی آذربایجان) (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Milli Dirəniş Təşkilatı) was officially founded in 2006. The group defines itself as a part ...

* Ethnic group: Baloch ** Proposed state:

along with

Balochistan, Pakistan Balochistan (; bal, بلۏچستان; ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southwestern region of the country, Balochistan is the largest province of Pakistan by land area but is the least populated one. It shares land ...

And Baloch majority territories in

Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordere ...

** Militant organisations: Jundallah (Historical),

Jaish ul-Adl Jaish ul-Adl, or Jaish al-Adl ( ar, جيش‌ العدل, lit=Army of Justice; bal, جئیش الئدل), is a Salafi Islamist militant organization that operates mainly in southeastern Iran, where there is a substantial concentration of Sunni B ...

(Currently Active)

Iraq

Proposed state: * Majority ethnic group:

* Current de jure and de facto autonomous region:

Iraqi Kurdistan Iraqi Kurdistan or Southern Kurdistan ( ku, باشووری کوردستان, Başûrê Kurdistanê) refers to the Kurdish-populated part of northern Iraq. It is considered one of the four parts of "Kurdistan" in Western Asia, which also incl ...

** Political parties:

Kurdistan Independence Movement Kurdish nationalism (, ) is a nationalist political movement which asserts that Kurds are a nation and espouses the creation of an independent Kurdistan from Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. Early Kurdish nationalism had its roots in the Ottom ...

Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq The Kurdistan Democratic Party ( ku, Partiya Demokrat a Kurdistanê; پارتی دیموکراتی کوردستان), usually abbreviated as KDP or PDK, is the largest party in Iraqi Kurdistan and the senior partner in the Kurdistan Regional Gov ...

Patriotic Union of Kurdistan The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK; ku, یەکێتیی نیشتمانیی کوردستان, translit=Yekîtiya Nîştimanî ya Kurdistanê) is a political party active in Kurdistan Region and the disputed territories in Iraq. The PUK describe ...

(members of the

) ** Military:

Peshmerga The Peshmerga ( ku, پێشمەرگه, Pêşmerge, lit=those who face death) is the Kurdish military forces of the autonomous Kurdistan Region of Iraq. According to the Constitution of Iraq, the Peshmerga, along with their security subsidiaries, ...

Proposed autonomous area: Nineveh Plains * Ethnic group:

Assyrian Assyrian may refer to: * Assyrian people, the indigenous ethnic group of Mesopotamia. * Assyria, a major Mesopotamian kingdom and empire. ** Early Assyrian Period ** Old Assyrian Period ** Middle Assyrian Empire ** Neo-Assyrian Empire * Assyrian ...

Arab Christians Arab Christians ( ar, ﺍَﻟْﻤَﺴِﻴﺤِﻴُّﻮﻥ ﺍﻟْﻌَﺮَﺏ, translit=al-Masīḥīyyūn al-ʿArab) are ethnic Arabs, Arab nationals, or Arabic-speakers who adhere to Christianity. The number of Arab Christians who l ...

** Proposed state: ** Political parties:

Assyrian Democratic Movement The Assyrian Democratic Movement ( syr, ܙܘܥܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ, Zawʻá Demoqraṭáyá ʼÁṯuráyá, ar, الحركة الديمقراطية الآشورية, ADM), popularly known as Zowaa (), is an Assyrian political party ...

Assyrian Universal Alliance Assyrian Universal Alliance ( syr, ܚܘܝܕܐ ܬܒ̣ܝܠܝܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܐ, ar, الاتحاد الأشوري العالمي; fa, اتحادیه جهانی آشوریان), usually abbreviated as AUA and popularly known as Khoyada (English: ''U ...

(member of the

Assyria Liberation Party The Assyria Liberation Party or Gabo D'Furqono D'Othur (GFA, in Syriac: ܓܒܐ ܕܦܘܪܩܢܐ ܕܐܬܘܪ) was founded in 1995, and since 1997 the party has published the magazine ''Furqono'' (''Liberation'',ܦܘܪܩܢܐ). The party is foun ...

** Militant organisation:

Nineveh Plain Protection Units The Nineveh Plain Protection Units ( syc, ܚܕܝ̈ܘܬ ܣܬܪܐ ܕܫܛܚܐ ܕܢܝܢܘܐ ; ar, وحدات حماية سهل نينوى) or NPU is an Assyrian military organization that was formed in late 2014, largely but not exclusively by Assy ...

** Advocacy groups:

Assyrian General Conference The Assyrian General Conference (AGC) (Syriac: ܠܘܡܕܐ ܐܫܘܪܝܐ ܓܘܢܝܐ) is a political organization representing Assyrians of today in Iraq. It was established on August 7, 2005 in Baghdad, Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit= ...

Assyria Council of Europe Assyria Council of Europe is a lobbying organization based in Brussels, that lobbies the European Union and other Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size an ...

* Proposed autonomous area: Al-Rafidain Autonomous Region ** Ethnic groups: Assyrians, Turkmen,

Yazidis Yazidis or Yezidis (; ku, ئێزیدی, translit=Êzidî) are a Kurmanji-speaking Endogamy, endogamous minority group who are indigenous to Kurdistan, a geographical region in Western Asia that includes parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran ...

*** Political parties: Turkmen Rescue Foundation, Yazidi Independent Supreme Council and the Al-Rafidain Organization Proposed state:

Basra Basra ( ar, ٱلْبَصْرَة, al-Baṣrah) is an Iraqi city located on the Shatt al-Arab. It had an estimated population of 1.4 million in 2018. Basra is also Iraq's main port, although it does not have deep water access, which is hand ...

*Current de jure and de facto autonomous region: Flag of Basra Governorate

Basra Governorate Basra Governorate ( ar, محافظة البصرة ), also called Basra Province, is a Governorates of Iraq, governorate in southern Iraq, bordering Kuwait to the south and Iran to the east. The capital is the city of Basra, located in the Basrah ...

**Proposal: Basra has proposed uniting with the other provinces of

Dhi Qar Dhi Qar Governorate ( ar, ذي قار, translit=Thi Qār, ) is a governorate in southern Iraq. The provincial capital is Nasiriyah. Prior to 1976 the governorate was known as Muntafiq Governorate. Thi Qar was the heartland of the ancient Iraqi civ ...

and

Maysan , image_map = Maysan in Iraq.svg , mapsize = 200px , settlement_type = Governorate , subdivision_type = Country , subdivision_name = , subdivision_t ...

as an autonomous region or total independence Proposed state:

Sunnistan Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and K ...

* Advocacy group:

Sunni Muslims Sunni Islam () is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims. Its name comes from the word '' Sunnah'', referring to the tradition of Muhammad. The differences between Sunni and Shia Muslims arose from a disagr ...

, Ethnic Kurdis * Proposal: high degree of autonomy within Iraq or total independence

Turkmeneli Turkmeneli, also known as Turkmenland, and historically as Turcomania, ( tr, Türkmeneli, lit=Land of the Turkmens) is a political term used to define the vast swath of territory in which the Iraqi Turkmens historically have had a dominant popula ...

* Ethnic group:

Iraqi Turkmen The Iraqi Turkmens (also spelled as Turkoman and Turcoman; tr, Irak Türkmenleri), also referred to as Iraqi Turks, Turkish-Iraqis, the Turkish minority in Iraq, and the Iraqi-Turkish minority ( ar, تركمان العراق; tr, Irak Türkleri ...

** Proposed state:

** Political party:

Iraqi Turkmen Front The Iraqi Turkmen Front ( ar, الجبهة التركمانية العراقية, ''al-Jabha al-Turkmāniya al-Irāqiya;'' tr, Irak Türkmen Cephesi), also abbreviated as ITF, is a political movement representing the Iraqi Turkmen people. It was ...

(member of the

)

Sinjar District The Sinjar District or the Shingal District (, ku, قەزای شنگال ,Qeza Şingal) is a district of the Nineveh Governorate. The district seat is the town of Sinjar. The district has two subdistricts, al-Shemal and al-Qayrawan. The district ...

* Ethnic group:

Yazidi Yazidis or Yezidis (; ku, ئێزیدی, translit=Êzidî) are a Kurmanji-speaking endogamous minority group who are indigenous to Kurdistan, a geographical region in Western Asia that includes parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran. The majo ...

** Proposed: autonomy for

Sinjar Sinjar ( ar, سنجار, Sinjār; ku, شنگال, translit=Şingal, syr, ܫܝܓܪ, Shingar) is a town in the Sinjar District of the Nineveh Governorate in northern Iraq. It is located about five kilometers south of the Sinjar Mountains. Its p ...

region including Sinjar mountain ** Political parties:

Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress The Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress (, ) is a Yazidi political party in Iraq. The party represents Yazidis in the Nineveh Governorate. It has retained one seat in the Council of Representatives since 2005. Election results See also ...

Sinjar Alliance The Ezidkhan Command for Liberating Sinjar ( ku, Fermandariya Êzîdxana Ji Bo Rizgariya Şengalê), known as the Sinjar Alliance ( ku, Fermandariya Hevbeş a Şengalê, i.e. ''Sinjar Joint Command''), is a joint command of two - initially three - ...

Israel

West Bank The West Bank ( ar, الضفة الغربية, translit=aḍ-Ḍiffah al-Ġarbiyyah; he, הגדה המערבית, translit=HaGadah HaMaʽaravit, also referred to by some Israelis as ) is a landlocked territory near the coast of the Mediter ...

and the

Gaza Strip The Gaza Strip (;The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p.761 "Gaza Strip /'gɑːzə/ a strip of territory under the control of the Palestinian National Authority and Hamas, on the SE Mediterranean coast including the town of Gaza.. ...

* People:

Palestinians Palestinians ( ar, الفلسطينيون, ; he, פָלַסְטִינִים, ) or Palestinian people ( ar, الشعب الفلسطيني, label=none, ), also referred to as Palestinian Arabs ( ar, الفلسطينيين العرب, label=non ...

** ''De jure'' state: (recognized by 138 UN member states) *** Proposed: re-unification with or recognition of Palestine *** Political organization:

Government of Palestine The Palestinian government is the government of the Palestinian Authority or State of Palestine. The Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization (EC) is the highest executive body of the Palestine Liberation Organization and ac ...

*** Militant organization:

Palestinian National Security Forces The Palestinian National Security Forces (NSF; ar, قوات الأمن الوطني الفلسطيني ''Quwwat al-Amn al-Watani al-Filastini'') are the paramilitary security forces of the Palestinian National Authority. The name may either re ...

Palestine Liberation Army The Palestine Liberation Army (PLA, ar, جيش التحرير الفلسطيني, ''Jaysh at-Tahrir al-Filastini'') is ostensibly the military wing of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), set up at the 1964 Arab League summit held in A ...

Japan

Hokkaido is Japan's second largest island and comprises the largest and northernmost prefecture, making up its own region. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaidō from Honshu; the two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel. The la ...

* Ethnic group: Ainu ** Proposed state or autonomous region: Republic of Ainu ** Advocacy group: Flag of Okinawa Prefecture

Okinawa is a prefecture of Japan. Okinawa Prefecture is the southernmost and westernmost prefecture of Japan, has a population of 1,457,162 (as of 2 February 2020) and a geographic area of 2,281 km2 (880 sq mi). Naha is the capital and largest city ...

* Ethnic group: Ryukyuan ** Proposed state: Ryukyu independence flag

Republic of Ryukyu or

Ryukyu Kingdom The Ryukyu Kingdom, Middle Chinese: , , Classical Chinese: (), Historical English names: ''Lew Chew'', ''Lewchew'', ''Luchu'', and ''Loochoo'', Historical French name: ''Liou-tchou'', Historical Dutch name: ''Lioe-kioe'' was a kingdom in the ...

** Political parties:

Kariyushi Club The , formerly known as the , is a local political party in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, seeking an independent Ryukyu, the . The current party leader is . ''Kariyushi'' is Okinawan for "happy" or "harmony with nature". History The party was fo ...

, formerly ** Political groups: Ryukyu independence movement ** Note: The supporters of the movement want the

Amami Islands The The name ''Amami-guntō'' was standardized on February 15, 2010. Prior to that, another name, ''Amami shotō'' (奄美諸島), was also used. is an archipelago in the Satsunan Islands, which is part of the Ryukyu Islands, and is southwest o ...

Kagoshima Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands. Kagoshima Prefecture has a population of 1,599,779 (1 January 2020) and has a geographic area of 9,187 km2 (3,547 sq mi). Kagoshima Prefecture borders Kumamoto P ...

, former part of the defunct

until 1609, to be part of independent Ryukyu.

Laos

Northern Laos * Ethnic group:

Hmong people The Hmong people ( RPA: ''Hmoob'', Nyiakeng Puachue: , Pahawh Hmong: , ) are a sub-ethnic group of the Miao people who originated from Central China. The modern Hmongs presently reside mainly in Southwest China (Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Chon ...

** Proposed state: Federated ChaoFa ** Organization: Hmong flag

Congress of World Hmong People

Lebanon

Aramea * Ethnic group:

Arameans The Arameans ( oar, 𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀; arc, 𐡀𐡓𐡌𐡉𐡀; syc, ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ, Ārāmāyē) were an ancient Semitic-speaking people in the Near East, first recorded in historical sources from the late 12th century BCE. The Aramean ...

** Proposed state: Aramean flag

Aramea ** Political parties: Aramea Democratic Organisation

Malaysia

Separatist movements in Malaysia have been attributed to the erosion of autonomy especially in places such as

Sarawak Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the M ...

and

Sabah Sabah () is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and the North Kalimantan province of Indone ...

, which are ethnically and religiously distinct from the rest of Malaysia, as well as general neglect by the central government based out of

Putrajaya Putrajaya (), officially the Federal Territory of Putrajaya ( ms, Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya), is a planned capital city which functions as the administrative capital and the judicial capital of Malaysia. The seat of the federal government ...

resulting in differentiate political views, The

Malaysia Agreement The Malaysia Agreement or the Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore (MA63) was the agreement which combined North Borneo, Sarawak, ...

of 1963, under which Sabah and Sarawak agreed to unify with Malaya to become Malaysia, included strong provisions for autonomy of Sabah and Sarawak, which were agreed to in the 18-point and 20-point agreements. However, such autonomy has eroded in numerous aspects over the decades, such as a significant smaller share of oil revenue than previously agreed and a reduction in the territorial waters that belonged to each state. Such erosion began almost instantaneously after the expulsion of Singapore in 1965, which left Sarawak and Sabah without enough proportional seats (1/3) and decreased representation in the

Dewan Rakyat The Dewan Rakyat (English: 'House of Representatives'; ) is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament, the federal legislature of Malaysia. The chamber and its powers are established by Article 44 of the Constitution of Malaysia. The Dewan Ra ...

(Parliament of Malaysia) as Singapore's seats were not redistributed to the two states. As a result, it could not prevent laws passed by the central government from eroding its autonomy, running contrary to previous agreements, leading to the present situation. Other causes of dispute between the central government as well as Sarawak and Sabah include

freedom of religion Freedom of religion or religious liberty is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance. It also includes the freedom ...

, distribution of profits from

natural resources Natural resources are resources that are drawn from nature and used with few modifications. This includes the sources of valued characteristics such as commercial and industrial use, aesthetic value, scientific interest and cultural value. O ...

, and deliberate

demographic change Demography () is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings. Demographic analysis examines and measures the dimensions and dynamics of populations; it can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as edu ...

enacted by the central government parallel to ''de facto'' colonisation (with a similar equivalent historical event being the

Plantation of Ulster The Plantation of Ulster ( gle, Plandáil Uladh; Ulster-Scots: ''Plantin o Ulstèr'') was the organised colonisation (''plantation'') of Ulstera province of Irelandby people from Great Britain during the reign of King James I. Most of the sett ...

) particularly in Sabah to dilute pro-independence sentiments from the native ethnic groups.

Johor Johor (; ), also spelled as Johore, is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia in the south of the Malay Peninsula. Johor has land borders with the Malaysian states of Pahang to the north and Malacca and Negeri Sembilan ...

* Ethnic groups: Johoreans (Mainly Malays, Chinese and Indians) * Proposed state: Johor ** Advocacy group: Johor Independence Association (JIA),

Sultan of Johor The Sultan of Johor is a hereditary seat and the sovereign ruler of the Malaysian state of Johor. In the past, the sultan held absolute power over the state and was advised by a ''bendahara''. Currently, the role of ''bendahara'' has been take ...

, Crown Prince of Johor Sarawak for Sarawakians sticker on a car backscreen

* Ethnic groups:

Melanau Melanau or ''A-Likou'' (meaning River people in Mukah dialect) is an ethnic group indigenous to Sarawak, Malaysia. They are among the earliest settlers of Sarawak. They speak in the Melanau language, which is a part of the North Bornean branc ...

, Dayak (See

Demographics of Sarawak Sarawak's population is very diverse, comprising many races and ethnic groups. Sarawak has more than 40 sub-ethnic groups, each with its own distinct language, culture and lifestyle. This makes Sarawak demography very distinct and unique compared ...

) * Proposed state: Flag of the Raj of Sarawak (1870)

Raj of Sarawak (While I breathe, I hope) , national_anthem = '' Gone Forth Beyond the Sea'' , capital = Kuching , common_languages = English, Iban, Melanau, Bidayuh, Sarawak Malay, Chinese etc. , government_type = Absol ...

** Advocacy group: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak For Sarawakian Big Team (S4S Big Team), Sarawak Association of People's Aspirations (SAPA), Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM), Sarawak Liberation Movement ** Political parties:

Parti Bumi Kenyalang The ''Parti Bumi Kenyalang'' ( meaning "Land of the Hornbill Party") is a Sarawakian centre-right political party and officially registered in 2013 and have its headquarters in Bintulu and also in Kuching. The party's stated intent is to estab ...

* Ethnic groups:

Sama-Bajau The Sama-Bajau include several Austronesian ethnic groups of Maritime Southeast Asia. The name collectively refers to related people who usually call themselves the Sama or Samah (formally A'a Sama, "Sama people"); or are known by the exonym ...

(See

Demographics of Sabah The population of Sabah stands at 3,418,785 according to the 2020 Malaysian census. This makes Sabah the third most populous state in Malaysia. It also has the highest non-citizen population at 810,443. Although Malaysia is one of the least densel ...

) * Proposed state: Sabah ** Advocacy group: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM)

Myanmar

Arakan Arakan ( or ) is a historic coastal region in Southeast Asia. Its borders faced the Bay of Bengal to its west, the Indian subcontinent to its north and Burma proper to its east. The Arakan Mountains isolated the region and made it accessi ...

* Ethnic group: Rakhine ** Proposed state: Flag of Rakhine

Arakan State Rakhine State (; , , ; formerly known as Arakan State) is a state in Myanmar (Burma). Situated on the western coast, it is bordered by Chin State to the north, Magway Region, Bago Region and Ayeyarwady Region to the east, the Bay of Beng ...

** Advocacy group: Arakan Independence Alliance,

Arakan Army (Kachin State) The Arakan Army ( my, ရက္ခိုင့်တပ်တော်, Rakhaing Tattaw; Abbreviation, abbreviated AA) is an List of insurgent groups in Myanmar, ethnic armed organisation based in Rakhine State (Arakan). Founded on 10 April 20 ...

Arakan Army (Kayin State) The Arakan Army ( my, ရခိုင်ပြည်တပ်မတော်) is a Rakhine insurgent group based in Kayin State, Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions req ...

Zo Asia * Ethnic group:

Chin The chin is the forward pointed part of the anterior mandible (List_of_human_anatomical_regions#Regions, mental region) below the lower lip. A fully developed human skull has a chin of between 0.7 cm and 1.1 cm. Evolution The presence of a we ...

* Proposed state:

Chin State Chin State (, ) is a state in western Myanmar. The Chin State is bordered by Sagaing Division and Magway Division to the east, Rakhine State to the south, Bangladesh to the south-west, and the Indian states of Mizoram to the west and Manipur t ...

** Militant organisation:

Chin National Front The Chin National Front ( my, ချင်းအမျိုးသားတပ်ဦး; CNF) is a Chin nationalist political organization in Myanmar. According to its website, its armed wing, the Chin National Army (CNA), fights the government of ...

(member of the

)

Kachin * Ethnic group: Kachin ** Proposed state:

Kachin State Kachin State ( my, ကချင်ပြည်နယ်; Kachin: ), also known by the endonym Kachinland, is the northernmost state of Myanmar. It is bordered by China to the north and east (Tibet and Yunnan, specifically and respectively); Sh ...

** Political party: Kachin National Organization Flag of the Karen National Union

Kawthoolei Kawthoolei ( ksw, ကီၢ်သူလ့ၤ, ; my, ကော့သူးလေ) is the endonym for a proposed state that the Karen have sought to establish in Myanmar since the beginning of the Karen conflict in the late 1940s. Kawthoolei rou ...

* Ethnic group:

Karen Karen may refer to: * Karen (name), a given name and surname * Karen (slang), a term and meme for a demanding woman displaying certain behaviors People * Karen people, an ethnic group in Myanmar and Thailand ** Karen languages or Karenic l ...

** Proposed state:

** Militant organisation:

Karen National Liberation Army The Karen National Liberation Army ( ksw, ကညီဒီကလုာ် တၢ်ထူၣ်ဖျဲး သုးမုၢ်ဒိၣ်, my, ကရင်အမျိုးသား လွတ်မြောက်ရေး တပ်မတ� ...

** Advocacy group:

Karen National Union The Karen National Union ( my, ကရင် အမျိုးသား အစည်းအရုံး; abbreviated KNU) is a political organisation with an armed wing, the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA), that claims to represent the Ka ...

Karenni Karenni may refer to: * Karenni people * Karenni language * Karenni State, former name of Kayah State, Myanmar * Karenni States The Karenni States, also known as Red Karen States, was the name formerly given to the states inhabited mainly by ...

* Ethnic group:

** Proposed state:

Kayah State Kayah State ( my, ကယားပြည်နယ်, formerly Karenni State) is a state of Myanmar. Situated in eastern Myanmar, it is bounded on the north by Shan State, on the east by Thailand's Mae Hong Son Province, and on the south and wes ...

** Militant organisation:

Karenni Army The Karenni Army ( my, ကရင်နီ တပ်မတော်; abbreviated KA, KnA or KiA) is the armed wing of the Karenni National Progressive Party (KNPP), and operates in eastern Kayah State (also known as Karenni State), Myanmar (Burma ...

** Advocacy group:

Karenni National Progressive Party The Karenni National Progressive Party ( my, ကရင်နီအမျိုးသားတိုးတက်ရေးပါတီ; Abbreviation, abbr. KNPP) is a Karenni people, Karenni political organisation in Kayah State, Myanmar (Burma). I ...

(member of the

) ** Government-in-exile: Karenni Provisional Government Flag of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army

Kokang Kokang ( my, ကိုးကန့်; ) is a region in Myanmar (Burma). It is located in the northern part of Shan State, with the Salween River to its west, and sharing a border with China's Yunnan Province to the east. Its total land area i ...

* Ethnic group:

Kokang people The Kokang Chinese ( or 果敢族 (''Guǒgǎn zú''); my, ကိုးကန့်လူမျိုး) are Mandarin Chinese, Mandarin-speaking Han Chinese living in Kokang, Myanmar, administered as the Kokang Self-Administered Zone. Etymolog ...

(ethnic Han Chinese) ** Proposed state:

state

** Militant organisation:

Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army , logo = Flag of the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army.svg , caption = Flag of the MNDAA , active= – present , leader = Peng Daxun , ideology = Kokang nationalismSeparatism , partof = Myanmar National Truth and Justice Party ...

Mon State Mon State ( my, မွန်ပြည်နယ်, ; mnw, တွဵုရးဍုင်မန်, italics=no) is an administrative division of Myanmar. It lies between Kayin State to the east, the Andaman Sea to the west, Bago Region to the ...

* Ethnic group: Mon ** Proposed state:

, Monland

** Political party:

New Mon State Party The New Mon State Party (NMSP) ( mnw, ဗော်ဍုၚ်မန်တၟိ; my, မွန်ပြည်သစ်ပါတီ ) is an opposition party in Myanmar. Its armed wing, the Mon National Liberation Army (MNLA), has fought the gove ...

Northern Rakhine State Maungdaw District ( my, မောင်တောခရိုင်) is a district of Rakhine State in western Myanmar (Burma). Its capital city is Maungdaw and the population density is about 295 persons per square kilometer. Roughly 91 percent of ...

* Ethnic group:

Rohingya The Rohingya people () are a stateless Indo-Aryan ethnic group who predominantly follow Islam and reside in Rakhine State, Myanmar (previously known as Burma). Before the Rohingya genocide in 2017, when over 740,000 fled to Bangladesh, an ...

** Proposed state: Rahmanland Flag of Rahmanland (Rohingya)

** Militant organisation:

Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army The Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA), formerly known as Harakah al-Yaqin ( "faith movement" in English), is a Rohingya insurgent group active in northern Rakhine State, Myanmar. According to a December 2016 report by the International Cr ...

** Advocacy group:

Arakan Rohingya National Organisation The Arakan Rohingya National Organisation (ARNO) is a Rohingya political organisation based in London, United Kingdom. Ideology The proclaimed beliefs and objectives of ARNO are as follows: * The right of self-determination of the Rohingya p ...

, Rohingya National Council Flag of the Shan State

Shan States The Shan States (1885–1948) were a collection of minor Shan kingdoms called ''muang'' whose rulers bore the title ''saopha'' in British Burma. They were analogous to the princely states of British India. The term "Shan States" was firs ...

* Ethnic group: Shan (member of the

) ** Proposed state: Shan Republic Flag of the Shan State

** Political party: Shan Democratic Union ** Militant organisation:

Shan State Army The Shan State Army ( my, သျှမ်းပြည်တပ်မတော်; abbreviated SSA) was one of the largest insurgent groups that fought government forces in Shan State, Myanmar (Burma). The SSA was founded in 1964 after the ...

** Advocacy group:

Restoration Council of Shan State The Restoration Council of Shan State ( my, သျှမ်းပြည်ပြန်လည်ထူထောင်ရေးကောင်စီ; abbreviated RCSS) is a Shan political organisation in Shan State, Myanmar, founded in 1996 by Sh ...

** Government in exile: Interim Government of Federated Shan States Pa - Oh * Proposed state: Flag of the Pa-O National Organisation

Pa'O Self-Administered Zone The Pa'O Self-Administered Zone ( my, ပအိုဝ်းကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ ), as stipulated by the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar, is a self-administered zone consisting of three ...

** Ethnic Group: Pa - Oh ** Millitant Organisation: Flag of the Pa-O National Organisation

Pa-O National Liberation Army The Pa-O National Liberation Army ( blk, ပအိုဝ်ႏစွိုးခွိုꩻလွစ်ထန်ႏရေꩻတပ်မတောႏ, my, ပအိုဝ်းအမျိုးသားလွတ်မြောက်ရေး� ...

Palaung * Proposed state: Flag of the Ta'ang National Liberation Army

Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone The Palaung Self-Administered Zone ( my, ပလောင် ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ ဒေသ ) is a self-administered zone consisting of two townships in Shan State: It was created as a separate ...

** Ethnic Group: Palaung ** Millitant Organisation: Flag of the Ta'ang National Liberation Army

Palaung State Liberation Army The Ta'ang National Liberation Army ( my, တအောင်း အမျိုးသား လွတ်မြောက်ရေး တပ်မတော်; abbreviated TNLA) in Myanmar (Burma), is the armed wing of the Palaung State Liberati ...

Wa State Wa State, my, ဝပြည်နယ် is an autonomous self-governing polity in Myanmar (Burma). It is ''de facto'' independent from the rest of the country and has its own political system, administrative divisions and army.29 December 2 ...

* Ethnic group: Wa ** Proposed state:

** Political party: Flag of the United Wa State Party

United Wa State Party The United Wa State Party (UWSP) is the ruling party of Wa State, an autonomous region in northern Shan State, Myanmar (Burma). It was founded on 3 November 1989 as a merger between the Burma National United Party (BNUP) and several smaller, no ...

** Militant organisation: United Wa State Army flag

United Wa State Army The United Wa State Army (; my, ဝပြည် သွေးစည်းညီညွတ်ရေး တပ်မတော်, ), abbreviated as the UWSA or the UWS Army, is the military wing of the United Wa State Party (UWSP), the ''de facto' ...

* Ethnic group: Kuki ** Proposed state: Flag of Bnei Menashe

** Militant organisation:

** Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation

Zogam Zogam (or Land of Zo People) known as Zoland, Lushai Hills, Kuki Hills, lies in the northwest corner of the Mainland Southeast Asia landmass. This is the traditional ancestry homeland of the Zo people or Zomi who lived in this area before the c ...

* Ethnic group:

Zomi The Zomi are an ethnic group which can be found in India, Myanmar and in Chittagong hill tracks of Bangladesh. The word Zomi is used to describe an ethnic group, which is also known as the Chin people, Chin, the Mizo people, Mizo, the Kuki peop ...

** Proposed state:

** Militant organisation:

Zomi Revolutionary Army The Zomi Revolutionary Army ( my, ဇိုမီး တော်လှန်ရေး တပ်မတော်; abbreviated ZRA) is an armed Zomi nationalist insurgent group formed in 1997, following an increase in ethnic tensions between the ...

* Proposed state: Unofficial flag of Nagaland

Nagalim ** Ethnic group:

** Militant organization: Unofficial flag of Nagaland

Nepal

Kirat Autonomous State The Kirat Region is an area of the Himalayas in eastern Nepal which is inhabited by ethnic Kirati people. Currently Province No. 1 of Nepal has been proposed to be named Kirat Pradesh or Kirat State.www.makalukhabar.com History Kirat Kingdom Li ...

* Ethnic group: Kiratis ** Proposed state: Kirat *** Political party: Kirat Janabadi Workers Party Flag of Tarai-Madhesh Loktantrik Party

Madhesh Madhesh Province ( Nepali language, Nepali/ mai, मधेश प्रदेश) is a Provinces of Nepal, province of Nepal that was formed after the adoption of the Constitution of Nepal. It is Nepal's most populous province, and smallest prov ...

* Ethnic group:

Madhesi people Madheshi people ( ne, मधेशी) is a term used for several groups of people living in the Terai region of Nepal, literally meaning the people of ''Madhesh''. It has also been used as a political pejorative term by the Pahari people of Nep ...

s (including

Maithils Maithils (Tirhuta: মৈথিল, Devanagari: मैथिल), also known as Maithili people, are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group from the Indian subcontinent, who speak the Maithili language as their native language. They inhabit the M ...

, Bhojpuris and Tharus). ** Proposed state: Flag of Tarai-Madhesh Loktantrik Party

*** Advocacy group:

Alliance for Independent Madhesh The Alliance for Independent Madhesh (AIM) was a Nepalis' coalition of Madhesi people made up of activists, parties and various organisations working for establishing an independent and sovereign Madhesh state out of Nepal. After signing an 11-po ...

*** Militant Group:

Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha The Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha (JTMM) (Nepali: जनतान्त्रिक तराई मुक्ति मोर्चा, ''Janatāntrika Tarāī Muktī Morcā'', "Terai People's Liberation Front;" also Terai Janatantrik Mukti Morc ...

, Madhesh Mukti Tigers (MMT), Tharuwan National Liberation Front (TNLF).

Pakistan

* Ethnic group: Baloch ** Proposed state:

along with Sistan and Baluchestan of

and some parts of

. ** Political party:

(member of the

) ** Militant organisations:

, Baloch Republican Army,

Gilgit-Baltistan Gilgit-Baltistan (; ), formerly known as the Northern Areas, is a region administered by Pakistan as an administrative territory, and constituting the northern portion of the larger Kashmir region which has been the subject of a dispute bet ...

and

Azad Kashmir Azad Jammu and Kashmir (; ), abbreviated as AJK and colloquially referred to as simply Azad Kashmir, is a region administered by Pakistan as a nominally self-governing entitySee: * * * and constituting the western portion of the larger Ka ...

* Ethnic groups: Balti,

Shina Shina may refer to: * Shina language, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan * Shina people, a Dardic ethnic group in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan People named Shina * Shina Matsudo (born 1973), Japanese freestyle swimmer * ...

, Wakhi, Burusho, Kho ** Proposed state: Flag of Gilgit-Baltistan (1947)

** Militant organisations:

Gilgit-Baltistan United Movement The Gilgit-Baltistan United Movement (GBUM) is a political movement of Gilgit-Baltistan based in Skardu, Pakistan. It demands a fully autonomous state consisting of Gilgit and Baltistan, formerly known as the Northern Areas. The GBUM states that t ...

Balawaristan National Front The Balawaristan National Front ( ur, , translit=Balāwaristān Naishanal Franṭ BNF), more commonly known as the BNF, is a Pakistani political party of Gilgit-Baltistan. It was founded by Nawaz Khan Naji in 1989. The party calls for Gilgit-Bal ...

Sindh Sindh (; ; ur, , ; historically romanized as Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southeastern region of the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the second-largest province ...

* Ethnic group: Sindhi ** Proposed state:

Sindhudesh Sindhudesh ( sd, سنڌو ديش, ) is an idea of a separate homeland for Sindhis proposed by Sindhi nationalist parties for the creation of a Sindhi state, which would be either autonomous within Pakistan or independent from it. The movement is ...

** Political parties:

Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz ( sd, جيئي سنڌ قومي محاذ, abbreviated to and commonly known as JSQM) is a nationalist political party in the Sindh province of Pakistan, that advocates for Sindh's independence from Pakistan. The party was f ...

Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz The Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz (; translation: Jeay Sindh United Front; JSMM) is one of several major separatist political parties in Sindh, Pakistan, that advocate for the separation of Sindhudesh from Pakistan. Founded in the year 2000, by the ...

Sindh United Party The Sindh United Party (SUP) is a Sindhi nationalist political party that aims at rights of the Sindh people over their homeland in Pakistan. The partywas founded by former Deputy Speaker of Sindh Assembly Syed Jalal Mehmood Shah in 2006. Histo ...

** Student organization:

Jeay Sindh Students' Federation The Jeay Sindh Students’ Federation abbreviated as JSSF, is the student wing of various separatist organizations struggling for the freedom of Sindhudesh following the ideology of G. M. Syed, founded in 1969. JSSF was a nationalist outfi ...

** Militant organization: Sindhudesh Revolutionary Army

* Ethnic group:

Punjabi Sikhs Punjabi Sikhs are adherents of Sikhism who identify Natural language, linguistically, culturally, and Genealogy, genealogically as Punjabis and are native of Undivided Punjab region of Indian Subcontinent. Sikhism is an Indigenous religion, I ...

** Proposed state:

** Militant organisation:

Pashtunistan Pashtunistan ( ps, پښتونستان, lit=land of the Pashtuns) is a historical region in Central Asia and South Asia, inhabited by the indigenous Pashtuns, Pashtun people of Afghanistan and western Pakistan. Wherein Pashtun culture, the Pashto ...

* Ethnic group:

Pashtuns Pashtuns (, , ; ps, پښتانه, ), also known as Pakhtuns or Pathans, are an Iranian ethnic group who are native to the geographic region of Pashtunistan in the present-day countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan. They were historically re ...

** Proposed: independent state of

or unification with

** Political party:

Pashtoons Social Democratic Party The Pashtoons Social Democratic Party (abbr. PSDP; ps, د پښتنو ټولنیز ولسواکیز ګوند) is the unity and independence party of all Pashtuns, a social democratic political party in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The party was f ...

Jinnahpur Jinnahpur refers to a plot in Pakistan to form a breakaway autonomous state to serve as a homeland for the Muhajir people. Overview Mohajirs were refugees who moved to modern-day Pakistan from modern-day India during Partition of India in 1947. ...

* Ethnic group:

Muhajir people Muhajir or Mohajir ( ar, مهاجر, '; pl. , ') is an Arabic word meaning ''migrant'' (see immigration and emigration) which is also used in other languages spoken by Muslims, including English. In English, this term and its derivatives may refer ...

** Proposed autonomous state:

** Political party:

Muttahida Qaumi Movement – London The Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) ( ur, , ), previously known as Muhajir Qaumi Movement, is a secular political party in Pakistan that was founded by Altaf Hussain in 1984. Currently the party is split between 2 main factions. MQM-London facti ...

Philippines

Sulu archipelago and parts of

Zamboanga Peninsula Zamboanga Peninsula ( tl, Tangway ng Zamboanga; cbk, Peninsula de Zamboanga; ceb, Lawis sa Zamboanga) is an administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region IX. It consists of three provinces (Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga Sibu ...

* Ethnic groups: Moro ( Tausūg,

Banguingui Banguingui, also known as Sama Banguingui or Samal Banguingui (alternative spellings include Bangingi’, Bangingi, Banguingui, Balanguingui, and Balangingi) is a distinct ethnolinguistic group native to Balanguingui Island but also dispersed ...

Yakan Yakan may refer to: * Yakan people, a community of the Philippines * Yakan language, a language of the Philippines * Cape Yakan, in Russia People with the name * Adly Yakan Pasha (1864–1933), Egyptian politician * Fathi Yakan (1933–2009), Le ...

) ** Proposed state/autonomous area: Late 19th Century Flag of Sulu

Bansa Sūg, Sultanate of Sulu **Advocacy group:

Sultanate of Sulu The Sultanate of Sulu (Tausug language, Tausūg: ''Kasultanan sin Sūg'', كاسولتانن سين سوڬ; malay language, Malay: ''Kesultanan Sulu''; fil, Sultanato ng Sulu; Chavacano: ''Sultanato de Sulu/Joló''; ar, سلطنة سولك) ...

Cordillera Administrative Region The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR; ilo, Rehion/Deppaar Administratibo ti Kordiliera; fil, Rehiyong Pampangasiwaan ng Cordillera), also known as the Cordillera Region and Cordillera (), is an administrative region in the Philippines, ...

* Ethnic group:

Igorot The indigenous peoples of the Cordillera Mountain Range of northern Luzon, Philippines are often referred to using the exonym Igorot people, or more recently, as the Cordilleran peoples. There are nine main ethnolinguistic groups whose domains ar ...

** Proposed autonomous area: Cordillera Autonomous Region or

Autonomous Region of the Cordillera The Cordillera autonomy movement in the Philippines refers to the campaign for greater autonomy for the Cordilleras. The 1986 Constitution allows for the establishment of two autonomous regions in the country; Muslim Mindanao and in the Cordill ...

** Advocacy group: Autonomy in the Administrative Cordillera Movement, Pi cpdf

Cordillera People's Liberation Army The Cordillera People's Liberation Army (CPLA) was a militant organization based in the Cordillera region in the Philippines founded by Conrado Balweg. Formation In 1986, the CPLA broke away from the communist New People's Army (NPA), critici ...

, Cordillera Bodong Administration Other Islamic militants operating in Mindanao which had goals to create an Islamic state in the Philippines such as the

Abu Sayyaf Abu Sayyaf (; ar, جماعة أبو سياف; ', ASG), officially known by the Islamic State as the Islamic State – East Asia Province, is a Jihadist militant and pirate group that follows the Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam. It is based i ...

, and the

Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters The Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF), also known as the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement, is an Islamist militant organization based in Mindanao, the Philippines. It is a smaller player in the overall Moro insurgency in the Phili ...

Russia

Autonomist movements

Koryak Okrug Koryak Okrug (russian: Коря́кский о́круг, Korjakskij okrug; Koryak: , ''Cav’cәvaokrug''), or Koryakia (russian: Корякия, Korjakija), is an administrative division of Kamchatka Krai, Russia.

Ethnic group:

Koryaks Koryaks () are an indigenous people of the Russian Far East, who live immediately north of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Kamchatka Krai and inhabit the coastlands of the Bering Sea. The cultural borders of the Koryaks include Tigilsk in the sou ...

** Proposed federal subject: Koryak Autonomous Okrug

Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District (russian: Таймы́рский Долга́но-Не́нецкий райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #10-4765 and municipalLaw #2-54 district (raion), one of the forty-three in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia ...

* Ethnic groups:

Dolgans Dolgans (; Dolgan: , , (Sakha); Yakut: ) are an ethnic group who mostly inhabit Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. They are descended from several groups, particularly Evenks, one of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North. They adopted a Tur ...

, Nganasan, Nenets,

Russians , native_name_lang = ru , image = , caption = , population = , popplace = 118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 ''Winkler Prins'' estimate) , region1 = , pop1 ...

** Proposed federal subject:

Asian Russia

Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part of ...

Siberian Federal District Siberian Federal District (russian: Сиби́рский федера́льный о́круг, ''Sibirsky federalny okrug'') is one of the eight federal districts of Russia. Its population was 17,178,298 according to the 2010 Census, livi ...

* Ethnic group:

Russians , native_name_lang = ru , image = , caption = , population = , popplace = 118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 ''Winkler Prins'' estimate) , region1 = , pop1 ...

, (

Siberian peoples Siberia, including the Russian Far East, is a vast region spanning the North Asia, northern part of the Asian continent, and forming the Asiatic portion of Russia. As a result of the Russian conquest of Siberia (17th to 19th centuries) and of t ...

) **

Map of Russia - Buryatia (Crimea disputed)

Proposed state:

Siberian Republic A Siberian Republic (russian: Сибирская Республика, translit=Sibirskaya Respublika) is an idea of making Siberia an independent republic. The argument for an independent republic is that Siberia makes up 77% of Russian territ ...

** Movement:

Siberian regionalism Siberian regionalism (russian: Сибирское областничество, lit= Siberian oblast movement, translit= Sibirskoye oblastnichestvo) is a political movement that advocates for the formation of an autonomous Siberian state. The idea ...

* Ethnic group:

Buryats The Buryats ( bua, Буряад, Buryaad; mn, Буриад, Buriad) are a Mongolic peoples, Mongolic ethnic group native to southeastern Siberia who speak the Buryat language. They are one of the two largest indigenous groups in Siberia, the oth ...

** Proposed state: ** Political party: All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture Greater Mongolia

Territory of the

Far Eastern Republic The Far Eastern Republic ( rus, Дальневосто́чная Респу́блика, ДВР, r=Dalnevostochnaya Respublika, DVR, p=dəlʲnʲɪvɐˈstotɕnəjə rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə), sometimes called the Chita Republic, was a nominally indep ...

Far Eastern Federal District The Far Eastern Federal District (russian: Дальневосто́чный федера́льный о́круг, ''Dalnevostochny federalny okrug'') is the largest of the federal districts of Russia, eight federal districts of Russia but t ...

* Ethnic group: Far Easterners ** Proposed federal subject or independent state:

** Organization: Far Eastern Alternative ** Historical Movements: Far Eastern Republican Party, Far Eastern Elites, Vozrozhdenie ("Resurrection"),

Primorsky Partisans The Primorsky Partisans were a group of six young men who waged a guerrilla war against the Russian police, who have long been accused of corruption and brutality. History From the small village of Kirovsky in Primorsky Krai, Russia's Far East ...

(allegedly) Taymyria map

Tuva Tuva (; russian: Тува́) or Tyva ( tyv, Тыва), officially the Republic of Tuva (russian: Респу́блика Тыва́, r=Respublika Tyva, p=rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə tɨˈva; tyv, Тыва Республика, translit=Tyva Respublika ...

* People:

Tuvans The Tuvans ( tyv, Тывалар, Tıvalar) are a TurkicOtto Maenchen-Helfen, Journey to Tuva, p. 169 ethnic group indigenous to Siberia who live in Russia (Tuva), Mongolia, and China. They speak Tuvan, a Siberian Turkic language. They are als ...

** Proposed state:

*** Political organisation: Hostug Tuva Map of Russia - Tuva

* Ethnic group:

Khanty people The Khanty (Khanty: ханти, ''hanti''), also known in older literature as Ostyaks (russian: остяки) are a Ugric indigenous people, living in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as "Yugra" in Russia, together ...

and

Mansi people The Mansi (Mansi: Мāньси / Мāньси мāхум, ''Māńsi / Māńsi māhum'', ) are a Ugric indigenous people living in Khanty–Mansia, an autonomous okrug within Tyumen Oblast in Russia. In Khanty–Mansia, the Khanty and Mansi lan ...

** Proposed state: ** Advocacy movements: Association to Save Yugra, Khanty Way, Mansi Way, Ob-Ugrian Union, Society for the Survival and Socio-Economic Development of the Mansi People, Ugrian Association, Youth Public Organization, Yugra Restoration

Saudi Arabia

Najran Province Najran ( ar, نجران ') is a region of Saudi Arabia, located in the south of the country along the border with Yemen. It has an area of 149,511 km². Its capital is Najran. Najran is inhabited by the powerful Yam tribe, Mishaal bin Abd ...

* Ethnic group: Zaydi Shia Arabs ** Proposed: independence for

or unification with

Yemen Yemen (; ar, ٱلْيَمَن, al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen,, ) is a country in Western Asia. It is situated on the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula, and borders Saudi Arabia to the Saudi Arabia–Yemen border, north and ...

** Militant organization:

Ahrar al-Najran Ahrar or al ahrar (Arabic, 'free ones' or 'liberals'), singular al hurr, or variants, may refer to: Organisations and political parties * Ahrar Party (Azerbaijan), 1918–1920 *Liberal Socialists Party ''(Hizb al-Ahrar)'', Egypt, founded 1976 * A ...

Sri Lanka

* Ethnic group:

Tamil Tamil may refer to: * Tamils, an ethnic group native to India and some other parts of Asia **Sri Lankan Tamils, Tamil people native to Sri Lanka also called ilankai tamils **Tamil Malaysians, Tamil people native to Malaysia * Tamil language, nativ ...

** Proposed state: ** Militant organisation:

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE; ta, தமிழீழ விடுதலைப் புலிகள், translit=Tamiḻīḻa viṭutalaip pulikaḷ, si, දෙමළ ඊළාම් විමුක්ති කොටි, t ...

** Political party:

Tamil National Alliance The Tamil National Alliance ( ta, தமிழ்த் தேசியக் கூட்டமைப்பு ISO 15919: ''tamiḻt tēciyakkūṭṭamaippu''; TNA) is a political alliance in Sri Lanka that represents the country's Sri Lankan ...

** Advocacy groups:

Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam The Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam (TGTE) is a transnational organisation among the Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora which aims to establish Tamil Eelam, a secular and democratic socialist state which many Tamils aimed to create in the North-Eas ...

** Government in exile:

Syria

De facto autonomous region: Regions of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES), also known as Rojava, is a de facto autonomous region in northeastern Syria. It consists of self-governing sub-regions in the areas of Afrin, Jazira, Euphrates, Raqqa, Tabqa, M ...

(Rojava) * Larger ethnic groups:

Kurds ug:كۇردلار Kurds ( ku, کورد ,Kurd, italic=yes, rtl=yes) or Kurdish people are an Iranian ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Ir ...

Arabs The Arabs (singular: Arab; singular ar, عَرَبِيٌّ, DIN 31635: , , plural ar, عَرَب, DIN 31635, DIN 31635: , Arabic pronunciation: ), also known as the Arab people, are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Wester ...

, Assyrians * Smaller ethnic groups:

Armenians Armenians ( hy, հայեր, ''hayer'' ) are an ethnic group native to the Armenian highlands of Western Asia. Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the ''de facto'' independent Artsakh. There is a wide-ranging diaspora ...

, Turkmen,

Circassians The Circassians (also referred to as Cherkess or Adyghe; Adyghe and Kabardian: Адыгэхэр, romanized: ''Adıgəxər'') are an indigenous Northwest Caucasian ethnic group and nation native to the historical country-region of Circassia in ...

** Political organisation:

Syrian Democratic Council The Syrian Democratic Council ( ku, Meclîsa Sûriya Demokratîk, MSD; ar, مجلس سوريا الديمقراطية; syc, ܡܘܬܒܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܛܝܬܐ, translit=Mawtbo d'Suriya Demoqraṭoyto) is the political wing of the Syri ...

** Militant organisation:

Syrian Democratic Forces , war = the Syrian Civil War , image = Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svgborder , caption = Flag , active = 10 October 2015 – present , ideology = DemocracyDecentralizationSecularism ...

Assyria Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: , romanized: ''māt Aššur''; syc, ܐܬܘܪ, ʾāthor) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state at times controlling regional territories in the indigenous lands of the A ...

* ethnic group: Assyrians ** proposed state: Flag of the Assyrians

** Political parties: Syriac Union Party,

Assyrian Democratic Organization Assyrian Democratic Organization (ADO), ( syr, ܡܛܟܣܬܐ ܐܬܘܪܝܬܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܛܝܬܐ; ar, المنظمة الآثورية الديمقراطية) also known as "Mtakasta/Mtakasto", founded in Syria in 1957, is the oldest Assyrian politic ...

** Militant organisations:

Syriac Military Council The Syriac Military Council ( syr, ܡܘܬܒܐ ܦܘܠܚܝܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ, translit=Mawtbo Fulḥoyo Suryoyo, MFS; ar, المجلس العسكري السرياني السوري) is an Assyrian/Syriac military organisation in Syria, part of the S ...

Sutoro The Syriac Security Office ( syr, ܡܟܬܒܐ ܕܣܘܬܪܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܐ, Mawtbo d'Sutoro Suryoyo, ar, سوتورو), commonly known as the Sutoro or the Sutoro Police, is a Christian Assyrian/Syriac police force in Jazira Region of the Autonom ...

** Advocacy groups:

Taiwan

The

Republic of China Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...

(ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state that has diplomatic relations with 14

United Nations member states United may refer to: Places * United, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community * United, West Virginia, an unincorporated community Arts and entertainment Films * ''United'' (2003 film), a Norwegian film * ''United'' (2011 film), a BBC Two f ...

(as well as the

Holy See The Holy See ( lat, Sancta Sedes, ; it, Santa Sede ), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the Pope in his role as the bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome ...

, an

observer An observer is one who engages in observation or in watching an experiment. Observer may also refer to: Computer science and information theory * In information theory, any system which receives information from an object * State observer in con ...

* Proposed state: Flag of World Taiwanese Congress

Republic of Taiwan ** Movement:

Taiwan independence movement The Taiwan independence movement is a political movement which advocates the formal declaration of an independent and sovereign Taiwanese state, as opposed to Chinese unification or the status quo in Cross-Strait relations. Currently, Tai ...

Taiwanese nationalism Taiwanese nationalism () is a nationalist movement to identify the Taiwanese people as a distinct nation. Due to the complex political status of Taiwan, it is strongly linked to the Taiwan independence movement in seeking an identity separate ...

*** Note: The

Democratic Progressive Party The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) is a Taiwanese nationalist and centre-left political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). Controlling both the Republic of China presidency and the unicameral Legislative Yuan, it is the majori ...

(DPP) has been democratically elected to power in Taiwan four times; in 2000 (until 2004), in 2004 (until 2008), in 2016 (until 2020), and in 2020 (until 2024). Although the DPP has been the nominal ruling party of the Republic of China throughout these four ruling terms, the DPP has been pushing a pro-Taiwan independence agenda, whether tacitly or overtly. Some representatives of the DPP, such as

William Lai William Lai Ching-te (; born 6 October 1959) is a Taiwanese politician who has been the Vice President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) since 2020. He served as a legislator in the Legislative Yuan from 1999 to 2010, and as Mayor of Tainan from ...

, argue that Taiwan independence should not even be considered an "independence movement" but is rather the recognition of the reality of the current situation of the

Republic of China on Taiwan Republic of China on Taiwan () is a political term as well as discourse regarding the present status of the Republic of China. It is proposed by former President of the Republic of China Lee Teng-hui, the first locally-born president (i.e., th ...

. Many supporters of Taiwan independence believe that Taiwan, under the formal name of the "Republic of China", is already an independent country from mainland China, under the formal name of the "People's Republic of China". ** Political parties:

Pan-Green Coalition The pan-Green coalition, pan-Green force or pan-Green groups is a nationalist political coalition in Taiwan (Republic of China), consisting of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), Taiwan Statebuilding Party (TSP), Taiwan Solidarity Union ...

(

Taiwan Solidarity Union The Taiwan Solidarity Union (TSU) is a political party in Taiwan which advocates Taiwan independence, and is affiliated with the Taiwanese localization movement. It was officially founded on 12 August 2001 and is considered part of the Pan-Gr ...

Taiwan Independence Party The Taiwan Independence Party (TAIP; ), also known as the Taiwan Nation Party, was a political party in Taiwan. It was usually associated with the Pan-Green Coalition and supported Taiwan independence. History Disappointed by the Democratic P ...

New Power Party The New Power Party (NPP) is a political party in Taiwan formed in early 2015. The party emerged from the Sunflower Student Movement in 2014, and advocates for universal human rights, civil and political liberties, as well as Taiwan independenc ...

Taiwan Statebuilding Party The Taiwan Statebuilding Party (TSP; zh, t=台灣基進, p=Táiwān Jījìn, poj=Tâi-oân Ki-chìn) is a political party in Taiwan. The party was established in 2016 as Taiwan Radical Wings. The party is considered a close ally of the Democrat ...

** Advocacy groups: Keep Taiwan Free (Taiwanese organisation),

World United Formosans for Independence The World United Formosans for Independence (WUFI) is an organization promoting Taiwan independence. It was established in 1970 by like-minded organizations in Canada, the U.S., Japan, Europe, and Taiwan. Its aim is to establish a Republic of ...

** Claimed territories: Taiwan (Kaohsiung, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei, Taiwan-Penghu, Taoyuan) ** Area of claimed territories: Roughly 36,000 km² ** Population of claimed territories: Roughly 24,000,000 people

Taiwanese indigenous peoples Taiwanese indigenous peoples (formerly Taiwanese aborigines), also known as Formosan people, Austronesian Taiwanese, Yuanzhumin or Gaoshan people, are the indigenous peoples of Taiwan, with the nationally recognized subgroups numbering about 5 ...

* ethnic group:

indigenous people Indigenous peoples are culturally distinct ethnic groups whose members are directly descended from the earliest known inhabitants of a particular geographic region and, to some extent, maintain the language and culture of those original people ...

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...

** proposed: autonomy for the

** political party:

Taiwan First Nations Party The Taiwan First Nations Party is a minor political party in Taiwan. Formed in 2012, the aim of the party is to represent the voices and issues of Taiwanese indigenous peoples. As of 2018 they have two locally-elected representatives; Dahu Istand ...

Tajikistan

Gorno-Badakhshan Gorno-Badakhshan, officially the Badakhshan Mountainous Autonomous Region,, abbr. / is an autonomous region in eastern Tajikistan, in the Pamir Mountains. It makes up nearly forty-five percent of the country's land area, but only two perce ...

* Ethnic group:

Pamiri people The Pamiris, russian: Пами́рцы, Pamírtsy, zh, s=帕米尔人, p=Pàmǐ'ěrrén, ur, are an Eastern Iranian ethnic group, native to the Badakhshan region of Central Asia, which includes the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Taj ...

** Proposed: Greater autonomy for

** Defunct Political party:

Lali Badakhshan Lal'i Badakhshan (russian: Лали Бадахшан; , named after the writings of Sufi pirs) is an opposition political party in Tajikistan. The party was formed by Pamiri people for the purpose of protecting the rights of Pamiris and promotin ...

Thailand

Patani Patani Darussalam ( Bahasa Malayu Arabic : , also sometimes Patani Raya or Patani Besar, "Greater Patani"; th, ปาตานี) is a historical region in the Malay peninsula. It includes the southern Thai provinces of Pattani, Yala (Ja ...

* Ethnic group: Pattani Malays ** Proposed state: Flag of Pattani

Pattani Darul Makrif, unification with ** Militant organisation:

Patani United Liberation Organisation The Patani United Liberation Organisation ( ms, Pertubuhan Pembebasan Bersatu Patani; abbreviated PULO) is a separatist insurgent group in Thailand, calling for an independent Patani. It was founded in 1968 in Saudi Arabia. The PULO, along w ...

, Patani Malays National Revolutionary Front,

Runda Kumpulan Kecil The Runda Kumpulan Kecil (translation: ''"Small Patrol Units"'', RKK) is a militant Islamic insurgent group operating in Southern Thailand. The RKK has been one of the most brutal and active violent groups of the South Thailand insurgency in ...

, Gerakan Mujahidin Islam Patani, Pattani Islamic Mujahideen Movement, Islamic Liberation Front of Patani

Turkey

Northern Kurdistan * Ethnic group:

** Proposed state: Flag of Kurdistan

Kurdistan ** Militant organisations: Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), Group of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK), Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (TAK), Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP) * Ethnic group:

** Proposed state: ** Political parties:

** Militant organisations:

, Dwekh Nawsha ** Advocacy groups:

Uzbekistan

Karakalpakstan * Ethnic group: Karakalpaks ** Proposed state: Flag of Karakalpakstan

Republic of Karakalpakstan ** Advocacy group: Free Karakalpakstan National Revival Party

Vietnam

Champa independence movement *Ethnic group: Flag of the Republic of Central Highlands and Champa

Flag of Central Highlands Liberation Front

Cham people *Proposed state: Champa independence movement, Champa *Status: Inactive; but still called for by ethnic Cham people Central Highlands in Vietnam

Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation * Ethnic group: Khmer Krom * Proposed state: Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation, Kampuchea-Krom Montagnard Degar Association (MDA) created in 1987 - Marko de Haeck

Montagnard Degar Association (MDA) created in 1987 - Marko de Haeck

Montagnard Foundation, Inc. * Ethnic group: Degar Foundation created in 1990 - Marko de Haeck

Montagnard (Vietnam), Degar people * Proposed state: Montagnard Degar Association (MDA) created in 1987 - Marko de Haeck

Montagnard Foundation, Inc., Montagnard or Degar, Degar State

Yemen

South Yemen ** Proposed state: Flag of South Yemen

South Arabia, or State of Aden ** De facto state: Southern Transitional Council *** Political parties: South Yemen Movement, Yemeni Socialist Party * Flag of Hadhramaut

Hadhramaut * Ethnic group: Arabs, Arab as well as Mehri people, Mehri and Soqotri people, Soqotri ** Proposed states: Kathiri flag

Kathiri,

Qu'aiti, Wahidi Balhaf, Mahra Sultanate, Mahra ** De facto state: Hadhramaut Region, Protectorate of South Arabia *** Political party: Hadhrami League

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Active Separatist Movements in Asia, List Of Asia-related lists, Separatist Movements, Active Disputed territories in Asia, *Separatist Movements in Asia, Active Lists of active separatist movements, Asia Society-related lists, Separatist Movements in Asia, Active Secessionist organizations in Asia,